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McDowell IC, Modak TH, Lane CE, Gomez-Chiarri M. Multi-species protein similarity clustering reveals novel expanded immune gene families in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 53:13-23. [PMID: 27033806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Comparative genomics research in non-model species has highlighted how invertebrate hosts possess complex diversified repertoires of immune molecules. The levels of diversification in particular immune gene families appear to differ between invertebrate lineages and even between species within lineages, reflecting differences not only in evolutionary histories, but also in life histories, environmental niches, and pathogen exposures. The goal of this research was to identify immune-related gene families experiencing high levels of diversification in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. Families containing 1) transcripts differentially expressed in eastern oysters in response to bacterial challenge and 2) a larger number of transcripts compared to other species included those coding for the C1q and C-type lectin domain containing proteins (C1qDC and CTLDC), GTPase of the immune-associated proteins (GIMAP), scavenger receptors (SR), fibrinogen-C domain containing proteins (also known as FREPs), dopamine beta-hydrolase (DBH), interferon-inducible 44 (IFI44), serine protease inhibitors, apextrin, and dermatopontin. Phylogenetic analysis of two of the families significantly expanded in bivalves, IFI44 and GIMAP, showed a patchy distribution within both protostomes and deuterostomes, suggesting multiple independent losses and lineage-specific expansions. Increased availability of genomic information for a broader range of non-model species broadly distributed through vertebrate and invertebrate phyla will likely lead to improved knowledge on mechanisms of immune-gene diversification.
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102
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Wang M, Wang L, Xin L, Wang X, Wang L, Xu J, Jia Z, Yue F, Wang H, Song L. Two novel LRR-only proteins in Chlamys farreri: Similar in structure, yet different in expression profile and pattern recognition. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:99-109. [PMID: 26826425 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-only proteins could mediate protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions and be involved in the immune response. In the present study, two novel LRR-only proteins, CfLRRop-2 and CfLRRop-3, were identified and characterized from scallop Chlamys farreri. They both contained nine LRR motifs with the consensus signature sequence LxxLxLxxNxL and formed typical horseshoe structure. The CfLRRop-2 and CfLRRop-3 mRNA transcripts were constitutively expressed in haemocytes, muscle, mantle, gill, haepatopancreas and gonad, with the highest expression level in haepatopancreas and gill, respectively. During the ontogenesis of scallop, the mRNA transcripts of CfLRRop-2 were kept at a high level in oocytes and embryos, while those of CfLRRop-3 were expressed at a rather low level from oocytes to blastula. Their mRNA transcripts were significantly increased after the stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), glucan (GLU) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), and the mRNA expression of CfLRRop-2 rose more intensely than that of CfLRRop-3. After the suppression of CfTLR (previously identified Toll-like receptor in C. farreri) via RNA interference (RNAi), CfLRRop-3 mRNA transcripts increased more intensely and lastingly than those of CfLRRop-2. The rCfLRRop-3 protein could bind LPS, PGN, GLU and poly I:C, while rCfLRRop-2 exhibited no significant binding activity to them. Additionally, rCfLRRop-2 could significantly induce the release of TNF-α from the mixed primary cultured scallop haemocytes, but rCfLRRop-3 failed. These results collectively indicated that CfLRRop-2 might act as an immune effector or pro-inflammatory factor, while CfLRRop-3 would function as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), suggesting the function of LRR-only protein family has differentiated in scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianchao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Allam B, Pales Espinosa E. Bivalve immunity and response to infections: Are we looking at the right place? FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 53:4-12. [PMID: 27004953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the understanding of cellular and molecular mediators of immunity in invertebrates in general and bivalve mollusks in particular. Despite this information, there is a lack of understanding of factors affecting animal resistance and specific responses to infections. This in part results from limited consideration of the spatial (and to some extent temporal) heterogeneity of immune responses and very limited information on host-pathogen (and microbes in general) interactions at initial encounter/colonization sites. Of great concern is the fact that most studies on molluscan immunity focus on the circulating hemocytes and the humoral defense factors in the plasma while most relevant host-microbe interactions occur at mucosal interfaces. This paper summarizes information available on the contrasting value of information available on focal and systemic immune responses in infected bivalves, and highlights the role of mucosal immune factors in host-pathogen interactions. Available information underlines the diversity of immune effectors at molluscan mucosal interfaces and highlights the tailored immune response to pathogen stimuli. This context raises fascinating basic research questions around host-microbe crosstalk and feedback controls of these interactions and may lead to novel disease mitigation strategies and improve the assessment of resistant crops or the screening of probiotic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States.
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, United States
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104
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The simple neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in oyster Crassostrea gigas mediates complex functions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26396. [PMID: 27193598 PMCID: PMC4872224 DOI: 10.1038/srep26396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) regulatory network is a complex system, which plays an indispensable role in the immunity of the host. In the present study, the bioinformatical analysis of the transcriptomic data from oyster Crassostrea gigas and further biological validation revealed that oyster TNF (CgTNF-1 CGI_10018786) could activate the transcription factors NF-κB and HSF (heat shock transcription factor) through MAPK signaling pathway, and then regulate apoptosis, redox reaction, neuro-regulation and protein folding in oyster haemocytes. The activated immune cells then released neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, norepinephrine and [Met(5)]-enkephalin to regulate the immune response by arising the expression of three TNF (CGI_10005109, CGI_10005110 and CGI_10006440) and translocating two NF-κB (Cgp65, CGI_10018142 and CgRel, CGI_10021567) between the cytoplasm and nuclei of haemocytes. Neurotransmitters exhibited the immunomodulation effects by influencing apoptosis and phagocytosis of oyster haemocytes. Acetylcholine and norepinephrine could down-regulate the immune response, while [Met(5)]-enkephalin up-regulate the immune response. These results suggested that the simple neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in oyster might be activated by oyster TNF and then regulate the immune response by virtue of neurotransmitters, cytokines and transcription factors.
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105
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Chi C, Giri SS, Jun JW, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Yun S, Park SC. Effect of the Algaecide Palmitoleic Acid on the Immune Function of the Bay Scallop Argopecten irradians. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050610. [PMID: 27171074 PMCID: PMC6274082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid (PA), an algicidal compound, is used against the toxin producing dinofagelate Alexandrium tamarense, however, its impact on the edible bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the impacts of effective algicidal concentrations (20, 40, and 80 mg/L) of PA on immune responses in A. irradians. Various immune parameters including acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme, phagocytic activity, total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of immune-related genes (PrxV, CLT-6, MT, and BD) were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure (hpe) to PA. Lysozyme activity was lower in scallops at 12-48 hpe to 80 mg/L. SOD, ACP activity, ROS production, the total protein, and MDA level was higher at 12 to 48 hpe with different concentrations of PA. Phagocytic activity increased at 6-12 hpe to 40-80 mg/L of PA, but decreased at 24-48 hpe. The expressions of genes PrxV, CLT-6, MT and BD down-regulated at 3 hpe were observed, while differential expressions from 6-48 hpe with different concentrations of PA. The present study demonstrated that immersing A. irradians in PA at effective concentrations could result in differential effects on non-specific immune responses and expressions of immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul-151742, Korea.
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul-151742, Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul-151742, Korea.
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul-151742, Korea.
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul-151742, Korea.
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul-151742, Korea.
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul-151742, Korea.
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106
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Pila EA, Sullivan JT, Wu XZ, Fang J, Rudko SP, Gordy MA, Hanington PC. Haematopoiesis in molluscs: A review of haemocyte development and function in gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:119-28. [PMID: 26592965 PMCID: PMC4775334 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is a process that is responsible for generating sufficient numbers of blood cells in the circulation and in tissues. It is central to maintenance of homeostasis within an animal, and is critical for defense against infection. While haematopoiesis is common to all animals possessing a circulatory system, the specific mechanisms and ultimate products of haematopoietic events vary greatly. Our understanding of this process in non-vertebrate organisms is primarily derived from those species that serve as developmental and immunological models, with sparse investigations having been carried out in other organisms spanning the metazoa. As research into the regulation of immune and blood cell development advances, we have begun to gain insight into haematopoietic events in a wider array of animals, including the molluscs. What began in the early 1900's as observational studies on the morphological characteristics of circulating immune cells has now advanced to mechanistic investigations of the cytokines, growth factors, receptors, signalling pathways, and patterns of gene expression that regulate molluscan haemocyte development. Emerging is a picture of an incredible diversity of developmental processes and outcomes that parallels the biological diversity observed within the different classes of the phylum Mollusca. However, our understanding of haematopoiesis in molluscs stems primarily from the three most-studied classes, the Gastropoda, Cephalopoda and Bivalvia. While these represent perhaps the molluscs of greatest economic and medical importance, the fact that our information is limited to only 3 of the 9 extant classes in the phylum highlights the need for further investigation in this area. In this review, we summarize the existing literature that defines haematopoiesis and its products in gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Pila
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2G7, Canada
| | - J T Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA
| | - X Z Wu
- Ocean College, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, 535099, Guangxi, PR China
| | - J Fang
- Ocean College, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, 535099, Guangxi, PR China
| | - S P Rudko
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2G7, Canada
| | - M A Gordy
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2G7, Canada
| | - P C Hanington
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2G7, Canada.
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107
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Oyanedel D, Gonzalez R, Flores-Herrera P, Brokordt K, Rosa RD, Mercado L, Schmitt P. Molecular characterization of an inhibitor of NF-κB in the scallop Argopecten purpuratus: First insights into its role on antimicrobial peptide regulation in a mollusk. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:85-93. [PMID: 26993612 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B (IκBs) are major control components of the Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway, a key regulator in the modulation of the expression of immune-related genes in vertebrates and invertebrates. The activation of the Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway depends largely in the degradation of IκB proteins and thus, IκBs are a main target for the identification of genes whose expression is controlled by Rel/NF-κB pathway. In order to identify such regulation in bivalve mollusks, the cDNA sequence encoding an IκB protein was characterized in the scallop Argopecten purpuratus, ApIκB. The cDNA sequence of ApIκB is comprised of 1480 nucleotides with a 1086 bp open reading frame encoding for 362 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that ApIκB displays the conserved features of IκB proteins. The deduced amino acid sequence consists of a 39.7 kDa protein, which has an N-terminal degradation motif, six ankyrin repeats and a C-terminal phosphorylation site motif. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of identity between ApIκB and other IκBs from mollusks, but also to arthropod cactus proteins and vertebrate IκBs. Tissue expression analysis indicated that ApIκB is expressed in all examined tissues and it is upregulated in circulating hemocytes from scallops challenged with the pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio splendidus. After inhibiting ApIκB gene expression using the RNA interference technology, the gene expression of the antimicrobial peptide big defensin was upregulated in hemocytes from non-challenged scallops. Results suggest that ApIκB may control the expression of antimicrobial effectors such as big defensin via a putative Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway. This first evidence will help to deepen the knowledge of the Rel/NF-κB conserved pathway in scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oyanedel
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - R Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica Del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile
| | - P Flores-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - K Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica Del Norte, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile
| | - R D Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - L Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - P Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile.
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108
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Li S, Liu Y, Liu C, Huang J, Zheng G, Xie L, Zhang R. Hemocytes participate in calcium carbonate crystal formation, transportation and shell regeneration in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:263-270. [PMID: 26923245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, light microscope, scanning and transmission electron microscope, hematoxylin-eosin and fluorescent staining, and mass spectrometry methods were employed to observe the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystal formation, hemocyte release and transportation, and hemocyte distribution at the shell regeneration area and to analyse the proteome of hemocytes in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. The results indicated that intracellular CaCO3 crystals were observed in circulating hemocytes in P. fucata, implying that there was a suitable microenvironment for crystal formation in the hemocytes. This conclusion was further supported by the proteome analysis, in which various biomineralization-related proteins were detected. The crystal-bearing hemocytes, mainly granulocytes, may be released to extrapallial fluid (EPF) by the secretory cavities distributed on the outer surface of the mantle centre. These granulocytes in the EPF and between the regenerated shells were abundant and free. In the regenerated prismatic layer, the granulocytes were fused into each column and fragmented with the duration of shell maturation, suggesting the direct involvement of hemocytes in shell regeneration. Overall, this study provided evidence that hemocytes participated in CaCO3 crystal formation, transportation and shell regeneration in the pearl oyster. These results are helpful to further understand the exact mechanism of hemocyte-mediated biomineralization in shelled molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Li
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangjia Liu
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingliang Huang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guilan Zheng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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109
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Wang M, Wang L, Guo Y, Yi Q, Song L. An LRR-only protein representing a new type of pattern recognition receptor in Chlamys farreri. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:145-155. [PMID: 26385592 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-only proteins could mediate protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions and were involved in the immune response. In the present study, an LRR-only protein (designed as CfLRRop-1) was cloned from Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. The complete cDNA sequence of CfLRRop-1 contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1377 bp, which encoded a protein of 458 amino acids. An LRRNT motif, an LRR_7 motif and seven LRR motifs were found in the deduced amino acid sequence of CfLRRop-1. And these seven LRR motifs contained a conserved signature sequence LxxLxLxxNxL. The mRNA transcripts of CfLRRop-1 were constitutively expressed in all the tested tissues, including haemocytes, muscle, mantle, gill, hepatopancreas and gonad, with the highest expression level in hepatopancreas. After the stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), glucan (GLU) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), the mRNA transcripts of CfLRRop-1 in haemocytes all increased firstly within the first 6 h and secondly during 12-24 h post stimulation. The mRNA expression level of CfLRRop-1 was continuously up-regulated, after the expression of CfTLR (previously identified Toll-like receptor in C. farreri) was suppressed via RNA interference (RNAi). The recombinant CfLRRop-1 protein could directly bind LPS, PGN, GLU and poly I:C, and induce the release of TNF-α in mixed primary cultured scallop haemocytes. These results collectively indicated that CfLRRop-1 would function as a powerful pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and play a pivotal role in the immune response of scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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110
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Wang J, Wang R, Wang S, Zhang M, Ma X, Liu P, Zhang M, Hu X, Zhang L, Wang S, Bao Z. Genome-wide identification and characterization of TRAF genes in the Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and their distinct expression patterns in response to bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:545-555. [PMID: 26434715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are the major signal transducers for the TNF receptor superfamily and the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1R/TLR) superfamily, which regulate a variety of cellular activities and innate immune responses. TRAF genes have been extensively studied in various species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. However, as one of the key component of NF-κB pathway, TRAF genes have not been systematically characterized in marine invertebrates. In this study, we identified and characterized five TRAF genes, PyTRAF2, PyTRAF3, PyTRAF4, PyTRAF6 and PyTRAF7, in the Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis). Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were conducted to determine their identities and evolutionary relationships. In comparison with the TRAF genes from vertebrate species, the structural features were all relatively conserved in the PyTRAF genes. To gain insights into the roles of TRAF genes during scallop innate immune responses, quantitative real-time PCR was used to investigate the expression profiles in the different stages of scallop development, in the healthy adult tissues, and in the hemocytes after bacterial infection with Micrococcus luteus and Vibrio anguillarum. Based on the qRT-PCR analysis, the expression of most of the PyTRAFs was significantly induced in the acute phases (3-6 h) after infection with Gram-positive (M. luteus) and Gram-negative (V. anguillarum) bacteria, and many more dramatic changes in PyTRAFs expression were observed after V. anguillarum challenge. Notably, the strong response in the up-regulation of PyTRAF6 post-bacterial challenge was distinct from that previously reported in scallops and crabs but was similar to that of other shellfish, Echinodermata and even teleost fish. The high level expressions of PyTRAFs in the hemocytes and the gill, and their specific expression patterns after challenges provide insights into the versatile roles and responses of TRAFs in the innate immune system against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengran Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Meiwei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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111
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Ning X, Wang R, Li X, Wang S, Zhang M, Xing Q, Sun Y, Wang S, Zhang L, Hu X, Bao Z. Genome-wide identification and characterization of five MyD88 duplication genes in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) and expression changes in response to bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:181-191. [PMID: 26115632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a pivotal adaptor in the TLR/IL-1R signaling pathway, which plays an important role in activating the innate immune system. Although MyD88 genes have been identified in a variety of species, they have not been systematically characterized in scallops. In this study, five MyD88 genes were identified in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), PyMyD88-1, PyMyD88-2a, PyMyD88-2b, PyMyD88-3 and PyMyD88-4, which consisted of two pairs of tandem duplications located on the same chromosome. To our knowledge, this is the largest number of MyD88 genes found in an invertebrate. Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were carried out to determine the identities and evolutionary relationships of these genes. PyMyD88s have highly conserved structures compared to MyD88 genes from other invertebrate species, except for PyMyD88-4, which contains only a DD domain, suggesting the evolutionarily conserved form of this particular gene member. We investigated the expression profiles of PyMyD88 genes at different developmental stages and in healthy adult tissues and hemocytes after Micrococcus luteus and Vibrio anguillarum infection using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of most PyMyD88s was significantly induced in the acute phase (3-6 h) after infection with both gram-positive (M. luteus) and gram-negative (V. anguillarum) bacteria, with much more dramatic changes in PyMyD88 expression being observed after V. anguillarum challenge. Collectively, the abundance of MyD88s and their specific expression patterns provide insight into their versatile roles in the response of the bivalve innate immune system to gram-negative bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Ning
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xue Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengran Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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112
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Wang M, Wang L, Guo Y, Sun R, Yue F, Yi Q, Song L. The broad pattern recognition spectrum of the Toll-like receptor in mollusk Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:192-201. [PMID: 26026245 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are among the most studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) playing essential roles in innate immune defenses. In the present study, the basic features of CfTLR in mollusk Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri, including sequence homology, tissue distribution, subcellular localization and ligands spectrum, were investigated to elucidate its pattern recognition. The elements of extracellular domains (ECD) in CfTLR displayed high homology to the corresponding parts of the ECDs in TLRs from Homo sapiens. CfTLR protein was detected in hemocytes, mantle, gills, hepatopancreas, kidney and gonad of the scallops, and it was localized in both the plasma membranes and the lysosomes in HEK293T cells. CfTLR could activate NFκB in response to multiple HsTLR ligands including Pam3CSK4, glucan (GLU), peptidoglycan (PGN), polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C), Imiquimod and three types of CpG. Additionally, the scallop serum could enhance the induction of NFκB in the CfTLR expressing cells elicited by most PAMPs, including GLU, PGN, Imiquimod and four types of CpG. It could be concluded that this primitive mollusk TLR shared a hybrid function in pattern recognition and could recognize broader ligands than mammalian TLRs, and its mosaic capability of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition might be based on the basic features of its structure, ligand properties and the assistance of some components in scallop serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Feng Yue
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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113
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Zou J, Wang R, Li R, Kong Y, Wang J, Ning X, Zhang L, Wang S, Hu X, Bao Z. The genome-wide identification of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) genes in Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis and their expression responses to bacteria challenges. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:901-911. [PMID: 26067168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKK) are the essential components of the evolutionarily conserved MAPK signaling cascade, which regulates a variety of cellular activities and innate immune responses. Although MKK genes have been extensively studied in various vertebrate and invertebrate species, they have not been systematically characterized in bivalves. In this study, we identified and characterized five MKK genes (PyMKK1/2, PyMKK4, PyMKK5, PyMKK3/6 and PyMKK7) in the Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis). Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were conducted to determine their identities and evolutionary relationships. To gain insights into the possible roles of MKK genes during scallop innate immune responses, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate their expression profiles during different developmental stages in samples taken from healthy adult tissues and hemocytes after Micrococcus luteus and Vibrio anguillarum bacterial infections. The Yesso scallop MKKs (PyMKKs) were found to have highly conserved structural features compared to the MKK genes from other invertebrate species. Using qRT-PCR analysis, three distinct expression patterns were detected among the PyMKKs over the course of ten different developmental stages. In adult scallops, the majority of the PyMKKs were highly expressed in mantle, gill, muscle and hemocytes. The differential expression patterns of the five PyMKKs after M. luteus (Gram-positive) and V. anguillarum (Gram-negative) bacterial infections suggested their possible involvement in the innate immune response and provide the foundation and resource for the further study on innate immune response of MAPK signal pathway in mollusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ruojiao Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yifan Kong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xianhui Ning
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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The use of -omic tools in the study of disease processes in marine bivalve mollusks. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:137-54. [PMID: 26021714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of disease processes and host-pathogen interactions in model species has benefited greatly from the application of medium and high-throughput genomic, metagenomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses. The rate at which new, low-cost, high-throughput -omic technologies are being developed has also led to an expansion in the number of studies aimed at gaining a better understanding of disease processes in bivalves. This review provides a catalogue of the genetic and -omic tools available for bivalve species and examples of how -omics has contributed to the advancement of marine bivalve disease research, with a special focus in the areas of immunity, bivalve-pathogen interactions, mechanisms of disease resistance and pathogen virulence, and disease diagnosis. The analysis of bivalve genomes and transcriptomes has revealed that many immune and stress-related gene families are expanded in the bivalve taxa examined thus far. In addition, the analysis of proteomes confirms that responses to infection are influenced by epigenetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications. The few studies performed in bivalves show that epigenetic modifications are non-random, suggesting a role for epigenetics in regulating the interactions between bivalves and their environments. Despite the progress -omic tools have enabled in the field of marine bivalve disease processes, there is much more work to be done. To date, only three bivalve genomes have been sequenced completely, with assembly status at different levels of completion. Transcriptome datasets are relatively easy and inexpensive to generate, but their interpretation will benefit greatly from high quality genome assemblies and improved data analysis pipelines. Finally, metagenomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies focused on bivalve disease processes are currently limited but their expansion should be facilitated as more transcriptome datasets and complete genome sequences become available for marine bivalve species.
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