101
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Vasuthasawat A, Yoo EM, Trinh KR, Lichtenstein A, Timmerman JM, Morrison SL. Targeted immunotherapy using anti-CD138-interferon α fusion proteins and bortezomib results in synergistic protection against multiple myeloma. MAbs 2016; 8:1386-1397. [PMID: 27362935 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1207030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recent advances have substantially improved the management of multiple myeloma, it remains an incurable malignancy. We now demonstrate that anti-CD138 molecules genetically fused to type I interferons (IFN) synergize with the approved therapeutic bortezomib in arresting the proliferation of human multiple myeloma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-CD138-IFNα14 fusion protein was active in inducing increased expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and its phosphorylation while the cell death pathway induced by bortezomib included generation of reactive oxygen species. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), an important survival factor for myeloma cells, was down regulated following combination treatment. Induction of cell death appeared to be caspase-independent because treatment with inhibitors of caspase activation did not decrease the level of cell death. The observed caspase-independent synergistic cell death involved mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage, and resulted in enhanced induction of apoptosis. Importantly, using 2 different in vivo xenograft models, we found that combination therapy of anti-CD138-IFNα14 and bortezomib was able to cure animals with established tumors (7 of 8 using OCI-My5 or 8 of 8 using NCI-H929). Thus, the combination of anti-CD138-IFNα with bortezomib shows great promise as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of multiple myeloma, a malignancy for which there are currently no cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Vasuthasawat
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Esther M Yoo
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Kham R Trinh
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Alan Lichtenstein
- c Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Healthcare Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,d Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,e Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - John M Timmerman
- d Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,e Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Sherie L Morrison
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,b Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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102
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Du P, Xu L, Qiu W, Zeng D, Yue J, Wang S, Huang P, Sun Z. A fully human monoclonal antibody with novel binding epitope and excellent neutralizing activity to multiple human IFN-α subtypes: A candidate therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. MAbs 2016; 7:969-80. [PMID: 26048268 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1055443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, heterogeneous autoimmune disease short of effective therapeutic agents. A multitude of studies of SLE in the last decade have accentuated a central role of the interferon alpha (IFN-α) pathway in SLE pathogenesis. We report here a candidate therapeutic neutralizing antibody, AIA22, with a different binding epitope and discrepant neutralizing profile from the anti-multiple IFN-α subtype antibodies currently in clinical trials. AIA22 specifically interacts with multiple IFN-α subtypes, binds to the type I IFN receptor 2 (IFNAR2) recognition region of IFN-α (considered a novel antigen epitope), and effectively neutralizes the activity of almost all of the IFN-α subtypes (with the exception of IFN-α7) both in vitro and in vivo. Concurrently, structural modeling and computational design yielded a mutational antibody of AIA22, AIAmut, which exhibited substantially improved neutralizing activity to multiple IFN-α subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- a Beijing Institute of Biotechnology ; Beijing , China
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103
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Interferon Alpha Subtype-Specific Suppression of HIV-1 Infection In Vivo. J Virol 2016; 90:6001-6013. [PMID: 27099312 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00451-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although all 12 subtypes of human interferon alpha (IFN-α) bind the same receptor, recent results have demonstrated that they elicit unique host responses and display distinct efficacies in the control of different viral infections. The IFN-α2 subtype is currently in HIV-1 clinical trials, but it has not consistently reduced viral loads in HIV-1 patients and is not the most effective subtype against HIV-1 in vitro We now demonstrate in humanized mice that, when delivered at the same high clinical dose, the human IFN-α14 subtype has very potent anti-HIV-1 activity whereas IFN-α2 does not. In both postexposure prophylaxis and treatment of acute infections, IFN-α14, but not IFN-α2, significantly suppressed HIV-1 replication and proviral loads. Furthermore, HIV-1-induced immune hyperactivation, which is a prognosticator of disease progression, was reduced by IFN-α14 but not IFN-α2. Whereas ineffective IFN-α2 therapy was associated with CD8(+) T cell activation, successful IFN-α14 therapy was associated with increased intrinsic and innate immunity, including significantly higher induction of tetherin and MX2, increased APOBEC3G signature mutations in HIV-1 proviral DNA, and higher frequencies of TRAIL(+) NK cells. These results identify IFN-α14 as a potent new therapeutic that operates via mechanisms distinct from those of antiretroviral drugs. The ability of IFN-α14 to reduce both viremia and proviral loads in vivo suggests that it has strong potential as a component of a cure strategy for HIV-1 infections. The broad implication of these results is that the antiviral efficacy of each individual IFN-α subtype should be evaluated against the specific virus being treated. IMPORTANCE The naturally occurring antiviral protein IFN-α2 is used to treat hepatitis viruses but has proven rather ineffective against HIV in comparison to triple therapy with the antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Although ARVs suppress the replication of HIV, they fail to completely clear infections. Since IFN-α acts by different mechanism than ARVs and has been shown to reduce HIV proviral loads, clinical trials are under way to test whether IFN-α2 combined with ARVs might eradicate HIV-1 infections. IFN-α is actually a family of 12 distinct proteins, and each IFN-α subtype has different efficacies toward different viruses. Here, we use mice that contain a human immune system, so they can be infected with HIV. With this model, we demonstrate that while IFN-α2 is only weakly effective against HIV, IFN-α14 is extremely potent. This discovery identifies IFN-α14 as a more powerful IFN-α subtype for use in combination therapy trials aimed toward an HIV cure.
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104
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Ng CT, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC, Oldstone MBA. Alpha and Beta Type 1 Interferon Signaling: Passage for Diverse Biologic Outcomes. Cell 2016; 164:349-52. [PMID: 26824652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) elicits a complex cascade of events in response to microbial infection. Here, we review recent developments illuminating the large number of IFN-I species and describing their unique biologic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie T Ng
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Juan L Mendoza
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael B A Oldstone
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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105
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Abstract
Defective regulation of type I interferon response is associated with severe inflammatory phenotypes and autoimmunity. Type I interferonopathies are a clinically heterogenic group of Mendelian diseases with a constitutive activation of this pathway that might present as atypical, severe, early onset rheumatic diseases. Skin vasculopathy with chilblains and livedo reticularis, interstitial lung disease, and panniculitis are common. Recent studies have implicated abnormal responses to nucleic acid stimuli or defective regulation of downstream effector molecules in disease pathogenesis. As observed for IL1-β and autoinflammatory diseases, knowledge of the defects responsible for type I interferonopathies will likely promote the development of targeted therapy.
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106
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Volpi S, Picco P, Caorsi R, Candotti F, Gattorno M. Type I interferonopathies in pediatric rheumatology. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2016; 14:35. [PMID: 27260006 PMCID: PMC4893274 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-016-0094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective regulation of type I interferon response is associated with severe inflammatory phenotypes and autoimmunity. Type I interferonopathies are a clinically heterogenic group of Mendelian diseases with a constitutive activation of this pathway that might present as atypical, severe, early onset rheumatic diseases. Skin vasculopathy with chilblains and livedo reticularis, interstitial lung disease, and panniculitis are common. Recent studies have implicated abnormal responses to nucleic acid stimuli or defective regulation of downstream effector molecules in disease pathogenesis. As observed for IL1-β and autoinflammatory diseases, knowledge of the defects responsible for type I interferonopathies will likely promote the development of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Volpi
- U.O. Pediatria 2, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Picco
- U.O. Pediatria 2, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Caorsi
- U.O. Pediatria 2, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Gattorno
- U.O. Pediatria 2, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
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107
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Differential Type I Interferon Signaling Is a Master Regulator of Susceptibility to Postinfluenza Bacterial Superinfection. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00506-16. [PMID: 27143388 PMCID: PMC4959663 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00506-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial superinfections are a primary cause of death during influenza pandemics and epidemics. Type I interferon (IFN) signaling contributes to increased susceptibility of mice to bacterial superinfection around day 7 post-influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Here we demonstrate that the reduced susceptibility to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at day 3 post-IAV infection, which we previously reported was due to interleukin-13 (IL-13)/IFN-γ responses, is also dependent on type I IFN signaling and its subsequent requirement for protective IL-13 production. We found, through utilization of blocking antibodies, that reduced susceptibility to MRSA at day 3 post-IAV infection was IFN-β dependent, whereas the increased susceptibility at day 7 was IFN-α dependent. IFN-β signaling early in IAV infection was required for MRSA clearance, whereas IFN-α signaling late in infection was not, though it did mediate increased susceptibility to MRSA at that time. Type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling in CD11c+ and Ly6G+ cells was required for the observed reduced susceptibility at day 3 post-IAV infection. Depletion of Ly6G+ cells in mice in which IFNAR signaling was either blocked or deleted indicated that Ly6G+ cells were responsible for the IFNAR signaling-dependent susceptibility to MRSA superinfection at day 7 post-IAV infection. Thus, during IAV infection, the temporal differences in type I IFN signaling increased bactericidal activity of both CD11c+ and Ly6G+ cells at day 3 and reduced effector function of Ly6G+ cells at day 7. The temporal differential outcomes induced by IFN-β (day 3) and IFN-α (day 7) signaling through the same IFNAR resulted in differential susceptibility to MRSA at 3 and 7 days post-IAV infection. Approximately 114,000 hospitalizations and 40,000 annual deaths in the United States are associated with influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Frequently, these deaths are due to community-acquired Gram-positive bacterial species, many of which show increasing resistance to antibiotic therapy. Severe complications, including parapneumonic empyema and necrotizing pneumonia, can arise, depending on virulence factors expressed by either the virus or bacteria. Unfortunately, we are unable to control the expression of these virulence factors, making host responses a logical target for therapeutic interventions. Moreover, interactions between virus, host, and bacteria that exacerbate IAV-related morbidities and mortalities are largely unknown. Here, we show that type I interferon (IFN) expression can modulate susceptibility to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, with IFN-β reducing host susceptibility to MRSA infection while IFN-α increases susceptibility. Our data indicate that treatments designed to augment IFN-β and/or inhibit IFN-α production around day 7 post-IAV infection could reduce susceptibility to deadly superinfections.
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108
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Todt D, François C, Anggakusuma, Behrendt P, Engelmann M, Knegendorf L, Vieyres G, Wedemeyer H, Hartmann R, Pietschmann T, Duverlie G, Steinmann E. Antiviral Activities of Different Interferon Types and Subtypes against Hepatitis E Virus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2132-9. [PMID: 26787701 PMCID: PMC4808167 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02427-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans and a member of the genusOrthohepevirusin the familyHepeviridae HEV infections are the common cause of acute hepatitis but can also take chronic courses. Ribavirin is the treatment of choice for most patients, and type I interferon (IFN) has been evaluated in a few infected transplant patientsin vivo In this study, the antiviral effects of different exogenously administered interferons were investigated by using state-of-the-art subgenomic replicon and full-length HEV genome cell culture models. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicons based on the genotype 2a JFH1 isolate served as the reference. The experiments revealed that HEV RNA replication was inhibited by the application of all types of IFN, including IFN-α (type I), IFN-γ (type II), and IFN-λ3 (type III), but to a far lesser extent than HCV replication. Simultaneous determination of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression levels for all IFN types demonstrated efficient downregulation by HEV. Furthermore, different IFN-α subtypes were also able to block viral replication in combination with ribavirin. The IFN-α subtypes 2a and 2b exerted the strongest antiviral activity against HEV. In conclusion, these data demonstrate for the first time moderate anti-HEV activities of types II and III IFNs and different IFN-α subtypes. As HEV employed a potent anti-interferon mechanism by restricting ISG expression, exogenous application of IFNs as immunotherapy should be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Todt
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Catherine François
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Anggakusuma
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Engelmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonard Knegendorf
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gilles Duverlie
- EA4294, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
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109
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Linnik JE, Egli A. Impact of host genetic polymorphisms on vaccine induced antibody response. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:907-15. [PMID: 26809773 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1119345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many host- and vaccine-specific factors modulate an antibody response. Host genetic polymorphisms, in particular, modulate the immune response in multiple ways on different scales. This review article describes how information on host genetic polymorphisms and corresponding immune cascades may be used to generate personalized vaccine strategies to optimize the antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina E Linnik
- a Applied Microbiology Research , Department of Biomedicine, University Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,b Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering , ETH Zürich , Basel , Switzerland.,c Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- a Applied Microbiology Research , Department of Biomedicine, University Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,d Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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110
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Kuruganti S, Miersch S, Deshpande A, Speir JA, Harris BD, Schriewer JM, Buller RML, Sidhu SS, Walter MR. Cytokine Activation by Antibody Fragments Targeted to Cytokine-Receptor Signaling Complexes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:447-61. [PMID: 26546677 PMCID: PMC4697184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous cytokine therapy can induce systemic toxicity, which might be prevented by activating endogenously produced cytokines in local cell niches. Here we developed antibody-based activators of cytokine signaling (AcCS), which recognize cytokines only when they are bound to their cell surface receptors. AcCS were developed for type I interferons (IFNs), which induce cellular activities by binding to cell surface receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. As a potential alternative to exogenous IFN therapy, AcCS were shown to potentiate the biological activities of natural IFNs by ∼100-fold. Biochemical and structural characterization demonstrates that the AcCS stabilize the IFN-IFNAR2 binary complex by recognizing an IFN-induced conformational change in IFNAR2. Using IFN mutants that disrupt IFNAR1 binding, AcCS were able to enhance IFN antiviral potency without activating antiproliferative responses. This suggests AcCS can be used to manipulate cytokine signaling for basic science and possibly for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilalitha Kuruganti
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Shane Miersch
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Science, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Ashlesha Deshpande
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jeffrey A Speir
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Department of Integrative Structural and, Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Bethany D Harris
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jill M Schriewer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - R Mark L Buller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Science, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Mark R Walter
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294,
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111
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Harper MS, Guo K, Gibbert K, Lee EJ, Dillon SM, Barrett BS, McCarter MD, Hasenkrug KJ, Dittmer U, Wilson CC, Santiago ML. Interferon-α Subtypes in an Ex Vivo Model of Acute HIV-1 Infection: Expression, Potency and Effector Mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005254. [PMID: 26529416 PMCID: PMC4631339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces and rapidly spreads within the intestinal mucosa during acute infection. The type I interferons (IFNs) likely serve as a first line of defense, but the relative expression and antiviral properties of the 12 IFNα subtypes against HIV-1 infection of mucosal tissues remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the expression of all IFNα subtypes in HIV-1-exposed plasmacytoid dendritic cells by next-generation sequencing. We then determined the relative antiviral potency of each IFNα subtype ex vivo using the human intestinal Lamina Propria Aggregate Culture model. IFNα subtype transcripts from the centromeric half of the IFNA gene complex were highly expressed in pDCs following HIV-1 exposure. There was an inverse relationship between IFNA subtype expression and potency. IFNα8, IFNα6 and IFNα14 were the most potent in restricting HIV-1 infection. IFNα2, the clinically-approved subtype, and IFNα1 were both highly expressed but exhibited relatively weak antiviral activity. The relative potencies correlated with binding affinity to the type I IFN receptor and the induction levels of HIV-1 restriction factors Mx2 and Tetherin/BST-2 but not APOBEC3G, F and D. However, despite the lack of APOBEC3 transcriptional induction, the higher relative potency of IFNα8 and IFNα14 correlated with stronger inhibition of virion infectivity, which is linked to deaminase-independent APOBEC3 restriction activity. By contrast, both potent (IFNα8) and weak (IFNα1) subtypes significantly induced HIV-1 GG-to-AG hypermutation. The results unravel non-redundant functions of the IFNα subtypes against HIV-1 infection, with strong implications for HIV-1 mucosal immunity, viral evolution and IFNα-based functional cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Harper
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kathrin Gibbert
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eric J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bradley S. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin D. McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (UD); (CCW); (MLS)
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UD); (CCW); (MLS)
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UD); (CCW); (MLS)
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112
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Paul F, Pellegrini S, Uzé G. IFNA2: The prototypic human alpha interferon. Gene 2015; 567:132-7. [PMID: 25982860 PMCID: PMC5629289 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The human interferon α2 (IFNα2) was the first highly active IFN subtype to be cloned in the early eighties. It was also the first IFN and the first cytokine to be produced and commercialized by the pharmaceutical industry. Ipso facto it became the favorite IFNα subtype for academic researchers. For this fortunate reason IFNα2 has been at the origin of most discoveries related to the mechanism of action of type I interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Paul
- CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Gilles Uzé
- CNRS UMR 5235, University Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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113
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Wilmes S, Beutel O, Li Z, Francois-Newton V, Richter CP, Janning D, Kroll C, Hanhart P, Hötte K, You C, Uzé G, Pellegrini S, Piehler J. Receptor dimerization dynamics as a regulatory valve for plasticity of type I interferon signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:579-93. [PMID: 26008745 PMCID: PMC4442803 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) activate differential cellular responses through a shared cell surface receptor composed of the two subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. We propose here a mechanistic model for how IFN receptor plasticity is regulated on the level of receptor dimerization. Quantitative single-molecule imaging of receptor assembly in the plasma membrane of living cells clearly identified IFN-induced dimerization of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. The negative feedback regulator ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18) potently interferes with the recruitment of IFNAR1 into the ternary complex, probably by impeding complex stabilization related to the associated Janus kinases. Thus, the responsiveness to IFNα2 is potently down-regulated after the first wave of gene induction, while IFNβ, due to its ∼100-fold higher binding affinity, is still able to efficiently recruit IFNAR1. Consistent with functional data, this novel regulatory mechanism at the level of receptor assembly explains how signaling by IFNβ is maintained over longer times compared with IFNα2 as a temporally encoded cause of functional receptor plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wilmes
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Oliver Beutel
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Zhi Li
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Francois-Newton
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christian P Richter
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dennis Janning
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Cindy Kroll
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Patrizia Hanhart
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina Hötte
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Changjiang You
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gilles Uzé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Pellegrini
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokine Signaling Unit, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
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114
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Urin V, Levin D, Sharma N, Harari D, Schreiber G. Fine Tuning of a Type 1 Interferon Antagonist. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130797. [PMID: 26158644 PMCID: PMC4497658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons are multi-potent cytokines that serve as first line of defense against viruses and other pathogens, posses immunomudolatory functions and elicit a growth inhibitory response. In recent years it has been shown that interferons are also detrimental, for example in lupus, AIDS, tuberculosis and cognitive decline, highlighted the need to develop interferon antagonists. We have previously developed the antagonist IFN-1ant, with much reduced binding to the IFNAR1 receptor and enhanced binding to IFNAR2. Here, we further tune the IFN-1ant by producing three additional antagonists based on IFN-1ant but with altered activity profiles. We show that in all three cases the antiproliferative activity of interferons is blocked and the induction of gene transcription of immunomudolatory and antiproliferative associated genes are substantially decreased. Conversely, each of the new antagonists elicits a different degree of antiviral response, STAT phosphorylation and related gene induction. Two of the new antagonists promote decreased activity in relation to the original IFN-1ant, while one of them promotes increased activity. As we do not know the exact causes of the detrimental effects of IFNs, the four antagonists that were produced and analyzed provide the opportunity to investigate the extent of antagonistic and agonistic activity optimal for a given condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Urin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Doron Levin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel Harari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- * E-mail:
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115
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Interferon Beta and Interferon Alpha 2a Differentially Protect Head and Neck Cancer Cells from Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Induced Oncolysis. J Virol 2015; 89:7944-54. [PMID: 25995245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00757-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oncolytic viruses (OV) preferentially kill cancer cells due in part to defects in their antiviral responses upon exposure to type I interferons (IFNs). However, IFN responsiveness of some tumor cells confers resistance to OV treatment. The human type I IFNs include one IFN-β and multiple IFN-α subtypes that share the same receptor but are capable of differentially inducing biological responses. The role of individual IFN subtypes in promoting tumor cell resistance to OV is addressed here. Two human IFNs which have been produced for clinical use, IFN-α2a and IFN-β, were compared for activity in protecting human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lines from oncolysis by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Susceptibility of HNSCC lines to killing by VSV varied. VSV infection induced increased production of IFN-β in resistant HNSCC cells. When added exogenously, IFN-β was significantly more effective at protecting HNSCC cells from VSV oncolysis than was IFN-α2a. In contrast, normal keratinocytes and endothelial cells were protected equivalently by both IFN subtypes. Differential responsiveness of tumor cells to IFN-α and -β was further supported by the finding that autocrine IFN-β but not IFN-α promoted survival of HNSCC cells during persistent VSV infection. Therefore, IFN-α and -β differentially affect VSV oncolysis, justifying the evaluation and comparison of IFN subtypes for use in combination with VSV therapy. Pairing VSV with IFN-α2a may enhance selectivity of oncolytic VSV therapy for HNSCC by inhibiting VSV replication in normal cells without a corresponding inhibition in cancer cells. IMPORTANCE There has been a great deal of progress in the development of oncolytic viruses. However, a major problem is that individual cancers vary in their sensitivity to oncolytic viruses. In many cases this is due to differences in their production and response to interferons (IFNs). The experiments described here compared the responses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to two IFN subtypes, IFN-α2a and IFN-β, in protection from oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. We found that IFN-α2a was significantly less protective for cancer cells than was IFN-β, whereas normal cells were equivalently protected by both IFNs. These results suggest that from a therapeutic standpoint, selectivity for cancer versus normal cells may be enhanced by pairing VSV with IFN-α2a.
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116
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The molecular basis for functional plasticity in type I interferon signaling. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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117
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Hoffmann HH, Schneider WM, Rice CM. Interferons and viruses: an evolutionary arms race of molecular interactions. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:124-38. [PMID: 25704559 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over half a century has passed since interferons (IFNs) were discovered and shown to inhibit virus infection in cultured cells. Since then, researchers have steadily brought to light the molecular details of IFN signaling, catalogued their pleiotropic effects on cells, and harnessed their therapeutic potential for a variety of maladies. While advances have been plentiful, several fundamental questions have yet to be answered and much complexity remains to be unraveled. We explore the current knowledge surrounding four main questions: are type I IFN subtypes differentially produced in response to distinct pathogens? How are IFN subtypes distinguished by cells? What are the mechanisms and consequences of viral antagonism? Lastly, how can the IFN response be harnessed to improve vaccine efficacy?
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William M Schneider
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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118
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Löchte S, Waichman S, Beutel O, You C, Piehler J. Live cell micropatterning reveals the dynamics of signaling complexes at the plasma membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 207:407-18. [PMID: 25385185 PMCID: PMC4226739 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of micropatterned surfaces that bind HaloTag fusion proteins allows spatial organization of plasma membrane proteins for efficient visualization and quantification of protein–protein interactions in live cells. Interactions of proteins in the plasma membrane are notoriously challenging to study under physiological conditions. We report in this paper a generic approach for spatial organization of plasma membrane proteins into micropatterns as a tool for visualizing and quantifying interactions with extracellular, intracellular, and transmembrane proteins in live cells. Based on a protein-repellent poly(ethylene glycol) polymer brush, micropatterned surface functionalization with the HaloTag ligand for capturing HaloTag fusion proteins and RGD peptides promoting cell adhesion was devised. Efficient micropatterning of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor subunit IFNAR2 fused to the HaloTag was achieved, and highly specific IFN binding to the receptor was detected. The dynamics of this interaction could be quantified on the single molecule level, and IFN-induced receptor dimerization in micropatterns could be monitored. Assembly of active signaling complexes was confirmed by immunostaining of phosphorylated Janus family kinases, and the interaction dynamics of cytosolic effector proteins recruited to the receptor complex were unambiguously quantified by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Löchte
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sharon Waichman
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Oliver Beutel
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Changjiang You
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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119
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Spangler JB, Moraga I, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC. Insights into cytokine-receptor interactions from cytokine engineering. Annu Rev Immunol 2014; 33:139-67. [PMID: 25493332 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often mitigated by toxicity or lack of efficacy, either of which results from cytokine receptor pleiotropy and/or undesired activation of off-target cells. As our understanding of the structural principles of cytokine-receptor interactions has advanced, mechanism-based manipulation of cytokine signaling through protein engineering has become an increasingly feasible and powerful approach. Modified cytokines, both agonists and antagonists, have been engineered with narrowed target cell specificities, and they have also yielded important mechanistic insights into cytokine biology and signaling. Here we review the theory and practice of cytokine engineering and rationalize the mechanisms of several engineered cytokines in the context of structure. We discuss specific examples of how structure-based cytokine engineering has opened new opportunities for cytokines as drugs, with a focus on the immunotherapeutic cytokines interferon, interleukin-2, and interleukin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; , , ,
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120
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Harari D, Kuhn N, Abramovich R, Sasson K, Zozulya AL, Smith P, Schlapschy M, Aharoni R, Köster M, Eilam R, Skerra A, Schreiber G. Enhanced in vivo efficacy of a type I interferon superagonist with extended plasma half-life in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29014-29. [PMID: 25193661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IFNβ is a common therapeutic option to treat multiple sclerosis. It is unique among the family of type I IFNs in that it binds to the interferon receptors with high affinity, conferring exceptional biological properties. We have previously reported the generation of an interferon superagonist (dubbed YNSα8) that is built on the backbone of a low affinity IFNα but modified to exhibit higher receptor affinity than even for IFNβ. Here, YNSα8 was fused with a 600-residue hydrophilic, unstructured N-terminal polypeptide chain comprising proline, alanine, and serine (PAS) to prolong its plasma half-life via "PASylation." PAS-YNSα8 exhibited a 10-fold increased half-life in both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assays in a transgenic mouse model harboring the human receptors, notably without any detectable loss in biological potency or bioavailability. This long-lived superagonist conferred significantly improved protection from MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis compared with IFNβ, despite being injected with a 4-fold less frequency and at an overall 16-fold lower dosage. These data were corroborated by FACS measurements showing a decrease of CD11b(+)/CD45(hi) myeloid lineage cells detectable in the CNS, as well as a decrease in IBA(+) cells in spinal cord sections determined by immunohistochemistry for PAS-YNSα8-treated animals. Importantly, PAS-YNSα8 did not induce antibodies upon repeated administration, and its biological efficacy remained unchanged after 21 days of treatment. A striking correlation between increased levels of CD274 (PD-L1) transcripts from spleen-derived CD4(+) cells and improved clinical response to autoimmune encephalomyelitis was observed, indicating that, at least in this mouse model of multiple sclerosis, CD274 may serve as a biomarker to predict the effectiveness of IFN therapy to treat this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Kuhn
- the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science & Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | | | - Alla L Zozulya
- MS Platform, Merck-Serono, Geneva, GE 1279 Switzerland, and
| | - Paul Smith
- MS Platform, Merck-Serono, Geneva, GE 1279 Switzerland, and
| | - Martin Schlapschy
- the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science & Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | - Mario Köster
- the Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Raya Eilam
- Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Arne Skerra
- the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science & Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, XL-protein GmbH, 85354 Freising, Germany
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121
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Kuruganti S, Accavitti-Loper MA, Walter MR. Production and characterization of thirteen human type-I interferon-α subtypes. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 103:75-83. [PMID: 25149396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen human interferon-α (IFNα) subtypes were expressed in Escherichiacoli and purified using an N-terminal affinity tag from the prodomain of subtilisin. IFNα subtypes were expressed in soluble form and purified from cell lysates or refolded and purified from inclusion bodies. Proteins produced by either protocol exhibited biological activities equal to or greater than commercially prepared IFNα preparations. The IFNαs were used to produce an anti-IFNα16 antibody (MAb-1B12) that specifically neutralized the biological activity of IFNα16, but not the 12 other IFNαs. Using MAb-1B12, and a previously generated IFNAR1/IFNAR2-FChk heterodimer, an assay was developed to determine total type I IFN biological activity and IFNα16-derived biological activity in an unknown sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilalitha Kuruganti
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Mark R Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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122
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Mastrangeli R, Rossi M, Mascia M, Palinsky W, Datola A, Terlizzese M, Bierau H. In vitro biological characterization of IFN- -1a major glycoforms. Glycobiology 2014; 25:21-9. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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123
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Levin D, Schneider WM, Hoffmann HH, Yarden G, Busetto AG, Manor O, Sharma N, Rice CM, Schreiber G. Multifaceted activities of type I interferon are revealed by a receptor antagonist. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra50. [PMID: 24866020 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs), including various IFN-α isoforms and IFN-β, are a family of homologous, multifunctional cytokines. IFNs activate different cellular responses by binding to a common receptor that consists of two subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. In addition to stimulating antiviral responses, they also inhibit cell proliferation and modulate other immune responses. We characterized various IFNs, including a mutant IFN-α2 (IFN-1ant) that bound tightly to IFNAR2 but had markedly reduced binding to IFNAR1. Whereas IFN-1ant stimulated antiviral activity in a range of cell lines, it failed to elicit immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities. The antiviral activities of the various IFNs tested depended on a set of IFN-sensitive genes (the "robust" genes) that were controlled by canonical IFN response elements and responded at low concentrations of IFNs. Conversely, these elements were not found in the promoters of genes required for the antiproliferative responses of IFNs (the "tunable" genes). The extent of expression of tunable genes was cell type-specific and correlated with the magnitude of the antiproliferative effects of the various IFNs. Although IFN-1ant induced the expression of robust genes similarly in five different cell lines, its antiviral activity was virus- and cell type-specific. Our findings suggest that IFN-1ant may be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of specific viral infections without inducing the immunomodulatory and antiproliferative functions of wild-type IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Levin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - William M Schneider
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ganit Yarden
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Ohad Manor
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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124
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Modified interferon-α subtypes production and chemokine networks in the thymus during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection, impact on thymopoiesis. AIDS 2014; 28:1101-13. [PMID: 24614087 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thymus dysfunction characterizes human/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections and contributes to physiopathology. However, both the mechanisms involved in thymic dysfunction and its precise timing remain unknown. We here analyzed thymic function during acute SIV infection in rhesus macaques. DESIGN AND METHODS Rhesus macaques were intravenously infected with SIVmac251 and bled every 2/3 days or necropsied at different early time points postinfection. Naive T-cell counts were followed by flow cytometry and their T-cell receptor excision circle content evaluated by qPCR. Thymic chemokines were quantified by reverse transcription-qPCR and localized by in-situ hybridization in thymuses collected at necropsy. Thymic interferon alpha (IFN-α) subtype production was quantified by reverse transcription-qPCR combined to heteroduplex tracking assay. The effect of thymic IFN-α subtypes was tested on sorted triple negative thymocytes cultured on OP9-hDL1 cells. RESULTS A reduced intrathymic proliferation history characterizes T cells produced during the first weeks of infection. Moreover, we evidenced a profound alteration of both chemokines and IFN-α subtypes transcriptional patterns in SIV-infected thymuses. Finally, we showed that IFN-α subtypes produced in the infected thymuses inhibit thymocyte proliferation, still preserving their differentiation capacity. CONCLUSION Thymopoiesis is deeply impacted from the first days of SIV infection. Reduced thymocyte proliferation - a time-consuming process - together with modified chemokine networks is consistent with thymocyte differentiation speed-up. This may transiently enhance thymic output, thus increasing naive T-cell counts and diversity and the immune competence of the host. Nonetheless, long-lasting modification of thymic physiology may lead to thymic exhaustion, as observed in late primary HIV infection.
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125
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Cha L, Berry CM, Nolan D, Castley A, Fernandez S, French MA. Interferon-alpha, immune activation and immune dysfunction in treated HIV infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e10. [PMID: 25505958 PMCID: PMC4232062 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) exert anti-viral effects through the induction of numerous IFN-stimulated genes and an immunomodulatory effect on innate and adaptive immune responses. This is beneficial in controlling virus infections but prolonged IFN-α activity in persistent virus infections, such as HIV infection, may contribute to immune activation and have a detrimental effect on the function of monocytes and T and B lymphocytes. Activation of monocytes, associated with increased IFN-α activity, contributes to atherosclerotic vascular disease, brain disease and other ‘age-related diseases' in HIV patients treated with long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). In HIV patients receiving ART, the anti-viral effects of IFN-α therapy have the potential to contribute to eradication of HIV infection while IFN-α inhibitor therapy is under investigation for the treatment of immune activation. The management of HIV patients receiving ART will be improved by understanding more about the opposing effects of IFN-α on HIV infection and disease and by developing methods to assess IFN-α activity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cha
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cassandra M Berry
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Nolan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allison Castley
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia ; Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia, Australia ; Department of Clinical Immunology and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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126
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Harari D, Abramovich R, Zozulya A, Smith P, Pouly S, Köster M, Hauser H, Schreiber G. Bridging the species divide: transgenic mice humanized for type-I interferon response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84259. [PMID: 24416207 PMCID: PMC3887009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have generated transgenic mice that harbor humanized type I interferon receptors (IFNARs) enabling the study of type I human interferons (Hu-IFN-Is) in mice. These “HyBNAR” (Hybrid IFNAR) mice encode transgenic variants of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 with the human extracellular domains being fused to transmembrane and cytoplasmic segments of mouse sequence. B16F1 mouse melanoma cells harboring the HyBNAR construct specifically bound Hu-IFN-Is and were rendered sensitive to Hu-IFN-I stimulated anti-proliferation, STAT1 activation and activation of a prototypical IFN-I response gene (MX2). HyBNAR mice were crossed with a transgenic strain expressing the luciferase reporter gene under the control of the IFN-responsive MX2 promoter (MX2-Luciferase). Both the HyBNAR and HyBNAR/MX2-Luciferase mice were responsive to all Hu-IFN-Is tested, inclusive of IFNα2A, IFNβ, and a human superagonist termed YNSα8. The mice displayed dose-dependent pharmacodynamic responses to Hu-IFN-I injection, as assessed by measuring the expression of IFN-responsive genes. Our studies also demonstrated a weak activation of endogenous mouse interferon response, especially after high dose administration of Hu-IFNs. In sharp contrast to data published for humans, our pharmacodynamic readouts demonstrate a very short-lived IFN-I response in mice, which is not enhanced by sub-cutaneous (SC) injections in comparison to other administration routes. With algometric differences between humans and mice taken into account, the HyBNAR mice provides a convenient non-primate pre-clinical model to advance the study of human IFN-Is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Harari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: daniel@ (DH); (GS)
| | - Renne Abramovich
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alla Zozulya
- MS Platform, Merck-Serono, (a division of Merck KGaA), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Smith
- MS Platform, Merck-Serono, (a division of Merck KGaA), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Pouly
- MS Platform, Merck-Serono, (a division of Merck KGaA), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Köster
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Hauser
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Dept. Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: daniel@ (DH); (GS)
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127
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Internal ribosome entry site-based attenuation of a flavivirus candidate vaccine and evaluation of the effect of beta interferon coexpression on vaccine properties. J Virol 2013; 88:2056-70. [PMID: 24307589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03051-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious clone technologies allow the rational design of live attenuated viral vaccines with the possibility of vaccine-driven coexpression of immunomodulatory molecules for additional vaccine safety and efficacy. The latter could lead to novel strategies for vaccine protection against infectious diseases where traditional approaches have failed. Here we show for the flavivirus Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) that incorporation of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of Encephalomyocarditis virus between the capsid and prM genes strongly attenuated virulence and that the resulting bicistronic virus was both genetically stable and potently immunogenic. Furthermore, the novel bicistronic genome organization facilitated the generation of a recombinant virus carrying an beta interferon (IFN-β) gene. Given the importance of IFNs in limiting virus dissemination and in efficient induction of memory B and T cell antiviral immunity, we hypothesized that coexpression of the cytokine with the live vaccine might further increase virulence attenuation without loss of immunogenicity. We found that bicistronic mouse IFN-β coexpressing MVEV yielded high virus and IFN titers in cultured cells that do not respond to the coexpressed IFN. However, in IFN response-sufficient cell cultures and mice, the virus produced a self-limiting infection. Nevertheless, the attenuated virus triggered robust innate and adaptive immune responses evidenced by the induced expression of Mx proteins (used as a sensitive biomarker for measuring the type I IFN response) and the generation of neutralizing antibodies, respectively. IMPORTANCE The family Flaviviridae includes a number of important human pathogens, such as Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Hepatitis C virus. Flaviviruses infect large numbers of individuals on all continents. For example, as many as 100 million people are infected annually with Dengue virus, and 150 million people suffer a chronic infection with Hepatitis C virus. However, protective vaccines against dengue and hepatitis C are still missing, and improved vaccines against other flaviviral diseases are needed. The present study investigated the effects of a redesigned flaviviral genome and the coexpression of an antiviral protein (interferon) on virus replication, pathogenicity, and immunogenicity. Our findings may aid in the rational design of a new class of well-tolerated and safe vaccines.
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128
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNα/β) are cytokines with a broad spectrum of antitumor activities including antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunostimulatory effects, and are potentially useful in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and other cancers. To improve antitumor potency and diminish the systemic side effects of IFN, we recently developed anti-CD20-IFNα fusion proteins with in vitro and in vivo efficacy against both mouse and human lymphomas expressing CD20. As IFNβ binds more tightly to the IFNα/β receptor (IFNAR) and has more potent antitumor activities, we have now constructed an anti-CD20 fusion protein with murine IFNβ (mIFNβ). Anti-CD20-mIFNβ was more potent than recombinant mIFNβ and anti-CD20-mIFNα in inhibiting the proliferation of a mouse B-cell lymphoma expressing human CD20 (38C13-huCD20). Growth inhibition was accompanied by caspase-independent apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. The efficacy of anti-CD20-mIFNβ required the physical linkage of mIFNβ to anti-CD20 antibody. Importantly, anti-CD20-mIFNβ was active against tumor cells expressing low levels of IFNAR (38C13-huCD20 IFNAR). In vivo, established 38C13-huCD20 tumors were largely insensitive to rituximab or a nontargeted mIFNβ fusion protein, yet treatment with anti-CD20-mIFNβ eradicated 83% of tumors. Anti-CD20-mIFNβ was also more potent in vivo against 38C13-huCD20 than anti-CD20-mIFNα, curing 75% versus 25% of tumors (P=0.001). Importantly, although anti-CD20-mIFNα could not eradicate 38C13-huCD20 IFNAR tumors, anti-CD20-mIFNβ treatment prolonged survival (P=0.0003), and some animals remained tumor-free. Thus, antibody fusion proteins targeting mIFNβ to tumors show promise as therapeutic agents, especially for use against tumors resistant to the effects of mIFNα.
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129
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Hillyer P, Raviv N, Gold DM, Dougherty D, Liu J, Johnson TR, Graham BS, Rabin RL. Subtypes of type I IFN differentially enhance cytokine expression by suboptimally stimulated CD4(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3197-208. [PMID: 24030809 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human type I interferons (IFNs) include IFN-β and 12 subtypes of IFN-α. During viral infection, infiltrating memory CD4(+) T cells are exposed to IFNs, but their impact on memory T-cell function is poorly understood. To address this, we pretreated PBMCs with different IFNs for 16 h before stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B and measured cytokine expression by flow cytometry. IFN-α8 and -α10 most potently enhanced expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4. Potency among the subtypes differed most at doses between 10 and 100 U/mL. While enhancement of IL-2 and IL-4 correlated with the time of preincubation with type I IFN, IFN-γ production was enhanced best when IFN-α was added immediately preceding or simultaneously with T-cell stimulation. Comparison of T-cell responses to multiple doses of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B and to peptide libraries from RSV or CMV demonstrated that IFN-α best enhanced cytokine expression when CD4(+) T cells were suboptimally stimulated. We conclude that type I IFNs enhance Th1 and Th2 function with dose dependency and subtype specificity, and best when T-cell stimulation is suboptimal. While type I IFNs may beneficially enhance CD4(+) T-cell memory responses to vaccines or viral pathogens, they may also enhance the function of resident Th2 cells and exacerbate allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Hillyer
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
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130
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Interferon-λ1 linked to a stabilized dimer of Fab potently enhances both antitumor and antiviral activities in targeted cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63940. [PMID: 23696859 PMCID: PMC3655979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III interferons (IFNs), comprising IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3, behave similarly to IFN-α in eliciting antiviral, antitumor, and immune-modulating activities. Due to their more restricted cellular targets, IFN-λs are attractive as potential alternatives to existing therapeutic regimens based on IFN-αs. We have applied the DOCK-AND-LOCK™ method to improve the anti-proliferative potency of IFN-λ1 up to 1,000-fold in targeted cancer cell lines by tethering stabilized Fab dimers, derived from hRS7 (humanized anti-Trop-2), hMN-15 (humanized anti-CEACAM6), hL243 (humanized anti-HLA-DR), and c225 (chimeric anti-EGFR), to IFN-λ1 site-specifically, resulting in novel immunocytokines designated (E1)-λ1, (15)-λ1, (C2)-λ1, and (c225)-λ1, respectively. Targeted delivery of IFN-λ1 via (15)-λ1 or (c225)-λ1 to respective antigen-expressing cells also significantly increased antiviral activity when compared with non-targeting (C2)-λ1, as demonstrated in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 by (15)-λ1 against encephalomyocarditis virus (EC50 = 22.2 pM versus 223 pM), and in human hepatocarcinoma cell line Huh-7 by (c225)-λ1 against hepatitis C virus (EC50 = 0.56 pM versus 91.2 pM). These promising results, which are attributed to better localization and stronger binding of IFN-λ1 to antibody-targeted cells, together with the favorable pharmacokinetic profile of (E1)-λ1 in mice (T1/2 = 8.6 h), support further investigation of selective prototypes as potential antiviral and antitumor therapeutic agents.
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131
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Xu L, Yang L, Liu W. Distinct evolution process among type I interferon in mammals. Protein Cell 2013; 4:383-92. [PMID: 23636688 PMCID: PMC4875548 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is thought to play an important role in the vertebrate immune system, but systemic knowledge of IFN evolution has yet to be elucidated. To evaluate the phylogenic distribution and evolutionary history of type I IFNs, 13genomes were searched using BLASTn program, and a phylogenetic tree of vertebrate type I IFNs was constructed. In the present study, an IFNδ-like gene in the human genome was identified, refuting the concept that humans have no IFNδ genes, and other mammalian IFN genes were also identified. In the phylogenetic tree, the mammalian IFNβ, IFNɛ, and IFNκ formed a clade separate from the other mammalian type I IFNs, while piscine and avian IFNs formed distinct clades. Based on this phylogenetic analysis and the various characteristics of type I IFNs, the evolutionary history of type I IFNs was further evaluated. Our data indicate that an ancestral IFNα-like gene forms a core from which new IFNs divided during vertebrate evolution. In addition, the data suggest how the other type I IFNs evolved from IFNα and shaped the complex type I IFN system. The promoters of type I IFNs were conserved among different mammals, as well as their genic regions. However, the intergenic regions of type I IFN clusters were not conserved among different mammals, demonstrating a high selection pressure upon type I IFNs during their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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132
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Kuri T, Sörensen AS, Thomas S, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B, McInerney GM, Plant L. Influenza A virus-mediated priming enhances cytokine secretion by human dendritic cells infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1385-400. [PMID: 23421931 PMCID: PMC3798092 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Secondary infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) are frequently observed following influenza A virus (IAV) infection and have a substantial impact on global health. Despite this, the basis for the disease progression is incompletely understood. To investigate the effect of co-infection on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) we analysed the expression of clinically important pro-inflammatory and immune-modulatory cytokines. IAV infection or treatment with supernatants from IAV-infected cell cultures resulted in priming of the DCs which subsequently influenced the production of IL-12p70, as well as IL-6, following SP infection. Co-infection of the same cell was not required but this effect was dependent on the time, dose and duration of the infections, as well as pathogen viability, bacterial uptake and endosome acidification. Bacterially infected cells were characterized as the main producers of IL-12p70. Finally, we showed that type I interferons were primarily responsible for the priming of IL-12p70 that was observed by infection with IAV. These results provide a probable mechanism for the elevated levels of particular cytokines observed in IAV and SP co-infected cell cultures with implications for the pathogenic outcome observed during in vivo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kuri
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gibbert K, Schlaak JF, Yang D, Dittmer U. IFN-α subtypes: distinct biological activities in anti-viral therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1048-58. [PMID: 23072338 PMCID: PMC3594665 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During most viral infections, the immediate host response is characterized by an induction of type I IFN. These cytokines have various biological activities, including anti-viral, anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory effects. After induction, they bind to their IFN-α/β receptor, which leads to downstream signalling resulting in the expression of numerous different IFN-stimulated genes. These genes encode anti-viral proteins that directly inhibit viral replication as well as modulate immune function. Thus, the induction of type I IFN is a very powerful tool for the host to fight virus infections. Many viruses evade this response by various strategies like the direct suppression of IFN induction or inhibition of the IFN signalling pathway. Therefore, the therapeutic application of exogenous type I IFN or molecules that induce strong IFN responses should be of great potential for future immunotherapies against viral infections. Type I IFN is currently used as a treatment in chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection, but as yet is not widely utilized for other viral infections. One reason for this restricted clinical use is that type I IFN belongs to a multigene family that includes 13 different IFN-α subtypes and IFN-β, whose individual anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties have so far not been investigated in detail to improve IFN therapy against viral infections in humans. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements in defining the distinct biological functions of type I IFN subtypes in cell culture and in animal models of viral infection as well as their clinical usage in chronic hepatitis virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gibbert
- Department of Virology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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134
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Manry J, Quintana-Murci L. [Population genetics and human immunity: the interferon paradigm]. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 28:1095-101. [PMID: 23290410 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20122812020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary genetics dissection of immunity-related genes provides insights into immunological defence mechanisms and highlight host pathways playing an important role in pathogen resistance. Recent population genetic data have increased knowledge of the biological relevance of human interferons (IFN), cytokines released by host cells in response to pathogen presence or tumour cells. Some IFN-α subtypes as well as IFN-γ are strongly evolutionarily constrained, suggesting that the functions they fulfil are essential and non redundant. Other IFN, the most extreme cases being IFN-α10 and IFN-ε, can accumulate missense or nonsense mutations at high population frequencies, suggesting higher redundancy. Furthermore, genetic variation at some IFN genes can be advantageous for the host and increase in frequency by positive selection. This has been shown for type III IFN, where mutations at IL28A, IL28B and IL29 have been positively selected in Europeans and Asians, most likely by increasing resistance to viral infection. This review uses the IFN paradigm to illustrate the value of the evolutionary approach in highlighting important determinants of host immune responsiveness in the natural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Manry
- Institut Pasteur, département génomes et génétique, unité génétique évolutive humaine, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France - CNRS URA3012, 75015 Paris, France
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135
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Circulating interferon-α2 levels are increased in the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and are associated with disease activity and multiple cytokine activation. Lupus 2012; 22:155-63. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203312468964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in interferon (IFN) regulatory factor genes and the biological activity of type I IFN on expression of specific genes that are induced by IFN have been associated with various aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Circulating levels of IFN-α in SLE has not been extensively studied because of limited sensitivity of available ELISA assays. We performed a cross-sectional case-control study where circulating levels of IFN-α2 were measured by a highly sensitive, solution phase multiplex magnetized bead assay and investigated the relation of IFN-α2 with autoantibody profiles, clinical disease activity and levels of inflammatory cytokines in SLE patients ( n = 87). Cytokine levels were determined on stored sera aliquots with cut-off levels determined by the geometric mean + 2SD in healthy controls ( n = 27). IFN-α2 levels were increased in 64% of SLE patients, who displayed more renal disease and higher disease activity ( p = 0.06) and had a significantly higher sum of activated cytokines (median 4.5, range 7) compared to patients with normal IFN-α2 (median one, range 3; p < 0.001). Solution phase micro-bead assay thus identified increased IFN-α2 levels in two-thirds of SLE patients with longstanding disease. The association with clinical disease and activation of multiple inflammatory cytokines supports a role for IFN-α2 in disease perpetuation in a large subset of SLE patients.
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136
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Piehler J, Thomas C, Garcia KC, Schreiber G. Structural and dynamic determinants of type I interferon receptor assembly and their functional interpretation. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:317-34. [PMID: 23046138 PMCID: PMC3986811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) form a network of homologous cytokines that bind to a shared, heterodimeric cell surface receptor and engage signaling pathways that activate innate and adaptive immune responses. The ability of IFNs to mediate differential responses through the same cell surface receptor has been subject of a controversial debate and has important medical implications. During the past decade, a comprehensive insight into the structure, energetics, and dynamics of IFN recognition by its two-receptor subunits, as well as detailed correlations with their functional properties on the level of signal activation, gene expression, and biological responses were obtained. All type I IFNs bind the two-receptor subunits at the same sites and form structurally very similar ternary complexes. Differential IFN activities were found to be determined by different lifetimes and ligand affinities toward the receptor subunits, which dictate assembly and dynamics of the signaling complex in the plasma membrane. We present a simple model, which explains differential IFN activities based on rapid endocytosis of signaling complexes and negative feedback mechanisms interfering with ternary complex assembly. More insight into signaling pathways as well as endosomal signaling and trafficking will be required for a comprehensive understanding, which will eventually lead to therapeutic applications of IFNs with increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christoph Thomas
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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137
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Berry CM, Hertzog PJ, Mangan NE. Interferons as biomarkers and effectors: lessons learned from animal models. Biomark Med 2012; 6:159-76. [PMID: 22448790 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) comprise type I, II and III families with multiple subtypes. Via transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IFNs can exert multiple biological effects on the cell. In infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases, the IFNs and their ISG sets can be potentially utilized as biomarkers of disease outcome. Animal models allow investigations into disease pathogenesis and gene knockout models have proved cause and effect relationships of molecules related to the IFN response. Sets of IFN subtypes and their ISG products provide immunological signature patterns for different viral and other diseases. In this article, we give an overview of IFNs in several virus infection models and autoimmune diseases of medical relevance. Lessons learned from animal models inform us of IFN system parameters as indicators of disease outcome and whether clinical research is warranted. Moreover, validated IFN biomarkers for prognosis enhance our understanding of therapeutic and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Berry
- Centre for Innate Immunity & Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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138
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Manry J, Laval G, Patin E, Fornarino S, Itan Y, Fumagalli M, Sironi M, Tichit M, Bouchier C, Casanova JL, Barreiro LB, Quintana-Murci L. Evolutionary genetic dissection of human interferons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2747-59. [PMID: 22162829 PMCID: PMC3244034 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As revealed by population genetic analyses, different human interferon genes evolved under distinct selective constraints and signatures of positive selection vary according to geographic region, suggesting that some sequence changes may have conferred an advantage by increasing resistance to viral infection. Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite the large number of immunological studies of these molecules, the relative contributions of the numerous IFNs to human survival remain largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the extent to which natural selection has targeted the human IFNs and their receptors, to provide insight into the mechanisms that govern host defense in the natural setting. We found that some IFN-α subtypes, such as IFN-α6, IFN-α8, IFN-α13, and IFN-α14, as well as the type II IFN-γ, have evolved under strong purifying selection, attesting to their essential and nonredundant function in immunity to infection. Conversely, selective constraints have been relaxed for other type I IFNs, particularly for IFN-α10 and IFN-ε, which have accumulated missense or nonsense mutations at high frequencies within the population, suggesting redundancy in host defense. Finally, type III IFNs display geographically restricted signatures of positive selection in European and Asian populations, indicating that genetic variation at these genes has conferred a selective advantage to the host, most likely by increasing resistance to viral infection. Our population genetic analyses show that IFNs differ widely in their biological relevance, and highlight evolutionarily important determinants of host immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Manry
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
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