101
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Hit-and-run programming of therapeutic cytoreagents using mRNA nanocarriers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:389. [PMID: 28855514 PMCID: PMC5577173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on immune cells have been applied for diseases ranging from cancer to diabetes. However, the viral and electroporation methods used to create cytoreagents are complex and expensive. Consequently, we develop targeted mRNA nanocarriers that are simply mixed with cells to reprogram them via transient expression. Here, we describe three examples to establish that the approach is simple and generalizable. First, we demonstrate that nanocarriers delivering mRNA encoding a genome-editing agent can efficiently knock-out selected genes in anti-cancer T-cells. Second, we imprint a long-lived phenotype exhibiting improved antitumor activities into T-cells by transfecting them with mRNAs that encode a key transcription factor of memory formation. Third, we show how mRNA nanocarriers can program hematopoietic stem cells with improved self-renewal properties. The simplicity of the approach contrasts with the complex protocols currently used to program therapeutic cells, so our methods will likely facilitate manufacturing of cytoreagents.Current widely used viral and electroporation methods for creating therapeutic cell-based products are complex and expensive. Here, the authors develop targeted mRNA nanocarriers that can transiently program gene expression by simply mixing them with cells, to improve their therapeutic potential.
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102
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Agnihotri P, Robertson NM, Umetsu SE, Arakcheeva K, Winandy S. Lack of Ikaros cripples expression of Foxo1 and its targets in naive T cells. Immunology 2017; 152:494-506. [PMID: 28670688 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ikaros is a transcription factor that regulates lymphocyte development from the level of the haematopoietic stem cell. Lack of Ikaros reduces the ability of progenitor cells to commit to the T-cell lineage, resulting in reduced numbers of early thymic T-cell progenitors and mature T cells. Mature CD4 T cells that lack Ikaros have defects in proliferation, T helper cell differentiation, cytokine expression and the ability to become anergic. A role for Ikaros in the naive T cell has not yet been identified. The receptors interleukin-7 receptor α (IL-7Rα) and l-selectin are important for ensuring survival and proper homing of naive T cells, respectively. Here we show that lack of Ikaros leads to reduced expression of these receptors in naive T cells, which impacts their ability to home and survive in response to IL-7. We define the mechanism underlying this phenotype as a requirement for Ikaros in maintenance of expression of Foxo1, a transcriptional regulator that is required for their expression. We also demonstrate that CD4 T cells lacking Ikaros are significantly crippled in their ability to become induced regulatory T cells, a phenotype also linked to reduced Foxo1 expression. Finally, we show that restoring Ikaros function to Ikaros-deficient CD4 T cells increases levels of Foxo1 message. Together, these studies define, for the first time, a role for Ikaros in naive T cells and establish it as the first transcriptional regulator required for maintaining levels of Foxo1 gene expression in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Agnihotri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Umetsu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ksenia Arakcheeva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Winandy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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103
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Sowell RT, Goldufsky JW, Rogozinska M, Quiles Z, Cao Y, Castillo EF, Finnegan A, Marzo AL. IL-15 Complexes Induce Migration of Resting Memory CD8 T Cells into Mucosal Tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2536-2546. [PMID: 28814601 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is an essential cytokine known to promote T cell survival and activate the effector function of memory phenotype CD8 T cells. Blocking IL-15 signals also significantly impacts tissue-specific effector and memory CD8 T cell formation. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-15 influences the generation of memory CD8 T cells by first promoting their accumulation into mucosal tissues and second by sustaining expression of Bcl-6 and T-bet. We show that the mechanism for this recruitment is largely dependent on mammalian target of rapamycin and its subsequent inactivation of FoxO1. Last, we show that IL-15 complexes delivered locally to mucosal tissues without reinfection is an effective strategy to enhance establishment of tissue resident memory CD8 T cells within mucosal tissues. This study provides mechanistic insight into how IL-15 controls the generation of memory CD8 T cells and influences their trafficking and ability to take up residence within peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Sowell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Josef W Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Magdalena Rogozinska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Zurisaday Quiles
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Yanxia Cao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Alison Finnegan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Amanda L Marzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; .,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
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104
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Abstract
The blockade of inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 (CD152) is being used as immune-checkpoint therapy, offering a powerful strategy to restore effective immune responses against tumors. To determine signal components that are induced under the control of CTLA-4 we analyzed activated murine CD8+ T cells by quantitative proteomics. Accurate mass spectrometry revealed that CTLA-4 engagement led to central changes in the phosphorylation of proteins involved in T-cell differentiation. Beside other targets, we discovered a CTLA-4-mediated induction of the translational inhibitor programmed cell death-4 (PDCD4) as a result of FoxO1 nuclear re-localization. PDCD4 further bound a distinct set of mRNAs including Glutaminase, which points out a critical role for CTLA-4 in CD8+ T-cell metabolism. Consequently, PDCD4-deficient cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) expressed increased amounts of otherwise repressed effector molecules and ultimately led to superior control of tumor growth in vivo. These findings reveal a novel CTLA-4-mediated pathway to attenuate CTLs and indicate the importance of post-transcriptional mechanisms in the regulation of anti-tumor immune responses.
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105
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Samji T, Khanna KM. Understanding memory CD8 + T cells. Immunol Lett 2017; 185:32-39. [PMID: 28274794 PMCID: PMC5508124 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells were originally thought to exist as two populations (effector and central memory). In recent years, a third population called resident memory T cells has been discovered and further to this these populations are being divided into different subtypes. Understanding the function and developmental pathways of memory CD8+ T cells is key to developing effective therapies against cancer and infectious diseases. Here we have reviewed what is currently known about all three subsets of memory CD8+ T populations and as to how each population was originally discovered and the developmental pathways of each subpopulation. Each memory population appears to play a distinct role in adaptive immune responses but we are still a long way from understanding how the populations are generated and what roles they play in protection against invading pathogens and if they contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Samji
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America.
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106
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Gray SM, Amezquita RA, Guan T, Kleinstein SH, Kaech SM. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2-Mediated Chromatin Repression Guides Effector CD8 + T Cell Terminal Differentiation and Loss of Multipotency. Immunity 2017; 46:596-608. [PMID: 28410989 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding immunological memory formation depends on elucidating how multipotent memory precursor (MP) cells maintain developmental plasticity and longevity to provide long-term immunity while other effector cells develop into terminally differentiated effector (TE) cells with limited survival. Profiling active (H3K27ac) and repressed (H3K27me3) chromatin in naive, MP, and TE CD8+ T cells during viral infection revealed increased H3K27me3 deposition at numerous pro-memory and pro-survival genes in TE relative to MP cells, indicative of fate restriction, but permissive chromatin at both pro-memory and pro-effector genes in MP cells, indicative of multipotency. Polycomb repressive complex 2 deficiency impaired clonal expansion and TE cell differentiation, but minimally impacted CD8+ memory T cell maturation. Abundant H3K27me3 deposition at pro-memory genes occurred late during TE cell development, probably from diminished transcription factor FOXO1 expression. These results outline a temporal model for loss of memory cell potential through selective epigenetic silencing of pro-memory genes in effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Gray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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107
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Abstract
T cells promote inflammation in obesity, but how metabolic stress associated with obesity alters T cell responses remains unclear. In this issue of Cell Metabolism,Mauro et al. (2017) demonstrate that saturated fatty acids directly increase effector-memory T cell formation by amplifying T cell antigen-receptor-induced PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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108
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Rogel A, Willoughby JE, Buchan SL, Leonard HJ, Thirdborough SM, Al-Shamkhani A. Akt signaling is critical for memory CD8 + T-cell development and tumor immune surveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1178-E1187. [PMID: 28137869 PMCID: PMC5320983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611299114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells confer long-term immunity against tumors, and anticancer vaccines therefore should maximize their generation. Multiple memory CD8+ T-cell subsets with distinct functional and homing characteristics exist, but the signaling pathways that regulate their development are ill defined. Here we examined the role of the serine/threonine kinase Akt in the generation of protective immunity by CD8+ T cells. Akt is known to be activated by the T-cell antigen receptor and the cytokine IL-2, but its role in T-cell immunity in vivo has not been explored. Using CD8+ T cells from pdk1K465E/K465E knockin mice, we found that decreased Akt activity inhibited the survival of T cells during the effector-to-memory cell transition and abolished their differentiation into C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)loCD43lo effector-like memory cells. Consequently, antitumor immunity by CD8+ T cells that display defective Akt signaling was substantially diminished during the memory phase. Reduced memory T-cell survival and altered memory cell differentiation were associated with up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein Bim and the T-box transcription factor eomesodermin, respectively. These findings suggest an important role for effector-like memory CD8+ T cells in tumor immune surveillance and identify Akt as a key signaling node in the development of protective memory CD8+ T-cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/immunology
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunologic Surveillance/genetics
- Immunologic Surveillance/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rogel
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Willoughby
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J Leonard
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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109
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, He S, Fu Y, Chen Y, Yi N, Jiang Y, Geng W, Shang H. FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP Are Correlated with Immune Activation in HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men During Early HIV Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:172-180. [PMID: 27841661 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO)1, FOXO3, interferon regulatory factor (IRF)4, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (xIAP), and E74-like factor (ELF)4 have been described as important regulators of T cell functions and differentiation. However, whether these molecules are associated with HIV-1 disease progression is still unknown. In this study, we showed that the levels of FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP mRNA in rapid progressors (RPs) were significantly higher than in HIV-negative healthy controls (HCs). Moreover, FOXO3 expression was positively correlated with HIV-1 viral load and CD4+ T cell activation. Remarkably, increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation was apparent in RPs compared with typical progressors and HCs. In addition, a profile of higher apoptosis, more CD8+ TEM cells, and fewer CD4+ and CD8+ Naive T cells were observed in early HIV infection patients with low CD4+ T cell counts. Furthermore, in vitro, IRF4 and xIAP expression was enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy people following T cell receptor stimulation. T cell activation was decreased by treatment with siRNA inhibiting FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP. Our results show that significantly increased levels of FOXO3, IRF4, and xIAP mRNA in Chinese HIV-1-infected patients were related to T cell immune activation, implicating them as potential targets for developing new therapeutic avenues to slow down HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia He
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yi
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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110
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He B, Xing S, Chen C, Gao P, Teng L, Shan Q, Gullicksrud JA, Martin MD, Yu S, Harty JT, Badovinac VP, Tan K, Xue HH. CD8 + T Cells Utilize Highly Dynamic Enhancer Repertoires and Regulatory Circuitry in Response to Infections. Immunity 2016; 45:1341-1354. [PMID: 27986453 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of effector and memory CD8+ T cells is accompanied by extensive changes in the transcriptome and histone modifications at gene promoters; however, the enhancer repertoire and associated gene regulatory networks are poorly defined. Using histone mark chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing, we mapped the enhancer and super-enhancer landscapes in antigen-specific naive, differentiated effector, and central memory CD8+ T cells during LCMV infection. Epigenomics-based annotation revealed a highly dynamic repertoire of enhancers, which were inherited, de novo activated, decommissioned and re-activated during CD8+ T cell responses. We employed a computational algorithm to pair enhancers with target gene promoters. On average, each enhancer targeted three promoters and each promoter was regulated by two enhancers. By identifying enriched transcription factor motifs in enhancers, we defined transcriptional regulatory circuitry at each CD8+ T cell response stage. These multi-dimensional datasets provide a blueprint for delineating molecular mechanisms underlying functional differentiation of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shaojun Xing
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Changya Chen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Teng
- Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jodi A Gullicksrud
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China 100193
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kai Tan
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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111
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Phan AT, Doedens AL, Palazon A, Tyrakis PA, Cheung KP, Johnson RS, Goldrath AW. Constitutive Glycolytic Metabolism Supports CD8 + T Cell Effector Memory Differentiation during Viral Infection. Immunity 2016; 45:1024-1037. [PMID: 27836431 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive metabolic changes accompany T cell activation, including a switch to glycolytic energy production and increased biosynthesis. Recent studies suggest that subsequent return to reliance on oxidative phosphorylation and increasing spare respiratory capacity are essential for the differentiation of memory CD8+ T cells. In contrast, we found that constitutive glycolytic metabolism and suppression of oxidative phosphorylation in CD8+ T cells, achieved by conditional deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor regulator Vhl, accelerated CD8+ memory cell differentiation during viral infection. Despite sustained glycolysis, CD8+ memory cells emerged that upregulated key memory-associated cytokine receptors and transcription factors and showed a heightened response to secondary challenge. In addition, increased glycolysis not only permitted memory formation, but it also favored the formation of long-lived effector-memory CD8+ T cells. These data redefine the role of cellular metabolism in memory cell differentiation, showing that reliance on glycolytic metabolism does not hinder formation of a protective memory population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Phan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew L Doedens
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Asis Palazon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2, UK
| | - Petros A Tyrakis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2, UK
| | - Kitty P Cheung
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Randall S Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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112
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Lucas CL, Chandra A, Nejentsev S, Condliffe AM, Okkenhaug K. PI3Kδ and primary immunodeficiencies. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:702-714. [PMID: 27616589 PMCID: PMC5291318 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited disorders of the immune system, often caused by the mutation of genes required for lymphocyte development and activation. Recently, several studies have identified gain-of-function mutations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) genes PIK3CD (which encodes p110δ) and PIK3R1 (which encodes p85α) that cause a combined immunodeficiency syndrome, referred to as activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS; also known as p110δ-activating mutation causing senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency (PASLI)). Paradoxically, both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations that affect these genes lead to immunosuppression, albeit via different mechanisms. Here, we review the roles of PI3Kδ in adaptive immunity, describe the clinical manifestations and mechanisms of disease in APDS and highlight new insights into PI3Kδ gleaned from these patients, as well as implications of these findings for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Lucas
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immunology, and Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Immunobiology Department, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Anita Chandra
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sergey Nejentsev
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alison M Condliffe
- Department of Infection, Immunity &Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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113
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Stienne C, Michieletto MF, Benamar M, Carrié N, Bernard I, Nguyen XH, Lippi Y, Duguet F, Liblau RS, Hedrick SM, Saoudi A, Dejean AS. Foxo3 Transcription Factor Drives Pathogenic T Helper 1 Differentiation by Inducing the Expression of Eomes. Immunity 2016; 45:774-787. [PMID: 27742544 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Foxo3 plays a crucial role in myeloid cell function but its role in lymphoid cells remains poorly defined. Here, we have shown that Foxo3 expression was increased after T cell receptor engagement and played a specific role in the polarization of CD4+ T cells toward pathogenic T helper 1 (Th1) cells producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Consequently, Foxo3-deficient mice exhibited reduced susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. At the molecular level, we identified Eomes as a direct target gene for Foxo3 in CD4+ T cells and we have shown that lentiviral-based overexpression of Eomes in Foxo3-deficient CD4+ T cells restored both IFN-γ and GM-CSF production. Thus, the Foxo3-Eomes pathway is central to achieve the complete specialized gene program required for pathogenic Th1 cell differentiation and development of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Stienne
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Michaël F Michieletto
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Mehdi Benamar
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France
| | | | - Isabelle Bernard
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Fanny Duguet
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Anne S Dejean
- UMR Inserm, U1043, Toulouse 31300, France; UMR CNRS, U5282, Toulouse 31300, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse 31300, France.
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114
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Haque M, Song J, Fino K, Wang Y, Sandhu P, Song X, Norbury C, Ni B, Fang D, Salek-Ardakani S, Song J. C-Myc regulation by costimulatory signals modulates the generation of CD8+ memory T cells during viral infection. Open Biol 2016; 6:150208. [PMID: 26791245 PMCID: PMC4736826 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The signalling mechanisms of costimulation in the development of memory T cells remain to be clarified. Here, we show that the transcription factor c-Myc in CD8+ T cells is controlled by costimulatory molecules, which modulates the development of memory CD8+ T cells. C-Myc expression was dramatically reduced in Cd28−/− or Ox40−/− memory CD8+ T cells, and c-Myc over-expression substantially reversed the defects in the development of T-cell memory following viral infection. C-Myc regulated the expression of survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, which promoted the generation of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells. Moreover, over-expression of survivin with bcl-xL, a downstream molecule of NF-κB and intracellular target of costimulation that controls survival, in Cd28−/− or Ox40−/− CD8+ T cells, reversed the defects in the generation of memory T cells in response to viral infection. These results identify c-Myc as a key controller of memory CD8+ T cells from costimulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jianyong Song
- Institutes of Irradiation/Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kristin Fino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Youfei Wang
- Institutes of Irradiation/Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Praneet Sandhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xinmeng Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Bing Ni
- Institutes of Irradiation/Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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115
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Webb AE, Kundaje A, Brunet A. Characterization of the direct targets of FOXO transcription factors throughout evolution. Aging Cell 2016; 15:673-85. [PMID: 27061590 PMCID: PMC4933671 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXO transcription factors (FOXOs) are central regulators of lifespan across species, yet they also have cell‐specific functions, including adult stem cell homeostasis and immune function. Direct targets of FOXOs have been identified genome‐wide in several species and cell types. However, whether FOXO targets are specific to cell types and species or conserved across cell types and throughout evolution remains uncharacterized. Here, we perform a meta‐analysis of direct FOXO targets across tissues and organisms, using data from mammals as well as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. We show that FOXOs bind cell type‐specific targets, which have functions related to that particular cell. Interestingly, FOXOs also share targets across different tissues in mammals, and the function and even the identity of these shared mammalian targets are conserved in invertebrates. Evolutionarily conserved targets show enrichment for growth factor signaling, metabolism, stress resistance, and proteostasis, suggesting an ancestral, conserved role in the regulation of these processes. We also identify candidate cofactors at conserved FOXO targets that change in expression with age, including CREB and ETS family factors. This meta‐analysis provides insight into the evolution of the FOXO network and highlights downstream genes and cofactors that may be particularly important for FOXO's conserved function in adult homeostasis and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Webb
- Department of Genetics Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging at Stanford Stanford CA 94305 USA
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116
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Crompton JG, Narayanan M, Cuddapah S, Roychoudhuri R, Ji Y, Yang W, Patel SJ, Sukumar M, Palmer DC, Peng W, Wang E, Marincola FM, Klebanoff CA, Zhao K, Tsang JS, Gattinoni L, Restifo NP. Lineage relationship of CD8(+) T cell subsets is revealed by progressive changes in the epigenetic landscape. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:502-13. [PMID: 25914936 PMCID: PMC4947817 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To better elucidate epigenetic mechanisms that correlate with the dynamic gene expression program observed upon T-cell differentiation, we investigated the genomic landscape of histone modifications in naive and memory CD8(+) T cells. Using a ChIP-Seq approach coupled with global gene expression profiling, we generated genome-wide histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) trimethylation maps in naive, T memory stem cells, central memory cells, and effector memory cells in order to gain insight into how histone architecture is remodeled during T cell differentiation. We show that H3K4me3 histone modifications are associated with activation of genes, while H3K27me3 is negatively correlated with gene expression at canonical loci and enhancers associated with T-cell metabolism, effector function, and memory. Our results also reveal histone modifications and gene expression signatures that distinguish the recently identified T memory stem cells from other CD8(+) T-cell subsets. Taken together, our results suggest that CD8(+) lymphocytes undergo chromatin remodeling in a progressive fashion. These findings have major implications for our understanding of peripheral T-cell ontogeny and the formation of immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Crompton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Manikandan Narayanan
- Systems Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suresh Cuddapah
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine,Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Shashank J. Patel
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Douglas C. Palmer
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher A. Klebanoff
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Clinical Investigator Development Program, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John S. Tsang
- Systems Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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117
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit R. Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
| | - Ton N.M. Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
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118
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Zhang L, Tschumi BO, Lopez-Mejia IC, Oberle SG, Meyer M, Samson G, Rüegg MA, Hall MN, Fajas L, Zehn D, Mach JP, Donda A, Romero P. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Controls CD8 T Cell Memory Differentiation in a Foxo1-Dependent Manner. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1206-1217. [PMID: 26804903 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection, antigen-specific naive CD8 T cells are activated and differentiate into short-lived effector cells (SLECs) and memory precursor cells (MPECs). The underlying signaling pathways remain largely unresolved. We show that Rictor, the core component of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), regulates SLEC and MPEC commitment. Rictor deficiency favors memory formation and increases IL-2 secretion capacity without dampening effector functions. Moreover, mTORC2-deficient memory T cells mount more potent recall responses. Enhanced memory formation in the absence of mTORC2 was associated with Eomes and Tcf-1 upregulation, repression of T-bet, enhanced mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity, and fatty acid oxidation. This transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming is mainly driven by nuclear stabilization of Foxo1. Silencing of Foxo1 reversed the increased MPEC differentiation and IL-2 production and led to an impaired recall response of Rictor KO memory T cells. Therefore, mTORC2 is a critical regulator of CD8 T cell differentiation and may be an important target for immunotherapy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Zhang
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin O Tschumi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marten Meyer
- German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guerric Samson
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Rüegg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael N Hall
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Mach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alena Donda
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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119
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Yasuda K, Ueda Y, Ozawa M, Matsuda T, Kinashi T. Enhanced cytotoxic T-cell function and inhibition of tumor progression by Mst1 deficiency. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:68-75. [PMID: 26787462 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian ste-20 like kinase Mst1 plays important roles during apoptosis, proliferation, cell polarity, and migration. Here, we report a novel role of Mst1 for cytotoxic T-cell responses and tumor suppression. The defect of Mst1 caused decreased levels of FoxO, and promoted cytotoxicity in vitro. Mst1(-/-) cytotoxic T cells also exhibited enhanced T-bet expression that was associated with elevated expression levels of IFNγ and granzyme B. Moreover, Mst1(-/-) cytotoxic T cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. The data suggest that Mst1 inhibits cytotoxicity via T-bet suppression by FoxO1 and FoxO3a. Thus, Mst1 is a potential therapeutic target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneki Yasuda
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Madoka Ozawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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120
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Radford F, Tyagi S, Gennaro ML, Pine R, Bushkin Y. Flow Cytometric Characterization of Antigen-Specific T Cells Based on RNA and Its Advantages in Detecting Infections and Immunological Disorders. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 36:359-378. [PMID: 28605344 PMCID: PMC5548664 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017018316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with flow cytometry (FISH-Flow) is a highly quantitative, high-throughput platform allowing precise quantification of total mRNA transcripts in single cells. In undiagnosed infections posing a significant health burden worldwide, such as latent tuberculosis or asymptomatic recurrent malaria, an important challenge is to develop accurate diagnostic tools. Antigen-specific T cells create a persistent memory to pathogens, making them useful for diagnosis of infection. Stimulation of memory response initiates T-cell transitions between functional states. Numerous studies have shown that changes in protein levels lag real-time T-cell transitions. However, analysis at the single-cell transcriptional level can determine the differences. FISH-Flow is a powerful tool with which to study the functional states of T-cell subsets and to identify the gene expression profiles of antigen-specific T cells during disease progression. Advances in instrumentation, fluorophores, and FISH methodologies will broaden and deepen the use of FISH-Flow, changing the immunological field by allowing determination of functional immune signatures at the mRNA level and the development of new diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Radford
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Richard Pine
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
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121
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Pei Y, Lu X, He L, Wang H, Zhang A, Li Y, Huang R, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Expression pattern and transcriptional regulatory mechanism of noxa gene in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:861-867. [PMID: 26453794 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Noxa, a pro-apoptotic protein, plays an important role in cell apoptosis. The researches about noxa gene were concentrated in mammalians, whereas the role and transcriptional regulatory mechanism of noxa in fish were still unclear. In this study, the expression pattern and transcriptional regulatory mechanism of noxa gene in grass carp were analyzed. Noxa was constitutively expressed in all the examined tissues but the relative expression level differed. After exposure to grass carp reovirus (GCRV), mRNA expression level of noxa was down-regulated at the early phase whereas up-regulated at the late phase of infection. Luciferase assays showed that the promoter region -867 ∼ +107 of noxa had high activity and the region -678 ∼ -603 was important in the response to GCRV infection. By deleting the predicted transcription factor binding sites, transcription factors FOXO1 and CEBPβ were found important for noxa in response to GCRV infection. Moreover, the noxa promoter was biotin-labeled and incubated with nuclear extracts from GCRV infected cells. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that transcription factors FOXO1 and CEBPβ were also enriched in the combined proteins. Therefore, the results suggested that transcription factors FOXO1 and CEBPβ may play an important role in the regulation of noxa. Our study would provide new insight into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of noxa in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aidi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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122
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Asymmetric PI3K Signaling Driving Developmental and Regenerative Cell Fate Bifurcation. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2203-18. [PMID: 26628372 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan sibling cells often diverge in activity and identity, suggesting links between growth signals and cell fate. We show that unequal transduction of nutrient-sensitive PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling during cell division bifurcates transcriptional networks and fates of kindred cells. A sibling B lymphocyte with stronger signaling, indexed by FoxO1 inactivation and IRF4 induction, undergoes PI3K-driven Pax5 repression and plasma cell determination, while its sibling with weaker PI3K activity renews a memory or germinal center B cell fate. PI3K-driven effector T cell determination silences TCF1 in one sibling cell, while its PI3K-attenuated sibling self-renews in tandem. Prior to bifurcations achieving irreversible plasma or effector cell fate determination, asymmetric signaling during initial divisions specifies a more proliferative, differentiation-prone lymphocyte in tandem with a more quiescent memory cell sibling. By triggering cell division but transmitting unequal intensity between sibling cells, nutrient-sensitive signaling may be a frequent arbiter of cell fate bifurcations during development and repair.
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123
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Smad4 represses the generation of memory-precursor effector T cells but is required for the differentiation of central memory T cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1984. [PMID: 26583325 PMCID: PMC4670941 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation underlying the differentiation of CD8+ effector and memory T cells remains elusive. Here, we show that 18-month-old mice lacking the transcription factor Smad4 (homolog 4 of mothers against decapentaplegic, Drosophila), a key intracellular signaling effector for the TGF-β superfamily, in T cells exhibited lower percentages of CD44hiCD8+ T cells. To explore the role of Smad4 in the activation/memory of CD8+ T cells, 6- to 8-week-old mice with or without Smad4 in T cells were challenged with Listeria monocytogenes. Smad4 deficiency did not affect antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion but led to partially impaired cytotoxic function. Less short-lived effector T cells but more memory-precursor effector T cells were generated in the absence of Smad4. Despite that, Smad4 deficiency led to reduced memory CD8+ T-cell responses. Further exploration revealed that the generation of central memory T cells was impaired in the absence of Smad4 and the cells showed survival issue. In mechanism, Smad4 deficiency led to aberrant transcriptional programs in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. These findings demonstrated an essential role of Smad4 in the control of effector and memory CD8+ T-cell responses to infection.
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124
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Mathieu C, Beltra JC, Charpentier T, Bourbonnais S, Di Santo JP, Lamarre A, Decaluwe H. IL-2 and IL-15 regulate CD8+ memory T-cell differentiation but are dispensable for protective recall responses. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3324-38. [PMID: 26426795 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to mount effective secondary responses is a cardinal feature of memory CD8(+) T cells. An understanding of the factors that regulate the generation and recall capacities of memory T cells remains to be ascertained. Several cues indicate that two highly related cytokines, IL-2 and IL-15, share redundant functions in this process. To establish their combined roles in memory CD8(+) T-cell development, maintenance, and secondary responses, we compared the outcome of adoptively transferred IL2Rβ(+/-) or IL2Rβ(-/-) CD8(+) T cells after an acute viral infection in mice. Our results demonstrate that both IL-2 and IL-15 signals condition the differentiation of primary and secondary short-lived effector cells by altering the transcriptional network governing lineage choices. These two cytokines also regulate the homeostasis of the memory T-cell pool, with effector memory CD8(+) T cells being the most sensitive to these two interleukins. Noticeably, the inability to respond to both cytokines limits the proliferation and survival of primary and secondary effectors cells, whereas it does not preclude potent cytotoxic functions and viral control either initially or upon rechallenge. Globally, these results indicate that lack of IL-2 and IL-15 signaling modulates the CD8(+) T-cell differentiation program but does not impede adequate effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mathieu
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Beltra
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Immunovirology Laboratory, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara Bourbonnais
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Decaluwe
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Immunology and Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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125
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Dominguez CX, Amezquita RA, Guan T, Marshall HD, Joshi NS, Kleinstein SH, Kaech SM. The transcription factors ZEB2 and T-bet cooperate to program cytotoxic T cell terminal differentiation in response to LCMV viral infection. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2041-56. [PMID: 26503446 PMCID: PMC4647261 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor T-bet is critical for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation, but it is unclear how it operates in a graded manner in the formation of both terminal effector and memory precursor cells during viral infection. We find that, at high concentrations, T-bet induced expression of Zeb2 mRNA, which then triggered CTLs to adopt terminally differentiated states. ZEB2 and T-bet cooperate to switch on a terminal CTL differentiation program, while simultaneously repressing genes necessary for central memory CTL development. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that a large proportion of these genes were bound by T-bet, and this binding was altered by ZEB2 deficiency. Furthermore, T-bet overexpression could not fully bypass ZEB2 function. Thus, the coordinated actions of T-bet and ZEB2 outline a novel genetic pathway that forces commitment of CTLs to terminal differentiation, thereby restricting their memory cell potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia X Dominguez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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126
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Waugh KA, Leach SM, Slansky JE. Targeting Transcriptional Regulators of CD8+ T Cell Dysfunction to Boost Anti-Tumor Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:771-802. [PMID: 26393659 PMCID: PMC4586477 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription is a dynamic process influenced by the cellular environment: healthy, transformed, and otherwise. Genome-wide mRNA expression profiles reflect the collective impact of pathways modulating cell function under different conditions. In this review we focus on the transcriptional pathways that control tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cell (TIL) function. Simultaneous restraint of overlapping inhibitory pathways may confer TIL resistance to multiple mechanisms of suppression traditionally referred to as exhaustion, tolerance, or anergy. Although decades of work have laid a solid foundation of altered transcriptional networks underlying various subsets of hypofunctional or “dysfunctional” CD8+ T cells, an understanding of the relevance in TIL has just begun. With recent technological advances, it is now feasible to further elucidate and utilize these pathways in immunotherapy platforms that seek to increase TIL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Waugh
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Jill E Slansky
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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127
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Zhu Y, Wang W, Wang X. Roles of transcriptional factor 7 in production of inflammatory factors for lung diseases. J Transl Med 2015; 13:273. [PMID: 26289446 PMCID: PMC4543455 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease is the major cause of death and hospitalization worldwide. Transcription factors such as transcription factor 7 (TCF7) are involved in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. TCF7 is important for T cell development and differentiation, embryonic development, or tumorogenesis. Multiple TCF7 isoforms can be characterized by the full-length isoform (FL-TCF7) as a transcription activator, or dominant negative isoform (dn-TCF7) as a transcription repressor. TCF7 interacts with multiple proteins or target genes and participates in several signal pathways critical for lung diseases. TCF7 is involved in pulmonary infection, allergy or asthma through promoting T cells differentiating to Th2 or memory T cells. TCF7 also works in tissue repair and remodeling after acute lung injury. The dual roles of TCF7 in lung cancers were discussed and it is associated with the cellular proliferation, invasion or metastasis. Thus, TCF7 plays critical roles in lung diseases and should be considered as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zhu
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - William Wang
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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128
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Transforming growth factor-β signaling is constantly shaping memory T-cell population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11013-7. [PMID: 26283373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510119112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term maintenance of memory T cells is essential for successful vaccines. Both the quantity and the quality of the memory T-cell population must be maintained. The signals that control the maintenance of memory T cells remain incompletely identified. Here we used two genetic models to show that continuous transforming growth factor-β signaling to antigen-specific T cells is required for the differentiation and maintenance of memory CD8(+) T cells. In addition, both infection-induced and microbiota-induced inflammation impact the phenotypic and functional identity of memory CD8(+) T cells.
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129
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Synchronizing transcriptional control of T cell metabolism and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:574-84. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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130
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Laidlaw BJ, Cui W, Amezquita RA, Gray SM, Guan T, Lu Y, Kobayashi Y, Flavell RA, Kleinstein SH, Craft J, Kaech SM. Production of IL-10 by CD4(+) regulatory T cells during the resolution of infection promotes the maturation of memory CD8(+) T cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:871-9. [PMID: 26147684 PMCID: PMC4713030 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8(+) T cells are critical for host defense upon reexposure to intracellular pathogens. We found that interleukin 10 (IL-10) derived from CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) was necessary for the maturation of memory CD8(+) T cells following acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Treg cell-derived IL-10 was most important during the resolution phase, calming inflammation and the activation state of dendritic cells. Adoptive transfer of IL-10-sufficient Treg cells during the resolution phase 'restored' the maturation of memory CD8(+) T cells in IL-10-deficient mice. Our data indicate that Treg cell-derived IL-10 is needed to insulate CD8(+) T cells from inflammatory signals, and reveal that the resolution phase of infection is a critical period that influences the quality and function of developing memory CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Simon M Gray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [3] Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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131
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Gray SM, Kaech SM, Staron MM. The interface between transcriptional and epigenetic control of effector and memory CD8⁺ T-cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:157-68. [PMID: 25123283 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to many intracellular pathogens requires the proliferation, differentiation, and function of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). While the majority of effector CTLs die upon clearance of the pathogen, a small proportion of them survive to become long-lived memory CTLs. Memory CTLs can provide protective immunity against re-exposure to the same pathogen and are the principle motivation behind T-cell- based vaccine design. While a large body of cellular immunologic research has proven invaluable to define effector and memory CTLs by their different phenotypes and functions, an emerging focus in the field has been to understand how environmental cues regulate CTL differentiation on a genomic level. Genome-wide studies to profile transcriptional and epigenetic changes during infection have revealed that dynamic changes in DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications accompany transcriptional signatures that define and regulate CTL differentiation states. In this review, we emphasize the importance of epigenetic regulation of CD8(+) T-cell differentiation and the likely role that transcription factors play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Gray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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132
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Crompton JG, Narayanan M, Cuddapah S, Roychoudhuri R, Ji Y, Yang W, Patel SJ, Sukumar M, Palmer DC, Peng W, Wang E, Marincola FM, Klebanoff CA, Zhao K, Tsang JS, Gattinoni L, Restifo NP. Lineage relationship of CD8+ T cell subsets is revealed by progressive changes in the epigenetic landscape. Cell Mol Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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133
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Böttcher J, Knolle PA. Global transcriptional characterization of CD8+ T cell memory. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:4-9. [PMID: 25841628 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of memory CD8T cells after acute infections comprises generation of functionally distinct populations that either have proliferative potential or display cytotoxic effector functions and that either recirculate into lymphoid tissues or remain tissue-resident. The development of these functionally distinct cell populations is dictated by defined signals from the microenvironment that result in a coordinated expression of a network of transcription factors, which determine the functionality of memory T cells. Distinct transcriptional regulation observed during chronic viral infection that results in generation of T cells that control viral replication in the absence of immunopathology suggests the existence of so far unappreciated functional adaptation of T cell function to the particular need during chronic infections to control infection and avoid immunopathology. Furthermore, the non-canonical generation of CD8T cell memory outside of lymphoid tissues in the liver in the absence of inflammation is correlated with a distinct transcriptional profile and indicates further complexity in the commensurate immune response to infectious pathogens that escape innate immunity. Taken together, distinct profiles of transcriptional regulation are linked to CD8T cells with different functions and provide important mechanistic insight into the continuous functional adaptation of CD8T cells to generate a commensurate immune response to infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Böttcher
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, United Kingdom
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, München Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany; Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Germany.
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134
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Dong G, Wang Y, Xiao W, Pacios Pujado S, Xu F, Tian C, Xiao E, Choi Y, Graves DT. FOXO1 regulates dendritic cell activity through ICAM-1 and CCR7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3745-55. [PMID: 25786691 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXO1 regulates cell function and is expressed in dendritic cells (DCs). We investigated the role of FOXO1 in activating DCs to stimulate a lymphocyte response to bacteria. We show that bacteria induce FOXO1 nuclear localization through the MAPK pathway and demonstrate that FOXO1 is needed for DC activation of lymphocytes in vivo. This occurs through FOXO1 regulation of DC phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and DC-lymphocyte binding. FOXO1 induces DC activity by regulating ICAM-1 and CCR7. FOXO1 binds to the CCR7 and ICAM-1 promoters, stimulates CCR7 and ICAM-1 transcriptional activity, and regulates their expression. This is functionally important because transfection of DCs from FOXO1-deleted CD11c.Cre(+)FOXO1(L/L) mice with an ICAM-1-expressing plasmid rescues the negative effect of FOXO1 deletion on DC bacterial phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Rescue with both CCR7 and ICAM-1 reverses impaired DC homing to lymph nodes in vivo when FOXO1 is deleted. Moreover, Ab production following injection of bacteria is significantly reduced with lineage-specific FOXO1 ablation. Thus, FOXO1 coordinates upregulation of DC activity through key downstream target genes that are needed for DCs to stimulate T and B lymphocytes and generate an Ab defense to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Dong
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenmei Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sandra Pacios Pujado
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chen Tian
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - E Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China; and
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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135
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Deng Y, Kerdiles Y, Chu J, Yuan S, Wang Y, Chen X, Mao H, Zhang L, Zhang J, Hughes T, Deng Y, Zhang Q, Wang F, Zou X, Liu CG, Freud AG, Li X, Caligiuri MA, Vivier E, Yu J. Transcription factor Foxo1 is a negative regulator of natural killer cell maturation and function. Immunity 2015; 42:457-70. [PMID: 25769609 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of negative regulators in controlling natural killer (NK) cell development and effector functions. Foxo1 is a multifunctional transcription factor of the forkhead family. Using a mouse model of conditional deletion in NK cells, we found that Foxo1 negatively controlled NK cell differentiation and function. Immature NK cells expressed abundant Foxo1 and little Tbx21 relative to mature NK cells, but these two transcription factors reversed their expression as NK cells proceeded through development. Foxo1 promoted NK cell homing to lymph nodes by upregulating CD62L expression and inhibited late-stage maturation and effector functions by repressing Tbx21 expression. Loss of Foxo1 rescued the defect in late-stage NK cell maturation in heterozygous Tbx21(+/-) mice. Collectively, our data reveal a regulatory pathway by which the negative regulator Foxo1 and the positive regulator Tbx21 play opposing roles in controlling NK cell development and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Deng
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yann Kerdiles
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Jianhong Chu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shunzong Yuan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Lymphoma, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Youwei Wang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xilin Chen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Lymphoma, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hsiaoyin Mao
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lingling Zhang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tiffany Hughes
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yafei Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fangjie Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xianghong Zou
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aharon G Freud
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University UM2, Inserm U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille 13288, France; Service d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13385, France
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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136
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T cell exhaustion and Interleukin 2 downregulation. Cytokine 2015; 71:339-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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137
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Insight into the role of mTOR and metabolism in T cells reveals new potential approaches to preventing graft rejection. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 19:363-71. [PMID: 24991977 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the recent advances with regard to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and focus on how this pathway modulates immune responses. Overall, these insights provide important clues in terms of strategically integrating mTOR and metabolic inhibitors into transplantation rejection protocols. RECENT FINDINGS mTOR is regulated by environmental cues and activates diverse downstream pathways to guide cell growth and fate. What has emerged from recent studies is that mechanistically mTOR directs T cell differentiation and function in part by regulating metabolic programs. Such findings not only inform us with regard to the metabolic demands of effector and memory T cells but also elucidate metabolic pathways that might be targeted to selectively regulate immune responses. SUMMARY Initial studies focused on the ability of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to suppress immune responses by inhibiting T cell proliferation. Since then, both pharmacologic and genetic studies have revealed a central role for mTOR in regulating T cell activation, differentiation, and function independent of proliferation. Specifically, it has become clear that mTOR plays an important role in regulating the metabolic machinery necessary for effector, regulatory, and memory T cell generation. As such, direct inhibition of metabolism may emerge as a potent and selective means of preventing graft rejection. This review will discuss new insights regarding the ability of downstream signaling pathways, including mTOR-dependent metabolic pathways in regulating T cell responses. Finally, we will discuss these new insights in the context of developing novel immunoregulatory regimens for transplantation.
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138
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that survey the environment and protect the host from infected and cancerous cells. As their name implies, NK cells represent an early line of defense during pathogen invasion by directly killing infected cells and secreting inflammatory cytokines. Although the function of NK cells was first described more than four decades ago, the development of this cytotoxic lineage is not well understood. In recent years, we have begun to identify specific transcription factors that control each stage of development and maturation, from ontogeny of the NK cell progenitor to the effector functions of activated NK cells in peripheral organs. This chapter highlights the transcription factors that are unique to NK cells, or shared between NK cells and other hematopoietic cell lineages, but govern the biology of this cytolytic lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1402, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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139
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Chang JT, Wherry EJ, Goldrath AW. Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1104-15. [PMID: 25396352 PMCID: PMC4386685 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity and an important goal of vaccination strategies. Here we highlight advances in the understanding of the diverse T lymphocyte subsets that provide acute and long-term protection from infection. These include new insights into the transcription factors, and the upstream 'pioneering' factors that regulate their accessibility to key sites of gene regulation, as well as metabolic regulators that contribute to the differentiation of effector and memory subsets; ontogeny and defining characteristics of tissue-resident memory lymphocytes; and origins of the remarkable heterogeneity exhibited by activated T cells. Collectively, these findings underscore progress in delineating the underlying pathways that control diversification in T cell responses but also reveal gaps in the knowledge, as well as the challenges that arise in the application of this knowledge to rationally elicit desired T cell responses through vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- 1] Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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140
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Abstract
The Forkhead box O (Foxo) family of transcription factors has a critical role in controlling the development, differentiation, and function of T cells. However, the direct target genes of Foxo transcription factors in T cells have not been well characterized. In this study, we focused on mapping the genome wide Foxo1-binding sites in naïve CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing (ChIP-Seq), we identified Foxo1 binding sites that were shared among or specific to the three T cell populations. Here we describe the experiments, quality controls, as well as the deep sequencing data. Part of the data analysis has been published by Ouyang W et al. in Nature 2012[1] and Kim MV et al. in Immunity 2013[2], and the associated data set were uploaded to NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus.
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141
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Staron MM, Gray SM, Marshall HD, Parish IA, Chen JH, Perry CJ, Cui G, Li MO, Kaech SM. The transcription factor FoxO1 sustains expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and survival of antiviral CD8(+) T cells during chronic infection. Immunity 2014; 41:802-14. [PMID: 25464856 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase B (also known as AKT) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) are central regulators of T cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Here, we show that during chronic murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, activation of AKT and mTOR are impaired in antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), resulting in enhanced activity of the transcription factor FoxO1. Blockade of inhibitory receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in vivo increased mTOR activity in virus-specific CTLs, and its therapeutic effects were abrogated by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. FoxO1 functioned as a transcriptional activator of PD-1 that promoted the differentiation of terminally exhausted CTLs. Importantly, FoxO1-null CTLs failed to persist and control chronic viral infection. Collectively, this study shows that CTLs adapt to persistent infection through a positive feedback pathway (PD-1?FoxO1?PD-1) that functions to both desensitize virus-specific CTLs to antigen and support their survival during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Staron
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simon M Gray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ian A Parish
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan H Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Curtis J Perry
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Guoliang Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA.
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142
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FoxO3 is a negative regulator of primary CD8+ T-cell expansion but not of memory formation. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:120-5. [PMID: 25245112 PMCID: PMC4324096 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The generation of CD8+ T cells by vaccination represents an important goal for protective immunity to infectious pathogens. It is thus of utmost importance to understand the mechanisms involved in the generation of optimal CD8+ T cell responses. The forkhead box O (FoxO) family of transcription factors plays a crucial role in cellular responses to environmental change. Among them, FoxO3 is critically involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and stress resistance to withdrawal of nutrients or cytokine growth factors. Since the role of FoxO3 has been poorly studied in the immune system, here we have evaluated its involvement in the CD8+ T cell response. We observe that CD8+ T cells deficient for FoxO3 undergo a significantly greater primary expansion than their wild-type counterparts in response to both infectious (vaccinia virus) or non-infectious (non replicating cellular vaccine) immunogens, resulting in a larger cohort of cells following contraction. These survivors, however, do not undergo a greater secondary response than wild type. Taken together, our data show that FoxO3 is a negative regulator of the CD8+ T cells response, specifically during the primary expansion.
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143
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Gammaherpesvirus latency differentially impacts the generation of primary versus secondary memory CD8+ T cells during subsequent infection. J Virol 2014; 88:12740-51. [PMID: 25142586 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02106-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Unlike laboratory animals, humans are infected with multiple pathogens, including the highly prevalent herpesviruses. The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of gammaherpesvirus latency on T cell number and differentiation during subsequent heterologous viral infections. Mice were first infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a model of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and then after latency was established, they were challenged with the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The initial replication of LCMV was lower in latently infected mice, and the maturation of dendritic cells was abated. Although the number of LCMV-specific effector CD8(+) T cells was not altered, they were skewed to a memory phenotype. In contrast, LCMV-specific effector CD4(+) T cells were increased in latently infected mice compared to those in mice infected solely with LCMV. When the memory phase was reached, latently infected mice had an LCMV-specific memory T cell pool that was increased relative to that found in singly infected mice. Importantly, LCMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells had decreased CD27 and increased killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) expression. Upon secondary challenge, LCMV-specific secondary effector CD8(+) T cells expanded and cleared the infection. However, the LCMV-specific secondary memory CD8(+) T cell pool was decreased in latently infected animals, abrogating the boosting effect normally observed following rechallenge. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ongoing gammaherpesvirus latency affects the number and phenotype of primary versus secondary memory CD8(+) T cells during acute infection. IMPORTANCE CD8(+) T cells are critical for the clearance of intracellular pathogens, including viruses, certain bacteria, and tumors. However, current models for memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation are derived from pathogen-free laboratory mice challenged with a single pathogen or vaccine vector. Unlike laboratory animals, all humans are infected with multiple acute and chronic pathogens, including the highly prevalent herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of gammaherpesvirus latency on T cell number and differentiation during subsequent heterologous viral infections. We observed that ongoing gammaherpesvirus latency affects the number and phenotype of primary versus secondary memory CD8(+) T cells during acute infection. These results suggest that unlike pathogen-free laboratory mice, infection or immunization of latently infected humans may result in the generation of T cells with limited potential for long-term protection.
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144
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Zaunders JJ, Lévy Y, Seddiki N. Exploiting differential expression of the IL-7 receptor on memory T cells to modulate immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:391-401. [PMID: 25130296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 is a non-redundant growth, differentiation and survival factor for human T lymphocytes. Most circulating, mature T cells express the receptor for IL-7, but not all. Importantly, CD4 Tregs express greatly reduced levels of IL-7R compared to conventional CD4 T cells, presenting an opportunity to selectively target the latter cells with either more IL-7 to boost responses, or to block IL-7 signalling to limit responses. This article reviews what is known about regulation of IL-7R expression, and recent progress in therapeutic approaches related to IL-7 and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yves Lévy
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, 94000, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, 94000, France; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie Clinique et maladies infectieuses, Créteil, 94000, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, 94000, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, 94000, France.
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145
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Boulet S, Daudelin JF, Labrecque N. IL-2 induction of Blimp-1 is a key in vivo signal for CD8+ short-lived effector T cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1847-54. [PMID: 25015830 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During infection or vaccination, only a small proportion of CD8(+) T cells differentiate into memory cells. The mechanisms underlying the differentiation of CD8(+) T cells into short-lived effector cells (SLECs) or memory precursor effector cells are poorly defined. It was recently shown in infectious models that the transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) enhances the formation of SLECs. The factors controlling Blimp-1 expression leading to the in vivo formation of SLECs are still not known. However, it has been shown that cytokines such as IL-2 induce Blimp-1 expression in vitro. In this study, we took advantage of the low-inflammation model of dendritic cell immunization to study the role of the IL-2/Blimp-1 axis in SLEC differentiation as well as the importance of Blimp-1 expression in memory precursor effector cells for proper CD8(+) memory generation. Our results show that Blimp-1 deficiency affects effector differentiation and function in the absence of inflammation. Unexpectedly, memory generation was not affected in Blimp-1-deficient OT-I cells responding to vaccination. In addition, modulation of the bioavailability of IL-2 by injection either of a blocking Ab or of the cytokine, demonstrates a link between IL-2, Blimp-1 induction, and SLEC formation in wild-type cells. Conversely, injection of IL-2 had less effect on Blimp-1-deficient CD8(+) T cells, indicating that the effect of IL-2 on in vivo SLEC differentiation is mediated by Blimp-1. In conclusion, IL-2 induction of Blimp-1 expression is a key regulator of SLEC differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salix Boulet
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | | | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada; and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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146
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Kim MV, Ouyang W, Liao W, Zhang MQ, Li MO. Murine In vitro Memory T Cell Differentiation. Bio Protoc 2014; 4:e1171. [PMID: 29104880 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon pathogen encounter, naïve CD8+ T cells are primed and undergo massive clonal expansion. A fraction of effector CD8+ T cells remains during the contraction phase and differentiate into memory T cells critical for mounting robust recall responses in response to secondary infection. Low frequency of memory T cells in vivo is a major obstacle to investigate their functional aspects including migration capacity and genetic regulation. Here, we describe detailed protocol for memory T cell differentiation developed by von Andrian's group to generate large number of CD44hiCD62Lhi antigen-specific memory T cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungjoo V Kim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Weiming Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Will Liao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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147
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Heterogeneity in the Differentiation and Function of CD8+ T Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:449-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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148
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Wells AD, Morawski PA. New roles for cyclin-dependent kinases in T cell biology: linking cell division and differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:261-70. [PMID: 24603166 PMCID: PMC10114933 DOI: 10.1038/nri3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of a few antigen-reactive lymphocytes into a large population of effector cells is a fundamental property of adaptive immunity. The cell division that fuels this process is driven by signals from antigen, co-stimulatory molecules and growth factor receptors, and is controlled by the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) cascade. In this Opinion article, we discuss how the CDK cascade provides one potential link between cell division and differentiation through the phosphorylation of immunologically relevant transcription factors, and how components of this pathway might ultimately participate in the decision between tolerance and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wells
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA; and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Peter A Morawski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA; and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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149
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Kim MV, Ouyang W, Liao W, Zhang MQ, Li MO. Murine in vivo CD8 + T Cell Killing Assay. Bio Protoc 2014; 4:e1172. [PMID: 29170744 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific killing ability of effector CD8+ T cells is critical for protective immunity against infection. Here, we describe in vivo cytotoxic T cell assay to examine effector function of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) expressing chicken ovalbumin as a model antigen mount ovalbumin-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Effector CD8+ T cell function in vivo is determined by mixed transfer of OVA peptide-pulsed target cells with control target cells into the previously immunized mice. Difference in CFSE expression levels clearly marks two distinct populations: Antigen-pulsed target cells-CFSElow vs. unpulsed target cells-CFSEhi. The frequencies between antigen-pulsed target cells and control target cells are used as readouts of antigen-specific killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungjoo V Kim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Weiming Ouyang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, USA
| | - Will Liao
- Genomics, New York Genome Center, New York, USA
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, USA
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150
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Restifo NP, Gattinoni L. Lineage relationship of effector and memory T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:556-63. [PMID: 24148236 PMCID: PMC3858177 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is characterized by the ability to form long-lived immunological memory. Upon re-exposure to antigen, memory T cells respond more rapidly and robustly than naïve T cells, providing better clearance of pathogens. Recent reviews have reinforced the text-book view that memory T cells arise from effector cells. Although this notion is teleologically appealing, emerging data are more consistent with a model where naïve cells directly develop into memory cells without transitioning through an effector stage. A clear understanding of the lineage relationships between memory and effector cells has profound implications for the design of vaccines and for the development of effective T cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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