101
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Haggerty CM, James CA, Calkins H, Tichnell C, Leader JB, Hartzel DN, Nevius CD, Pendergrass SA, Person TN, Schwartz M, Ritchie MD, Carey DJ, Ledbetter DH, Williams MS, Dewey FE, Lopez A, Penn J, Overton JD, Reid JG, Lebo M, Mason-Suares H, Austin-Tse C, Rehm HL, Delisle BP, Makowski DJ, Mehra VC, Murray MF, Fornwalt BK. Electronic health record phenotype in subjects with genetic variants associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a study of 30,716 subjects with exome sequencing. Genet Med 2017; 19:1245-1252. [PMID: 28471438 PMCID: PMC5671380 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited heart disease. Clinical follow-up of incidental findings in ARVC-associated genes is recommended. We aimed to determine the prevalence of disease thus ascertained. Methods 30,716 individuals underwent exome sequencing. Variants in PKP2, DSG2, DSC2, DSP, JUP, TMEM43, or TGFβ3 that were database-listed as pathogenic or likely pathogenic were identified and evidence-reviewed. For subjects with putative loss-of-function (pLOF) variants or variants of uncertain significance (VUS), electronic health records (EHR) were reviewed for ARVC diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) codes. Results 18 subjects had pLOF variants; none had an EHR diagnosis of ARVC. Of 14 patients with an electrocardiogram (ECG), one had a minor diagnostic criterion, 13 were normal. 184 subjects had VUSs; none had an ARVC diagnosis. In subjects with VUSs, there was no difference in the proportion with major (4%) or minor (13%) ECG diagnostic criteria compared to variant-negative controls. ICD-9 codes showed no difference in defibrillator utilization, electrophysiologic abnormalities or non-ischemic cardiomyopathies in patients with pLOF or VUSs compared to controls. Conclusion pLOF variants in an unselected cohort were not associated with ARVC phenotypes based on EHR review. The negative predictive value of EHR review remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Haggerty
- Department of Imaging Science and Innovation, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia A James
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hugh Calkins
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Crystal Tichnell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph B Leader
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dustin N Hartzel
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher D Nevius
- Department of Imaging Science and Innovation, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah A Pendergrass
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas N Person
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marci Schwartz
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David J Carey
- Weis Center for Health Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David H Ledbetter
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederick E Dewey
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Lopez
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - John Penn
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - John D Overton
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Reid
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Lebo
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather Mason-Suares
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina Austin-Tse
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian P Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Daniel J Makowski
- Division of Cardiology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vishal C Mehra
- Division of Cardiology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael F Murray
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandon K Fornwalt
- Department of Imaging Science and Innovation, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
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102
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Proost D, Saenen J, Vandeweyer G, Rotthier A, Alaerts M, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Van Crombruggen J, Mortier G, Wuyts W, Vrints C, Del Favero J, Loeys B, Van Laer L. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing of 51 Genes Involved in Primary Electrical Disease. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:445-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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103
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Kauferstein S, Herz N, Scheiper S, Biel S, Jenewein T, Kunis M, Erkapic D, Beckmann BM, Neumann T. Relevance of molecular testing in patients with a family history of sudden death. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 276:18-23. [PMID: 28472724 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major cause of death in industrial countries. Although SCD occurs mainly in adults, it may also affect young persons, where genetic cardiac disorders comprise at least half of these cases. This includes primary arrhythmogenic disorders such as long QT syndrome and inherited cardiomyopathies. However, in many cases, postmortem examinations provide no conclusive results explaining the cause of death. Since family members of the deceased may eventually have inherited the same disease, they are at risk of SCD. In the present study, 28 patients with a family history of sudden unexplained death (SUD), of survived cardiac arrest and with a clinical diagnosis of an inherited cardiac disease were screened using phenotype-guided molecular analysis of genes associated with arrhythmogenic cardiac diseases. In 64% of the cases, gene variants with potentially pathogenic cardiac effects were detected suggesting that an arrhythmia syndrome may have caused the death of the deceased family member. Therefore, we recommend that relatives of SUD victims should undergo extended cardiac examination and, depending on the clinical diagnosis, a targeted genetic analysis should follow, which is crucial to identify family members at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kauferstein
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Nadine Herz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Bundeskriminalamt, D-65173 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheiper
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Biel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tina Jenewein
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Malte Kunis
- Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Benekestraße 2, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Damir Erkapic
- Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Benekestraße 2, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Giessen, Germany
| | - Britt-Maria Beckmann
- Medical Clinic I, Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Neumann
- Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Center, Benekestraße 2, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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104
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Brodehl A, Belke DD, Garnett L, Martens K, Abdelfatah N, Rodriguez M, Diao C, Chen YX, Gordon PMK, Nygren A, Gerull B. Transgenic mice overexpressing desmocollin-2 (DSC2) develop cardiomyopathy associated with myocardial inflammation and fibrotic remodeling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174019. [PMID: 28339476 PMCID: PMC5365111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is an inherited heart muscle disorder leading to ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure, mainly as a result of mutations in cardiac desmosomal genes. Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions mediating adhesion of cardiomyocytes; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease remain widely unknown. Desmocollin-2 is a desmosomal cadherin serving as an anchor molecule required to reconstitute homeostatic intercellular adhesion with desmoglein-2. Cardiac specific lack of desmoglein-2 leads to severe cardiomyopathy, whereas overexpression does not. In contrast, the corresponding data for desmocollin-2 are incomplete, in particular from the view of protein overexpression. Therefore, we developed a mouse model overexpressing desmocollin-2 to determine its potential contribution to cardiomyopathy and intercellular adhesion pathology. Methods and results We generated transgenic mice overexpressing DSC2 in cardiac myocytes. Transgenic mice developed a severe cardiac dysfunction over 5 to 13 weeks as indicated by 2D-echocardiography measurements. Corresponding histology and immunohistochemistry demonstrated fibrosis, necrosis and calcification which were mainly localized in patches near the epi- and endocardium of both ventricles. Expressions of endogenous desmosomal proteins were markedly reduced in fibrotic areas but appear to be unchanged in non-fibrotic areas. Furthermore, gene expression data indicate an early up-regulation of inflammatory and fibrotic remodeling pathways between 2 to 3.5 weeks of age. Conclusion Cardiac specific overexpression of desmocollin-2 induces necrosis, acute inflammation and patchy cardiac fibrotic remodeling leading to fulminant biventricular cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brodehl
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darrell D. Belke
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lauren Garnett
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristina Martens
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nelly Abdelfatah
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcela Rodriguez
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine Diao
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul M. K. Gordon
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anders Nygren
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brenda Gerull
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center and Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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105
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Poloni G, De Bortoli M, Calore M, Rampazzo A, Lorenzon A. Arrhythmogenic right-ventricular cardiomyopathy: molecular genetics into clinical practice in the era of next generation sequencing. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 17:399-407. [PMID: 26990921 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sudden death, ventricular arrhythmia and heart failure are common features in arrhythmogenic right-ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), an inheritable heart muscle disease, characterized by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. So far, 13 disease genes have been identified, responsible for around 60% of all ARVC cases. In this review, we summarize the main clinical and pathological aspects of ARVC, focusing on the importance of the genetic testing and the application of the new sequencing techniques referred to next generation sequencing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Poloni
- aDepartment of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy bDepartment of Cardiology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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106
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Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, Cooper LT, Deswal A, Fonarow GC, Francis GS, Lenihan D, Lewis EF, McNamara DM, Pahl E, Vasan RS, Ramasubbu K, Rasmusson K, Towbin JA, Yancy C. Current Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Specific Dilated Cardiomyopathies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016; 134:e579-e646. [PMID: 27832612 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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107
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Celentano A, Mignogna MD, McCullough M, Cirillo N. Pathophysiology of the Desmo-Adhesome. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:496-505. [PMID: 27505028 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of desmosomal diseases have provided a clear demonstration of the key role played by desmosomes in tissue and organ physiology, highlighting the importance of their dynamic and finely regulated structure. In this context, non-desmosomal regulatory molecules have acquired increasing relevance in the study of this organelle resulting in extending the desmosomal interactome, named the "desmo-adhesome." Spatiotemporal changes in the expression and regulation of the desmo-adhesome underlie a number of genetic, infectious, autoimmune, and malignant conditions. The aim of the present article was to examine the structural and functional relationship of the desmosome, by providing a comprehensive, yet focused overview of the constituents targeted in human disease. The inclusion of the novel regulatory network in the desmo-adhesome pathophysiology opens new avenues to a deeper understanding of desmosomal diseases, potentially unveiling pathogenic mechanisms waiting to be explored. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 496-505, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Celentano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Davide Mignogna
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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108
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Moncayo-Arlandi J, Guasch E, Sanz-de la Garza M, Casado M, Garcia NA, Mont L, Sitges M, Knöll R, Buyandelger B, Campuzano O, Diez-Juan A, Brugada R. Molecular disturbance underlies to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy induced by transgene content, age and exercise in a truncated PKP2 mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3676-3688. [PMID: 27412010 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a disorder characterized by a progressive ventricular myocardial replacement by fat and fibrosis, which lead to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Mutations in the desmosomal gene Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) accounts for >40% of all known mutations, generally causing a truncated protein. In a PKP2-truncated mouse model, we hypothesize that content of transgene, endurance training and aging will be determinant in disease progression. In addition, we investigated the molecular defects associated with the phenotype in this model. We developed a transgenic mouse model containing a truncated PKP2 (PKP2-Ser329) and generated three transgenic lines expressing increasing transgene content. The pathophysiological features of ACM in this model were assessed. While we did not observe fibro-fatty replacement, ultrastructural defects were exhibited. Moreover, we observed transgene content-dependent development of structural (ventricle dilatation and dysfunction) and electrophysiological anomalies in mice (PR interval and QRS prolongation and arrhythmia induction). In concordance with pathological defects, we detected a content reduction and remodeling of the structural proteins Desmocollin-2, Plakoglobin, native Plakophilin-2, Desmin and β-Catenin as well as the electrical coupling proteins Connexin 43 and cardiac sodium channel (Nav1.5). Surprisingly, we observed structural but not electrophysiological abnormalities only in trained and old mice. We demonstrated that truncated PKP2 provokes ACM in the absence of fibro-fatty replacement in the mouse. Transgene dose is essential to reveal the pathology, whereas aging and endurance training trigger limited phenotype. Molecular abnormalities underlay the structural and electrophysiological defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moncayo-Arlandi
- Cardiovascular Genetic Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research of Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS
| | - Maria Sanz-de la Garza
- Imaging Section, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Casado
- Institute of Biomedicine of Valencia, IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nahuel Aquiles Garcia
- Mixed unit for Cardiovascular Repair, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lluis Mont
- Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS
| | - Marta Sitges
- Imaging Section, Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ralph Knöll
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Byambajav Buyandelger
- Department of Medicine, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetic Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research of Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona
| | | | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetic Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research of Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain,
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona
- Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
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109
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Reassessment of Mendelian gene pathogenicity using 7,855 cardiomyopathy cases and 60,706 reference samples. Genet Med 2016; 19:192-203. [PMID: 27532257 PMCID: PMC5116235 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The accurate interpretation of variation in Mendelian disease genes has lagged behind data generation as sequencing has become increasingly accessible. Ongoing large sequencing efforts present huge interpretive challenges, but they also provide an invaluable opportunity to characterize the spectrum and importance of rare variation. Methods: We analyzed sequence data from 7,855 clinical cardiomyopathy cases and 60,706 Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) reference samples to obtain a better understanding of genetic variation in a representative autosomal dominant disorder. Results: We found that in some genes previously reported as important causes of a given cardiomyopathy, rare variation is not clinically informative because there is an unacceptably high likelihood of false-positive interpretation. By contrast, in other genes, we find that diagnostic laboratories may be overly conservative when assessing variant pathogenicity. Conclusions: We outline improved analytical approaches that evaluate which genes and variant classes are interpretable and propose that these will increase the clinical utility of testing across a range of Mendelian diseases. Genet Med19 2, 192–203.
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110
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Akdis D, Brunckhorst C, Duru F, Saguner AM. Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Electrical and Structural Phenotypes. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2016; 5:90-101. [PMID: 27617087 PMCID: PMC5013177 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2016.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This overview gives an update on the molecular mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). ACM is mostly hereditary and associated with mutations in genes encoding proteins of the intercalated disc. Three subtypes have been proposed: the classical right-dominant subtype generally referred to as ARVC/D, biventricular forms with early biventricular involvement and left-dominant subtypes with predominant LV involvement. Typical symptoms include palpitations, arrhythmic (pre)syncope and sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular arrhythmias, which typically occur in athletes. At later stages, heart failure may occur. Diagnosis is established with the 2010 Task Force Criteria (TFC). Modern imaging tools are crucial for ACM diagnosis, including both echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for detecting functional and structural alternations. Of note, structural findings often become visible after electrical alterations, such as premature ventricular beats, ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT). 12-lead ECG is important to assess for depolarisation and repolarisation abnormalities, including T-wave inversions as the most common ECG abnormality. Family history and the detection of causative mutations, mostly affecting the desmosome, have been incorporated in the TFC, and stress the importance of cascade family screening. Differential diagnoses include idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) VT, sarcoidosis, congenital heart disease, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, athlete's heart, Brugada syndrome and RV infarction. Therapeutic strategies include restriction from endurance and competitive sports, β-blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs, heart failure medication, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and endocardial/epicardial catheter ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Akdis
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Firat Duru
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ardan M Saguner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland
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111
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Christensen AH, Schmitz B, Andersen CB, Bundgaard H, Brand SM, Svendsen JH. Functional Promoter Variant in
Desmocollin-2
Contributes to Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:384-7. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.116.001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hørby Christensen
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (A.H.C., H.B., J.H.S.) and Department of Pathology (C.B.A.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H.C., J.H.S.); Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.S., M.B.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of
| | - Boris Schmitz
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (A.H.C., H.B., J.H.S.) and Department of Pathology (C.B.A.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H.C., J.H.S.); Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.S., M.B.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of
| | - Claus B. Andersen
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (A.H.C., H.B., J.H.S.) and Department of Pathology (C.B.A.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H.C., J.H.S.); Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.S., M.B.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (A.H.C., H.B., J.H.S.) and Department of Pathology (C.B.A.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H.C., J.H.S.); Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.S., M.B.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (A.H.C., H.B., J.H.S.) and Department of Pathology (C.B.A.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H.C., J.H.S.); Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.S., M.B.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of
| | - Jesper Hastrup Svendsen
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre (A.H.C., H.B., J.H.S.) and Department of Pathology (C.B.A.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H.C., J.H.S.); Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.S., M.B.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of
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112
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Boente MDC, Nanda A, Baselaga PA, Kelsell DP, McGrath JA, South AP. Cardiomyopathy diagnosed in the eldest child harbouring p.S24X mutation in JUP. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:644-6. [PMID: 27037756 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Del C Boente
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Niño Jesús, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - A Nanda
- Asad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Kuwait
| | - P A Baselaga
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital del Niño Jesús, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - D P Kelsell
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - J A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - A P South
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.
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113
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Zaragoza MV, Fung L, Jensen E, Oh F, Cung K, McCarthy LA, Tran CK, Hoang V, Hakim SA, Grosberg A. Exome Sequencing Identifies a Novel LMNA Splice-Site Mutation and Multigenic Heterozygosity of Potential Modifiers in a Family with Sick Sinus Syndrome, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, and Sudden Cardiac Death. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155421. [PMID: 27182706 PMCID: PMC4868298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals are to understand the primary genetic mechanisms that cause Sick Sinus Syndrome and to identify potential modifiers that may result in intrafamilial variability within a multigenerational family. The proband is a 63-year-old male with a family history of individuals (>10) with sinus node dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and sudden death. We used exome sequencing of a single individual to identify a novel LMNA mutation and demonstrated the importance of Sanger validation and family studies when evaluating candidates. After initial single-gene studies were negative, we conducted exome sequencing for the proband which produced 9 gigabases of sequencing data. Bioinformatics analysis showed 94% of the reads mapped to the reference and identified 128,563 unique variants with 108,795 (85%) located in 16,319 genes of 19,056 target genes. We discovered multiple variants in known arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, or ion channel associated genes that may serve as potential modifiers in disease expression. To identify candidate mutations, we focused on ~2,000 variants located in 237 genes of 283 known arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, or ion channel associated genes. We filtered the candidates to 41 variants in 33 genes using zygosity, protein impact, database searches, and clinical association. Only 21 of 41 (51%) variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. We selected nine confirmed variants with minor allele frequencies <1% for family studies. The results identified LMNA c.357-2A>G, a novel heterozygous splice-site mutation as the primary mutation with rare or novel variants in HCN4, MYBPC3, PKP4, TMPO, TTN, DMPK and KCNJ10 as potential modifiers and a mechanism consistent with haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Zaragoza
- UC Irvine Cardiogenomics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics & Genomics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lianna Fung
- UC Irvine Cardiogenomics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics & Genomics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ember Jensen
- UC Irvine Cardiogenomics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics & Genomics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Frances Oh
- UC Irvine Cardiogenomics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics & Genomics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine Cung
- UC Irvine Cardiogenomics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics & Genomics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Linda A. McCarthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Christine K. Tran
- UC Irvine Cardiogenomics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics & Genomics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Van Hoang
- UC Irvine Cardiogenomics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics & Genomics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Simin A. Hakim
- UC Irvine Cardiogenomics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics & Genomics and Department of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Grosberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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114
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Zorzi A, Rigato I, Bauce B, Pilichou K, Basso C, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Corrado D. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Risk Stratification and Indications for Defibrillator Therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2016; 18:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-016-0734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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115
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Ramond F, Janin A, Di Filippo S, Chanavat V, Chalabreysse L, Roux-Buisson N, Sanlaville D, Touraine R, Millat G. HomozygousPKP2deletion associated with neonatal left ventricle noncompaction. Clin Genet 2016; 91:126-130. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ramond
- Genetics Department; CHU-Hôpital Nord; Saint-Etienne France
| | - A. Janin
- Laboratoire de Cardiogénétique Moléculaire; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
- NGS sequencing platform for molecular diagnosis; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, F-69003 France
- Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - S. Di Filippo
- Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease Department; Cardiovascular Louis-Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - V. Chanavat
- Laboratoire de Cardiogénétique Moléculaire; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
- NGS sequencing platform for molecular diagnosis; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - L. Chalabreysse
- Department of Pathology; Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - N. Roux-Buisson
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Muscle et Pathologies; INSERM U836, UJF; Grenoble France
- CHU de Grenoble; Laboratoire de Biochimie Génétique et Moléculaire; Grenoble France
| | - D. Sanlaville
- Cytogenetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, & Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Equipe GENDEV; INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; UCBL1; Lyon France
| | - R. Touraine
- Genetics Department; CHU-Hôpital Nord; Saint-Etienne France
| | - G. Millat
- Laboratoire de Cardiogénétique Moléculaire; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
- NGS sequencing platform for molecular diagnosis; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université de Lyon; Lyon, F-69003 France
- Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
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116
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Pilichou K, Thiene G, Bauce B, Rigato I, Lazzarini E, Migliore F, Perazzolo Marra M, Rizzo S, Zorzi A, Daliento L, Corrado D, Basso C. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:33. [PMID: 27038780 PMCID: PMC4818879 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a heart muscle disease clinically characterized by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and pathologically by an acquired and progressive dystrophy of the ventricular myocardium with fibro-fatty replacement. Due to an estimated prevalence of 1:2000-1:5000, AC is listed among rare diseases. A familial background consistent with an autosomal-dominant trait of inheritance is present in most of AC patients; recessive variants have also been reported, either or not associated with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair. AC-causing genes mostly encode major components of the cardiac desmosome and up to 50 % of AC probands harbor mutations in one of them. Mutations in non-desmosomal genes have been also described in a minority of AC patients, predisposing to the same or an overlapping disease phenotype. Compound/digenic heterozygosity was identified in up to 25 % of AC-causing desmosomal gene mutation carriers, in part explaining the phenotypic variability. Abnormal trafficking of intercellular proteins to the intercalated discs of cardiomyocytes and Wnt/beta catenin and Hippo signaling pathways have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. AC is a major cause of sudden death in the young and in athletes. The clinical picture may include a sub-clinical phase; an overt electrical disorder; and right ventricular or biventricular pump failure. Ventricular fibrillation can occur at any stage. Genotype-phenotype correlation studies led to identify biventricular and dominant left ventricular variants, thus supporting the use of the broader term AC. Since there is no “gold standard” to reach the diagnosis of AC, multiple categories of diagnostic information have been combined and the criteria recently updated, to improve diagnostic sensitivity while maintaining specificity. Among diagnostic tools, contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is playing a major role in detecting left dominant forms of AC, even preceding morpho-functional abnormalities. The main differential diagnoses are idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, myocarditis, sarcoidosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, right ventricular infarction, congenital heart diseases with right ventricular overload and athlete heart. A positive genetic test in the affected AC proband allows early identification of asymptomatic carriers by cascade genetic screening of family members. Risk stratification remains a major clinical challenge and antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation and implantable cardioverter defibrillator are the currently available therapeutic tools. Sport disqualification is life-saving, since effort is a major trigger not only of electrical instability but also of disease onset and progression. We review the current knowledge of this rare cardiomyopathy, suggesting a flowchart for primary care clinicians and geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pilichou
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Bauce
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rigato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lazzarini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Migliore
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Rizzo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luciano Daliento
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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117
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Zhao Q, Chen Y, Peng L, Gao R, Liu N, Jiang P, Liu C, Tang S, Quan L, Makielski JC, Cheng J. Identification of rare variants of DSP gene in sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome in the southern Chinese Han population. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:317-22. [PMID: 26585738 PMCID: PMC4951159 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS) is a perplexing disorder to both forensic pathologists and clinic physicians. Desmoplakin (DSP) gene was the first desmosomal gene linked to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) which was associated with sudden death. To identify the genetic variants of the DSP gene in SUNDS in the southern Chinese Han population, we genetically screened the DSP gene in 40 sporadic SUNDS victims, 16 Brugada syndrome (BrS) patients, and 2 early repolarization syndrome (ERS) patients using next generation sequencing (NSG) and direct Sanger sequencing. A total of 10 genetic variants of the DSP gene were detected in 11 cases, comprised of two novel missense mutations (p.I125F and p.D521A) and eight previously reported rare variants. Of eight reported variants, two were previously considered pathogenic (p.Q90R and p.R2639Q), three were predicted in silico to be pathogenic (p.R315C, p.E1357D and p.D2579H), and the rest three were predicted to be benign (p.N1234S, p.R1308Q, and p.T2267S). This is the first report of DSP genetic screening in Chinese SUNDS and Brugada syndrome. Our results imply that DSP mutations contribute to the genetic cause of some SUNDS victims and maybe a new susceptible gene for Brugada syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhao Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yili Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Longlun Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rui Gao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | | | - Chao Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Shuangbo Tang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Li Quan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Jonathan C Makielski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
| | - Jianding Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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118
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James CA. Nature and Nurture in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy - A Clinical Perspective. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2016; 4:156-62. [PMID: 26835118 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2015.4.3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is an inherited cardiomyopathy characterised by frequent ventricular arrhythmias and slowly progressive predominant RV dysfunction. Up to two-thirds of ARVD/C patients have mutations in genes encoding the cardiac desmosome. Mutations in other genes are increasingly recognised. Inheritance of ARVD/C is generally autosomal dominant with reduced age-related penetrance and significant variable expressivity. While the full explanation for this phenotypic heterogeneity remains unclear, there is increasing evidence that exercise plays a major role in disease penetrance and arrhythmic risk. The disproportionate representation of athletes among ARVD/C patients has long been noted. Recently, the association of exercise with earlier onset and more severe arrhythmic and structural disease has been documented. This article reviews current evidence regarding the association of genotype, exercise and clinical outcomes and discusses the emerging paradigm in which genetic predisposition and environmental factors (exercise) interact around a threshold for phenotypic expression of ARVD/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A James
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, US
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119
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Sports in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy and desmosomal mutations. Herz 2016; 40:402-9. [PMID: 25963172 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-015-4223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is a rare cardiomyopathy associated with life-threatening arrhythmias and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. In addition to mutations in desmosomal genes, environmental factors such as exercise and sport have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent studies have shown that exercise may be associated with adverse outcomes in patients with ARVD/C. On the basis of current evidence, patients with ARVD/C are recommended to limit exercise irrespective of their mutation status. Some studies have suggested the presence of an entirely acquired form of the disease caused by exercise, which has been dubbed "exercise-induced ARVD/C."
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120
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McGregor SM, Husain AN. A Brief Review and Update of the Clinicopathologic Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:1181-6. [PMID: 26317457 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0114-rs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) has traditionally been regarded as a rare disease with variably penetrant autosomal-dominant inheritance. Recent years have revealed that AC is actually a spectrum of disease with prevalence much higher than previously thought. Diagnosis can be quite challenging because of highly variable clinical presentation, even among family members sharing a mutation. Unlike other cardiomyopathies, AC has a concealed phase during which patients have arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart disease but remain at risk of sudden cardiac death. Importantly, it is in the setting of sudden cardiac death that pathologists are most likely to encounter AC. It is critical that these findings not be overlooked, as family members of the deceased may also be affected and could potentially avoid such a dismal outcome. With time, advances in ancillary studies are likely to expand the role for pathologists in AC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M McGregor
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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121
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Martherus R, Jain R, Takagi K, Mendsaikhan U, Turdi S, Osinska H, James JF, Kramer K, Purevjav E, Towbin JA. Accelerated cardiac remodeling in desmoplakin transgenic mice in response to endurance exercise is associated with perturbed Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H174-87. [PMID: 26545710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00295.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy (AVC) is a frequent underlying cause for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death especially during intense exercise. The mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate how chronic endurance exercise contributes to desmoplakin (DSP) mutation-induced AVC pathogenesis. Transgenic mice with overexpression of desmoplakin, wild-type (Tg-DSP(WT)), or the R2834H mutant (Tg-DSP(R2834H)) along with control nontransgenic (NTg) littermates were kept sedentary or exposed to a daily running regimen for 12 wk. Cardiac function and morphology were analyzed using echocardiography, electrocardiography, histology, immunohistochemistry, RNA, and protein analysis. At baseline, 4-wk-old mice from all groups displayed normal cardiac function. When subjected to exercise, all mice retained normal cardiac function and left ventricular morphology; however, Tg-DSP(R2834H) mutants displayed right ventricular (RV) dilation and wall thinning, unlike NTg and Tg-DSP(WT). The Tg-DSP(R2834H) hearts demonstrated focal fat infiltrations in RV and cytoplasmic aggregations consisting of desmoplakin, plakoglobin, and connexin 43. These aggregates coincided with disruption of the intercalated disks, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Although Tg-DSP(R2834H) mice already displayed high levels of p-GSK3-β(Ser9) and p-AKT1(Ser473) under sedentary conditions, decrease of nuclear GSK3-β and AKT1 levels with reduced p-GSK3-β(Ser9), p-AKT1(Ser473), and p-AKT1(Ser308) and loss of nuclear junctional plakoglobin was apparent after exercise. In contrast, Tg-DSP(WT) showed upregulation of p-AKT1(Ser473), p-AKT1(Ser308), and p-GSK3-β(Ser9) in response to exercise. Our data suggest that endurance exercise accelerates AVC pathogenesis in Tg-DSP(R2834H) mice and this event is associated with perturbed AKT1 and GSK3-β signaling. Our study suggests a potential mechanism-based approach to exercise management in patients with AVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Martherus
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Cardiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Ken Takagi
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Uzmee Mendsaikhan
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Subat Turdi
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hanna Osinska
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeanne F James
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kristen Kramer
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Enkhsaikhan Purevjav
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey A Towbin
- Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
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122
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Haugaa KH, Haland TF, Leren IS, Saberniak J, Edvardsen T. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. Europace 2015; 18:965-72. [PMID: 26498164 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euv340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to give an update on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is mainly an autosomal dominant inherited disease linked to mutations in genes encoding desmosomes or desmosome-related proteins. Classic symptoms include palpitations, cardiac syncope, and aborted cardiac arrest due to ventricular arrhythmias. Heart failure may develop in later stages. Diagnosis is based on the presence of major and minor criteria from the Task Force Criteria revised in 2010 (TFC 2010), which includes evaluation of findings from six different diagnostic categories. Based on this, patients are classified as having possible, borderline, or definite ARVC. Imaging is important in ARVC diagnosis, including both echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for detecting structural and functional abnormalities, but importantly these findings may occur after electrical alterations and ventricular arrhythmias. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) and signal-averaged ECGs are analysed for depolarization and repolarization abnormalities, including T-wave inversions as the most common ECG alteration. Ventricular arrhythmias are common in ARVC and are considered a major diagnostic criterion if originating from the RV inferior wall or apex. Family history of ARVC and detection of an ARVC-related mutation are included in the TFC 2010 and emphasize the importance of family screening. Electrophysiological studies are not included in the diagnostic criteria, but may be important for differential diagnosis including RV outflow tract tachycardia. Further differential diagnoses include sarcoidosis, congenital abnormalities, myocarditis, pulmonary hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy, and athletic cardiac adaptation, which may mimic ARVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina H Haugaa
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway University of Oslo, PO Box 1072 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Trine F Haland
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway University of Oslo, PO Box 1072 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Ida S Leren
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway University of Oslo, PO Box 1072 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Jørg Saberniak
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway University of Oslo, PO Box 1072 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Thor Edvardsen
- Department of Cardiology and Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway University of Oslo, PO Box 1072 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
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123
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Lorenzon A, Pilichou K, Rigato I, Vazza G, De Bortoli M, Calore M, Occhi G, Carturan E, Lazzarini E, Cason M, Mazzotti E, Poloni G, Mostacciuolo ML, Daliento L, Thiene G, Corrado D, Basso C, Bauce B, Rampazzo A. Homozygous Desmocollin-2 Mutations and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116:1245-51. [PMID: 26310507 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dominant mutations in desmocollin-2 (DSC2) gene cause arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), a progressive heart muscle disease characterized by ventricular tachyarrhythmias, heart failure, and risk of juvenile sudden death. Recessive mutations are rare and are associated with a cardiac or cardiocutaneous phenotype. Here, we evaluated the impact of a homozygous founder DSC2 mutation on clinical expression of ACM. An exon-by-exon analysis of the DSC2 coding region was performed in 94 ACM index patients. The c.536A>G (p.D179G) mutation was identified in 5 patients (5.3%), 4 of which resulted to be homozygous carriers. The 5 subjects shared a conserved haplotype, strongly indicating a common founder. Genetic and clinical investigation of probands' families revealed that p.D179G homozygous carriers displayed severe forms of biventricular cardiomyopathy without hair or skin abnormalities. The only heterozygous proband, who carried an additional variant of unknown significance in αT-catenin gene, showed a mild form of ACM without left ventricular involvement. All heterozygous family members were clinically asymptomatic. In conclusion, this is the first homozygous founder mutation in DSC2 gene identified among Italian ACM probands. Our findings provide further evidence of the occurrence of recessive DSC2 mutations in patients with ACM predominantly presenting with biventricular forms of the disease.
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124
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Hannah-Shmouni F, Seidelmann SB, Sirrs S, Mani A, Jacoby D. The Genetic Challenges and Opportunities in Advanced Heart Failure. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1338-50. [PMID: 26518444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of heart failure are diverse. Inherited causes represent an important clinical entity and can be divided into 2 major categories: familial and metabolic cardiomyopathies. The distinct features that might be present in early disease states can become broadly overlapping with other diseases, such as in the case of inherited cardiomyopathies (ie, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or mitochondrial diseases). In this review article, we focus on genetic issues related to advanced heart failure. Because of the emerging importance of this topic and its breadth, we sought to focus our discussion on the known genetic forms of heart failure syndromes, genetic testing, and newer data on pharmacogenetics and therapeutics in the treatment of heart failure, to primarily encourage clinicians to place a priority on the diagnosis and treatment of these potentially treatable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Cardiovascular Genetics Program, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sara B Seidelmann
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Cardiovascular Genetics Program, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandra Sirrs
- Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic, Division of Endocrinology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arya Mani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Cardiovascular Genetics Program, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel Jacoby
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Plakophilin-2 c.419C>T and risk of heart failure and arrhythmias in the general population. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:732-8. [PMID: 26264440 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare genetic variant in the desmosomal gene plakophilin-2 (PKP2) c.419C>T(p.(S140F)) has repeatedly been identified in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Whether this is a disease-causing variant remains highly controversial. We tested this hypothesis using three approaches. Initially, in a prospective study of 10 407 individuals from the general population, including 2688 who developed heart failure or arrhythmias during >14 years of follow-up, PKP2 c.419C>T was identified in 98 individuals (0.94%). PKP2 genotype was not associated with electrocardiographic or echocardiographic changes, or with plasma levels of probrain natriuretic peptide (all P≥0.05). In c.419C>T carriers versus non-carriers, multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios were 1.26 (95% confidence interval: 0.77-2.07) for heart failure, 1.40 (0.90-2.17) for arrhythmias, 1.15 (0.78-1.71) for end points combined, and 1.33 (0.98-1.80) for all-cause mortality. The cumulative survival as a function of age and PKP2 genotype was similar among carriers and non-carriers (P=0.14). Second, comparing 517 patients referred for genetic testing with 1918 matched controls, odds ratios as a function of c.419C>T genotype were 2.11 (0.50-8.99) for ARVC, 0.72 (0.16-3.28) for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)/DCM, and 1.28 (0.46-3.54) for end points combined. Third, in in vitro studies cellular localization of plakophilin-2, plakoglobin, connexin-43, or N-cadherin were similar in cells transfected with wild-type or mutant plakophilin-2. In conclusion, combining epidemiological data, with data on patients referred for genetic testing for ARVC or HCM/DCM, and data from in vitro studies, PKP2 c.419C>T did not associate with heart failure, arrhythmias, or premature death, with ARVC or HCM/DCM, or with effects in vitro, suggesting that this is not a disease-causing variant.
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Allegue C, Coll M, Mates J, Campuzano O, Iglesias A, Sobrino B, Brion M, Amigo J, Carracedo A, Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R. Genetic Analysis of Arrhythmogenic Diseases in the Era of NGS: The Complexity of Clinical Decision-Making in Brugada Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133037. [PMID: 26230511 PMCID: PMC4521779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of next-generation sequencing enables a rapid analysis of many genes associated with sudden cardiac death in diseases like Brugada Syndrome. Genetic variation is identified and associated with 30–35% of cases of Brugada Syndrome, with nearly 20–25% attributable to variants in SCN5A, meaning many cases remain undiagnosed genetically. To evaluate the role of genetic variants in arrhythmogenic diseases and the utility of next-generation sequencing, we applied this technology to resequence 28 main genes associated with arrhythmogenic disorders. Materials and Methods A cohort of 45 clinically diagnosed Brugada Syndrome patients classified as SCN5A-negative was analyzed using next generation sequencing. Twenty-eight genes were resequenced: AKAP9, ANK2, CACNA1C, CACNB2, CASQ2, CAV3, DSC2, DSG2, DSP, GPD1L, HCN4, JUP, KCNE1, KCNE2, KCNE3, KCNH2, KCNJ2, KCNJ5, KCNQ1, NOS1AP, PKP2, RYR2, SCN1B, SCN3B, SCN4B, SCN5A, SNTA1, and TMEM43. A total of 85 clinically evaluated relatives were also genetically analyzed to ascertain familial segregation. Results and Discussion Twenty-two patients carried 30 rare genetic variants in 12 genes, only 4 of which were previously associated with Brugada Syndrome. Neither insertion/deletion nor copy number variation were detected. We identified genetic variants in novel candidate genes potentially associated to Brugada Syndrome. These include: 4 genetic variations in AKAP9 including a de novo genetic variation in 3 positive cases; 5 genetic variations in ANK2 detected in 4 cases; variations in KCNJ2 together with CASQ2 in 1 case; genetic variations in RYR2, including a de novo genetic variation and desmosomal proteins encoding genes including DSG2, DSP and JUP, detected in 3 of the cases. Larger gene panels or whole exome sequencing should be considered to identify novel genes associated to Brugada Syndrome. However, application of approaches such as whole exome sequencing would difficult the interpretation for clinical purposes due to the large amount of data generated. The identification of these genetic variants opens new perspectives on the implications of genetic background in the arrhythmogenic substrate for research purposes. Conclusions As a paradigm for other arrhythmogenic diseases and for unexplained sudden death, our data show that clinical genetic diagnosis is justified in a family perspective for confirmation of genetic causality. In the era of personalized medicine using high-throughput tools, clinical decision-making is increasingly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Allegue
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Mònica Coll
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jesus Mates
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Iglesias
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sobrino
- Grupo Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Brion
- Grupo Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Amigo
- Grupo Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro Brugada
- Heart Rhythm Management Center, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josep Brugada
- Cardiology Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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127
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Brion M, Sobrino B, Martinez M, Blanco-Verea A, Carracedo A. Massive parallel sequencing applied to the molecular autopsy in sudden cardiac death in the young. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 18:160-70. [PMID: 26243589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death in the young is a very traumatic event that occurs often in apparently healthy individuals without an explainable cause of death after a comprehensive medico-legal investigation. Knowledge about the pathologies with a risk of sudden death is increasingly showing a greater underlying genetic heterogeneity, which provides one of the main handicaps for molecular autopsy. On the other hand the enormous technological advances in sequencing technologies, allow us to analyse as many genes as we want at a cost increasingly reduced. The sum of these two factors (increased knowledge of genetics and available technologies) allow us to make an individualized study of the causes of sudden cardiac death in young adults, through massive sequencing of all potential genes involved in the process. We define this approach as massive genomic autopsy, and with this review we will try to explain the possible scenarios and methods available for its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brion
- Xenética de Enfermidades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Red de Investigación Cardiovascular (RIC), Santiago De Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, University of Santiago de Compostela. Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - B Sobrino
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, University of Santiago de Compostela. Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Martinez
- Xenética de Enfermidades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Red de Investigación Cardiovascular (RIC), Santiago De Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, University of Santiago de Compostela. Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Blanco-Verea
- Xenética de Enfermidades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Red de Investigación Cardiovascular (RIC), Santiago De Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, University of Santiago de Compostela. Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, University of Santiago de Compostela. Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Rara (CIBERER), Spain; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, Saudi Arabia
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128
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Yang C, Al-Aama J, Stojkovic M, Keavney B, Trafford A, Lako M, Armstrong L. Concise Review: Cardiac Disease Modeling Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2643-51. [PMID: 26033645 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic cardiac diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Although animal models have been created to provide some useful insights into the pathogenesis of genetic cardiac diseases, the significant species differences and the lack of genetic information for complex genetic diseases markedly attenuate the application values of such data. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient-specific specimens and subsequent derivation of cardiomyocytes offer novel avenues to study the mechanisms underlying cardiac diseases, to identify new causative genes, and to provide insights into the disease aetiology. In recent years, the list of human iPSC-based models for genetic cardiac diseases has been expanding rapidly, although there are still remaining concerns on the level of functionality of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and their ability to be used for modeling complex cardiac diseases in adults. This review focuses on the development of cardiomyocyte induction from pluripotent stem cells, the recent progress in heart disease modeling using iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, and the challenges associated with understanding complex genetic diseases. To address these issues, we examine the similarity between iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and their ex vivo counterparts and how this relates to the method used to differentiate the pluripotent stem cells into a cardiomyocyte phenotype. We progress to examine categories of congenital cardiac abnormalities that are suitable for iPSC-based disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Yang
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, The International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jumana Al-Aama
- Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miodrag Stojkovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bernard Keavney
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences Core Technology, Manchester University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Trafford
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences Core Technology, Manchester University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, The International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, The International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Kant S, Holthöfer B, Magin TM, Krusche CA, Leube RE. Desmoglein 2-Dependent Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Is Caused by a Loss of Adhesive Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:553-63. [PMID: 26085008 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) localizes to the intercalated disc coupling adjacent cardiomyocytes. Desmoglein 2 gene (DSG2) mutations cause arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) in human and transgenic mice. AC is characterized by arrhythmia, cardiodilation, cardiomyocyte necrosis with replacement fibrosis, interstitial fibrosis, and intercalated disc dissociation. The genetic DSG2 constellations encountered are compatible with loss of adhesion and altered signaling. To further elucidate pathomechanisms, we examined whether heart-specific Dsg2 depletion triggers cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS Because DSG2 knockouts die during early embryogenesis, mice were prepared with cardiomyocyte-specific DSG2 ablation. Healthy transgenic animals were born with a functional heart presenting intercalated discs with incorporated desmosomal proteins. Dsg2 protein expression was reduced below 3% in the heart. All animals developed AC during postnatal growth with pronounced chamber dilation, calcifying cardiomyocyte necrosis, aseptic inflammation, interstitial and focal replacement fibrosis, and conduction defects with altered connexin 43 distribution. Electron microscopy revealed absence of desmosome-like structures and regional loss of intercalated disc adhesion. Mice carrying 2 mutant DSG2 alleles coding for Dsg2 lacking part of the adhesive EC1-EC2 domains present an indistinguishable phenotype, which is similar to that observed in human AC patients. CONCLUSIONS The observations show that the presence of Dsg2 is not essential for late heart morphogenesis and for cardiac contractility to support postnatal life. On increasing mechanical demands, heart function is severely compromised as evidenced by the onset of cardiomyopathy with pronounced morphological alterations. We propose that loss of Dsg2 compromises adhesion, and that this is a major pathogenic mechanism in DSG2-related and probably other desmosome-related ACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kant
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.)
| | - Bastian Holthöfer
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.)
| | - Thomas M Magin
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.)
| | - Claudia A Krusche
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.)
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- From the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (S.K., B.H., C.A.K., R.E.L.); and Institute of Biology and Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (T.M.M.).
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Abrams DJ, Kirkby C, Page SP, Earley MJ, Nitiou D, Kelsell DP, Schilling RJ. Evolution of Electrocardiographic and Structural Features Over 3 Decades in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2015; 131:2233-5. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.014371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Abrams
- From Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.J.A., C.K., S.P.P., M.J.E., R.J.S.); and Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (D.N., D.P.K.)
| | - Claire Kirkby
- From Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.J.A., C.K., S.P.P., M.J.E., R.J.S.); and Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (D.N., D.P.K.)
| | - Stephen P. Page
- From Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.J.A., C.K., S.P.P., M.J.E., R.J.S.); and Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (D.N., D.P.K.)
| | - Mark J. Earley
- From Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.J.A., C.K., S.P.P., M.J.E., R.J.S.); and Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (D.N., D.P.K.)
| | - Daniela Nitiou
- From Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.J.A., C.K., S.P.P., M.J.E., R.J.S.); and Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (D.N., D.P.K.)
| | - David P Kelsell
- From Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.J.A., C.K., S.P.P., M.J.E., R.J.S.); and Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (D.N., D.P.K.)
| | - Richard J. Schilling
- From Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.J.A., C.K., S.P.P., M.J.E., R.J.S.); and Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (D.N., D.P.K.)
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Sawant AC, Calkins H. Relationship between arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and exercise. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2015; 7:195-206. [PMID: 26002386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is rare cardiomyopathy associated with life-threatening arrhythmias and increased risk of sudden cardiac death. In addition to mutations in desmosomal genes, environmental factors such as exercise have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent studies have shown that exercise may be associated with adverse outcomes in ARVD/C patients. Based on current evidence, ARVD/C patients are recommended to limit exercise irrespective of their mutation status. In addition, some studies have suggested the presence of an entirely acquired form of the disease caused by exercise that has been dubbed exercise-induced ARVD/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek C Sawant
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hugh Calkins
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Schulze-Bahr E, Klaassen S, Abdul-Khaliq H, Schunkert H. Gendiagnostik bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen. KARDIOLOGE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12181-014-0636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cadrin-Tourigny J, Tadros R, Talajic M, Rivard L, Abadir S, Khairy P. Risk stratification for sudden death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 13:653-64. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2015.1043891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ruwald AC, Marcus F, Estes NAM, Link M, McNitt S, Polonsky B, Calkins H, Towbin JA, Moss AJ, Zareba W. Association of competitive and recreational sport participation with cardiac events in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: results from the North American multidisciplinary study of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:1735-43. [PMID: 25896080 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS It has been proposed that competitive sport increases the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA) and death in patients with arrhythmogenic right-ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). However, it is unknown whether this only applies to competitive sport or if recreational sports activity also increases the risk of VTA/death. METHODS AND RESULTS Probands diagnosed with ARVC according to the 2010 task force criteria for ARVC (n = 108) were included in the current analysis. At the time of enrolment, study participants were questioned about exercise level prior to and after ARVC diagnosis, within three categories of sports participation: competitive (n = 41), recreational (n = 48), and inactive (n = 19). Competitive sport was associated with a significantly higher risk of VTA/death when compared with both recreational sport [HR = 1.99 (1.21-3.28), P = 0.007] and inactive patients [HR = 2.05 (1.07-3.91), P = 0.030]. No increased risk of VTA/death was associated with recreational sport when compared with patients who were inactive [HR = 1.03 (0.54-1.97), P = 0.930]. Symptoms developed at an earlier age in patients who participated in competitive sport (30 ± 12 years), when compared with patients who participated in recreational sport (38 ± 17 years) (P = 0.015) and inactive patients (41 ± 11 years) (P = 0.002). No difference in age at first symptom was seen between patients who participated in recreational sport and inactive patients (P = 0.651). CONCLUSION Competitive sport was associated with a two-fold increased risk of VTA/death, and earlier presentation of symptoms, when compared with inactive patients, and to patients who participated in recreational sport. When compared with inactive patients, recreational sport was not associated with earlier onset of symptoms or increased risk of VTA/death. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00024505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Ruwald
- Heart Research Follow-up Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd. CU 420653, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Frank Marcus
- University of Arizona Health Science Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - N A Mark Estes
- Tufts Medical Center, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Link
- Tufts Medical Center, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott McNitt
- Heart Research Follow-up Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd. CU 420653, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bronislava Polonsky
- Heart Research Follow-up Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd. CU 420653, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A Towbin
- Pediatric Cardiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Arthur J Moss
- Heart Research Follow-up Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd. CU 420653, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wojciech Zareba
- Heart Research Follow-up Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd. CU 420653, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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135
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Comprehensive analysis of desmosomal gene mutations in Han Chinese patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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136
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Gerull B. Skin-heart connection: what can the epidermis tell us about the myocardium in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:225-7. [PMID: 24951656 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Gerull
- From the Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Simpson S, Edwards J, Emes RD, Cobb MA, Mongan NP, Rutland CS. A predictive model for canine dilated cardiomyopathy-a meta-analysis of Doberman Pinscher data. PeerJ 2015; 3:e842. [PMID: 25834770 PMCID: PMC4380154 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a prevalent and often fatal disease in humans and dogs. Indeed dilated cardiomyopathy is the third most common form of cardiac disease in humans, reported to affect approximately 36 individuals per 100,000 individuals. In dogs, dilated cardiomyopathy is the second most common cardiac disease and is most prevalent in the Irish Wolfhound, Doberman Pinscher and Newfoundland breeds. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterised by ventricular chamber enlargement and systolic dysfunction which often leads to congestive heart failure. Although multiple human loci have been implicated in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy, the identified variants are typically associated with rare monogenic forms of dilated cardiomyopathy. The potential for multigenic interactions contributing to human dilated cardiomyopathy remains poorly understood. Consistent with this, several known human dilated cardiomyopathy loci have been excluded as common causes of canine dilated cardiomyopathy, although canine dilated cardiomyopathy resembles the human disease functionally. This suggests additional genetic factors contribute to the dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype.This study represents a meta-analysis of available canine dilated cardiomyopathy genetic datasets with the goal of determining potential multigenic interactions relating the sex chromosome genotype (XX vs. XY) with known dilated cardiomyopathy associated loci on chromosome 5 and the PDK4 gene in the incidence and progression of dilated cardiomyopathy. The results show an interaction between known canine dilated cardiomyopathy loci and an unknown X-linked locus. Our study is the first to test a multigenic contribution to dilated cardiomyopathy and suggest a genetic basis for the known sex-disparity in dilated cardiomyopathy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Simpson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham , Leicestershire , UK
| | - Jennifer Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham , Leicestershire , UK
| | - Richard D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham , Leicestershire , UK ; Advanced Data Analysis Centre, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham , Leicestershire , UK
| | - Malcolm A Cobb
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham , Leicestershire , UK
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham , Leicestershire , UK ; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham , Leicestershire , UK
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138
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Lazzarini E, Jongbloed JDH, Pilichou K, Thiene G, Basso C, Bikker H, Charbon B, Swertz M, van Tintelen JP, van der Zwaag PA. The ARVD/C genetic variants database: 2014 update. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:403-10. [PMID: 25676813 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited cardiac disease characterized by myocardial atrophy, fibro-fatty replacement, and a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias that lead to sudden death. In 2009, genetic data from 57 publications were collected in the arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) Genetic Variants Database (freeware available at http://www.arvcdatabase.info), which comprised 481 variants in eight ACM-associated genes. In recent years, deep genetic sequencing has increased our knowledge of the genetics of ACM, revealing a large spectrum of nucleotide variations for which pathogenicity needs to be assessed. As of April 20, 2014, we have updated the ARVD/C database into the ARVD/C database to contain more than 1,400 variants in 12 ACM-related genes (PKP2, DSP, DSC2, DSG2, JUP, TGFB3, TMEM43, LMNA, DES, TTN, PLN, CTNNA3) as reported in more than 160 references. Of these, only 411 nucleotide variants have been reported as pathogenic, whereas the significance of the other approximately 1,000 variants is still unknown. This comprehensive collection of ACM genetic data represents a valuable source of information on the spectrum of ACM-associated genes and aims to facilitate the interpretation of genetic data and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lazzarini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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139
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Vatta M, Spoonamore KG. Use of genetic testing to identify sudden cardiac death syndromes. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015; 25:738-48. [PMID: 25864170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although coronary artery disease remains the most common substrate for SCD, primary cardiac genetic diseases, presenting with or without structural heart abnormalities, play a significant role. In the last 30 years, the study of large family pedigrees allowed the discovery of causative genes unveiling the genetic basis of diseases such as primary cardiomyopathies and arrhythmia syndromes, which are known to increase the risk of SCD. However, recent technological advancement with the ability to perform massive parallel sequencing and analyze the entire genome has uncovered a higher level of complexity in the genetic predisposition for cardiac diseases, which are usually characterized by Mendelian inheritance patterns. Clinical genetic testing, historically shaped around a monogenic Mendelian disorder paradigm, is now facing the challenge to adopt and adapt to a more complex model in which a significant portion of subjects may present with multi-allelic inheritance involving additional genes that could modulate the severity and type of disease-related phenotypes. Here, we will try to provide a viewpoint that will hopefully foster further debate in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vatta
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
| | - Katherine G Spoonamore
- Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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140
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Sato T, Nishio H, Suzuki K. Identification of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy-causing gene mutations in young sudden unexpected death autopsy cases. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:457-61. [PMID: 25693453 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) results in an increased risk of sudden death. We sought mutations of desmoglein-2 (DSG2), desmoplakin (DSP), and plakophilin-2 (PKP2) in 15 cases of sudden death whose causes of death could not be determined at autopsy. In three victims, mutations were identified in DSP. Two of these mutations were novel; one had previously been reported in a patient with ARVC that had been diagnosed clinically. Histological findings were not typical of ARVC; however, it was notable that these mutations were present in three of 15 cases, a relatively high proportion. The causal relationship between the mutations and ARVC is unclear, but the mutations might have been associated with faulty desmosomal proteins resulting in fatal arrhythmia. Combining information gathered by the traditional means of gross and histological examination with postmortem genetic analysis of young victims would assist in identifying their cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Sato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
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141
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Vite A, Li J, Radice GL. New functions for alpha-catenins in health and disease: from cancer to heart regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:773-83. [PMID: 25673211 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Strong cell-cell adhesion mediated by adherens junctions is dependent on anchoring the transmembrane cadherin molecule to the underlying actin cytoskeleton. To do this, the cadherin cytoplasmic domain interacts with catenin proteins, which include α-catenin that binds directly to filamentous actin. Originally thought to be a static structure, the connection between the cadherin/catenin adhesion complex and the actin cytoskeleton is now considered to be dynamic and responsive to both intercellular and intracellular signals. Alpha-catenins are mechanosensing proteins that undergo conformational change in response to cytoskeletal tension thus modifying the linkage between the cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton. There are three α-catenin isoforms expressed in mouse and human: αE-catenin (CTNNA1), αN-catenin (CTNNA2) and αT-catenin (CTNNA3). This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the in vivo function(s) of α-catenins in tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and disease. The role of α-catenin in the regulation of cellular proliferation will be discussed in the context of cancer and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Vite
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Suite 543E Jefferson Alumni Hall, 1020 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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142
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Herbert Pratt C, Potter CS, Fairfield H, Reinholdt LG, Bergstrom DE, Harris BS, Greenstein I, Dadras SS, Liang BT, Schofield PN, Sundberg JP. Dsp rul: a spontaneous mouse mutation in desmoplakin as a model of Carvajal-Huerta syndrome. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:164-72. [PMID: 25659760 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies of spontaneous mutations in mice have provided valuable disease models and important insights into the mechanisms of human disease. Ruffled (rul) is a new autosomal recessive mutation causing abnormal hair coat in mice. The rul allele arose spontaneously in the RB156Bnr/EiJ inbred mouse strain. In addition to an abnormal coat texture, we found diffuse epidermal blistering, abnormal electrocardiograms (ECGs), and ventricular fibrosis in mutant animals. Using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) we found a frameshift mutation at 38,288,978bp of chromosome 13 in the desmoplakin gene (Dsp). The predicted mutant protein is truncated at the c-terminus and missing the majority of the plakin repeat domain. The phenotypes found in Dsp(rul) mice closely model a rare human disorder, Carvajal-Huerta syndrome. Carvajal-Huerta syndrome (CHS) is a rare cardiocutaneous disorder that presents in humans with wooly hair, palmoplantar keratoderma and ventricular cardiomyopathy. CHS results from an autosomal recessive mutation on the 3' end of desmoplakin (DSP) truncating the full length protein. The Dsp(rul) mouse provides a new model to investigate the pathogenesis of CHS, as well as the underlying basic biology of the adhesion molecules coded by the desmosomal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Soheil S Dadras
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Bruce T Liang
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Paul N Schofield
- Dept. of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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143
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Saguner AM, Ganahl S, Kraus A, Baldinger SH, Akdis D, Saguner AR, Wolber T, Haegeli LM, Steffel J, Krasniqi N, Lüscher TF, Tanner FC, Brunckhorst C, Duru F. Electrocardiographic features of disease progression in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15:4. [PMID: 25599583 PMCID: PMC4407546 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-15-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is considered a progressive cardiomyopathy. However, data on the clinical features of disease progression are limited. The aim of this study was to assess 12-lead surface electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during long-term follow-up, and to compare these findings with echocardiographic data in our large cohort of patients with ARVC/D. METHODS Baseline and follow-up ECGs of 111 patients from three tertiary care centers in Switzerland were systematically analyzed with digital calipers by two blinded observers, and correlated with findings from transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS The median follow-up was 4 years (IQR 1.9-9.2 years). ECG progression was significant for epsilon waves (baseline 14% vs. follow-up 31%, p = 0.01) and QRS duration (111 ms vs. 114 ms, p = 0.04). Six patients with repolarization abnormalities according to the 2010 Task Force Criteria at baseline did not display these criteria at follow-up, whereas in all patients with epsilon waves at baseline these depolarization abnormalities also remained at follow-up. T wave inversions in inferior leads were common (36% of patients at baseline), and were significantly associated with major repolarization abnormalities (p = 0.02), extensive echocardiographic right ventricular involvement (p = 0.04), T wave inversions in lateral precordial leads (p = 0.05), and definite ARVC/D (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data supports the concept that ARVC/D is generally progressive, which can be detected by 12-lead surface ECG. Repolarization abnormalities may disappear during the course of the disease. Furthermore, the presence of T wave inversions in inferior leads is common in ARVC/D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Firat Duru
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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144
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Rampazzo A, Calore M, van Hengel J, van Roy F. Intercalated Discs and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:930-40. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rampazzo
- From the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (A.R., M.C.); Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.); and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.)
| | - Martina Calore
- From the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (A.R., M.C.); Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.); and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.)
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- From the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (A.R., M.C.); Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.); and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.)
| | - Frans van Roy
- From the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (A.R., M.C.); Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.); and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.)
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145
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Mazzanti A, O'Rourke S, Ng K, Miceli C, Borio G, Curcio A, Esposito F, Napolitano C, Priori SG. The usual suspects in sudden cardiac death of the young: a focus on inherited arrhythmogenic diseases. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:499-519. [PMID: 24650315 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.894884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Up to 14,500 young individuals die suddenly every year in Europe of cardiac pathologies. The majority of these tragic events are related to a group of genetic defects that predispose the development of malignant arrhythmias (inherited arrhythmogenic diseases [IADs]). IADs include both cardiomyopathies (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy) and channelopathies (long QT syndrome, short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia). Every time an IAD is identified in a patient, other individuals in his/her family may be at risk of cardiac events. However; if a timely diagnosis is made, simple preventative measures may be applied. Genetic studies play a pivotal role in the diagnosis of IADs and may help in the management of patients and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzanti
- Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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146
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Patel DM, Dubash AD, Kreitzer G, Green KJ. Disease mutations in desmoplakin inhibit Cx43 membrane targeting mediated by desmoplakin-EB1 interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:779-97. [PMID: 25225338 PMCID: PMC4164953 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201312110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms by which microtubule plus ends interact with regions of cell-cell contact during tissue development and morphogenesis are not fully understood. We characterize a previously unreported interaction between the microtubule binding protein end-binding 1 (EB1) and the desmosomal protein desmoplakin (DP), and demonstrate that DP-EB1 interactions enable DP to modify microtubule organization and dynamics near sites of cell-cell contact. EB1 interacts with a region of the DP N terminus containing a hotspot for pathogenic mutations associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). We show that a subset of AC mutations, in addition to a mutation associated with skin fragility/woolly hair syndrome, impair gap junction localization and function by misregulating DP-EB1 interactions and altering microtubule dynamics. This work identifies a novel function for a desmosomal protein in regulating microtubules that affect membrane targeting of gap junction components, and elucidates a mechanism by which DP mutations may contribute to the development of cardiac and cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipal M Patel
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Adi D Dubash
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Geri Kreitzer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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147
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Calore M, Lorenzon A, De Bortoli M, Poloni G, Rampazzo A. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: a disease of intercalated discs. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:491-500. [PMID: 25344329 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an acquired progressive disease having an age-related penetrance and showing clinical manifestations usually during adolescence and young adulthood. It is characterized clinically by a high incidence of severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death and pathologically by degeneration of ventricular cardiomyocytes with replacement by fibro-fatty tissue. Whereas, in the past, the disease was considered to involve only the right ventricle, more recent clinical studies have established that the left ventricle is frequently involved. ACM is an inherited disease in up to 50% of cases, with predominantly an autosomal dominant pattern of transmission, although recessive inheritance has also been described. Since most of the pathogenic mutations have been identified in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, ACM is currently defined as a disease of desmosomes. However, on the basis of the most recent description of the intercalated disc organization and of the identification of a novel ACM gene encoding for an area composita protein, ACM can be considered as a disease of the intercalated disc, rather than only as a desmosomal disease. Despite increasing knowledge of the genetic basis of ACM, we are just beginning to understand early molecular events leading to cardiomyocyte degeneration, fibrosis and fibro-fatty substitution. This review summarizes recent advances in our comprehension of the link between the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of ACM and of the novel role of cardiac intercalated discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Calore
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
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148
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Gréen A, Gréen H, Rehnberg M, Svensson A, Gunnarsson C, Jonasson J. Assessment of HaloPlex amplification for sequence capture and massively parallel sequencing of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy-associated genes. J Mol Diagn 2014; 17:31-42. [PMID: 25445213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is complex. Mutations in genes encoding components of the cardiac desmosomes have been implicated as being causally related to ARVC. Next-generation sequencing allows parallel sequencing and duplication/deletion analysis of many genes simultaneously, which is appropriate for screening of mutations in disorders with heterogeneous genetic backgrounds. We designed and validated a next-generation sequencing test panel for ARVC using HaloPlex. We used SureDesign to prepare a HaloPlex enrichment system for sequencing of DES, DSC2, DSG2, DSP, JUP, PKP2, RYR2, TGFB3, TMEM43, and TTN from patients with ARVC using a MiSeq instrument. Performance characteristics were determined by comparison with Sanger, as the gold standard, and TruSeq Custom Amplicon sequencing of DSC2, DSG2, DSP, JUP, and PKP2. All the samples were successfully sequenced after HaloPlex capture, with >99% of targeted nucleotides covered by >20×. The sequences were of high quality, although one problematic area due to a presumptive context-specific sequencing error-causing motif located in exon 1 of the DSP gene was detected. The mutations found by Sanger sequencing were also found using the HaloPlex technique. Depending on the bioinformatics pipeline, sensitivity varied from 99.3% to 100%, and specificity varied from 99.9% to 100%. Three variant positions found by Sanger and HaloPlex sequencing were missed by TruSeq Custom Amplicon owing to loss of coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gréen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Gréen
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden; Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Division of Gene Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Rehnberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anneli Svensson
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Gunnarsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jon Jonasson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
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149
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Brun F, Barnes CV, Sinagra G, Slavov D, Barbati G, Zhu X, Graw SL, Spezzacatene A, Pinamonti B, Merlo M, Salcedo EE, Sauer WH, Taylor MR, Mestroni L. Titin and desmosomal genes in the natural history of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Med Genet 2014; 51:669-76. [PMID: 25157032 PMCID: PMC4465780 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotype-phenotype correlations are poorly characterised in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). We investigated whether carriers of rare variants in desmosomal genes (DC) and titin gene (TTN) display different phenotypes and clinical outcomes compared with non-carriers (NT-ND). METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-nine ARVC families (173 subjects, 67 affected) with extensive follow-up (mean 9 years), prospectively enrolled in the International Familial Cardiomyopathy Registry since 1991, were screened for rare variants in TTN and desmosomal genes (DSP, PKP2, DSG2, DSC2). Multiple clinical and outcome variables were compared between three genetic groups (TTN, DC, NT-ND) to define genotype-phenotype associations. Of the 39 ARVC families, 13% (5/39) carried TTN rare variants (11 affected subjects), 13% (5/39) DC (8 affected), while 74% (29/39) were NT-ND (48 affected). When compared with NT-ND, DC had a higher prevalence of inverted T waves in V2-3 (75% vs 31%, p=0.004), while TTN had more supraventricular arrhythmias (46% vs 13%, p=0.013) and conduction disease (64% vs 6% p<0.001). When compared with the NT-ND group, the DC group experienced a worse prognosis (67% vs 11%, p=0.03) and exhibited a lower survival free from death or heart transplant (59% vs 95% at 30 years, and 31% vs 89% at 50 years, HR 9.66, p=0.006), while the TTN group showed an intermediate survival curve (HR 4.26, p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS TTN carriers display distinct phenotypic characteristics including a greater risk for supraventricular arrhythmias and conduction disease. Conversely, DC are characterised by negative T waves in anterior leads, severe prognosis, high mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Brun
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carl V. Barnes
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dobromir Slavov
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Giulia Barbati
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sharon L. Graw
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anita Spezzacatene
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bruno Pinamonti
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Merlo
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Cardiovascular Department, Ospedali Riuniti and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ernesto E. Salcedo
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - William H. Sauer
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew R.G. Taylor
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- Cardiovascular Institute and Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Asimaki A, Saffitz JE. Remodeling of cell-cell junctions in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:13-23. [PMID: 24460198 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.876016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a primary myocardial disorder characterized by a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmias often preceding the onset of ventricular remodeling and dysfunction. Approximately 50% of patients diagnosed with AC have one or more mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, although non-desmosomal genes have also been associated with the disease. Increasing evidence implicates remodeling of intercalated disk proteins reflecting abnormal responses to mechanical load and aberrant cell signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of AC. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding disease mechanisms in AC that have come from studies of human myocardium and experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Asimaki
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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