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Wielogorska E, Mooney M, Eskola M, Ezekiel CN, Stranska M, Krska R, Elliott C. Occurrence and Human-Health Impacts of Mycotoxins in Somalia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2052-2060. [PMID: 30694057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various molds that contaminate many staple foods and cause a broad range of detrimental health effects in animals and humans through chronic exposure or acute toxicity. As such, the worldwide contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a significant problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, mycotoxin occurrence in staple foods consumed in Somalia was determined. A total of 140 samples (42 maize, 40 sorghum, and 58 wheat) were collected from a number of markets in Mogadishu, Somalia, and analyzed by a UPLC-MS/MS multimycotoxin method that could detect 77 toxins. All of the maize samples tested contained eight or more mycotoxins, with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) levels reaching up to 908 and 17 322 μg/kg, respectively, greatly exceeding the European Union limits and guidance values. The average probable daily intake of fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) was 16.70 μg per kilogram of body weight (kg bw) per day, representing 835% of the recommended provisional maximum tolerable daily intake value of 2 μg/(kg bw)/day. A risk characterization revealed a mean national margin of exposure of 0.62 for AFB1 with an associated risk of developing primary liver cancer estimated at 75 cancers per year per 100 000 people for white-maize consumption alone. The results clearly indicate that aflatoxin and fumonisin exposure is a major public-health concern and that risk-management actions require prioritization in Somalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wielogorska
- School of Pharmacy , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 7BL , United Kingdom
- Institute for Global Food Security, Advanced ASSET Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5BN , United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, Advanced ASSET Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5BN , United Kingdom
| | - Mari Eskola
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Milena Stranska
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition , University of Chemistry and Technology , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute for Global Food Security, Advanced ASSET Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5BN , United Kingdom
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Chris Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Advanced ASSET Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5BN , United Kingdom
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102
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Turn-On Fluorescence Aptasensor on Magnetic Nanobeads for Aflatoxin M1 Detection Based on an Exonuclease III-Assisted Signal Amplification Strategy. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9010104. [PMID: 30654528 PMCID: PMC6359137 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to satisfy the need for sensitive detection of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), we constructed a simple and signal-on fluorescence aptasensor based on an autocatalytic Exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted signal amplification strategy. In this sensor, the DNA hybridization on magnetic nanobeads could be triggered by the target AFM1, resulting in the release of a single-stranded DNA to induce an Exo III-assisted signal amplification, in which numerous G-quadruplex structures would be produced and then associated with the fluorescent dye to generate significantly amplified fluorescence signals resulting in the increased sensitivity. Under the optimized conditions, this aptasensor was able to detect AFM1 with a practical detection limit of 9.73 ng kg−1 in milk samples. Furthermore, the prepared sensor was successfully used for detection of AFM1 in the commercially available milk samples with the recovery percentages ranging from 80.13% to 108.67%. Also, the sensor performance was evaluated by the commercial immunoassay kit with satisfactory results.
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103
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Qu J, Xie H, Zhang S, Luo P, Guo P, Chen X, Ke Y, Zhuang J, Zhou F, Jiang W. Multiplex Flow Cytometric Immunoassays for High-Throughput Screening of Multiple Mycotoxin Residues in Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-01412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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104
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Quevedo‐Garza PA, Amador‐Espejo GG, Cantú‐Martínez PC, Trujillo‐Mesa JA. Aflatoxin M
1
occurrence in fluid milk commercialized in Monterrey, Mexico. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Amanda Quevedo‐Garza
- Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental del Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública de la Facultad de Salud Pública y NutriciónUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Nuevo León Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCentro de Innovación, Investigación y Transferencia en Tecnología de los Alimentos (CIRTTA), XaRTA, TECNIO España
| | - Genaro Gustavo Amador‐Espejo
- CONACYT – Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada‐IPNEx‐Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac Tlaxcala Mexico
| | - Pedro Cesar Cantú‐Martínez
- Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental del Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública de la Facultad de Salud Pública y NutriciónUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Nuevo León Mexico
| | - José Antonio Trujillo‐Mesa
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCentro de Innovación, Investigación y Transferencia en Tecnología de los Alimentos (CIRTTA), XaRTA, TECNIO España
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105
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Pilot Study for The Presence of Fungal Metabolites in Sheep Milk from First Spring Milking. J Vet Res 2018; 62:167-172. [PMID: 30364877 PMCID: PMC6200299 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A mini-study of 20 raw milk samples was conducted to examine the spectrum of fungal metabolites in sheep milk from the first spring milking. Material and Methods Samples were collected from randomly selected ewes in two animal flocks from the Bieszczady Mountains and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Out of ~700 bacterial, fungal, and plant metabolites tested for, only one mycotoxin – Enniatin B – was detected in sheep milk samples (18/20; 0.0055–0.0121 μg/kg; 0.0078 μg/kg average). Conclusions The results indicated that there was no high-level exposure to fungal metabolites via consumption of raw sheep milk during the sample collection period.
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106
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Ogunade IM, Martinez-Tuppia C, Queiroz OCM, Jiang Y, Drouin P, Wu F, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Mycotoxins in silage: Occurrence, effects, prevention, and mitigation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4034-4059. [PMID: 29685276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ensiled forage, particularly corn silage, is an important component of dairy cow diets worldwide. Forages can be contaminated with several mycotoxins in the field pre-harvest, during storage, or after ensiling during feed-out. Exposure to dietary mycotoxins adversely affects the performance and health of livestock and can compromise human health. Several studies and surveys indicate that ruminants are often exposed to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and many other fungal secondary metabolites, via the silage they ingest. Problems associated with mycotoxins in silage can be minimized by preventing fungal growth before and after ensiling. Proper silage management is essential to reduce mycotoxin contamination of dairy cow feeds, and certain mold-inhibiting chemical additives or microbial inoculants can also reduce the contamination levels. Several sequestering agents also can be added to diets to reduce mycotoxin levels, but their efficacy varies with the type and level of mycotoxin contamination. This article gives an overview of the types, prevalence, and levels of mycotoxin contamination in ensiled forages in different countries, and describes their adverse effects on health of ruminants, and effective prevention and mitigation strategies for dairy cow diets. Future research priorities discussed include research efforts to develop silage additives or rumen microbial innocula that degrade mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C Martinez-Tuppia
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - O C M Queiroz
- Chr Hansen, Animal Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen, Buenos Aires 1107, Argentina
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - P Drouin
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, B.P. 59, F-31702 Blagnac, France
| | - F Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
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107
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Driehuis F, Wilkinson JM, Jiang Y, Ogunade I, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Animal and human health risks from silage. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4093-4110. [PMID: 29685279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silage may contain several agents that are potentially hazardous to animal health, the safety of milk or other animal food products, or both. This paper reviews published literature about microbial hazards, plant toxins, and chemical hazards. Microbial hazards include Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium bovis, and various mold species. High concentrations of C. botulinum in silage have been associated with cattle botulism. A high initial concentration of C. botulinum spores in forage in combination with poor silage fermentation conditions can promote the growth of C. botulinum in silage. The elevated pH level that is generally associated with aerobic deterioration of silage is a major factor influencing concentrations of L. monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and molds in silage and may also encourage survival and growth of M. bovis, the bacterium that causes bovine tuberculosis. Soil is a major source of B. cereus spores in silage; growth of this bacterium in silage appears to be limited. Hazards from plant toxins include pyrrolizidine, tropane and tropolone alkaloids, phytoestrogens, prussic acid, and mimosine, compounds that exist naturally in certain plant species that may contaminate forages at harvesting. Another group of toxins belonging to this category are ergot alkaloids, which are produced by endophytic fungal species in forages such as tall fescue grass, sorghum, and ryegrass. Varying effects of ensiling on the degradation of these plant toxins have been reported. Chemical hazards include nitrate, nitrite, and toxic oxide gases of nitrogen produced from nitrate and high levels of butyric acid, biogenic amines, and ammonia. Chemical and microbiological hazards are associated with poorly fermented silages, which can be avoided by using proper silage-making practices and creating conditions that promote a rapid and sufficient reduction of the silage pH and prevent aerobic deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Driehuis
- NIZO Food Research, PO Box 20, NL-6710 BA Ede, the Netherlands.
| | - J M Wilkinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - I Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
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108
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Franco LT, Petta T, Rottinghaus GE, Bordin K, Gomes GA, Oliveira CAF. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in maize food and maize-based feed from small-scale farms in Brazil: a pilot study. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:65-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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109
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Ahlberg S, Grace D, Kiarie G, Kirino Y, Lindahl J. A Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure in Low and Mid-Income Dairy Consumers in Kenya. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E348. [PMID: 30158473 PMCID: PMC6162552 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁), a human carcinogen, is found in milk products and may have potentially severe health impacts on milk consumers. We assessed the risk of cancer and stunting as a result of AFM₁ consumption in Nairobi, Kenya, using worst case assumptions of toxicity and data from previous studies. Almost all (99.5%) milk was contaminated with AFM₁. Cancer risk caused by AFM₁ was lower among consumers purchasing from formal markets (0.003 cases per 100,000) than for low-income consumers (0.006 cases per 100,000) purchasing from informal markets. Overall cancer risk (0.004 cases per 100,000) from AFM₁ alone was low. Stunting is multifactorial, but assuming only AFM₁ consumption was the determinant, consumption of milk contaminated with AFM₁ levels found in this study could contribute to 2.1% of children below three years in middle-income families, and 2.4% in low-income families, being stunted. Overall, 2.7% of children could hypothetically be stunted due to AFM₁ exposure from milk. Based on our results AFM₁ levels found in milk could contribute to an average of -0.340 height for age z-score reduction in growth. The exposure to AFM₁ from milk is 46 ng/day on average, but children bear higher exposure of 3.5 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day compared to adults, at 0.8 ng/kg bw/day. Our paper shows that concern over aflatoxins in milk in Nairobi is disproportionate if only risk of cancer is considered, but that the effect on stunting children might be much more significant from a public health perspective; however, there is still insufficient data on the health effects of AFM₁.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahlberg
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Delia Grace
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Gideon Kiarie
- Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342, 01000 Thika, Kenya.
| | - Yumi Kirino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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110
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Gao Y, Li S, Bao X, Luo C, Yang H, Wang J, Zhao S, Zheng N. Transcriptional and Proteomic Analysis Revealed a Synergistic Effect of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A Mycotoxins on the Intestinal Epithelial Integrity of Differentiated Human Caco-2 Cells. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3128-3142. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Songli Li
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Bao
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chaochao Luo
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Huaigu Yang
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China
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111
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Assunção R, Martins C, Vasco E, Jager A, Oliveira C, Cunha SC, Fernandes J, Nunes B, Loureiro S, Alvito P. Portuguese children dietary exposure to multiple mycotoxins – An overview of risk assessment under MYCOMIX project. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:399-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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112
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Díaz Nieto CH, Granero AM, Zon MA, Fernández H. Sterigmatocystin: A mycotoxin to be seriously considered. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:460-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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113
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Rykaczewska A, Gajęcka M, Dąbrowski M, Wiśniewska A, Szcześniewska J, Gajęcki MT, Zielonka Ł. Growth performance, selected blood biochemical parameters and body weights of pre-pubertal gilts fed diets supplemented with different doses of zearalenone (ZEN). Toxicon 2018; 152:84-94. [PMID: 30055259 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to low doses of zearalenone (ZEN) induces changes in the serum biochemical profile and body weights (BW). Pre-pubertal gilts (with BW of up to 14.5 kg) were administered ZEN in daily doses of 5 μg/kg BW (group 1, n = 15), 10 μg/kg BW (group 2, n = 15), 15 μg/kg BW (group 3, n = 15) or placebo (control group C, n = 15) throughout the experiment. Blood was sampled for analysis on 10 dates (at five-day intervals). Minor but statistically significant differences in the analysed serum biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, glucose, total protein, iron, BUN and urea) were observed in the studied groups. The biochemical parameters of the analysed gilts indicate that the maintenance of homeostasis and biotransformation of ZEN require considerable energy expenditure. Beginning on the fourth analytical date, BW gains were consistently higher in the experimental groups than in group C. The observed decrease in glucose and total protein levels can probably be attributed to higher BW gains and the ongoing ZEN biotransformation processes in the enterocytes and the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rykaczewska
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anita Wiśniewska
- Members of the Feed Hygiene Science Club of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Justyna Szcześniewska
- Members of the Feed Hygiene Science Club of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej T Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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114
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Liew WPP, Nurul-Adilah Z, Than LTL, Mohd-Redzwan S. The Binding Efficiency and Interaction of Lactobacillus casei Shirota Toward Aflatoxin B1. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1503. [PMID: 30042748 PMCID: PMC6048233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of probiotic as dietary approach to prevent exposure to food contaminant, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has greatly increased. Several studies found that AFB1 binding to the bacterial cell wall is strain-specific. Moreover, the interaction between AFB1 and bacterial cell wall is not well-understood, thus warrants further investigation. This research was conducted to assess the ability of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (Lcs) to bind AFB1 at different concentrations and to determine AFB1 binding efficiency of different Lcs cell components including live cell, heat-treated, and cell wall. In addition, the interaction between AFB1 and Lcs was also evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and through an animal study. The binding of AFB1 by all Lcs cell components depends on the concentration of available AFB1. Among all Lcs cell components, the live Lcs cells exhibited the highest binding efficiency (98%) toward AFB1. Besides, the SEM micrographs showed that AFB1 induced structural changes on the bacterial cell surface and morphology including rough and irregular surface along with a curve rod-shaped. In vivo experiment revealed that Lcs is capable to neutralize the toxicity of AFB1 on body weight and intestine through the binding process. The animal’s growth was stunted due to AFB1 exposure, however, such effect was significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated by Lcs. This phenomenon can be explained by a significant (p < 0.05) decreased level of blood serum AFB1 by Lcs (49.6 ± 8.05 ng/mL) compared to AFB1-exposed rats without treatment (88.12 ± 10.65 ng/mL). Taken together, this study highlights the potential use of Lcs as a preventive agent against aflatoxicosis via its strong binding capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie-Pui-Pui Liew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zainuddin Nurul-Adilah
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Leslie T L Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sabran Mohd-Redzwan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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115
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Pate RT, Cardoso FC. Injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress during an aflatoxin challenge in lactating multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8532-8543. [PMID: 29935830 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trace minerals are vital in the antioxidant response during oxidative stress; however, limited research is available on the effects of trace mineral supplementation during an aflatoxin (AF) challenge. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of 2 subcutaneous injections of 15 mg/mL of Cu, 5 mg/mL of Se, 60 mg/mL of Zn, and 10 mg/mL of Mn (Multimin 90, Multimin North America, Fort Collins, CO) given at 1 mL/90.7 kg of average body weight in response to an AF challenge. Fifty-eight Holstein cows [body weight (mean ± SD) = 734 ± 6 0kg; days in milk = 191 ± 93] were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design. The experimental period (63 d) was divided into an adaptation phase (d 1-56) and a measurement phase (d 57-63). From d 57 to 59, cows received an AF challenge that consisted of 100 μg of aflatoxin B1/kg of dietary dry matter intake (DMI) administered orally via balling gun. Treatments were saline injection and no AF challenge (NEG), saline injection and AF challenge (POS), and trace mineral injection and AF challenge (MM). Injections were performed subcutaneously on d 1 and 29. Milk was sampled 3 times daily from d 56 to 63, blood was sampled on d 0, 56, 60, and 63, and liver samples were taken on d 0 and 60. Two treatment orthogonal contrasts [CONT1 (NEG vs. POS) and CONT2 (POS vs. MM)] were made. Cows in NEG had lower AF excretion in milk and greater 3.5% fat-corrected milk (32.1 ± 1.37 kg/d) compared with cows in POS (28.6 ± 1.43 kg/d). Feed efficiencies (3.5% fat-corrected milk/DMI, energy-corrected milk/DMI, and milk/DMI) were greater for cows in NEG (1.42 ± 0.07, 1.46 ± 0.07, and 1.45 ± 0.07, respectively) than cows in POS (1.16 ± 0.08, 1.18 ± 0.08, and 1.22 ± 0.07, respectively). Cows in POS had greater milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen than cows in MM. Liver concentrations of Se and Fe were greater for cows in MM compared with cows in POS. Cows in MM tended to have greater plasma glutathione peroxidase activity compared with cows in POS. An upregulation of liver GPX1 was observed for cows in POS compared with cows in MM. In conclusion, subcutaneous injection of trace minerals maintained an adequate antioxidant response when an AF challenge was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pate
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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116
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Simultaneous Determination of AFB1 and AFM1 in Milk Samples by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. BEVERAGES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages4020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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117
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118
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Cunha SC, Sá SVM, Fernandes JO. Multiple mycotoxin analysis in nut products: Occurrence and risk characterization. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:260-269. [PMID: 29458161 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuts consumption plays an important role in Mediterranean diet, being a good source of proteins, vitamins, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids. However, nuts can be also a source of harmful mycotoxins with negative impact on human health. In this work, the occurrence of 16 mycotoxins belonging to different chemical classes, was assessed in several nut products. The analytical method used was based on modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) procedure followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. An extensive evaluation of different sorbents used in dispersive SPE (d-SPE) cleanup step of QuEChERS was performed. Detection limits achieved were less than 3.5 μg/kg for all the compounds and the average recoveries varied from 70 to 91%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) ≤13%. Twelve out of sixteen mycotoxins under study were found in the 37 nut samples analysed. Overall, deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin-G2 (AFG2), and fusarenon-X (FUS X) were the compounds more commonly detected. The higher contamination value was observed in a cashew sample containing 336.5 μg/kg of DON. The combination of occurrence and consumption data allowed to assess the exposure and characterize the associated risk of nut products consumption by the Portuguese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Soraia V M Sá
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
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119
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Li L, Chen H, Lv X, Wang M, Jiang X, Jiang Y, Wang H, Zhao Y, Xia L. Paper-based immune-affinity arrays for detection of multiple mycotoxins in cereals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2253-2262. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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120
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Mao J, Zheng N, Wen F, Guo L, Fu C, Ouyang H, Zhong L, Wang J, Lei S. Multi-mycotoxins analysis in raw milk by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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121
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Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk using spectroscopy and multivariate analyses. Food Chem 2018; 238:209-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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122
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Soares RRG, Ricelli A, Fanelli C, Caputo D, de Cesare G, Chu V, Aires-Barros MR, Conde JP. Advances, challenges and opportunities for point-of-need screening of mycotoxins in foods and feeds. Analyst 2018; 143:1015-1035. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01762f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in analytical methods for mycotoxin screening in foods and feeds are reviewed, focusing on point-of-need detection using integrated devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben R. G. Soares
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores – Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Portugal
- IBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
| | | | - Corrado Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Biology
- University of Rome “La Sapienza”
- Rome
- Italy
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Department of Information Engineering
- Electronics and Telecommunications
- University of Rome “La Sapienza”
- Rome
- Italy
| | - Giampiero de Cesare
- Department of Information Engineering
- Electronics and Telecommunications
- University of Rome “La Sapienza”
- Rome
- Italy
| | - Virginia Chu
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores – Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Portugal
| | - M. Raquel Aires-Barros
- IBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - João P. Conde
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores – Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
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123
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Gao Y, Li S, Wang J, Luo C, Zhao S, Zheng N. Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Exposed to Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A Individually or Collectively. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:toxins10010013. [PMID: 29280945 PMCID: PMC5793100 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins commonly found in milk; however, their effects on intestinal epithelial cells have not been reported. In the present study, we show that AFM1 (0.12 and 12 μM) and OTA (0.2 and 20 μM) individually or collectively increased the paracellular flux of lucifer yellow and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextrans (4 and 40 kDa) and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance values in differentiated Caco-2 cells after 48 h of exposure, indicating increased epithelial permeability. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescent analysis revealed that AFM1, OTA, and their combination decreased the expression levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins and disrupted their structures, namely, claudin-3, claudin-4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) partially involved in the mycotoxins-induced disruption of intestinal barrier. The effects of a combination of AFM1 and OTA on intestinal barrier function were more significant (p < 0.05) than those of AFM1 and OTA alone, yielding additive or synergistic effects. The additive or synergistic effects of AFM1 and OTA on intestinal barrier function might affect human health, especially in children, and toxin risks should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Songli Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chaochao Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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124
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Rosenheim JA, Higbee BS, Ackerman JD, Meisner MH. Ecoinformatics Can Infer Causal Effects of Crop Variety on Insect Attack by Capitalizing on 'Pseudoexperiments' Created When Different Crop Varieties Are Interspersed: A Case Study in Almonds. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2647-2654. [PMID: 29029282 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Capturing the complementary strengths of observational and experimental research methods usually requires the researcher to gather separate experimental and observational data sets. In some cases, however, commercial agricultural practices produce the spatial and temporal mixing of 'treatments' independently of other possibly covarying factors that is normally achieved only with formal experimentation. The resulting 'pseudoexperiments' can provide strong evidence for causal relationships. Here, we analyze a large observational data set that creates a series of such pseudoexperiments to assess the effect of different commercial varieties of almond, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) on the impact of two key lepidopteran pests, the navel orangeworm Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the peach twig borer Anarsia lineatella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Almonds are universally planted as polycultures of different varieties to obtain efficient cross-pollination. We find substantial differences across almond varieties in the rates of infestation of almond hulls and nutmeats by the two pests. We find no support for the hypothesis that earlier-maturing varieties sustain higher attack; for A. transitella, later-maturing varieties instead had more frequent infestation. On many almond varieties, A. lineatella reaches high infestation levels by feeding almost exclusively on the hulls, rather than nutmeats. Given the importance of these pests in directly destroying almond nuts and in promoting aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus sp. fungal infections of almonds, further work exploring the impact of these pests is warranted. Because many crops requiring cross-pollination are planted as mixtures of different varieties, commercial agricultural production data hold great potential for studying within-crop variation in susceptibility to insect attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis
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125
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Flores-Flores ME, González-Peñas E. Short communication: Analysis of mycotoxins in Spanish milk. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:113-117. [PMID: 29055539 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed the presence of 22 mycotoxins in 191 Spanish cow milk samples. Mycotoxins could be carried over from diet into animal milk and have toxic effects on human and animal health. The interaction of different mycotoxins may be additive or synergetic. Therefore, surveillance of mycotoxin co-occurrence in milk is recommended. Aflatoxins M1, B1, B2, G1, and G2, ochratoxins A and B, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, fusarenon X, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, fumonisins B1, B2, and B3, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone were analyzed. Samples were treated by liquid-liquid extraction with acidified acetonitrile, followed by an acetonitrile-water phase separation using sodium acetate. The analysis was carried out by HPLC coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. None of the analyzed mycotoxins had a concentration level higher than their detection limit (0.05-10.1 µg/L). The aflatoxin M1 in the samples never exceeded the level established by the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Evelyn Flores-Flores
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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126
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Milićević D, Spirić D, Janković S, Velebit B, Radičević T, Petrović Z, Stefanović S. Aflatoxin M1 in processed milk: Occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure in Serbia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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127
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04718. [PMID: 32625635 PMCID: PMC7010102 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.
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128
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Pérez E, Martínez-Peinado P, Marco F, Gras L, Sempere JM, Mora J, Grindlay G. Determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples by means of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry-based immunoassay. Food Chem 2017; 230:721-727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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129
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Matabaro E, Ishimwe N, Uwimbabazi E, Lee BH. Current Immunoassay Methods for the Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin in Milk and Dairy Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:808-820. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Matabaro
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Nestor Ishimwe
- Hefei Natl. Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences; Univ. of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 China
- the Dept. of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology; Univ. of Rwanda; Rwanda
| | - Eric Uwimbabazi
- School of Food Science; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Byong H. Lee
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology; McGill Univ.; Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology; Kangwon Natl. Univ.; Chuncheon 200701 South Korea
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130
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Dänicke S, Eriksen GS, Altieri A, Roldán-Torres R, Oswald IP. Risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04851. [PMID: 32625539 PMCID: PMC7009830 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurs predominantly in cereal grains. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risk to animal health related to ZEN and its modified forms in feed. Modified forms of ZEN occurring in feed include phase I metabolites α‐zearalenol (α‐ZEL), β‐zearalenol (β‐ZEL), α‐zearalanol (α‐ZAL), β‐zearalanol (β‐ZAL), zearalanone (ZAN) and phase II conjugates. ZEN has oestrogenic activity and the oestrogenic activity of the modified forms of ZEN differs considerably. For ZEN, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for pig (piglets and gilts), poultry (chicken and fattening turkeys), sheep and fish (extrapolated from carp) and lowest observed effect level (LOAEL) for dogs. No reference points could be established for cattle, ducks, goats, horses, rabbits, mink and cats. For modified forms, no reference points could be established for any animal species and relative potency factors previously established from rodents by the CONTAM Panel in 2016 were used. The dietary exposure was estimated on 17,706 analytical results with high proportions of left‐censored data (ZEN about 60%, ZAN about 70%, others close to 100%). Samples for ZEN were collected between 2001 and 2015 in 25 different European countries, whereas samples for the modified forms were collected mostly between 2013 and 2015 from three Member States. Based on exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects of feed containing ZEN was considered extremely low for poultry and low for sheep, dog, pig and fish. The same conclusions also apply to the sum of ZEN and its modified forms.
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131
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Wochner KF, Becker-Algeri TA, Colla E, Badiale-Furlong E, Drunkler DA. The action of probiotic microorganisms on chemical contaminants in milk. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:112-123. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1329275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Francine Wochner
- Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Medianeira, Brazil
| | - Tânia Aparecida Becker-Algeri
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, Department of Food Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliane Colla
- Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Medianeira, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, Department of Food Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Deisy Alessandra Drunkler
- Post Graduate Program in Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Medianeira, Brazil
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132
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Flores-Flores ME, González-Peñas E. An LC–MS/MS method for multi-mycotoxin quantification in cow milk. Food Chem 2017; 218:378-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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133
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Frazzoli C, Gherardi P, Saxena N, Belluzzi G, Mantovani A. The Hotspot for (Global) One Health in Primary Food Production: Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products. Front Public Health 2017; 4:294. [PMID: 28210616 PMCID: PMC5288371 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One Health involves the multifaceted environment-animal-human web: nevertheless, the role of toxicological issues has yet to be fully explored in this context. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of feeds is a risk for the health of several farm animals, including fishes; milk is the only food of animal origin where a significant feed-food carry over may occur. The main AFB1-related compound present in milk is the hydroxy-metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Besides contamination of raw milk, AFM1 is of concern for the whole dairy chain; AFM1 may also contaminate the milk of several other ruminants used for milk/dairy production. In a One Health perspective, milk represents a sentinel matrix for AFB1 vulnerability of the agro-food system, that is crucial in a phase when food/nutritional security becomes a global issue and climatic changes may affect agricultural productions. In the global setting, food chain exposure to long-term toxicants, such as AFM1, is a growing concern for economically developing countries, whereas global trade and climatic change makes AFM1 an emerging hot issue in economically developed countries as well. We critically review the state of the art on AFM1 risk assessment and risk management using two scenarios as case studies: a European Union country where the health system aims at ensuring a high-level protection of food chain (Italy) and the world's largest (and economically developing) producer of dairy products by volume (India). The case studies are used to provide building blocks for a global One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Navneet Saxena
- Central Institute for Research on Buffalo , Hisar , India
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Current Understanding of Acute Bovine Liver Disease in Australia. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 9:toxins9010008. [PMID: 28035972 PMCID: PMC5308241 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute bovine liver disease (ABLD) is a hepatotoxicity principally of cattle which occurs in southern regions of Australia. Severely affected animals undergo rapid clinical progression with mortalities often occurring prior to the recognition of clinical signs. Less severely affected animals develop photosensitization and a proportion can develop liver failure. The characteristic histopathological lesion in acute fatal cases is severe, with acute necrosis of periportal hepatocytes with hemorrhage into the necrotic areas. Currently there are a small number of toxins that are known to cause periportal necrosis in cattle, although none of these have so far been linked to ABLD. Furthermore, ABLD has frequently been associated with the presence of rough dog’s tail grass (Cynosurus echinatus) and Drechslera spp. fungi in the pasture system, but it is currently unknown if these are etiological factors. Much of the knowledge about ABLD is contained within case reports, with very little experimental research investigating the specific cause(s). This review provides an overview of the current and most recently published knowledge of ABLD. It also draws on wider research and unpublished reports to suggest possible fungi and mycotoxins that may give rise to ABLD.
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135
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Gajęcka M, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcki M. Activity of Zearalenone in the Porcine Intestinal Tract. Molecules 2016; 22:E18. [PMID: 28029134 PMCID: PMC6155780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that low doses (somewhat above the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, NOAEL) of the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites display multispecificity towards various biological targets in gilts. The observed responses in gilts were surprising. The presence of ZEN and zearalenols (ZELs) did not evoke a response in the porcine gastrointestinal tract, which was attributed to dietary tolerance. Lymphocyte proliferation was intensified in jejunal mesenteric lymph nodes, and lymphocyte counts increased in the jejunal epithelium with time of exposure. In the distal digestive tract, fecal bacterial counts decreased, the activity of fecal bacterial enzymes and lactic acid bacteria increased, and cecal water was characterized by higher genotoxicity. The accompanying hyperestrogenism led to changes in mRNA activity of selected enzymes (cytochrome P450, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, nitric oxide synthases) and receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptors), and it stimulated post-translational modifications which play an important role in non-genomic mechanisms of signal transmission. Hyperestrogenism influences the regulation of the host's steroid hormones (estron, estradiol and progesteron), it affects the virulence of bacterial genes encoding bacterial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs), and it participates in detoxification processes by slowing down intestinal activity, provoking energy deficits and promoting antiporter activity at the level of enterocytes. In most cases, hyperestrogenism fulfils all of the above roles. The results of this study indicate that low doses of ZEN alleviate inflammatory processes in the digestive system, in particular in the proximal and distal intestinal tract, and increase body weight gains in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/01, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Foglia P, La Barbera G, Samperi R, Ventura S, Laganà A. Mycoestrogen determination in cow milk: Magnetic solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4794-4804. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - Patrizia Foglia
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | | | - Roberto Samperi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - Salvatore Ventura
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
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139
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Kerekes K, Bonilauri P, Serraino A, Giacometti F, Piva S, Zambrini V, Canever A, Farkas Z, Ambrus Á. An effective self-control strategy for the reduction of aflatoxin M1 content in milk and to decrease the exposure of consumers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1840-1849. [PMID: 27690758 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1241895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The study reports the results of testing the sensitivity of an early warning sampling plan for detecting milk batches with high aflatoxin AFM1 concentration. The effectiveness of the method was investigated by the analysis of 9017 milk samples collected in Italian milk processing plants that applied control plans with different action limits (AL). For those milk processing plants where 30 ng kg-1 AL has been applied, the AFM1 contamination was significantly lower at or above the 95th percentile of the milk samples when compared with plants that used 40 ng kg-1 AL. The results show that the control plan can be used effectively for early warning of occurrence of high AFM1 contamination of milk and to carry out pro-active measures to limit the level of contamination. Estimation of dietary exposure was also carried out, based on the aflatoxin M1 content of the milk samples and on Italian food consumption data. Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI) and Hazard Indices (HI) were calculated for different age groups of the population. HIs show that no adverse effects are expected for the adult population, but in the case of children under age three, the approximate HI values were considerably higher. This underlines the importance of the careful monitoring and control of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Kerekes
- a Food Safety Risk Assessment , National Food-Chain Safety Office , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- b Diagnostic Department of Reggio Emilia , Zooprofilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Regions , Reggio Emilia , Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- c Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Federica Giacometti
- c Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- c Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | | | | | - Zsuzsa Farkas
- a Food Safety Risk Assessment , National Food-Chain Safety Office , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Árpád Ambrus
- a Food Safety Risk Assessment , National Food-Chain Safety Office , Budapest , Hungary
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141
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Hashemi M. A survey of aflatoxin M1 in cow milk in Southern Iran. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:888-893. [PMID: 28911629 PMCID: PMC9337278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to evaluate aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in 168 samples of raw milk (135 samples and 33 samples from bulk tanks of farms and milk collection centers, respectively) and 12 samples of pasteurized milk in Fars province, Southern Iran. AFM1 was found in 55.56% of the samples with a mean concentration of 21.31 ng/L. The concentration of AFM1 in raw milk samples from farms was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in samples from collection centers and pasteurized milk. The concentration of AFM1 was not influenced by season, location, or type of farm. The concentrations of AFM1 in all samples were lower than the Iranian national standard limit (100 ng/L), but in 30% of raw cow milk samples they were higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European Union (50 ng/L); therefore, more effort is needed to control AFM1 levels in milk produced in Southern Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Hashemi
- Corresponding author. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Shiraz Branch, P.O. Box 71955-367, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail address:
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Lahoum A, Aouiche A, Bouras N, Verheecke C, Klenk HP, Sabaou N, Mathieu F. Antifungal activity of a Saharan strain of Actinomadura sp. ACD1 against toxigenic fungi and other pathogenic microorganisms. J Mycol Med 2016; 26:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ishikawa AT, Takabayashi-Yamashita CR, Ono EYS, Bagatin AK, Rigobello FF, Kawamura O, Hirooka EY, Itano EN. Exposure Assessment of Infants to Aflatoxin M₁ through Consumption of Breast Milk and Infant Powdered Milk in Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E246. [PMID: 27589799 PMCID: PMC5037473 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) is an important biomarker that can be used to evaluate aflatoxin exposure in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure degree of infants to AFM₁ through consumption of breast milk and infant powdered milk in Brazil. For this purpose, the estimated daily intake (EDI) for infants was calculated based on the AFM₁ levels analyzed in 94 breast milk (BM) samples collected in Southern Brazil, and 16 infant powdered milk (IPM) samples commonly commercialized in Brazil. AFM₁ was detected in 5.3% (n = 5) and 43.8% (n = 7) of BM and IPM samples, with mean levels of 0.003 ng/g and 0.011 ng/g, respectively. All the IPM samples showed AFM₁ levels lower than those established by the Brazilian guidelines (5 ng/g), and in most of the samples (81.25%) levels were below the maximum limit tolerated by the European Commission (0.025 ng/g). The EDI of AFM₁ for infants aged zero to 12 months old showed values from 0.018 to 0.069 ng/kg body weight/day for BM, and 0.078 to 0.306 ng/kg body weight/day for IPM. Hazard index (HI) values for BM and IPM were less than one, except for IPM intended for infants up to one month. In conclusion, the exposure of infants to AFM₁ was low, but continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels is essential to minimize infant health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica T Ishikawa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Cássia R Takabayashi-Yamashita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Elisabete Y S Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Artur K Bagatin
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 761-0795 Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Fabiana F Rigobello
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osamu Kawamura
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 761-0795 Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Elisa Y Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eiko N Itano
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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González-Sálamo J, Socas-Rodríguez B, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Core-shell poly(dopamine) magnetic nanoparticles for the extraction of estrogenic mycotoxins from milk and yogurt prior to LC-MS analysis. Food Chem 2016; 215:362-8. [PMID: 27542487 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, core-shell poly(dopamine) magnetic nanoparticles synthesized in our laboratory have been applied as dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) sorbent for the extraction of a group of six mycotoxins of interest including zearalenone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalanone, from complex matrices such as milk (whole and skimmed cow milk and semi-skimmed goat milk) and yogurt (an unsweetened natural yogurt) prior to their LC-MS analysis. 17β-estradiol-D5 was used as internal standard. The procedure includes a deproteinization step prior to the extraction procedure. Matrix-matched calibration and a recovery study were carried out in the selected matrices, providing good linearity, relative recovery values in the range 70-120% with RSDs lower than 16% and LODs between 0.21 and 4.77μg/L for milk samples and between 0.29 and 4.54μg/kg for yogurt samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
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Makau CM, Matofari JW, Muliro PS, Bebe BO. Aflatoxin B1 and Deoxynivalenol contamination of dairy feeds and presence of Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk from smallholder dairy systems in Nakuru, Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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147
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Wielogórska E, MacDonald S, Elliott C. A review of the efficacy of mycotoxin detoxifying agents used in feed in light of changing global environment and legislation. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, mycotoxins have undoubtedly gained a keen interest of the scientific community studying food safety. The main reason is their profound impact on both human and animal health. International surveys reveal a low percentage of feed samples being contaminated above permitted/guideline levels, developed to protect consumers of animal derived products. However, the deleterious impact of feed co-contaminated at low levels with numerous both known and regulated as well as novel mycotoxins on producing animals has been described. Associated effects on agro-economics world-wide include substantial pecuniary losses which are borne by the society as a whole. Even though good agronomic practice is thought to be the most effective way of preventing animal feed contamination, the EC have recognised the need to introduce an additional means of management of feed already contaminated with low-levels of mycotoxins to alleviate detrimental effects on agricultural production efficiency. This review discusses types of feed detoxifying agents described in scientific literature, their reported efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo systems, and comparison with available commercial formulations in the light of increasing knowledge regarding mycotoxin prevalence in the changing global environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Wielogórska
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
| | - S. MacDonald
- Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - C.T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast BT9 5BN, United Kingdom
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148
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Ochratoxin A: Molecular Interactions, Mechanisms of Toxicity and Prevention at the Molecular Level. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:111. [PMID: 27092524 PMCID: PMC4848637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widely-spread mycotoxin all over the world causing major health risks. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and cellular interactions of OTA. In order to get better insight into the mechanism of its toxicity and on the several attempts made for prevention or attenuation of its toxic action, a detailed description is given on chemistry and toxicokinetics of this mycotoxin. The mode of action of OTA is not clearly understood yet, and seems to be very complex. Inhibition of protein synthesis and energy production, induction of oxidative stress, DNA adduct formation, as well as apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle arrest are possibly involved in its toxic action. Since OTA binds very strongly to human and animal albumin, a major emphasis is done regarding OTA-albumin interaction. Displacement of OTA from albumin by drugs and by natural flavonoids are discussed in detail, hypothesizing their potentially beneficial effect in order to prevent or attenuate the OTA-induced toxic consequences.
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149
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Battilani P, Toscano P, Van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Moretti A, Camardo Leggieri M, Brera C, Rortais A, Goumperis T, Robinson T. Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize in Europe increases due to climate change. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24328. [PMID: 27066906 PMCID: PMC4828719 DOI: 10.1038/srep24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change has been reported as a driver for emerging food and feed safety issues worldwide and its expected impact on the presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is of great concern. Aflatoxins have the highest acute and chronic toxicity of all mycotoxins; hence, the maximal concentration in agricultural food and feed products and their commodities is regulated worldwide. The possible change in patterns of aflatoxin occurrence in crops due to climate change is a matter of concern that may require anticipatory actions. The aim of this study was to predict aflatoxin contamination in maize and wheat crops, within the next 100 years, under a +2 °C and +5 °C climate change scenario, applying a modelling approach. Europe was virtually covered by a net, 50 × 50 km grids, identifying 2254 meshes with a central point each. Climate data were generated for each point, linked to predictive models and predictions were run consequently. Aflatoxin B1 is predicted to become a food safety issue in maize in Europe, especially in the +2 °C scenario, the most probable scenario of climate change expected for the next years. These results represent a supporting tool to reinforce aflatoxin management and to prevent human and animal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Battilani
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Piacenza Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Department of Sustainable Crop Production, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - P Toscano
- National Research Council - Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - H J Van der Fels-Klerx
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Department of Toxicology, Bio-assays &Novel Foods, Akkermaalsbos 2, NL-6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - M Camardo Leggieri
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Piacenza Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Department of Sustainable Crop Production, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - C Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Department, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - A Rortais
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - T Goumperis
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - T Robinson
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
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150
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Appropriateness to set a group health‐based guidance value for zearalenone and its modified forms. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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