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Fernandez KA, Guo D, Micucci S, De Gruttola V, Liberman MC, Kujawa SG. Noise-induced Cochlear Synaptopathy with and Without Sensory Cell Loss. Neuroscience 2019; 427:43-57. [PMID: 31887361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prior work has provided extensive documentation of threshold sensitivity and sensory hair cell losses after noise exposure. It is now clear, however, that cochlear synaptic loss precedes such losses, at least at low-moderate noise doses, silencing affected neurons. To address questions of whether, and how, cochlear synaptopathy and underlying mechanisms change as noise dose is varied, we assessed cochlear physiologic and histologic consequences of a range of exposures varied in duration from 15 min to 8 h and in level from 85 to 112 dB SPL. Exposures delivered to adult CBA/CaJ mice produced acute elevations in hair cell- and neural-based response thresholds ranging from trivial (∼5 dB) to large (∼50 dB), followed by varying degrees of recovery. Males appeared more noise vulnerable for some conditions of exposure. There was little to no inner hair cell (IHC) loss, but outer hair cell (OHC) loss could be substantial at highest frequencies for highest noise doses. Synapse loss was an early manifestation of noise injury and did not scale directly with either temporary or permanent threshold shift. With increasing noise dose, synapse loss grew to ∼50%, then declined for exposures yielding permanent hair cell injury/loss. All synaptopathic, but no non-synaptopathic exposures produced persistent neural response amplitude declines; those additionally yielding permanent OHC injury/loss also produced persistent reductions in OHC-based responses and exaggerated neural amplitude declines. Findings show that widespread cochlear synaptopathy can be present with and without noise-induced sensory cell loss and that differing patterns of cellular injury influence synaptopathic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Fernandez
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dan Guo
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven Micucci
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Victor De Gruttola
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M Charles Liberman
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sharon G Kujawa
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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102
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Novel insights into inner ear development and regeneration for targeted hearing loss therapies. Hear Res 2019; 397:107859. [PMID: 31810596 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans. Despite the global scale of the problem, only limited treatment options are available today. The mammalian inner ear is a highly specialized postmitotic organ, which lacks proliferative or regenerative capacity. Since the discovery of hair cell regeneration in non-mammalian species however, much attention has been placed on identifying possible strategies to reactivate similar responses in humans. The development of successful regenerative approaches for hearing loss strongly depends on a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that control human inner ear cellular specification, differentiation and function, as well as on the development of robust in vitro cellular assays, based on human inner ear cells, to study these processes and optimize therapeutic interventions. We summarize here some aspects of inner ear development and strategies to induce regeneration that have been investigated in rodents. Moreover, we discuss recent findings in human inner ear development and compare the results with findings from animal models. Finally, we provide an overview of strategies for in vitro generation of human sensory cells from pluripotent and somatic progenitors that may provide a platform for drug development and validation of therapeutic strategies in vitro.
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103
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Paired measurements of cochlear function and hair cell count in Dutch-belted rabbits with noise-induced hearing loss. Hear Res 2019; 385:107845. [PMID: 31760262 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of noise-induced hearing loss have yet to be studied for the Dutch-belted strain of rabbits, which is the only strain that has been used in studies of the central auditory system. We measured auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), and counts of cochlear inner and outer hair cells (IHCs and OHCs, respectively) from confocal images of Myo7a-stained cochlear whole-mounts in unexposed and noise-overexposed, Dutch-belted, male and female rabbits in order to characterize cochlear function and structure under normal-hearing and hearing-loss conditions. Using an octave-band noise exposure centered at 750 Hz presented under isoflurane anesthesia, we found that a sound level of 133 dB SPL for 60 min was minimally sufficient to produce permanent ABR threshold shifts. Overexposure durations of 60 and 90 min caused median click-evoked ABR threshold shifts of 10 and 50 dB, respectively. Susceptibility to overexposure was highly variable across ears, but less variable across test frequencies within the same ear. ABR and DPOAE threshold shifts were smaller, on average, and more variable in male than female ears. Similarly, post-exposure survival of OHCs was higher, on average, and more variable in male than female ears. We paired post-exposure ABR and DPOAE threshold shift data with hair cell count data measured in the same ear at the same frequency and cochlear frequency location. ABR and DPOAE threshold shifts exhibited critical values of 46 and 18 dB, respectively, below which the majority of OHCs and IHCs survived and above which OHCs were wiped out while IHC survival was variable. Our data may be of use to researchers who wish to use Dutch-belted rabbits as a model for the effects of noise-induced hearing loss on the central auditory system.
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104
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Trevino M, Lobarinas E, Maulden AC, Heinz MG. The chinchilla animal model for hearing science and noise-induced hearing loss. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3710. [PMID: 31795699 PMCID: PMC6881193 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The chinchilla animal model for noise-induced hearing loss has an extensive history spanning more than 50 years. Many behavioral, anatomical, and physiological characteristics of the chinchilla make it a valuable animal model for hearing science. These include similarities with human hearing frequency and intensity sensitivity, the ability to be trained behaviorally with acoustic stimuli relevant to human hearing, a docile nature that allows many physiological measures to be made in an awake state, physiological robustness that allows for data to be collected from all levels of the auditory system, and the ability to model various types of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses that mimic pathologies observed in humans. Given these attributes, chinchillas have been used repeatedly to study anatomical, physiological, and behavioral effects of continuous and impulse noise exposures that produce either temporary or permanent threshold shifts. Based on the mechanistic insights from noise-exposure studies, chinchillas have also been used in pre-clinical drug studies for the prevention and rescue of noise-induced hearing loss. This review paper highlights the role of the chinchilla model in hearing science, its important contributions, and its advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Trevino
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Callier Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 1966 Inwood Road, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Edward Lobarinas
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Callier Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, 1966 Inwood Road, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Amanda C Maulden
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michael G Heinz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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105
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Escabi CD, Frye MD, Trevino M, Lobarinas E. The rat animal model for noise-induced hearing loss. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3692. [PMID: 31795685 PMCID: PMC7480078 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rats make excellent models for the study of medical, biological, genetic, and behavioral phenomena given their adaptability, robustness, survivability, and intelligence. The rat's general anatomy and physiology of the auditory system is similar to that observed in humans, and this has led to their use for investigating the effect of noise overexposure on the mammalian auditory system. The current paper provides a review of the rat model for studying noise-induced hearing loss and highlights advancements that have been made using the rat, particularly as these pertain to noise dose and the hazardous effects of different experimental noise types. In addition to the traditional loss of auditory function following acoustic trauma, recent findings have indicated the rat as a useful model in observing alterations in neuronal processing within the central nervous system following noise injury. Furthermore, the rat provides a second animal model when investigating noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy, as studies examining this in the rat model resemble the general patterns observed in mice. Together, these findings demonstrate the relevance of this animal model for furthering the authors' understanding of the effects of noise on structural, anatomical, physiological, and perceptual aspects of hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia D Escabi
- Callier Center for Communication Disorders, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Mitchell D Frye
- Callier Center for Communication Disorders, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Monica Trevino
- Callier Center for Communication Disorders, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Edward Lobarinas
- Callier Center for Communication Disorders, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
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106
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Burton JA, Valero MD, Hackett TA, Ramachandran R. The use of nonhuman primates in studies of noise injury and treatment. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3770. [PMID: 31795680 PMCID: PMC6881191 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to prolonged or high intensity noise increases the risk for permanent hearing impairment. Over several decades, researchers characterized the nature of harmful noise exposures and worked to establish guidelines for effective protection. Recent laboratory studies, primarily conducted in rodent models, indicate that the auditory system may be more vulnerable to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) than previously thought, driving renewed inquiries into the harmful effects of noise in humans. To bridge the translational gaps between rodents and humans, nonhuman primates (NHPs) may serve as key animal models. The phylogenetic proximity of NHPs to humans underlies tremendous similarity in many features of the auditory system (genomic, anatomical, physiological, behavioral), all of which are important considerations in the assessment and treatment of NIHL. This review summarizes the literature pertaining to NHPs as models of hearing and noise-induced hearing loss, discusses factors relevant to the translation of diagnostics and therapeutics from animals to humans, and concludes with some of the practical considerations involved in conducting NHP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Burton
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Michelle D Valero
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories at Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Troy A Hackett
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Ramnarayan Ramachandran
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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107
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Ohlemiller KK. Mouse methods and models for studies in hearing. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3668. [PMID: 31795658 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory mice have become the dominant animal model for hearing research. The mouse cochlea operates according to standard "mammalian" principles, uses the same cochlear cell types, and exhibits the same types of injury as found in other mammals. The typical mouse lifespan is less than 3 years, yet the age-associated pathologies that may be found are quite similar to longer-lived mammals. All Schuknecht's types of presbycusis have been identified in existing mouse lines, some favoring hair cell loss while others favor strial degeneration. Although noise exposure generally affects the mouse cochlea in a manner similar to other mammals, mice appear more prone to permanent alterations to hair cells or the organ of Corti than to hair cell loss. Therapeutic compounds may be applied systemically or locally through the tympanic membrane or onto (or through) the round window membrane. The thinness of the mouse cochlear capsule and annular ligament may promote drug entry from the middle ear, although an extremely active middle ear lining may quickly remove most drugs. Preclinical testing of any therapeutic will always require tests in multiple animal models. Mice constitute one model providing supporting evidence for any therapeutic, while genetically engineered mice can test hypotheses about mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ohlemiller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf at Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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108
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Spankovich C, Le Prell CG. The role of diet in vulnerability to noise-induced cochlear injury and hearing loss. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:4033. [PMID: 31795697 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The influence of dietary nutrient intake on the onset and trajectory of hearing loss during aging and in mediating protection from challenges such as noise is an important relationship yet to be fully appreciated. Dietary intake provides essential nutrients that support basic cellular processes related to influencing cellular stress response, immune response, cardiometabolic status, neural status, and psychological well-being. Dietary quality has been shown to alter risk for essentially all chronic health conditions including hearing loss and tinnitus. Evidence of nutrients with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ischemic properties, and overall healthy diet quality as otoprotective strategies are slowly accumulating, but many questions remain unanswered. In this article, the authors will discuss (1) animal models in nutritional research, (2) evidence of dietary nutrient-based otoprotection, and (3) consideration of confounds and limitations to nutrient and dietary study in hearing sciences. Given that there are some 60 physiologically essential nutrients, unraveling the intricate biochemistry and multitude of interactions among nutrients may ultimately prove infeasible; however, the wealth of available data suggesting healthy nutrient intake to be associated with improved hearing outcomes suggests the development of evidence-based guidance regarding diets that support healthy hearing may not require precise understanding of all possible interactions among variables. Clinical trials evaluating otoprotective benefits of nutrients should account for dietary quality, noise exposure history, and exercise habits as potential covariates that may influence the efficacy and effectiveness of test agents; pharmacokinetic measures are also encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Spankovich
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Colleen G Le Prell
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
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109
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Deiters KK, Flamme GA, Tasko SM, Murphy WJ, Greene NT, Jones HG, Ahroon WA. Generalizability of clinically measured acoustic reflexes to brief sounds. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3993. [PMID: 31795698 PMCID: PMC7043895 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Middle ear muscle contractions (MEMC) can be elicited in response to high-level sounds, and have been used clinically as acoustic reflexes (ARs) during evaluations of auditory system integrity. The results of clinical AR evaluations do not necessarily generalize to different signal types or durations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the likelihood of observing MEMC in response to brief sound stimuli (tones, recorded gunshots, noise) in adult participants (N = 190) exhibiting clinical ARs and excellent hearing sensitivity. Results revealed that the presence of clinical ARs was not a sufficient indication that listeners will also exhibit MEMC for brief sounds. Detection rates varied across stimulus types between approximately 20% and 80%. Probabilities of observing MEMC also differed by clinical AR magnitude and latency, and declined over the period of minutes during the course of the MEMC measurement series. These results provide no support for the inclusion of MEMC as a protective factor in damage-risk criteria for impulsive noises, and the limited predictability of whether a given individual will exhibit MEMC in response to a brief sound indicates a need to measure and control for MEMC in studies evaluating pharmaceutical interventions for hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy K Deiters
- Stephenson and Stephenson Research and Consulting (SASRAC), Forest Grove, Oregon 97116, USA
| | - Gregory A Flamme
- Stephenson and Stephenson Research and Consulting (SASRAC), Forest Grove, Oregon 97116, USA
| | - Stephen M Tasko
- Stephenson and Stephenson Research and Consulting (SASRAC), Forest Grove, Oregon 97116, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA
| | - Nathaniel T Greene
- United States (U.S.) Army Aeromedical Research Lab (USAARL), Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362, USA
| | - Heath G Jones
- United States (U.S.) Army Aeromedical Research Lab (USAARL), Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362, USA
| | - William A Ahroon
- United States (U.S.) Army Aeromedical Research Lab (USAARL), Fort Rucker, Alabama 36362, USA
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110
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Cochlear Efferent Innervation Is Sparse in Humans and Decreases with Age. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9560-9569. [PMID: 31628179 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3004-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cochlea is innervated by two cholinergic feedback systems called the medial olivocochlear (MOC) and lateral olivocochlear (LOC) pathways, which send control signals from the brainstem back to the outer hair cells and auditory-nerve fibers, respectively. Despite countless studies of the cochlear projections of these efferent fibers in animal models, comparable data for humans are almost completely lacking. Here, we immunostained the cochlear sensory epithelium from 23 normal-aging humans (14 males and 9 females), 0-86 years of age, with cholinergic markers to quantify the normal density of MOC and LOC projections, and the degree of age-related degeneration. In younger ears, the MOC density peaks in mid-cochlear regions and falls off both apically and basally, whereas the LOC innervation peaks near the apex. In older ears, MOC density decreases dramatically, whereas the LOC density does not. The loss of MOC feedback may contribute to the age-related decrease in word recognition in noise; however, even at its peak, the MOC density is lower than in other mammals, suggesting the MOC pathway is less important for human hearing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cochlear epithelium and its sensory innervation are modulated by the olivocochlear (OC) efferent pathway. Although the medial OC (MOC) reflex has been extensively studied in humans, via contralateral sound suppression, the cochlear projections of these cholinergic neurons have not been described in humans. Here, we use immunostaining to quantify the MOC projections to outer hair cells and lateral OC (LOC) projections to the inner hair cell area in humans 0-89 years of age. We show age-related loss of MOC, but not LOC, innervation, which likely contributes to hearing impairments, and a relative paucity of MOC terminals at all ages, which may account for the relative weakness of the human MOC reflex and the difficulty in demonstrating a robust functional role in human experiments.
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111
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Garrett M, Verhulst S. Applicability of subcortical EEG metrics of synaptopathy to older listeners with impaired audiograms. Hear Res 2019; 380:150-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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112
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Morgan D, Arteaga A, Bosworth N, Proctor G, Vetter D, Lobarinas E, Spankovich C. Repeated temporary threshold shift and changes in cochlear and neural function. Hear Res 2019; 381:107780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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113
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Bramhall N, Beach EF, Epp B, Le Prell CG, Lopez-Poveda EA, Plack CJ, Schaette R, Verhulst S, Canlon B. The search for noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in humans: Mission impossible? Hear Res 2019; 377:88-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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114
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Encina-Llamas G, Harte JM, Dau T, Shinn-Cunningham B, Epp B. Investigating the Effect of Cochlear Synaptopathy on Envelope Following Responses Using a Model of the Auditory Nerve. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2019; 20:363-382. [PMID: 31102010 PMCID: PMC6646444 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-019-00721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy auditory system enables communication in challenging situations with high levels of background noise. Yet, despite normal sensitivity to pure tones, many listeners complain about having difficulties in such situations. Recent animal studies demonstrated that noise overexposure that produces temporary threshold shifts can cause the loss of auditory nerve (AN) fiber synapses (i.e., cochlear synaptopathy, CS), which appears to predominantly affect medium- and low-spontaneous rate (SR) fibers. In the present study, envelope following response (EFR) magnitude-level functions were recorded in normal hearing (NH) threshold and mildly hearing-impaired (HI) listeners with thresholds elevated above 2 kHz. EFRs were elicited by sinusoidally amplitude modulated (SAM) tones presented in quiet with a carrier frequency of 2 kHz, modulated at 93 Hz, and modulation depths of 0.85 (deep) and 0.25 (shallow). While EFR magnitude-level functions for deeply modulated tones were similar for all listeners, EFR magnitudes for shallowly modulated tones were reduced at medium stimulation levels in some NH threshold listeners and saturated in all HI listeners for the whole level range. A phenomenological model of the AN was used to investigate the extent to which hair-cell dysfunction and/or CS could explain the trends observed in the EFR data. Hair-cell dysfunction alone, including postulated elevated hearing thresholds at extended high frequencies (EHF) beyond 8 kHz, could not account for the recorded EFR data. Postulated CS led to simulations generally consistent with the recorded data, but a loss of all types of AN fibers was required within the model framework. The effects of off-frequency contributions (i.e., away from the characteristic place of the stimulus) and the differential loss of different AN fiber types on EFR magnitude-level functions were analyzed. When using SAM tones in quiet as the stimulus, model simulations suggested that (1) EFRs are dominated by the activity of high-SR fibers at all stimulus intensities, and (2) EFRs at medium-to-high stimulus levels are dominated by off-frequency contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Encina-Llamas
- Hearing Systems section, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - James M Harte
- Interacoustics Research Unit, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torsten Dau
- Hearing Systems section, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barbara Shinn-Cunningham
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bastian Epp
- Hearing Systems section, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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115
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Ma Y, Wise AK, Shepherd RK, Richardson RT. New molecular therapies for the treatment of hearing loss. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:190-209. [PMID: 31075354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 466 million people suffer from hearing loss worldwide. Sensorineural hearing loss is characterized by degeneration of key structures of the sensory pathway in the cochlea such as the sensory hair cells, the primary auditory neurons and their synaptic connection to the hair cells - the ribbon synapse. Various strategies to protect or regenerate these sensory cells and structures are the subject of intensive research. Yet despite recent advances in our understandings of the capacity of the cochlea for repair and regeneration there are currently no pharmacological or biological interventions for hearing loss. Current research focusses on localized cochlear drug, gene and cell-based therapies. One of the more promising drug-based therapies is based on neurotrophic factors for the repair of the ribbon synapse after noise exposure, as well as preventing loss of primary auditory neurons and regrowth of the auditory neuron fibers after severe hearing loss. Drug therapy delivery technologies are being employed to address the specific needs of neurotrophin and other therapies for hearing loss that include the need for high doses, long-term delivery, localised or cell-specific targeting and techniques for their safe and efficacious delivery to the cochlea. Novel biomaterials are enabling high payloads of drugs to be administered to the cochlea with subsequent slow-release properties that are proving to be beneficial for treating hearing loss. In parallel, new gene therapy technologies are addressing the need for cell specificity and high efficacy for the treatment of both genetic and acquired hearing loss with promising reports of hearing recovery. Some biomaterials and cell therapies are being used in conjunction with the cochlear implant ensuring therapeutic benefit to the primary neurons during electrical stimulation. This review will introduce the auditory system, hearing loss and the potential for repair and regeneration in the cochlea. Drug delivery to the cochlea will then be reviewed, with a focus on new biomaterials, gene therapy technologies, cell therapy and the use of the cochlear implant as a vehicle for drug delivery. With the current pre-clinical research effort into therapies for hearing loss, including clinical trials for gene therapy, the future for the treatment for hearing loss is looking bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Ma
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Chemical Engineering, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew K Wise
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Medical Bionics Department, East Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert K Shepherd
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Medical Bionics Department, East Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachael T Richardson
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Medical Bionics Department, East Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology, East Melbourne, Australia.
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116
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Guest H, Munro KJ, Plack CJ. Acoustic Middle-Ear-Muscle-Reflex Thresholds in Humans with Normal Audiograms: No Relations to Tinnitus, Speech Perception in Noise, or Noise Exposure. Neuroscience 2019; 407:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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117
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Moore BCJ, Sęk AP, Füllgrabe C. Envelope regularity discrimination. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:2861. [PMID: 31153343 DOI: 10.1121/1.5100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to discriminate irregular from regular amplitude modulation was assessed using the "envelope regularity discrimination" test. The amount of irregularity was parametrically varied and quantified by an "irregularity index." Normative data were gathered for young subjects with normal audiometric thresholds. Parameters varied were the carrier and modulation frequencies, fc and fm, and the baseline modulation index, m. All tests were performed using a background threshold-equalizing noise. The main findings were (1) using fc = 4000 Hz, fm = 8 Hz, and m = 0.3, performance improved over the first two threshold runs and then remained roughly stable, and there was a high correlation between thresholds obtained at 80 dB sound pressure level (SPL) and at 20 dB sensation level; (2) using fm = 8 Hz and m = 0.3 with a level of 80 dB SPL, thresholds did not vary significantly across fc = 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz; (3) using fm = 8 Hz and fc = 4000 Hz with a level of 80 dB SPL, thresholds did not vary significantly for m from 0.2 to 0.5; and (4) using m = 0.3 and fc = 4000 Hz with a level of 80 dB SPL, thresholds improved with increasing fm from 2 to 16 Hz. For all conditions, there was substantial individual variability, probably resulting from differences in "processing efficiency."
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C J Moore
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksander P Sęk
- Institute of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Christian Füllgrabe
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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118
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Parthasarathy A, Bartlett EL, Kujawa SG. Age-related Changes in Neural Coding of Envelope Cues: Peripheral Declines and Central Compensation. Neuroscience 2019; 407:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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119
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No Reliable Association Between Recreational Noise Exposure and Threshold Sensitivity, Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission Amplitude, or Word-in-Noise Performance in a College Student Population. Ear Hear 2019. [PMID: 29543608 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between recreational sound exposure and potentially undiagnosed or subclinical hearing loss by assessing sound exposure history, threshold sensitivity, distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) amplitudes, and performance on the words-in-noise (WIN) test. DESIGN Survey data were collected from 74 adult participants (14 male and 60 female), 18 to 27 years of age, recruited via advertisements posted throughout the University of Florida campus. Of these participants, 70 completed both the survey and the additional functional test battery, and their preferred listening level was measured in a laboratory setting. RESULTS There were statistically significant relationships between hearing thresholds and DPOAE amplitude. In contrast, performance on the WIN was not reliably related to threshold sensitivity within this cohort with largely normal hearing. The two most common exposures included bars or dance clubs, followed by music player use. There were no statistically significant relationships between individual or composite measures of recreational sound exposure, including preferred listening level, years of music player use, number of reported sound exposures, previous impulse noise exposure, or previous noise-induced change in hearing, and functional measures including threshold, DPOAE amplitude, and WIN measures. Some subjects were highly consistent in listening level preferences, while others were more variable from song to song. CONCLUSIONS No reliable relationships between common recreational sound exposure or previous noise-induced changes in hearing were found during analysis of threshold sensitivity, DPOAE amplitude, or WIN performance in this cohort. However, the study sample was predominantly female and Caucasian, which limits generalizability of the results.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND New research in animal models indicates that even at lower intensities, noise exposure can induce defects in the synapses of the auditory pathway. However, only very high levels of noise exposure lead to mechanical hair cell damage with lesions of the inner ear and measurable hearing loss (audiogram; distortion product otoacoustic emissions, DPOAE). This paper revises the literature, starting with a case study. CASE HISTORY A 41-year-old patient suffered from hearing loss and tinnitus in the right ear following a car accident with airbag deployment. Hearing loss recovered partially, tinnitus and difficulties in speech discrimination persisted. Audiometry showed typical high-frequency hearing loss (40 dB) and tonal tinnitus (8 kHz). Although DPOAE and ABR potentials (auditory brainstem response, wave III and V) were completely normal 6 months after the accident, there was no detectable cochlear action potential (CAP) in electrocochleography (ECochG). DISCUSSION These findings indicate recovery of initial hair cell damage, whereas synaptic transformation remains reduced and slight hearing loss and poor speech perception in complex listening situations persist. This phenomenon has been described as "hidden hearing loss" in newer literature. Although similar retrocochlear lesions in the auditory pathway could be detected in animal models, valid data in humans are currently lacking because no adequate diagnostic methods are available. CONCLUSION Noise trauma initially results in hair cell damage. After recovery, hearing loss may persist, which can be due to synaptic lesions in the first neuron. An adequate testbattery has to be developped.
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121
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Translating animal models to human therapeutics in noise-induced and age-related hearing loss. Hear Res 2019; 377:44-52. [PMID: 30903954 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acquired sensorineural hearing loss is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, and aging and acoustic overexposure are common contributors. Decades of study in animals and humans have clarified the cellular targets and perceptual consequences of these forms of hearing loss, and preclinical studies have led to the development of therapeutics designed to slow, prevent or reverse them. Here, we review the histopathological changes underlying age-related and noise-induced hearing loss and the functional consequences of these pathologies. Based on these relations, we consider the ambiguities that arise in diagnosing underlying pathology from minimally invasive tests of auditory function, and how those ambiguities present challenges in the design and interpretation of clinical trials.
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122
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Bharadwaj HM, Mai AR, Simpson JM, Choi I, Heinz MG, Shinn-Cunningham BG. Non-Invasive Assays of Cochlear Synaptopathy - Candidates and Considerations. Neuroscience 2019; 407:53-66. [PMID: 30853540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies in multiple species, including in post-mortem human tissue, have shown that normal aging and/or acoustic overexposure can lead to a significant loss of afferent synapses innervating the cochlea. Hypothetically, this cochlear synaptopathy can lead to perceptual deficits in challenging environments and can contribute to central neural effects such as tinnitus. However, because cochlear synaptopathy can occur without any measurable changes in audiometric thresholds, synaptopathy can remain hidden from standard clinical diagnostics. To understand the perceptual sequelae of synaptopathy and to evaluate the efficacy of emerging therapies, sensitive and specific non-invasive measures at the individual patient level need to be established. Pioneering experiments in specific mice strains have helped identify many candidate assays. These include auditory brainstem responses, the middle-ear muscle reflex, envelope-following responses, and extended high-frequency audiograms. Unfortunately, because these non-invasive measures can be also affected by extraneous factors other than synaptopathy, their application and interpretation in humans is not straightforward. Here, we systematically examine six extraneous factors through a series of interrelated human experiments aimed at understanding their effects. Using strategies that may help mitigate the effects of such extraneous factors, we then show that these suprathreshold physiological assays exhibit across-individual correlations with each other indicative of contributions from a common physiological source consistent with cochlear synaptopathy. Finally, we discuss the application of these assays to two key outstanding questions, and discuss some barriers that still remain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Hearing Loss, Tinnitus, Hyperacusis, Central Gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari M Bharadwaj
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
| | - Alexandra R Mai
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jennifer M Simpson
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Inyong Choi
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michael G Heinz
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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123
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Pienkowski M. Prolonged Exposure of CBA/Ca Mice to Moderately Loud Noise Can Cause Cochlear Synaptopathy but Not Tinnitus or Hyperacusis as Assessed With the Acoustic Startle Reflex. Trends Hear 2019. [PMID: 29532738 PMCID: PMC5858683 DOI: 10.1177/2331216518758109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss changes the auditory brain, sometimes maladaptively. When deprived of cochlear input, central auditory neurons become more active spontaneously and begin to respond more strongly and synchronously to better preserved sound frequencies. This spontaneous and sound-evoked central hyperactivity has been postulated to trigger tinnitus and hyperacusis, respectively. Localized hyperactivity has also been observed after long-term exposure to noise levels that do not damage the cochlea. Adult animals exposed to bands of nondamaging noise exhibited suppressed spontaneous and sound-evoked activity in the area of primary auditory cortex (A1) stimulated by the exposure band but had increased spontaneous and evoked activity in neighboring A1 areas. We hypothesized that the cortically suppressed frequencies should for some time after exposure be perceived as less loud than before (hypoacusis), whereas the hyperactivity outside of the exposure band might lead to frequency-specific hyperacusis or tinnitus. To investigate this, adult CBA/Ca mice were exposed for >2 months to 8 to 16 kHz noise at 70 or 75 dB sound pressure level and tested for hypo-/hyperacusis and tinnitus using tone and gap prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Auditory brainstem responses and distortion product otoacoustic emissions showed evidence of cochlear synaptopathy after exposure at 75 but not 70 dB, putting a lower bound on damaging noise levels for CBA/Ca mice. Contrary to hypothesis, neither exposure significantly shifted startle results from baseline. These negative findings nevertheless have implications for startle test methodology and for the putative role of central hyperactivity in hyperacusis and tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pienkowski
- 1 Osborne College of Audiology, Salus University, Elkins Park, PA, USA
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124
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Cima RFF, Mazurek B, Haider H, Kikidis D, Lapira A, Noreña A, Hoare DJ. A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment. HNO 2019; 67:10-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00106-019-0633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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125
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Evidence for age-related cochlear synaptopathy in humans unconnected to speech-in-noise intelligibility deficits. Hear Res 2019; 374:35-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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126
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Guest H, Munro KJ, Prendergast G, Plack CJ. Reliability and interrelations of seven proxy measures of cochlear synaptopathy. Hear Res 2019; 375:34-43. [PMID: 30765219 PMCID: PMC6423440 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of cochlear synaptopathy in living humans rely on proxy measures of auditory nerve function. Numerous procedures have been developed, typically based on the auditory brainstem response (ABR), envelope-following response (EFR), or middle-ear-muscle reflex (MEMR). Validation is challenging, due to the absence of a gold-standard measure in humans. Some metrics correlate with synaptic survival in animal models, but translation between species is not straightforward; measurements in humans are likely to reflect greater error and greater variability from non-synaptopathic sources. The present study assessed the reliability of seven measures, as well as testing for correlations between them. Thirty-one young women with normal audiograms underwent repeated measurements of ABR wave I amplitude, ABR wave I growth, ABR wave V latency shift in noise, EFR amplitude, EFR growth with stimulus modulation depth, MEMR threshold, and an MEMR across-frequency difference measure. Intraclass correlation coefficients for ABR wave I amplitude, EFR amplitude, and MEMR threshold ranged from 0.85 to 0.93, suggesting that such tests can yield highly reliable results, given careful measurement techniques. The ABR and EFR difference measures exhibited only poor-to-moderate reliability. No significant correlations, nor any consistent trends, were observed between the various measures, providing no indication that these metrics reflect the same underlying physiological processes. Findings suggest that many proxy measures of cochlear synaptopathy should be regarded with caution, at least when employed in young adults with normal audiograms. Given careful measurement techniques, ABR and EFR amplitudes can be highly reliable. The same is true of MEMR thresholds and MEMR across-frequency threshold difference. Differential ABR and EFR measures exhibit only poor-to-moderate reliability. Correlations between measures are not evident in young people with normal audiograms. Proxy measures of synaptopathy in this population should be regarded with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Guest
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.
| | - Kevin J Munro
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Garreth Prendergast
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Christopher J Plack
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, UK
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127
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Prendergast G, Couth S, Millman RE, Guest H, Kluk K, Munro KJ, Plack CJ. Effects of Age and Noise Exposure on Proxy Measures of Cochlear Synaptopathy. Trends Hear 2019; 23:2331216519877301. [PMID: 31558119 PMCID: PMC6767746 DOI: 10.1177/2331216519877301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is strong histological evidence for age-related synaptopathy in humans, evidence for the existence of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in humans is inconclusive. Here, we sought to evaluate the relative contributions of age and noise exposure to cochlear synaptopathy using a series of electrophysiological and behavioral measures. We extended an existing cohort by including 33 adults in the age range 37 to 60, resulting in a total of 156 participants, with the additional older participants resulting in a weakening of the correlation between lifetime noise exposure and age. We used six independent regression models (corrected for multiple comparisons), in which age, lifetime noise exposure, and high-frequency audiometric thresholds were used to predict measures of synaptopathy, with a focus on differential measures. The models for auditory brainstem responses, envelope-following responses, interaural phase discrimination, and the co-ordinate response measure of speech perception were not statistically significant. However, both age and noise exposure were significant predictors of performance on the digit triplet test of speech perception in noise, with greater noise exposure (unexpectedly) predicting better performance in the 80 dB sound pressure level (SPL) condition and greater age predicting better performance in the 40 dB SPL condition. Amplitude modulation detection thresholds were also significantly predicted by age, with older listeners performing better than younger listeners at 80 dB SPL. Overall, the results are inconsistent with the predicted effects of synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garreth Prendergast
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and
Deafness, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
UK
| | - Samuel Couth
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and
Deafness, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
UK
| | - Rebecca E. Millman
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and
Deafness, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research
Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Hannah Guest
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and
Deafness, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
UK
| | - Karolina Kluk
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and
Deafness, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research
Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin J. Munro
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and
Deafness, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research
Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher J. Plack
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and
Deafness, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre,
UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research
Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster
University, UK
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128
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Le Prell CG. Effects of noise exposure on auditory brainstem response and speech-in-noise tasks: a review of the literature. Int J Audiol 2018; 58:S3-S32. [DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2018.1534010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen G. Le Prell
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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129
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Investigating peripheral sources of speech-in-noise variability in listeners with normal audiograms. Hear Res 2018; 371:66-74. [PMID: 30504092 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A current initiative in auditory neuroscience research is to better understand why some listeners struggle to perceive speech-in-noise (SIN) despite having normal hearing sensitivity. Various hypotheses regarding the physiologic bases of this disorder have been proposed. Notably, recent work has suggested that the site of lesion underlying SIN deficits in normal hearing listeners may be either in "sub-clinical" outer hair cell damage or synaptopathic degeneration at the inner hair cell-auditory nerve fiber synapse. In this study, we present a retrospective investigation of these peripheral sources and their relationship with SIN performance variability in one of the largest datasets of young normal-hearing listeners presented to date. 194 participants completed detailed case history questionnaires assessing noise exposure, SIN complaints, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. Standard and extended high frequency audiograms, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, click-evoked auditory brainstem responses, and SIN performance measures were also collected. We found that: 1) the prevalence of SIN deficits in normal hearing listeners was 42% when based on subjective report and 8% when based on SIN performance, 2) hearing complaints and hyperacusis were more common in listeners with self-reported noise exposure histories than controls, 3) neither extended high frequency thresholds nor compound action potential amplitudes differed between noise-exposed and control groups, 4) extended high frequency hearing thresholds and compound action potential amplitudes were not predictive of SIN performance. These results suggest an association between noise exposure and hearing complaints in young, normal hearing listeners; however, SIN performance variability is not explained by peripheral auditory function to the extent that these measures capture subtle physiologic differences between participants.
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130
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Chen H, Shi L, Liu L, Yin S, Aiken S, Wang J. Noise-induced Cochlear Synaptopathy and Signal Processing Disorders. Neuroscience 2018; 407:41-52. [PMID: 30267832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Noise-induced hidden hearing loss (NIHHL) has attracted great attention in hearing research and clinical audiology since the discovery of significant noise-induced synaptic damage in the absence of permanent threshold shifts (PTS) in animal models. Although the extant evidence for this damage is based on animal models, NIHHL likely occurs in humans as well. This review focuses on three issues concerning NIHHL that are somewhat controversial: (1) whether disrupted synapses can be re-established; (2) whether synaptic damage and repair are responsible for the initial temporal threshold shifts (TTS) and subsequent recovery; and (3) the relationship between the synaptic damage and repair processes and neural coding deficits. We conclude that, after a single, brief noise exposure, (1) the damaged and the totally destroyed synapses can be partially repaired, but the repaired synapses are functionally abnormal; (2) While deficits are observed in some aspects of neural responses related to temporal and intensity coding in the auditory nerve, we did not find strong evidence for hypothesized coding-in-noise deficits; (3) the sensitivity and the usefulness of the envelope following responses to amplitude modulation signals in detecting cochlear synaptopathy is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengchao Chen
- Otolaryngology Research Institute, 6th Affiliated Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shankai Yin
- Otolaryngology Research Institute, 6th Affiliated Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Steven Aiken
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Dalhousie University, Halfiax, Canada
| | - Jian Wang
- Otolaryngology Research Institute, 6th Affiliated Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Dalhousie University, Halfiax, Canada.
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131
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Parthasarathy A, Herrmann B, Bartlett EL. Aging alters envelope representations of speech-like sounds in the inferior colliculus. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 73:30-40. [PMID: 30316050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hearing impairment in older people is thought to arise from impaired temporal processing in auditory circuits. We used a systems-level (scalp recordings) and a microcircuit-level (extracellular recordings) approach to investigate how aging affects the sensitivity to temporal envelopes of speech-like sounds in rats. Scalp-recorded potentials suggest an age-related increase in sensitivity to temporal regularity along the ascending auditory pathway. The underlying cellular changes in the midbrain were examined using extracellular recordings from inferior colliculus neurons. We observed an age-related increase in sensitivity to the sound's onset and temporal regularity (i.e., periodicity envelope) in the spiking output of inferior colliculus neurons, relative to their synaptic inputs (local field potentials). This relative enhancement for aged animals was most prominent for multi-unit (relative to single-unit) spiking activity. Spontaneous multi-unit, but not single-unit, activity was also enhanced in aged compared with young animals. Our results suggest that aging is associated with altered sensitivity to a sound's temporal regularities, and that these effects may be due to increased gain of neural network activity in the midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravindakshan Parthasarathy
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, and Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Björn Herrmann
- Department of Psychology & Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward L Bartlett
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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132
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Kindt KS, Sheets L. Transmission Disrupted: Modeling Auditory Synaptopathy in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:114. [PMID: 30258843 PMCID: PMC6143809 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common form of hearing loss in humans, and results from either dysfunction in hair cells, the sensory receptors of sound, or the neurons that innervate hair cells. A specific type of sensorineural hearing loss, referred to as auditory synaptopathy, occurs when hair cells are able to detect sound but fail to transmit sound stimuli at the hair-cell synapse. Auditory synaptopathy can originate from genetic alterations that specifically disrupt hair-cell synapse function. Additionally, environmental factors such as noise exposure can leave hair cells intact but result in loss of hair-cell synapses, and represent an acquired form of auditory synaptopathy. The zebrafish model has emerged as a valuable system for studies of hair-cell function, and specifically hair-cell synaptopathy. In this review, we describe the experimental tools that have been developed to study hair-cell synapses in zebrafish. We discuss how zebrafish genetics has helped identify and define the roles of hair-cell synaptic proteins crucial for hearing in humans, and highlight how studies in zebrafish have contributed to our understanding of hair-cell synapse formation and function. In addition, we also discuss work that has used noise exposure or pharmacological mimic of noise-induced excitotoxicity in zebrafish to define cellular mechanisms underlying noise-induced hair-cell damage and synapse loss. Lastly, we highlight how future studies in zebrafish could enhance our understanding of the pathological processes underlying synapse loss in both genetic and acquired auditory synaptopathy. This knowledge is critical in order to develop therapies that protect or repair auditory synaptic contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Kindt
- Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function, NIDCD/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lavinia Sheets
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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133
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Recanzone G. The effects of aging on auditory cortical function. Hear Res 2018; 366:99-105. [PMID: 29853323 PMCID: PMC6103827 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss is a prominent deficit, afflicting approximately half of the geriatric population. In many cases, the person may have no deficits in detecting sounds, but nonetheless suffers from a reduced ability to understand speech, particularly in a noisy environment. While rodent models have shown that there are a variety of age-related changes throughout the auditory neuraxis, far fewer studies have investigated the effects at the cortical level. Here I review recent evidence from a non-human primate model of age-related hearing loss at the level of the core (primary auditory cortex, A1) and belt (caudolateral field, CL) in young and aged animals with normal detection thresholds. The findings are that there is an increase in both the spontaneous and driven activity, an increase in spatial tuning, and a reduction in the temporal fidelity of the response in aged animals. These results are consistent with an age-related imbalance of excitation and inhibition in the auditory cortex. These spatial and temporal processing deficits could underlie the major complaint of geriatrics, that it is difficult to understand speech in noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg Recanzone
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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134
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Larval Zebrafish Lateral Line as a Model for Acoustic Trauma. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0206-18. [PMID: 30225343 PMCID: PMC6140105 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0206-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive noise exposure damages sensory hair cells, leading to permanent hearing loss. Zebrafish are a highly tractable model that have advanced our understanding of drug-induced hair cell death, yet no comparable model exists for noise exposure research. We demonstrate the utility of zebrafish as model to increase understanding of hair cell damage from acoustic trauma and develop protective therapies. We created an acoustic trauma system using underwater cavitation to stimulate lateral line hair cells. We found that acoustic stimulation resulted in exposure time- and intensity-dependent lateral line and saccular hair cell damage that is maximal at 48–72 h post-trauma. The number of TUNEL+ lateral line hair cells increased 72 h post-exposure, whereas no increase was observed in TUNEL+ supporting cells, demonstrating that acoustic stimulation causes hair cell-specific damage. Lateral line hair cells damaged by acoustic stimulation regenerate within 3 d, consistent with prior regeneration studies utilizing ototoxic drugs. Acoustic stimulation-induced hair cell damage is attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of protein synthesis or caspase activation, suggesting a requirement for translation and activation of apoptotic signaling cascades. Surviving hair cells exposed to acoustic stimulation showed signs of synaptopathy, consistent with mammalian studies. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of this platform to identify compounds that prevent acoustic trauma by screening a small redox library for protective compounds. Our data suggest that acoustic stimulation results in lateral line hair cell damage consistent with acoustic trauma research in mammals, providing a highly tractable model for high-throughput genetic and drug discovery studies.
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135
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Wu PZ, Liberman LD, Bennett K, de Gruttola V, O'Malley JT, Liberman MC. Primary Neural Degeneration in the Human Cochlea: Evidence for Hidden Hearing Loss in the Aging Ear. Neuroscience 2018; 407:8-20. [PMID: 30099118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The noise-induced and age-related loss of synaptic connections between auditory-nerve fibers and cochlear hair cells is well-established from histopathology in several mammalian species; however, its prevalence in humans, as inferred from electrophysiological measures, remains controversial. Here we look for cochlear neuropathy in a temporal-bone study of "normal-aging" humans, using autopsy material from 20 subjects aged 0-89 yrs, with no history of otologic disease. Cochleas were immunostained to allow accurate quantification of surviving hair cells in the organ Corti and peripheral axons of auditory-nerve fibers. Mean loss of outer hair cells was 30-40% throughout the audiometric frequency range (0.25-8.0 kHz) in subjects over 60 yrs, with even greater losses at both apical (low-frequency) and basal (high-frequency) ends. In contrast, mean inner hair cell loss across audiometric frequencies was rarely >15%, at any age. Neural loss greatly exceeded inner hair cell loss, with 7/11 subjects over 60 yrs showing >60% loss of peripheral axons re the youngest subjects, and with the age-related slope of axonal loss outstripping the age-related loss of inner hair cells by almost 3:1. The results suggest that a large number of auditory neurons in the aging ear are disconnected from their hair cell targets. This primary neural degeneration would not affect the audiogram, but likely contributes to age-related hearing impairment, especially in noisy environments. Thus, therapies designed to regrow peripheral axons could provide clinically meaningful improvement in the aged ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Z Wu
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - L D Liberman
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - K Bennett
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - V de Gruttola
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J T O'Malley
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M C Liberman
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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136
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Effects of lifetime noise exposure on the middle-age human auditory brainstem response, tinnitus and speech-in-noise intelligibility. Hear Res 2018; 365:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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137
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Enhancement of the Medial Olivocochlear System Prevents Hidden Hearing Loss. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7440-7451. [PMID: 30030403 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0363-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cochlear synaptopathy produced by exposure to noise levels that cause only transient auditory threshold elevations is a condition that affects many people and is believed to contribute to poor speech discrimination in noisy environments. These functional deficits in hearing, without changes in sensitivity, have been called hidden hearing loss (HHL). It has been proposed that activity of the medial olivocochlear (MOC) system can ameliorate acoustic trauma effects. Here we explore the role of the MOC system in HHL by comparing the performance of two different mouse models: an α9 nicotinic receptor subunit knock-out (KO; Chrna9 KO), which lacks cholinergic transmission between efferent neurons and hair cells; and a gain-of-function knock-in (KI; Chrna9L9'T KI) carrying an α9 point mutation that leads to enhanced cholinergic activity. Animals of either sex were exposed to sound pressure levels that in wild-type produced transient cochlear threshold shifts and a decrease in neural response amplitudes, together with the loss of ribbon synapses, which is indicative of cochlear synaptopathy. Moreover, a reduction in the number of efferent contacts to outer hair cells was observed. In Chrna9 KO ears, noise exposure produced permanent auditory threshold elevations together with cochlear synaptopathy. In contrast, the Chrna9L9'T KI was completely resistant to the same acoustic exposure protocol. These results show a positive correlation between the degree of HHL prevention and the level of cholinergic activity. Notably, enhancement of the MOC feedback promoted new afferent synapse formation, suggesting that it can trigger cellular and molecular mechanisms to protect and/or repair the inner ear sensory epithelium.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Noise overexposure is a major cause of a variety of perceptual disabilities, including speech-in-noise difficulties, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. Here we show that exposure to noise levels that do not cause permanent threshold elevations or hair cell death can produce a loss of cochlear nerve synapses to inner hair cells as well as degeneration of medial olivocochlear (MOC) terminals contacting the outer hair cells. Enhancement of the MOC reflex can prevent both types of neuropathy, highlighting the potential use of drugs that increase α9α10 nicotinic cholinergic receptor activity as a pharmacotherapeutic strategy to avoid hidden hearing loss.
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138
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Hickman TT, Smalt C, Bobrow J, Quatieri T, Liberman MC. Blast-induced cochlear synaptopathy in chinchillas. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10740. [PMID: 30013117 PMCID: PMC6048130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When exposed to continuous high-level noise, cochlear neurons are more susceptible to damage than hair cells (HCs): exposures causing temporary threshold shifts (TTS) without permanent HC damage can destroy ribbon synapses, permanently silencing the cochlear neurons they formerly activated. While this "hidden hearing loss" has little effect on thresholds in quiet, the neural degeneration degrades hearing in noise and may be an important elicitor of tinnitus. Similar sensory pathologies are seen after blast injury, even if permanent threshold shift (PTS) is minimal. We hypothesized that, as for continuous-noise, blasts causing only TTS can also produce cochlear synaptopathy with minimal HC loss. To test this, we customized a shock tube design to generate explosive-like impulses, exposed anesthetized chinchillas to blasts with peak pressures from 160-175 dB SPL, and examined the resultant cochlear dysfunction and histopathology. We found exposures that cause large >40 dB TTS with minimal PTS or HC loss often cause synapse loss of 20-45%. While synaptopathic continuous-noise exposures can affect large areas of the cochlea, blast-induced synaptopathy was more focal, with localized damage foci in midcochlear and basal regions. These results clarify the pathology underlying blast-induced sensory dysfunction, and suggest possible links between blast injury, hidden hearing loss, and tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Hickman
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - C Smalt
- Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - J Bobrow
- Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - T Quatieri
- Bioengineering Systems and Technologies, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - M C Liberman
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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139
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Synaptopathy in the Aging Cochlea: Characterizing Early-Neural Deficits in Auditory Temporal Envelope Processing. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7108-7119. [PMID: 29976623 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3240-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging listeners, even in the absence of overt hearing loss measured as changes in hearing thresholds, often experience impairments processing temporally complex sounds such as speech in noise. Recent evidence has shown that normal aging is accompanied by a progressive loss of synapses between inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibers. The role of this cochlear synaptopathy in degraded temporal processing with age is not yet understood. Here, we used population envelope following responses, along with other hair cell- and neural-based measures from an age-graded series of male and female CBA/CaJ mice to study changes in encoding stimulus envelopes. By comparing responses obtained before and after the application of the neurotoxin ouabain to the inner ear, we demonstrate that we can study changes in temporal processing on either side of the cochlear synapse. Results show that deficits in neural coding with age emerge at the earliest neural stages of auditory processing and are correlated with the degree of cochlear synaptopathy. These changes are seen before losses in neural thresholds and particularly affect the suprathreshold processing of sound. Responses obtained from more central sources show smaller differences with age, suggesting compensatory gain. These results show that progressive cochlear synaptopathy is accompanied by deficits in temporal coding at the earliest neural generators and contribute to the suprathreshold sound processing deficits observed with age.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aging listeners often experience difficulty hearing and understanding speech in noisy conditions. The results described here suggest that age-related loss of cochlear synapses may be a significant contributor to those performance declines. We observed aberrant neural coding of sounds in the early auditory pathway, which was accompanied by and correlated with an age-progressive loss of synapses between the inner hair cells and the auditory nerve. Deficits first appeared before changes in hearing thresholds and were largest at higher sound levels relevant to real world communication. The noninvasive tests described here may be adapted to detect cochlear synaptopathy in the clinical setting.
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140
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Bernstein LR, Trahiotis C. Effects of interaural delay, center frequency, and no more than "slight" hearing loss on precision of binaural processing: Empirical data and quantitative modeling. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:292. [PMID: 30075692 DOI: 10.1121/1.5046515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed how precision of binaural processing is affected by center frequency (CF), interaural temporal disparity (ITD), and listeners' hearing status. Tonal signals and 100-Hz-wide Gaussian noise maskers were employed at CFs ranging between 250 and 8000 Hz, in octave steps. In addition, for CFs of 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz, transposed maskers and signals were employed. All listeners had no greater than "slight" hearing losses (i.e., no thresholds greater than 25 dB HL). Across all CFs and ITDs tested, binaural detection thresholds were elevated for listeners whose absolute thresholds at 4 kHz exceeded 7.5 dB HL. That outcome is consistent with results from Bernstein and Trahiotis [(2016). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 3540-3548]. Quantitative predictions of binaural detection thresholds derived via a comprehensive interaural correlation-based model of binaural processing were highly accurate across the entire set of data. The modeling results suggest that elevated thresholds from listeners having small hearing losses stem from elevated levels of stimulus-dependent, additive internal noise. They do not appear to stem from increased levels of noise within the central binaural comparator or from reduced sensitivity to changes in interaural correlation produced by the addition of the signal to the masker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Bernstein
- Departments of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Constantine Trahiotis
- Departments of Neuroscience and Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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141
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Pienkowski M, Adunka OF, Lichtenhan JT. Editorial: New Advances in Electrocochleography for Clinical and Basic Investigation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:310. [PMID: 29867322 PMCID: PMC5951982 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver F Adunka
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jeffery T Lichtenhan
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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142
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Valero MD, Hancock KE, Maison SF, Liberman MC. Effects of cochlear synaptopathy on middle-ear muscle reflexes in unanesthetized mice. Hear Res 2018; 363:109-118. [PMID: 29598837 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cochlear synaptopathy, i.e. the loss of auditory-nerve connections with cochlear hair cells, is seen in aging, noise damage, and other types of acquired sensorineural hearing loss. Because the subset of auditory-nerve fibers with high thresholds and low spontaneous rates (SRs) is disproportionately affected, audiometric thresholds are relatively insensitive to this primary neural degeneration. Although suprathreshold amplitudes of wave I of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) are attenuated in synaptopathic mice, there is not yet a robust diagnostic in humans. The middle-ear muscle reflex (MEMR) might be a sensitive metric (Valero et al., 2016), because low-SR fibers may be important drivers of the MEMR (Liberman and Kiang, 1984; Kobler et al., 1992). Here, to test the hypothesis that narrowband reflex elicitors can identify synaptopathic cochlear regions, we measured reflex growth functions in unanesthetized mice with varying degrees of noise-induced synaptopathy and in unexposed controls. To separate effects of the MEMR from those of the medial olivocochlear reflex, the other sound-evoked cochlear feedback loop, we used a mutant mouse strain with deletion of the acetylcholine receptor required for olivocochlear function. We demonstrate that the MEMR is normal when activated from non-synaptopathic cochlear regions, is greatly weakened in synaptopathic regions, and is a more sensitive indicator of moderate synaptopathy than the suprathreshold amplitude of ABR wave I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Valero
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kenneth E Hancock
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stéphane F Maison
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M Charles Liberman
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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143
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Guest H, Munro KJ, Prendergast G, Millman RE, Plack CJ. Impaired speech perception in noise with a normal audiogram: No evidence for cochlear synaptopathy and no relation to lifetime noise exposure. Hear Res 2018; 364:142-151. [PMID: 29680183 PMCID: PMC5993872 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, noise exposure can destroy synapses between inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibers (“cochlear synaptopathy”) without causing hair cell loss. Noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy usually leaves cochlear thresholds unaltered, but is associated with long-term reductions in auditory brainstem response (ABR) amplitudes at medium-to-high sound levels. This pathophysiology has been suggested to degrade speech perception in noise (SPiN), perhaps explaining why SPiN ability varies so widely among audiometrically normal humans. The present study is the first to test for evidence of cochlear synaptopathy in humans with significant SPiN impairment. Individuals were recruited on the basis of self-reported SPiN difficulties and normal pure tone audiometric thresholds. Performance on a listening task identified a subset with “verified” SPiN impairment. This group was matched with controls on the basis of age, sex, and audiometric thresholds up to 14 kHz. ABRs and envelope-following responses (EFRs) were recorded at high stimulus levels, yielding both raw amplitude measures and within-subject difference measures. Past exposure to high sound levels was assessed by detailed structured interview. Impaired SPiN was not associated with greater lifetime noise exposure, nor with any electrophysiological measure. It is conceivable that retrospective self-report cannot reliably capture noise exposure, and that ABRs and EFRs offer limited sensitivity to synaptopathy in humans. Nevertheless, the results do not support the notion that noise-induced synaptopathy is a significant etiology of SPiN impairment with normal audiometric thresholds. It may be that synaptopathy alone does not have significant perceptual consequences, or is not widespread in humans with normal audiograms. Study of adults with impaired speech perception in noise (SPiN) and normal audiograms. A subset of those with reported SPiN impairment exhibited measurable SPiN deficits. SPiN-impaired participants were matched with controls for age, sex, and audiogram. Impaired SPiN was not associated with ABR or EFR measures of cochlear synaptopathy. Impaired SPiN was not associated with a detailed measure of lifetime noise exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Guest
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.
| | - Kevin J Munro
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Garreth Prendergast
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Rebecca E Millman
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Christopher J Plack
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK; Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, UK
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144
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Computational modeling of the human auditory periphery: Auditory-nerve responses, evoked potentials and hearing loss. Hear Res 2018; 360:55-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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145
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Hauser SN, Burton JA, Mercer ET, Ramachandran R. Effects of noise overexposure on tone detection in noise in nonhuman primates. Hear Res 2018; 357:33-45. [PMID: 29175767 PMCID: PMC5743633 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This report explores the consequences of acoustic overexposures on hearing in noisy environments for two macaque monkeys trained to perform a reaction time detection task using a Go/No-Go lever release paradigm. Behavioral and non-invasive physiological assessments were obtained before and after narrowband noise exposure. Physiological measurements showed elevated auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and absent distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) post-exposure relative to pre-exposure. Audiograms revealed frequency specific increases in tone detection thresholds, with the greatest increases at the exposure band frequency and higher. Masked detection was affected in a similar frequency specific manner: threshold shift rates (change of masked threshold per dB increase in noise level) were lower than pre-exposure values at frequencies higher than the exposure band. Detection thresholds in sinusoidally amplitude modulated (SAM) noise post-exposure showed no difference from those in unmodulated noise, whereas pre-exposure masked detection thresholds were lower in the presence of SAM noise compared to unmodulated noise. These frequency-dependent results were correlated with cochlear histopathological changes in monkeys that underwent similar noise exposure. These results reveal that behavioral and physiological effects of noise exposure in macaques are similar to those seen in humans and provide preliminary information on the relationship between noise exposure, cochlear pathology and perceptual changes in hearing within individual subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Hauser
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Jane A Burton
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Evan T Mercer
- Vanderbilt University Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience for Undergraduates, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
| | - Ramnarayan Ramachandran
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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146
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Prendergast G, Millman RE, Guest H, Munro KJ, Kluk K, Dewey RS, Hall DA, Heinz MG, Plack CJ. Effects of noise exposure on young adults with normal audiograms II: Behavioral measures. Hear Res 2017; 356:74-86. [PMID: 29126651 PMCID: PMC5714059 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An estimate of lifetime noise exposure was used as the primary predictor of performance on a range of behavioral tasks: frequency and intensity difference limens, amplitude modulation detection, interaural phase discrimination, the digit triplet speech test, the co-ordinate response speech measure, an auditory localization task, a musical consonance task and a subjective report of hearing ability. One hundred and thirty-eight participants (81 females) aged 18-36 years were tested, with a wide range of self-reported noise exposure. All had normal pure-tone audiograms up to 8 kHz. It was predicted that increased lifetime noise exposure, which we assume to be concordant with noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy, would elevate behavioral thresholds, in particular for stimuli with high levels in a high spectral region. However, the results showed little effect of noise exposure on performance. There were a number of weak relations with noise exposure across the test battery, although many of these were in the opposite direction to the predictions, and none were statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. There were also no strong correlations between electrophysiological measures of synaptopathy published previously and the behavioral measures reported here. Consistent with our previous electrophysiological results, the present results provide no evidence that noise exposure is related to significant perceptual deficits in young listeners with normal audiometric hearing. It is possible that the effects of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy are only measurable in humans with extreme noise exposures, and that these effects always co-occur with a loss of audiometric sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garreth Prendergast
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Rebecca E Millman
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Hannah Guest
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kevin J Munro
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Karolina Kluk
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Rebecca S Dewey
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, NG1 5DU, UK; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Deborah A Hall
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, NG1 5DU, UK; Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Michael G Heinz
- Department of Speech, Language, & Hearing Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Plack
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9PL, UK; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK; Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK
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147
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Grose JH, Buss E, Hall JW. Loud Music Exposure and Cochlear Synaptopathy in Young Adults: Isolated Auditory Brainstem Response Effects but No Perceptual Consequences. Trends Hear 2017; 21:2331216517737417. [PMID: 29105620 PMCID: PMC5676494 DOI: 10.1177/2331216517737417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that listeners with frequent exposure to loud music exhibit deficits in suprathreshold auditory performance consistent with cochlear synaptopathy. Young adults with normal audiograms were recruited who either did ( n = 31) or did not ( n = 30) have a history of frequent attendance at loud music venues where the typical sound levels could be expected to result in temporary threshold shifts. A test battery was administered that comprised three sets of procedures: (a) electrophysiological tests including distortion product otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem responses, envelope following responses, and the acoustic change complex evoked by an interaural phase inversion; (b) psychoacoustic tests including temporal modulation detection, spectral modulation detection, and sensitivity to interaural phase; and (c) speech tests including filtered phoneme recognition and speech-in-noise recognition. The results demonstrated that a history of loud music exposure can lead to a profile of peripheral auditory function that is consistent with an interpretation of cochlear synaptopathy in humans, namely, modestly abnormal auditory brainstem response Wave I/Wave V ratios in the presence of normal distortion product otoacoustic emissions and normal audiometric thresholds. However, there were no other electrophysiological, psychophysical, or speech perception effects. The absence of any behavioral effects in suprathreshold sound processing indicated that, even if cochlear synaptopathy is a valid pathophysiological condition in humans, its perceptual sequelae are either too diffuse or too inconsequential to permit a simple differential diagnosis of hidden hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Grose
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily Buss
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph W. Hall
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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