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Lin MH, Miner JH. Fatty acid transport protein 1 can compensate for fatty acid transport protein 4 in the developing mouse epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:462-470. [PMID: 25184958 PMCID: PMC4289464 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein (FATP) 4 is one of a family of six FATPs that facilitate long- and very long-chain fatty acid uptake. Mice lacking FATP4 are born with tight, thick skin and a defective barrier; they die neonatally due to dehydration and restricted movements. Mutations in SLC27A4, the gene encoding FATP4, cause ichthyosis prematurity syndrome (IPS), characterized by premature birth, respiratory distress, and edematous skin with severe ichthyotic scaling. Symptoms of surviving patients become mild, though atopic manifestations are common. We previously showed that suprabasal keratinocyte expression of a Fatp4 transgene in Fatp4 mutant skin rescues the lethality and ameliorates the skin phenotype. Here we tested the hypothesis that FATP1, the closest FATP4 homolog, can compensate for the lack of FATP4 in our mouse model of IPS, as it might do postnatally in IPS patients. Transgenic expression of FATP1 in suprabasal keratinocytes rescued the phenotype of Fatp4 mutants, and FATP1 sorted to the same intracellular organelles as endogenous FATP4. Thus, FATP1 and FATP4 likely have overlapping substrate specificities, enzymatic activities, and biological functions. These results suggest that increasing expression of FATP1 in suprabasal keratinocytes could normalize the skin of IPS patients and perhaps prevent the atopic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Hua Lin
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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102
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Angelbeck-Schulze M, Mischke R, Rohn K, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Naim HY, Bäumer W. Canine epidermal lipid sampling by skin scrub revealed variations between different body sites and normal and atopic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:152. [PMID: 25012966 PMCID: PMC4107596 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we evaluated a minimally invasive epidermal lipid sampling method called skin scrub, which achieved reproducible and comparable results to skin scraping. The present study aimed at investigating regional variations in canine epidermal lipid composition using the skin scrub technique and its suitability for collecting skin lipids in dogs suffering from certain skin diseases. Eight different body sites (5 highly and 3 lowly predisposed for atopic lesions) were sampled by skin scrub in 8 control dogs with normal skin. Additionally, lesional and non-lesional skin was sampled from 12 atopic dogs and 4 dogs with other skin diseases by skin scrub. Lipid fractions were separated by high performance thin layer chromatography and analysed densitometrically. RESULTS No significant differences in total lipid content were found among the body sites tested in the control dogs. However, the pinna, lip and caudal back contained significantly lower concentrations of ceramides, whereas the palmar metacarpus and the axillary region contained significantly higher amounts of ceramides and cholesterol than most other body sites. The amount of total lipids and ceramides including all ceramide classes were significantly lower in both lesional and non-lesional skin of atopic dogs compared to normal skin, with the reduction being more pronounced in lesional skin. The sampling by skin scrub was relatively painless and caused only slight erythema at the sampled areas but no oedema. Histological examinations of skin biopsies at 2 skin scrubbed areas revealed a potential lipid extraction from the transition zone between stratum corneum and granulosum. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed regional variations in the epidermal lipid and ceramide composition in dogs without skin abnormalities but no connection between lipid composition and predilection sites for canine atopic dermatitis lesions. The skin scrub technique proved to be a practicable sampling method for canine epidermal lipids, revealed satisfying results regarding alterations of skin lipid composition in canine atopic dermatitis and might be suitable for epidermal lipid investigations of further canine skin diseases. Although the ceramide composition should be unaffected by the deeper lipid sampling of skin scrub compared to other sampling methods, further studies are required to determine methodological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinhard Mischke
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, Hanover 30559, Germany.
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103
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Kováčik A, Roh J, Vávrová K. The chemistry and biology of 6-hydroxyceramide, the youngest member of the human sphingolipid family. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1555-62. [PMID: 24990520 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are crucial for the life of the cell. In land-dwelling mammals, they are equally important outside the cell-in the extracellular space of the skin barrier-because they prevent loss of water. Although a large body of research has elucidated many of the functions of sphingolipids, their extensive structural diversity remains intriguing. A new class of sphingolipids based on 6-hydroxylated sphingosine has recently been identified in human skin. Abnormal levels of these 6-hydroxylated ceramides have repeatedly been observed in atopic dermatitis; however, neither the biosynthesis nor the roles of these unique ceramide subclasses have been established in the human body. In this Minireview, we summarize the current knowledge of 6-hydroxyceramides, including their discovery, structure, stereochemistry, occurrence in healthy and diseased human epidermis, and synthetic approaches to 6-hydroxysphingosine and related ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kováčik
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové (Czech Republic)
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104
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Dupuy FG, Maggio B. N-Acyl Chain in Ceramide and Sphingomyelin Determines Their Mixing Behavior, Phase State, and Surface Topography in Langmuir Films. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7475-7487. [PMID: 24949924 DOI: 10.1021/jp501686q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are membrane lipids composed by a long chain aminediol base, usually sphingosine, with a N-linked fatty acyl chain whose quality depends on the membrane type. The effect of length and unsaturation of the N-acyl chain on the mixing behavior of different sphingolipids has scarcely been studied, and in this work this issue is addressed employing Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface, in order to assess the surface mixing in binary mixtures of different species of sphingomyelins and ceramides. The dependence on the monolayer composition of the mean molecular area, perpendicular dipole moment, domain segregation, and surface topography, as well as the film elasticity and optical thickness were studied. The results indicate that composition-dependent favorable interactions among sphingomyelin and ceramide occur as a consequence of complementary lateral packing and increased acyl chain ordering; the phase state of the components appears as a major factor determining miscibility among sphingomyelins and ceramides even in cases where the lipids have a considerable hydrocarbon chain length mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Dupuy
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC-CONICET/UNC, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba . Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bruno Maggio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC-CONICET/UNC, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba . Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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105
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Kim J, Kim YS, Cho Y. WITHDRAWN: Lithospermum erythrorhizon extract improves the hydration, sebum, and ceramide content of healthy skin: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Nutr Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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106
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Accelerating Effect of Soy Peptides Containing Collagen Peptides on Type I and III Collagen Levels in Rat Skin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:1549-51. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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107
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Skolová B, Jandovská K, Pullmannová P, Tesař O, Roh J, Hrabálek A, Vávrová K. The role of the trans double bond in skin barrier sphingolipids: permeability and infrared spectroscopic study of model ceramide and dihydroceramide membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5527-5535. [PMID: 24779554 DOI: 10.1021/la500622f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroceramides (dCer) are members of the sphingolipid family that lack the C4 trans double bond in their sphingoid backbone. In addition to being precursors of ceramides (Cer) and phytoceramides, dCer have also been found in the extracellular lipid membranes of the epidermal barrier, the stratum corneum. However, their role in barrier homeostasis is not known. We studied how the lack of the trans double bond in dCer compared to Cer influences the permeability, lipid chain order, and packing of multilamellar membranes composed of the major skin barrier lipids: (d)Cer, fatty acids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl sulfate. The permeability of the membranes with long-chain dCer was measured using various markers and was either comparable to or only slightly greater than (by up to 35%, not significant) that of the Cer membranes. The dCer were less sensitive to acyl chain shortening than Cer (the short dCer membranes were up to 6-fold less permeable that the corresponding short Cer membranes). Infrared spectroscopy showed that long dCer mixed less with fatty acids but formed more thermally stable ordered domains than Cer. The key parameter explaining the differences in permeability in the short dCer and Cer was the proportion of the orthorhombic phase. Our results suggest that the presence of the trans double bond in Cer is not crucial for the permeability of skin lipid membranes and that dCer may be underappreciated members of the stratum corneum lipid barrier that increase its heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Skolová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague , Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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108
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Khan HA, Arif IA, Williams JB, Champagne AM, Shobrak M. Skin lipids from Saudi Arabian birds. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 21:173-7. [PMID: 24600311 PMCID: PMC3942862 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin lipids play an important role in the regulation of cutaneous water loss (CWL). Earlier studies have shown that Saudi desert birds exhibit a tendency of reduced CWL than birds from temperate environment due to adaptive changes in composition of their skin lipids. In this study, we used thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for separation and detection of non-polar and polar lipids from the skin of six bird species including sooty gull, brown booby, house sparrow, Arabian waxbill, sand partridge, and laughing dove. The lipids were separated and detected on Silica gel G coated TLC plates and quantified by using densitometric image analysis. Rf values of the non-polar lipids were as follows: cholesterol (0.29), free fatty acids (0.58), triacylglycerol (0.69), fatty acids methyl esters (0.84) and cholesterol ester (0.97). Rf values for the polar lipids were: cerebroside (0.42), ceramide (0.55) and cholesterol (0.73). The results showed the abundance of fatty acids methyl esters (47.75-60.46%) followed by triacylglycerol (12.69-24.14%). The remaining lipid compositions were as follows: cholesterol (4.09-13.18%), ceramide (2.18-13.27%), and cerebroside (2.53-12.81%). In conclusion, our findings showed that TLC is a simple and sensitive method for the separation and quantification of skin lipids. We also reported a new protocol for lipid extraction using the zirconia beads for efficient disruption of skin tissues. This study will help us better understand the role of skin lipids in adaptive physiology towards adverse climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Biochemistry College of Science, Bld 5 King Saud University P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966 11 4675859.
| | - Ibrahim A. Arif
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph B. Williams
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Aronoff Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Alex M. Champagne
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Aronoff Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Mohammad Shobrak
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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109
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate as signaling molecule in the skin: Relevance in atopic dermatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 23:54-59. [PMID: 26120515 PMCID: PMC4479432 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-014-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential molecules of the mammalian epidermis. Keratinocytes generate and secrete huge amounts of ceramide-precursors to the extracellular domain of the stratum corneum, where they are further metabolized to specific ceramide species. The arrangement of ceramides to well-organized lipid lamellae is essential to form the epidermal barrier. Besides their role as structural components sphingolipids are also critical molecules involved in the modulation of epidermal cells. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has been identified as a prominent signaling molecule which regulates fundamental functions of keratinocytes and skin dendritic cells. Thus, S1P inhibits proliferation of keratinocytes and induces their differentiation. Moreover, antigen uptake, migration and cytokine production of dendritic cells are under the control of this sphingolipid. A dysregulation of the sphingolipid metabolism has been discussed in inflammatory skin disorders like atopic dermatitis. Animal models of contact dermatitis provide evidence that topical treatment with S1P is connected with an anti-inflammatory action suggesting a novel approach for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
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110
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Sphingosin-1-Phosphat als Signalmolekül der Haut. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-014-0516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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111
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Muñoz-Garcia A, Thomas CP, Keeney DS, Zheng Y, Brash AR. The importance of the lipoxygenase-hepoxilin pathway in the mammalian epidermal barrier. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1841:401-8. [PMID: 24021977 PMCID: PMC4116325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the background to discovery of the two key lipoxygenases (LOX) involved in epidermal barrier function, 12R-LOX and eLOX3, and our current views on their functioning. In the outer epidermis, their consecutive actions oxidize linoleic acid esterified in ω-hydroxy-ceramide to a hepoxilin-related derivative. The relevant background to hepoxilin and trioxilin biochemistry is briefly reviewed. We outline the evidence that linoleate in the ceramide is the natural substrate of the two LOX enzymes and our proposal for its importance in construction of the epidermal water barrier. Our hypothesis is that the oxidation promotes hydrolysis of the oxidized linoleate moiety from the ceramide. The resulting free ω-hydroxyl of the ω-hydroxyceramide is covalently bound to proteins on the surface of the corneocytes to form the corneocyte lipid envelope, a key barrier component. Understanding the role of the LOX enzymes and their hepoxilin products should provide rational approaches to ameliorative therapy for a number of the congenital ichthyoses involving compromised barrier function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustí Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher P Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Diane S Keeney
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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112
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A lipidomic platform establishment for structural identification of skin ceramides with non-hydroxyacyl chains. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1917-32. [PMID: 24458481 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost layer of skin that functions as a barrier and protects against environmental influences and transepidermal water loss. Its unique morphology consists of keratin-enriched corneocytes embedded in a distinctive mixture of lipids containing mainly ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoid bases, which are linked to fatty acids by an amide bond. Typical sphingoid bases in the skin are composed of dihydrosphingosine (dS), sphingosine (S), phytosphingosine (P), and 6-hydroxysphingosine (H), and the fatty acid acyl chains are composed of non-hydroxy fatty acid (N), α-hydroxy fatty acid (A), ω-hydroxy fatty acid (O), and esterified ω-hydroxy fatty acid (E). The 16 ceramide classes include several combinations of sphingoid bases and fatty acid acyl chains. Among them, N-type ceramides are the most abundant in the SC. Mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis of N-type ceramides using chip-based direct infusion nanoelectrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry generated the characteristic fragmentation pattern of both acyl and sphingoid units, which could be applied to structural identification of ceramides. Based on the MS/MS fragmentation patterns of N-type ceramides, comprehensive fragmentation schemes were proposed. In addition, mass fragmentation patterns, which are specific to the sphingoid backbone of N-type ceramides, were found in higher m/z regions of tandem mass spectra. These characteristic and general fragmentation patterns were used to identify N-type ceramides in human SC. Based on established MS/MS fragmentation patterns of N-type ceramides, 52 ceramides (including different classes of NS, NdS, NP, and NH) were identified in human SC. The MS/MS fragmentation patterns of N-type ceramides were characterized by interpreting their product ion scan mass spectra. This information may be used to identify N-type ceramides in the SC of human, rat, and mouse skin.
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113
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Skolová B, Janůšová B, Zbytovská J, Gooris G, Bouwstra J, Slepička P, Berka P, Roh J, Palát K, Hrabálek A, Vávrová K. Ceramides in the skin lipid membranes: length matters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15624-15633. [PMID: 24283654 DOI: 10.1021/la4037474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are essential constituents of the skin barrier that allow humans to live on dry land. Reduced levels of ceramides have been associated with skin diseases, e.g., atopic dermatitis. However, the structural requirements and mechanisms of action of ceramides are not fully understood. Here, we report the effects of ceramide acyl chain length on the permeabilities and biophysics of lipid membranes composed of ceramides (or free sphingosine), fatty acids, cholesterol, and cholesterol sulfate. Short-chain ceramides increased the permeability of the lipid membranes compared to a long-chain ceramide with maxima at 4-6 carbons in the acyl. By a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Langmuir monolayers, and atomic force microscopy, we found that the reason for this effect in short ceramides was a lower proportion of tight orthorhombic packing and phase separation of continuous short ceramide-enriched domains with shorter lamellar periodicity compared to native long ceramides. Thus, long acyl chains in ceramides are essential for the formation of tightly packed impermeable lipid lamellae. Moreover, the model skin lipid membranes are a valuable tool to study the relationships between the lipid structure and composition, lipid organization, and the membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Skolová
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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114
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Eckhart L, Lippens S, Tschachler E, Declercq W. Cell death by cornification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3471-3480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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115
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116
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Fatty acid transporters in skin development, function and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:362-8. [PMID: 24120574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids in the epidermis can be incorporated into complex lipids or exist in a free form, and they are crucial to proper functions of the epidermis and its appendages, such as sebaceous glands. Epidermal fatty acids can be synthesized de novo by keratinocytes or taken up from extracutaneous sources in a process that likely involves protein transporters. Several proteins that are expressed in the epidermis have been proposed to facilitate the uptake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in mammalian cells, including fatty acid translocase/CD36, fatty acid binding protein, and fatty acid transport protein (FATP)/very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms by which these candidate transporters facilitate the uptake of fatty acids. We will then discuss the clinical implications of defects in these transporters and relevant animal models, including the FATP4 animal models and ichthyosis prematurity syndrome, a congenital ichthyosis caused by FATP4 deficiency. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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117
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Kim J, Cho Y. Gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) supplementation enhances epidermal levels of ceramides, glucosylceramides, β-glucocerebrosidase, and acidic sphingomyelinase in NC/Nga mice. J Med Food 2013; 16:927-33. [PMID: 24074295 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that dietary gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon; LE) prevents the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) with increased epidermal levels of total ceramide (Cer), the major lipid maintaining epidermal barrier. In this study, we investigated whether the increased level of total Cer induced by dietary LE would be related to the altered metabolism of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and sphingomyelin (SM), two major precursor lipids in Cer generation. NC/Nga mice, an animal model of AD, were fed a control diet (group CA: atopic control) or a diet with 70% ethanol LE extracts (1% in diet; group LE) for 10 weeks. Individual species of Cer, GlcCer, and SM were analyzed by high-performance thin layer chromatography. In the epidermis of group CA, total Cer (including Cer2 and Cer5-7) and total GlcCer (including GlcCer-B/C/D) were significantly reduced; these levels in group LE were increased to levels similar to the normal control group of BALB/c mice (group C). In addition, protein expressions and activities of β-glucocerebrosidase (β-GlcCer'ase) and acidic sphingomyelinase (aSMase), enzymes for GlcCer or SM hydrolysis, respectively, were increased in group LE. However, alterations of Cer1, Cer3/4, GlcCer-A, and all SM species (including SM1-3) were not significant among groups C, CA, and LE. Dietary gromwell increases GlcCer-B/C/D, and further enhances the generation of Cer2 and Cer5-7 with high protein expressions and activities of β-GlcCer'ase and aSMase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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118
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Rabionet M, Bayerle A, Marsching C, Jennemann R, Gröne HJ, Yildiz Y, Wachten D, Shaw W, Shayman JA, Sandhoff R. 1-O-acylceramides are natural components of human and mouse epidermis. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3312-21. [PMID: 24078707 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid-rich stratum corneum functions as a barrier against pathogens and desiccation inter alia by an unbroken meshwork of extracellular lipid lamellae. These lamellae are composed of cholesterol, fatty acids, and ceramides (Cers) in an equimolar ratio. The huge class of skin Cers consists of three groups: group I, "classical" long and very long chain Cers; group II, ultra-long chain Cers; and group III, ω-esterified ultra-long chain Cers, which are esterified either with linoleic acid or with cornified envelope proteins and are required for the water permeability barrier. Here, we describe 1-O-acylceramides as a new class of epidermal Cers in humans and mice. These Cers contain, in both the N- and 1-O-position, long to very long acyl chains. They derive from the group I of classical Cers and make up 5% of all esterified Cers. Considering their chemical structure and hydrophobicity, we presume 1-O-acylceramides to contribute to the water barrier homeostasis. Biosynthesis of 1-O-acylceramides is not dependent on lysosomal phospholipase A2. However, glucosylceramide synthase deficiency was followed by a 7-fold increase of 1-O-acylceramides, which then contributed 30% to all esterified Cers. Furthermore, loss of neutral glucosylceramidase resulted in decreased levels of a 1-O-acylceramide subgroup. Therefore, we propose 1-O-acylceramides to be synthesized at endoplasmic reticulum-related sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Rabionet
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group within, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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119
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Ceramide synthesis in the epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:422-34. [PMID: 23988654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis and in particular its outermost layer the stratum corneum provides terrestrial vertebrates with a pivotal defensive barrier against water loss, xenobiotics and harmful pathogens. A vital demand for this epidermal permeability barrier is the lipid-enriched lamellar matrix that embeds the enucleated corneocytes. Ceramides are the major components of these highly ordered intercellular lamellar structures, in which linoleic acid- and protein-esterified ceramides are crucial for structuring and maintaining skin barrier integrity. In this review, we describe the fascinating diversity of epidermal ceramides including 1-O-acylceramides. We focus on epidermal ceramide biosynthesis emphasizing its metabolic and topological requirements and discuss enzymes that may be involved in α- and ω-hydroxylation. Finally, we turn to epidermal ceramide regulation, highlighting transcription factors and liposensors recently described to play crucial roles in modulating skin lipid metabolism and epidermal barrier homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier.
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120
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Altered sphingoid base profiles predict compromised membrane structure and permeability in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72:296-303. [PMID: 24070864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ceramide hydrolysis by ceramidase in the stratum corneum (SC) yields both sphingoid bases and free fatty acids (FFA). While FFA are key constituents of the lamellar bilayers that mediate the epidermal permeability barrier, whether sphingoid bases influence permeability barrier homeostasis remains unknown. Pertinently, alterations of lipid profile, including ceramide and ceramidase activities occur in atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECT We investigated alterations in sphingoid base levels and/or profiles (sphingosine to sphinganine ratio) in the SC of normal vs. AD mice, a model that faithfully replicates human AD, and then whether altered sphingoid base levels and/or profiles influence(s) membrane stability and/or structures. METHODS Unilamellar vesicles (LV), incorporating the three major SC lipids (ceramides/FFA/cholesterol) and different ratios of sphingosine/sphinganine, encapsulating carboxyfluorescein, were used as the model of SC lipids. Membrane stability was measured as release of carboxyfluorescein. Thermal analysis of LV was conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). RESULTS LV containing AD levels of sphingosine/sphinganine (AD-LV) displayed altered membrane permeability vs. normal-LV. DSC analyses revealed decreases in orthorhombic structures that form tightly packed lamellar structures in AD-LV. CONCLUSION Sphingoid base composition influences lamellar membrane architecture in SC, suggesting that altered sphingoid base profiles could contribute to the barrier abnormality in AD.
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121
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Breiden B, Sandhoff K. The role of sphingolipid metabolism in cutaneous permeability barrier formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:441-52. [PMID: 23954553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal permeability barrier of mammalian skin is localized in the stratum corneum. Corneocytes are embedded in an extracellular, highly ordered lipid matrix of hydrophobic lipids consisting of about 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol and 15% long and very long chain fatty acids. The most important lipids for the epidermal barrier are ceramides. The scaffold of the lipid matrix is built of acylceramides, containing ω-hydroxylated very long chain fatty acids, acylated at the ω-position with linoleic acid. After glucosylation of the acylceramides at Golgi membranes and secretion, the linoleic acid residues are replaced by glutamate residues originating from proteins exposed on the surface of corneocytes. Removal of their glucosyl residues generates a hydrophobic surface on the corneocytes used as a template for the formation of extracellular lipid layers of the water permeability barrier. Misregulation or defects in the formation of extracellular ceramide structures disturb barrier function. Important anabolic steps are the synthesis of ultra long chain fatty acids, their ω-hydroxylation, and formation of ultra long chain ceramides and glucosylceramides. The main probarrier precursor lipids, glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins, are packed in lamellar bodies together with hydrolytic enzymes such as glucosylceramide-β-glucosidase and acid sphingomyelinase and secreted into the intercelullar space between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum. Inherited defects in the extracellular hydrolytic processing of the probarrier acylglucosylceramides impair epidermal barrier formation and cause fatal diseases: such as prosaposin deficiency resulting in lack of lysosomal lipid binding and transfer proteins, or the symptomatic clinical picture of the "collodion baby" in the absence of glucocerebrosidase. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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122
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Jiang YJ, Kim P, Uchida Y, Elias PM, Bikle DD, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Ceramides stimulate caspase-14 expression in human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:113-8. [PMID: 23362869 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-14 is an enzyme that is expressed predominantly in cornifying epithelia and catalyses the degradation of profilaggrin. Additionally, caspase-14 plays an important role in the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. However, how caspase-14 expression is regulated remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that ceramides (C(2) -Cer and C(6) -Cer), but not other sphingolipids (C(8) -glucosylceramides, sphinganine, sphingosine-1-phosphate or ceramide-1-phosphate), increase caspase-14 expression (mRNA and protein) in cultured human keratinocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase and ceramidase increase endogenous ceramide levels and also increase caspase-14 expression, indicating an important regulatory role for ceramides and suggesting that the conversion of ceramides to other metabolites is not required. The increase in caspase-14 expression induced by ceramides is first seen at 16 h and requires new protein synthesis, suggesting that the ceramide-induced increase is likely an indirect effect. Furthermore, ceramides increase caspase-14 gene expression primarily by increasing transcription. Blocking de novo synthesis of ceramides does not affect caspase-14 expression, suggesting that basal expression is not dependent on ceramide levels. These studies show that ceramides, an important structural lipid, stimulate caspase-14 expression providing a mechanism for coordinately regulating the formation of lipid lamellar membranes with the formation of corneocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan J Jiang
- Metabolism Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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123
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Sahle FF, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Controlled penetration of ceramides into and across the stratum corneum using various types of microemulsions and formulation associated toxicity studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:244-50. [PMID: 23896195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the depletion or disturbance of stratum corneum (SC) lipids such as ceramides (CERs), free fatty acids and cholesterol. Studies suggested that replenishment of these lipids might help to treat diseased, affected or aged skin. With this premises in mind, there are some formulations in the market that contain SC lipids and currently, to facilitate permeation of the lipids deep into the SC, various CERs, and other SC lipid microemulsions (MEs) were developed and characterised using lecithin or TEGO® CARE PL 4 (TCPL4) as base surfactants. However, to date, there are no reports that involve the permeability of SC lipids into and across the SC, and therefore, the penetration of CER [NP] as a model ceramide from various formulations was investigated ex vivo using Franz diffusion cell. Besides, the toxicity of the MEs was assessed using hen's egg test chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). The results of the study showed that CER [NP] could not permeate into deeper layers of the SC from a conventional hydrophilic cream. Unlike the cream, CER [NP] permeated into the deeper layers of the SC from both type of MEs, where permeation of the CER was more and into deeper layers from droplet type and lecithin-based MEs than bicontinuous (BC) type and TCPL4 based MEs, respectively. The CER also permeated into deeper layers from ME gels which was, however, shallow and to a lesser extent when compared with the MEs. The results of HET-CAM showed that both MEs are safe to be used topically, with lecithin-based MEs exhibiting better safety profiles than TCPL4 based MEs. Concluding, the study showed that the MEs are safe to be used on the skin for the controlled penetration of CER [NP] deep into the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum F Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Johannes Wohlrab
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reinhard H H Neubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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124
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Amen N, Mathow D, Rabionet M, Sandhoff R, Langbein L, Gretz N, Jäckel C, Gröne HJ, Jennemann R. Differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes is dependent on glucosylceramide:ceramide processing. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4164-79. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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125
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Tu CL, Bikle DD. Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in calcium regulation of epidermal differentiation and function. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:415-27. [PMID: 23856269 PMCID: PMC3713412 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium composed of proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal keratinocytes. It serves as the body's major physical and chemical barrier against infection and harsh environmental insults, as well as preventing excess water loss from the body into the atmosphere. Calcium is a key regulator of the proliferation and differentiation in keratinocytes. Elevated extracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]o) raises the levels of intracellular free calcium ([Ca(2+)]i), promotes cell-cell adhesion, and activates differentiation-related genes. Keratinocytes deficient in the calcium-sensing receptor fail to respond to [Ca(2+)]o stimulation and to differentiate, indicating a role for the calcium-sensing receptor in transducing the [Ca(2+)]o signal during differentiation. The concepts derived from in vitro gene knockdown experiments have been evaluated and confirmed in three mouse models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affair Medical Center and The University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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126
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Abstract
Wickerhamomyces ciferrii is a microorganism characterized by the production and secretion of large amounts of acetylated sphingoid bases, in particular tetraacetyl phytosphingosine. Here, we present the 15.90-Mbp draft genome sequence of W. ciferrii NRRL Y-1031 F-60-10 generated by pyrosequencing and de novo assembly. The draft genome sequence comprising 364 contigs in 150 scaffolds was annotated and covered 6,702 protein-coding sequences. This information will contribute to the metabolic engineering of this yeast to improve the yield and spectrum of acetylated sphingoid bases in biotechnological production.
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127
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Allende ML, Sipe LM, Tuymetova G, Wilson-Henjum KL, Chen W, Proia RL. Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 regulates keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18381-91. [PMID: 23637227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.478420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid whose levels are tightly regulated by its synthesis and degradation. Intracellularly, S1P is dephosphorylated by the actions of two S1P-specific phosphatases, sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatases 1 and 2. To identify the physiological functions of S1P phosphatase 1, we have studied mice with its gene, Sgpp1, deleted. Sgpp1(-/-) mice appeared normal at birth, but during the 1st week of life they exhibited stunted growth and suffered desquamation, with most dying before weaning. Both Sgpp1(-/-) pups and surviving adults exhibited multiple epidermal abnormalities. Interestingly, the epidermal permeability barrier developed normally during embryogenesis in Sgpp1(-/-) mice. Keratinocytes isolated from the skin of Sgpp1(-/-) pups had increased intracellular S1P levels and displayed a gene expression profile that indicated overexpression of genes associated with keratinocyte differentiation. The results reveal S1P metabolism as a regulator of keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Allende
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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128
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Gericke J, Ittensohn J, Mihály J, Álvarez S, Álvarez R, Töröcsik D, de Lera ÁR, Rühl R. Regulation of retinoid-mediated signaling involved in skin homeostasis by RAR and RXR agonists/antagonists in mouse skin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62643. [PMID: 23638129 PMCID: PMC3634743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retinoids like all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) play important roles in skin homeostasis and skin-based immune responses. Moreover, retinoid signaling was found to be dysregulated in various skin diseases. The present study used topical application of selective agonists and antagonists for retinoic acid receptors (RARs) α and γ and retinoid-X receptors (RXRs) for two weeks on mouse skin in order to determine the role of retinoid receptor subtypes in the gene regulation in skin. We observed pronounced epidermal hyperproliferation upon application of ATRA and synthetic agonists for RARγ and RXR. ATRA and the RARγ agonist further increased retinoid target gene expression (Rbp1, Crabp2, Krt4, Cyp26a1, Cyp26b1) and the chemokines Ccl17 and Ccl22. In contrast, a RARα agonist strongly decreased the expression of ATRA-synthesis enzymes, of retinoid target genes, markers of skin homeostasis, and various cytokines in the skin, thereby markedly resembling the expression profile induced by RXR and RAR antagonists. Our results indicate that RARα and RARγ subtypes possess different roles in the skin and may be of relevance for the auto-regulation of endogenous retinoid signaling in skin. We suggest that dysregulated retinoid signaling in the skin mediated by RXR, RARα and/or RARγ may promote skin-based inflammation and dysregulation of skin barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gericke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jan Ittensohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Johanna Mihály
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Susana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Dániel Töröcsik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ángel R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
- Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Debrecen, Hungary
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129
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Biotechnological production of sphingoid bases and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4301-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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130
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Sugawara T, Iwamoto N, Akashi M, Kojima T, Hisatsune J, Sugai M, Furuse M. Tight junction dysfunction in the stratum granulosum leads to aberrant stratum corneum barrier function in claudin-1-deficient mice. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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131
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Yoon JS, Nishifuji K, Ishioroshi S, Ide K, Iwasaki T. Skin lipid profiling in normal and seborrhoeic shih tzu dogs. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:84-9.e21-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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132
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Abstract
Mammalian skin protects our body against external assaults due to a well-organized skin barrier. The formation of the skin barrier is a complex process, in which basal keratinocytes lose their mitotic activity and differentiate to corneocytes. These corneocytes are embedded in intercellular lipid lamellae composed of ceramides, cholesterol, fatty acids, and cholesterol esters. Ceramides are the dominant lipid molecules and their reduction is connected with a transepidermal water loss and an epidermal barrier dysfunction resulting in inflammatory skin diseases. Moreover, bioactive sphingolipid metabolites like ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingosylphosphorylcholine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are also involved in the biological modulation of keratinocytes and immune cells of the skin. Therefore, it is not astonishing that a dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism has been identified in inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. This chapter will describe not only the specific sphingolipid species and their skin functions but also the dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Kleuser
- Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany.
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133
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Dietary sericin enhances epidermal levels of glucosylceramides and ceramides with up-regulating protein expressions of glucosylceramide synthase, β-glucocerebrosidase and acidic sphingomyelinase in NC/Nga mice. Nutr Res 2012; 32:956-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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134
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Goto-Inoue N, Hayasaka T, Zaima N, Nakajima K, Holleran WM, Sano S, Uchida Y, Setou M. Imaging mass spectrometry visualizes ceramides and the pathogenesis of dorfman-chanarin syndrome due to ceramide metabolic abnormality in the skin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49519. [PMID: 23166695 PMCID: PMC3499467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a useful cutting edge technology used to investigate the distribution of biomolecules such as drugs and metabolites, as well as to identify molecular species in tissues and cells without labeling. To protect against excess water loss that is essential for survival in a terrestrial environment, mammalian skin possesses a competent permeability barrier in the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the epidermis. The key lipids constituting this barrier in the SC are the ceramides (Cers) comprising of a heterogeneous molecular species. Alterations in Cer composition have been reported in several skin diseases that display abnormalities in the epidermal permeability barrier function. Not only the amounts of different Cers, but also their localizations are critical for the barrier function. We have employed our new imaging system, capable of high-lateral-resolution IMS with an atmospheric-pressure ionization source, to directly visualize the distribution of Cers. Moreover, we show an ichthyotic disease pathogenesis due to abnormal Cer metabolism in Dorfman–Chanarin syndrome, a neutral lipid storage disorder with ichthyosis in human skin, demonstrating that IMS is a novel diagnostic approach for assessing lipid abnormalities in clinical setting, as well as for investigating physiological roles of lipids in cells/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayasaka
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Kinki University, Nara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kimiko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okocho, Nankoku, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Walter M. Holleran
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okocho, Nankoku, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YU); (MS)
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YU); (MS)
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135
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Kendall AC, Nicolaou A. Bioactive lipid mediators in skin inflammation and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:141-64. [PMID: 23124022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier from the outside environment, protecting the host from injury, infectious pathogens, water loss and solar ultraviolet radiation. In this role, it is supported by a highly organized system comprising elements of innate and adaptive immunity, responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The cutaneous immune system is regulated by mediators such as cytokines and bioactive lipids that can initiate rapid immune responses with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, when immune responses are inadequate or mounted against non-infectious agents, these mediators contribute to skin pathologies involving unresolved or chronic inflammation. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and fatty acids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality, in particular when transformed to bioactive mediators. Eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids are such key bioactive lipids, intimately involved in skin biology, inflammation and immunity. We discuss their origins, role and influence over various cells of the epidermis, dermis and cutaneous immune system and examine their function in examples of inflammatory skin conditions. We focus on psoriasis, atopic and contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, wound healing and photodermatology that demonstrate dysregulation of bioactive lipid metabolism and examine ways of using this insight to inform novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kendall
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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136
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Wang Z, Kirkwood JS, Taylor AW, Stevens JF, Leid M, Ganguli-Indra G, Indra AK. Transcription factor Ctip2 controls epidermal lipid metabolism and regulates expression of genes involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis during skin development. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:668-676. [PMID: 23096701 PMCID: PMC3556343 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum is composed of protein-enriched corneocytes embedded in an intercellular matrix of nonpolar lipids organized as lamellar layers and give rise to epidermal permeability barrier (EPB). EPB defects play an important role in the pathophysiology of skin diseases such as eczema. The transcriptional control of skin lipid metabolism is poorly understood. We have discovered that mouse lacking a transcription factor COUP-TF interacting protein 2 (Ctip2) exhibit EPB defects including altered keratinocyte terminal differentiation, delayed skin barrier development and interrupted neutral lipid distribution in the epidermis. We adapted herein a targeted lipidomic approach using mass spectrometry, and have determined that Ctip2−/− mice (germline deletion of Ctip2 gene) display altered composition of major epidermal lipids such as ceramides and sphingomyelins compared to wildtype at different stages of skin development. Interestingly, expressions of several genes involved in skin sphingolipid biosynthesis and metabolism were altered in mutant skin. Ctip2 was found to be recruited to the promoter region of a subset of those genes, suggesting their possible direct regulation by Ctip2. Our results confirm an important role of Ctip2 in regulating skin lipid metabolism and indicate that profiling of epidermal sphingolipid could be useful for designing effective strategies to improve barrier dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jay S Kirkwood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark Leid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Molecular Cell Biology Program, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Molecular Cell Biology Program, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Molecular Cell Biology Program, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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137
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Stratum corneum proteases and dry skin conditions. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:217-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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138
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Hornemann T, Worgall TS. Sphingolipids and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012; 226:16-28. [PMID: 23075523 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The atherosclerotic lesion contains a high amount of sphingolipids, a large group of structurally diverse lipids that regulate distinct biological functions beyond their role as structural membrane components. Assessment of their role in atherogenesis has been enabled after genes that regulate their metabolism had been identified and facilitated by the more wide availability of mass spectrometry. Here we discuss recent mechanistic insights obtained in animal and epidemiological studies that have greatly enhanced our understanding of mechanisms how sphingolipids affect the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hornemann
- Inst. for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland.
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139
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Kawano KI, Umemura K. Oral intake of beet extract provides protection against skin barrier impairment in hairless mice. Phytother Res 2012; 27:775-83. [PMID: 22949397 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis acts as a functional barrier against the external environment. Disturbances in the function of this barrier cause water loss and increase the chances of penetration by various irritable stimuli, leading to skin diseases such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Ceramides are a critical natural element of the protective epidermal barrier. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the oral intake of beet (Beta vulgaris) extract, a natural product rich in glucosylceramide (GlcCer), may prevent disturbance in skin barrier function. When HR-1 hairless mice were fed a special diet (HR-AD), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) from the dorsal skin increased, with a compensatory increase in water intake after 5 weeks. Mice fed with HR-AD had dry skin with erythema and showed increased scratching behaviour. Histological examinations revealed a remarkable increase in the thickness of the skin at 8 weeks. Supplemental addition of beet extract, which contained GlcCer at a final concentration of 0.1%, significantly prevented an increase TEWL, water intake, cumulative scratching time, and epidermal thickness at 8 weeks. These results indicate that oral intake of beet extract shows potential for preventing skin diseases associated with impaired skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kawano
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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140
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Celli A, Zhai Y, Jiang YJ, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Feingold KR, Mauro TM. Tight junction properties change during epidermis development. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:798-801. [PMID: 22882565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In terrestrial animals, the epidermal barrier transitions from covering an organism suspended in a liquid environment in utero, to protecting a terrestrial animal postnatally from air and environmental exposure. Tight junctions (TJ) are essential for establishing the epidermal permeability barrier during embryonic development and modulate normal epidermal development and barrier functions postnatally. We now report that TJ function, as well as claudin-1 and occludin expression, change in parallel during late epidermal development. Specifically, TJ block the paracellular movement of Lanthanum (La(3+)) early in rat in vivo prenatal epidermal development, at gestational days 18-19, with concurrent upregulation of claudin-1 and occludin. TJ then become more permeable to ions and water as the fetus approaches parturition, concomitant with development of the lipid epidermal permeability barrier, at days 20-21. This sequence is recapitulated in cultured human epidermal equivalents (HEE), as assessed both by ultrastructural studies comparing permeation of large and small molecules and by the standard electrophysiologic parameter of resistance (R), suggesting further that this pattern of development is intrinsic to mammalian epidermal development. These findings demonstrate that the role of TJ changes during epidermal development, and further suggest that the TJ-based and lipid-based epidermal permeability barriers are interdependent.
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141
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Menon GK, Cleary GW, Lane ME. The structure and function of the stratum corneum. Int J Pharm 2012; 435:3-9. [PMID: 22705878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 150 years the skin's structure and function has been the subject of much investigation by scientists. The stratum corneum (SC), the skin's outermost layer and interface with the outside world is now well recognized as the barrier that prevents unwanted materials from entering, and excessive loss of water from exiting the body. This review summarizes the major advances in our understanding of this formidable membrane. The structure of the SC is outlined as well as techniques to visualize the barrier. The lipid organization and ionic gradients, as well as the metabolic responses and underlying cellular signalling that lead to barrier repair and homeostasis are discussed. Finally, a brief overview of the molecular and genetic factors that determine the development of a competent permeability barrier is provided.
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142
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Sahle FF, Metz H, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Polyglycerol fatty acid ester surfactant-based microemulsions for targeted delivery of ceramide AP into the stratum corneum: formulation, characterisation, in vitro release and penetration investigation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:139-50. [PMID: 22691416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide AP (CER [AP]) is an integral component of the stratum corneum (SC) lipid matrix and is capable of forming tough and super stable lamellae. It may help to restore the barrier function in aged and affected skin. However, its effectiveness from conventional dosage forms is limited due to its poor solubility and penetration into the SC. Therefore, stable polyglycerol fatty acid ester surfactant (SAA)-based CER [AP] microemulsions (MEs) were formulated and characterised to enhance its solubilisation and penetration into the SC. TEGO® CARE PL 4 (TCPL4: polyglycerol-4-laurate), isopropyl palmitate (IPP) and water-1, 2 pentandiol (PeG) were used as amphiphilic, oily and hydrophilic components, respectively. The effects of HYDRIOL® PGMO.4 (HPGMO4: polyglyceryl-4-oleate) as a co-surfactant (co-SAA) and linoleic acid (Lin A) as part of the oil component on the stability and characteristics of the MEs were investigated. EPR results were used for the first time to reveal MEs nanostructures. The release and penetration behaviour of the MEs was assessed in vitro by using a multi-layer membrane model. The results obtained showed that HPGMO4 and Lin A increased stability and expanded the ME region considerably. The formulations were stable for 10 to >24 months. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results showed that the droplets were bigger and asymmetric, which might be helpful to localise the CER into the upper layers of the epidermis. Release and penetration from the MEs was superior as compared to the hydrophilic cream (DAB). The rate and extent of CER [AP] released and penetrated from O/W MEs was better than W/O MEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum F Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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143
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Tu CL, Crumrine DA, Man MQ, Chang W, Elalieh H, You M, Elias PM, Bikle DD. Ablation of the calcium-sensing receptor in keratinocytes impairs epidermal differentiation and barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2350-2359. [PMID: 22622426 PMCID: PMC3434298 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) plays an essential role in mediating Ca2+-induced keratinocyte differentiation in vitro. In this study, we generated keratinocyte-specific CaR knockout (EpidCaR-/-) mice to investigate the function of the CaR in epidermal development in vivo. EpidCaR-/- mice exhibited a delay in permeability barrier formation during embryonic development. Ion capture cytochemistry detected the loss of the epidermal Ca2+ gradient in the EpidCaR-/- mice. The expression of terminal differentiation markers and key enzymes mediating epidermal sphingolipid transport and processing in the EpidCaR-/- epidermis was significantly reduced. The EpidCaR-/- epidermis displayed a marked decrease in the number of lamellar bodies and lamellar body secretion, thinner lipid-bound cornified envelopes and a defective permeability barrier. Consistent with in vivo results, epidermal keratinocytes cultured from EpidCaR-/- mice demonstrated abnormal Ca2+I handling and diminished differentiation. The impairment in epidermal differentiation and permeability barrier in EpidCaR-/- mice maintained on a low calcium (0.02%) diet is more profound and persistent with age then in EpidCaR-/- mice maintained on a normal calcium (1.3%) diet. Deleting CaR perturbs the epidermal Ca2+ gradient and impairs keratinocyte differentiation and permeability barrier homeostasis, indicating a key role for the CaR in normal epidermal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Debra A Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hashem Elalieh
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael You
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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144
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Lisovskaya AG, Edimecheva IP, Shadyro OI. A Novel Pathway of Photoinduced Decomposition of Sphingolipids. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:899-903. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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145
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Tran QT, Kennedy LH, Leon Carrion S, Bodreddigari S, Goodwin SB, Sutter CH, Sutter TR. EGFR regulation of epidermal barrier function. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:455-69. [PMID: 22395315 PMCID: PMC3339861 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00176.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte terminal differentiation is the process that ultimately forms the epidermal barrier that is essential for mammalian survival. This process is controlled, in part, by signal transduction and gene expression mechanisms, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be an important regulator of multiple epidermal functions. Using microarray analysis of a confluent cell density-induced model of keratinocyte differentiation, we identified 2,676 genes that are regulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), a ligand of the EGFR. We further discovered, and separately confirmed by functional assays, that EGFR activation abrogates all of the known essential processes of keratinocyte differentiation by 1) decreasing the expression of lipid matrix biosynthetic enzymes, 2) regulating numerous genes forming the cornified envelope, and 3) suppressing the expression of tight junction proteins. In organotypic cultures of skin, EGF acted to impair epidermal barrier integrity, as shown by increased transepidermal water loss. As defective epidermal differentiation and disruption of barrier function are primary features of many human skin diseases, we used bioinformatic analyses to identify genes that are known to be associated with skin diseases. Compared with non-EGF-regulated genes, EGF-regulated genes were significantly enriched for skin disease genes. These results provide a systems-level understanding of the actions of EGFR signaling to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation, providing new insight into the role of EGFR imbalance in skin pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh T Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152,USA
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146
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Barbosa-Barros L, Rodríguez G, Barba C, Cócera M, Rubio L, Estelrich J, López-Iglesias C, de la Maza A, López O. Bicelles: lipid nanostructured platforms with potential dermal applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:807-818. [PMID: 22114051 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bicelles emerge as promising membrane models, and because of their attractive combination of lipid composition, small size and morphological versatility, they become new targets in skin research. Bicelles are able to modify skin biophysical parameters and modulate the skin's barrier function, acting to enhance drug penetration. Because of their nanostructured assemblies, bicelles have the ability to penetrate through the narrow intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum of the skin to reinforce its lipid lamellae. The bicelle structure also allows for the incorporation of different molecules that can be carried through the skin layers. All of these characteristics can be modulated by varying the lipid composition and experimental conditions. The remarkable versatility of bicelles is their most important characteristic, which makes their use possible in various fields. This system represents a platform for dermal applications. In this review, an overview of the main properties of bicelles and their effects on the skin are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyanna Barbosa-Barros
- Dept. of Chemical Technology and Surfactants, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya-I.Q.A.C., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-C.S.I.C., C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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147
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Börgel D, van den Berg M, Hüller T, Andrea H, Liebisch G, Boles E, Schorsch C, van der Pol R, Arink A, Boogers I, van der Hoeven R, Korevaar K, Farwick M, Köhler T, Schaffer S. Metabolic engineering of the non-conventional yeast Pichia ciferrii for production of rare sphingoid bases. Metab Eng 2012; 14:412-26. [PMID: 22449569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study describes the identification of sphingolipid biosynthesis genes in the non-conventional yeast Pichia ciferrii, the development of tools for its genetic modification as well as their application for metabolic engineering of P. ciferrii with the goal to generate strains capable of producing the rare sphingoid bases sphinganine and sphingosine. Several canonical genes encoding ceramide synthase (encoded by PcLAG1 and PcLAF1), alkaline ceramidase (PcYXC1) and sphingolipid C-4-hydroxylase(PcSYR2), as well as structural genes for dihydroceramide Δ(4)-desaturase (PcDES1) and sphingolipid Δ(8)-desaturase (PcSLD1) were identified, indicating that P. ciferrii would be capable of synthesizing desaturated sphingoid bases, a property not ubiquitously found in yeasts. In order to convert the phytosphingosine-producing P. ciferrii wildtype into a strain capable of producing predominantly sphinganine, Syringomycin E-resistant mutants were isolated. A stable mutant almost exclusively producing high levels of acetylated sphinganine was obtained and used as the base strain for further metabolic engineering. A metabolic pathway required for the three-step conversion of sphinganine to sphingosine was implemented in the sphinganine producing P. ciferrii strain and subsequently enhanced by screening for the appropriate heterologous enzymes, improvement of gene expression and codon optimization. These combined efforts led to a strain capable of producing 240mgL(-1) triacetyl sphingosine in shake flask, with tri- and diacetyl sphinganine being the main by-products. Lab-scale fermentation of this strain resulted in production of up to 890mgkg(-1) triacetyl sphingosine. A third by-product was unequivocally identified as triacetyl sphingadienine. It could be shown that inactivation of the SLD1 gene in P. ciferrii efficiently suppresses triacetyl sphingadienine formation. Further improvement of the described P. ciferrii strains will enable a biotechnological route to produce sphinganine and sphingosine for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Börgel
- Evonik Degussa, Project House ProFerm, Creavis Technologies & Innovation, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, D-63457 Hanau, Germany.
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148
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High-level production of tetraacetyl phytosphingosine (TAPS) by combined genetic engineering of sphingoid base biosynthesis and L-serine availability in the non-conventional yeast Pichia ciferrii. Metab Eng 2012; 14:172-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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149
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Visscher M, Taylor T, Narendran V. Neonatal intensive care practices and the influence on skin condition. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:486-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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150
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Meyer W, Schmidt J, Busche R, Jacob R, Naim HY. Demonstration of free fatty acids in the integument of semi-aquatic and aquatic mammals. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:145-50. [PMID: 21524787 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The sensitive red fluorescence dye BODIPY® 665/676, and embedding in the water-soluble resin Technovit® 7100 were used to demonstrate free fatty acids in the epidermis of seven semi-aquatic and aquatic mammalian species with a sparse or dense hair coat. The staining generally marked lipid layers of varying thickness between the lamellae of the Stratum corneum, as found particularly in very densely haired species (otter), but also in rather sparsely haired animals (beaver, nutria), and especially in the seal. The very sparsely haired capybara contained no free fatty acids in the corneal layer system, but exhibited an accumulation of such substances in the vital epidermis. All haired species showed a strongly positive reaction staining of the sebaceous glands. In the hairless species, a distinct intracellular staining was restricted to cells of the thick vital epidermis in the hippopotamus, whereby in the Str. corneum positive intercellular reactions appeared. In the dolphin, on the contrary, positive intercellular reactions became visible in the vital epidermis, whereas in the Str. corneum the lipids concentrated in large longitudinal intracellular vesicles.
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