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Lee A, Kinney P, Chillrud S, Jack D. A Systematic Review of Innate Immunomodulatory Effects of Household Air Pollution Secondary to the Burning of Biomass Fuels. Ann Glob Health 2016; 81:368-74. [PMID: 26615071 PMCID: PMC4758189 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution (HAP)-associated acute lower respiratory infections cause 455,000 deaths and a loss of 39.1 million disability-adjusted life years annually. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of HAP are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of all studies examining the mechanisms underlying the relationship between HAP secondary to solid fuel exposure and acute lower respiratory tract infection to evaluate current available evidence, identify gaps in knowledge, and propose future research priorities. METHODS We conducted and report on studies in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. In all, 133 articles were fully reviewed and main characteristics were detailed, namely study design and outcome, including in vivo versus in vitro and pollutants analyzed. Thirty-six studies were included in a nonexhaustive review of the innate immune system effects of ambient air pollution, traffic-related air pollution, or wood smoke exposure of developed country origin. Seventeen studies investigated the effects of HAP-associated solid fuel (biomass or coal smoke) exposure on airway inflammation and innate immune system function. RESULTS Particulate matter may modulate the innate immune system and increase susceptibility to infection through a) alveolar macrophage-driven inflammation, recruitment of neutrophils, and disruption of barrier defenses; b) alterations in alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and intracellular killing; and c) increased susceptibility to infection via upregulation of receptors involved in pathogen invasion. CONCLUSIONS HAP secondary to the burning of biomass fuels alters innate immunity, predisposing children to acute lower respiratory tract infections. Data from biomass exposure in developing countries are scarce. Further study is needed to define the inflammatory response, alterations in phagocytic function, and upregulation of receptors important in bacterial and viral binding. These studies have important public health implications and may lead to the design of interventions to improve the health of billions of people daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Patrick Kinney
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Steve Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Darby Jack
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Álvaro-Meca A, Díaz A, de Miguel Díez J, Resino R, Resino S. Environmental Factors Related to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Patients in the Combined Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) Era. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165944. [PMID: 27812194 PMCID: PMC5094733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the seasonal variations and whether short-term exposure to environmental risk factors, such as climate and air pollution, is associated with PTB-related hospital admissions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Spain during the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). A retrospective study was carried out using data from the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) and the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) of Spain. The primary outcome variable was hospital admissions with PTB diagnosis. The environmental risk factors evaluated were season, temperature, humidity, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, and CO. Overall, HIV-infected patients had a lower frequency of PTB-related hospital admissions in summer (22.8%) and autumn (22.4%), but higher values in winter (26.6%) and spring (28.2%). Using a Bayesian temporal model, PTB-related hospital admissions were less frequent in summer-autumn and more abundant in winter-spring during the first years of follow-up. During the later years of follow-up, the seasonal trends continued resulting in the lowest values in autumn and the highest in spring. When considering short-term exposure to environmental risk factors, lower temperatures at 1 week (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03; p = 0.008), 1.5 weeks (OR = 1.03; p<0.001), 2 weeks (OR = 1.04; p<0.001), and 3 weeks (OR = 1.03; p<0.001) prior to PTB admission. In addition, higher concentration of NO2 at the time of admission were significantly associated with higher likelihoods of PTB-related hospital admission in HIV-infected patients when 1.5 weeks (OR = 1.1; p = 0.044) and 2 weeks (OR = 1.21; p<0.001) were used as controls. Finally, higher concentration of SO2 at 1.5 weeks prior to PTB admission was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of PTB-related hospital admissions (OR = 0.92; p = 0.029). In conclusion, our data suggest an apparent seasonal variation in hospital admissions of HIV-infected patients with a PTB diagnosis (summer/autumn vs. winter/spring), as well as a link to short-term exposure to environmental risk factors, such as temperature and ambient NO2 and SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Álvaro-Meca
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (SR); (AAM)
| | - Asuncion Díaz
- Unit of HIV Surveillance and Behavioural Monitoring. National Center of Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Network of Biomedical Research Centers Epidemiology and Public Health (Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de Miguel Díez
- Pneumology Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Resino
- Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography and History, Complutense University of Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda. Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (SR); (AAM)
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Kawasaki Disease and Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. J Pediatr 2016; 177:179-183.e1. [PMID: 27496266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze associations of short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (diameter ≤ 2.5 µm [PM2.5]), a measurable component of urban pollution, with the event date of fever onset for patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) residing in 7 metropolitan regions. STUDY DESIGN A case-crossover study design was used. Time trends, seasonality, month, and weekday were controlled for by matching. We assembled PM2.5 exposure measurements from urban monitors and imputed PM2.5 to provide day-to-day temporal variability and resolution for time series indexes of exposures. Selected exposure windows (to 14 days) of PM2.5 were examined. RESULTS A total of 3009 KD events were included for which the subject resided within a study metropolitan area and the event date occurred during years with available PM2.5. The estimated ORs (with 95% CIs) of an event of KD associated with a 10 µg/m(3) PM2.5 lagged moving average concentration of lagged exposure period (ie, concurrent, preceding day[s]) revealed no evidence of a consistent, statistically significant, positive association between elevated PM2.5 exposure and increased risk of KD. Extended analysis with stratification by city, sex, age, ethnic origin, incomplete or complete clinical manifestations, the presence of coronary aneurysm, and intravenous immunoglobulin resistance did not provide evidence of a consistent, statistically significant, positive association between elevated exposure to PM2.5 and increased risk of KD for any of the strata studied. CONCLUSIONS This multicity study failed to establish a risk of the event of KD with short-term fine particulate exposure. Our negative findings add to the growing field of environmental epidemiology research of KD.
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Uchoa MF, Moser VA, Pike CJ. Interactions between inflammation, sex steroids, and Alzheimer's disease risk factors. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 43:60-82. [PMID: 27651175 PMCID: PMC5123957 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no effective strategies to prevent or slow its progression. Because AD is multifactorial, recent research has focused on understanding interactions among the numerous risk factors and mechanisms underlying the disease. One mechanism through which several risk factors may be acting is inflammation. AD is characterized by chronic inflammation that is observed before clinical onset of dementia. Several genetic and environmental risk factors for AD increase inflammation, including apolipoprotein E4, obesity, and air pollution. Additionally, sex steroid hormones appear to contribute to AD risk, with age-related losses of estrogens in women and androgens in men associated with increased risk. Importantly, sex steroid hormones have anti-inflammatory actions and can interact with several other AD risk factors. This review examines the individual and interactive roles of inflammation and sex steroid hormones in AD, as well as their relationships with the AD risk factors apolipoprotein E4, obesity, and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F Uchoa
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - V Alexandra Moser
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Sayan M, Mossman BT. The NLRP3 inflammasome in pathogenic particle and fibre-associated lung inflammation and diseases. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:51. [PMID: 27650313 PMCID: PMC5029018 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of the inflammasome, a macromolecular complex sensing cell stress or danger signals and initiating inflammation, was first introduced approximately a decade ago. Priming and activation of these intracellular protein platforms trigger the maturation of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, most notably, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, to promulgate innate immune defenses. Although classically studied in models of gout, Type II diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the importance and mechanisms of action of inflammasome priming and activation have recently been elucidated in cells of the respiratory tract where they modulate the responses to a number of inhaled pathogenic particles and fibres. Most notably, inflammasome activation appears to regulate the balance between tissue repair and inflammation after inhalation of pathogenic pollutants such as asbestos, crystalline silica (CS), and airborne particulate matter (PM). Different types of fibres and particles may have distinct mechanisms of inflammasome interaction and outcome. This review summarizes the structure and function of inflammasomes, the interplay between various chemokines and cytokines and cell types of the lung and pleura after inflammasome activation, and the events leading to the development of non-malignant (allergic airway disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asbestosis, silicosis) and malignant (mesothelioma, lung cancer) diseases by pathogenic particulates. In addition, it emphasizes the importance of communication between cells of the immune system, target cells of these diseases, and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulation of inflammasome-mediated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutlay Sayan
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, 05401, VT, USA
| | - Brooke T Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, 05405, VT, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are novel and promising targets for allergen immunotherapy. Bench studies suggest that TLR agonists reduce Th2 responses and ameliorate airway hyper-responsiveness. In addition, clinical trials are at initial phases to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TLR agonists for the allergen immunotherapy of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. (Figure is included in full-text article.) RECENT FINDINGS To date, two allergy vaccine-containing TLR agonists have been investigated in clinical trials; Pollinex Quattro and AIC. The former contains monophosphoryl lipid, a TLR4 agonist and the latter contains, CpG motifs activating the TLR9 cascade. Preseasonal subcutaneous injection of both of these allergy vaccines has been safe and efficacious in control of nasal symptoms of patients with allergic rhinitis. CRX-675 (a TLR4 agonist), AZD8848 (a TLR7 agonist), VTX-1463 (a TLR8 agonist) and 1018 ISS and QbG10 (TLR9 agonists) are currently in clinical development for allergic rhinitis and asthma. SUMMARY TLR agonists herald promising results for allergen immunotherapy of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Future research should be directed at utilizing these agents for immunotherapy of food allergy (for instance, peanut allergy) as well.
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108
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Controlled diesel exhaust and allergen coexposure modulates microRNA and gene expression in humans: Effects on inflammatory lung markers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1690-1700. [PMID: 27283384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution's association with asthma may be due to its augmentation of allergenic effects, but the role of microRNA (miRNA) and gene expression in this synergy is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether exposure to allergen, exposure to diesel exhaust (DE), or coexposures modulate miRNA, gene expression, or inflammatory pathways and whether these measurements are correlated. METHODS Fifteen participants with atopy completed this controlled study of 2 hours of filtered air or DE (300 μg PM2.5/m3) exposure, followed by saline-controlled segmental bronchial allergen challenge. Gene and miRNA expression in bronchial brushings and lung inflammatory markers were measured 48 hours later, in study arms separated by approximately 4 weeks. Expression of miRNAs, messenger RNAs, and inflammatory markers and their interrelationships were determined using regression. RESULTS Robust linear models indicated that DE plus saline and DE plus allergen significantly modulated the highest number of miRNAs and messenger RNAs, respectively, relative to control (filtered air plus saline). In mixed models, allergen exposure modulated (q ≤ 0.2) miRNAs including miR-183-5p, miR-324-5p, and miR-132-3p and genes including NFKBIZ and CDKN1A, but DE did not significantly modify this allergenic effect. Repression of CDKN1A by allergen-induced miR-132-3p may contribute to shedding of bronchial epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Expression of specific miRNAs and genes associated with bronchial immune responses were significantly modulated by DE or allergen. However, DE did not augment the effect of allergen at 48 hours, suggesting that adjuvancy may be transient or require higher or prolonged exposure. In silico analysis suggested a possible mechanism contributing to epithelial wall damage following allergen exposure.
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109
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Yan Z, Jin Y, An Z, Liu Y, Samet JM, Wu W. Inflammatory cell signaling following exposures to particulate matter and ozone. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2826-34. [PMID: 27015762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) are two major ambient air pollutants. Epidemiological and toxicological studies have demonstrated exposure to these pollutants is associated with a variety of adverse health effects, including cardiovascular and respiratory disease, in which inflammation is believed to be a common and essential factor. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review mainly focuses on major inflammatory cell signaling pathways triggered by exposure to PM and O3. The receptors covered in this review include the EGF receptor, toll like receptor, and NOD-like receptor. Intracellular signaling protein kinases depicted in this review are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Activation of antioxidant and inflammatory transcription factors such as NrF2 and NFκB induced by PM and O3 is also discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PM or O3 can activate cellular signaling networks including membrane receptors, intracellular kinases and phosphatases, and transcription factors that regulate inflammatory responses. While PM-induced cell signaling is associated with resultant ROS, O3-induced cell signaling implicates phosphates. Notably, the cellular signaling induced by PM and O3 exposure varies with cell type and physiochemical properties of these pollutants. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Cellular signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of inflammatory pathogenesis. Elucidation of cellular signaling pathways initiated by PM or O3 cannot only help to uncover the mechanisms of air pollutant toxicity but also provide clues for development of interventional measures against air pollution-induced disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Zhen An
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Effects and Intervention, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China; Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, PR China.
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Rao X, Patel P, Puett R, Rajagopalan S. Air pollution as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Sci 2015; 143:231-41. [PMID: 25628401 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in both humans and animals suggest that air pollution is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the mechanism by which air pollution mediates propensity to diabetes is not fully understood. While a number of epidemiologic studies have shown a positive association between ambient air pollution exposure and risk for T2DM, some studies have not found such a relationship. Experimental studies in susceptible disease models do support this association and suggest the involvement of tissues involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM such as the immune system, adipose, liver, and central nervous system. This review summarizes the epidemiologic and experimental evidence between ambient outdoor air pollution and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Rao
- *Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore and Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Priti Patel
- *Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore and Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Robin Puett
- *Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore and Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- *Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore and Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss the impact of environmental tobacco smoke and particulate and gaseous air pollutants derived from fossil fuel combustion on a particularly vulnerable population, infants and children. Indoor and outdoor air pollutants exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases and lower respiratory tract infections. However, there is an even more alarming impact of antenatal air pollution exposures. There are several reports in rodents and monkeys that maternal exposure to tobacco smoke or fossil fuel-generated air pollutants causes in utero growth retardation, lung remodeling, and immune cell activation which increase the risk for asthma or the risk of morbidity with respiratory infections. Importantly, epidemiologic studies confirm that maternal exposure to air pollutants decreases lung function in infants and children which may persist to young adulthood. Thus, environmental air pollutants contribute to childhood origins of chronic obstructive lung disease by changing the capacity for normal lung development and repair, by promoting early lung inflammation which increases the susceptibility to pollution-triggered symptomatic lung disease in adulthood, and by limiting the capacity for later adaptive/repair responses to environmental and infectious insults.
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112
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Rao X, Montresor-Lopez J, Puett R, Rajagopalan S, Brook RD. Ambient air pollution: an emerging risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:603. [PMID: 25894943 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports that air pollution has become an important risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus. Understanding the contributing effect of air pollution in population studies, elucidating the potential mechanisms involved, and identifying the most responsible pollutants are all required in order to promulgate successful changes in policy and to help formulate preventive measures in an effort to reduce the risk for diabetes. This review summarizes recent findings from epidemiologic studies and mechanistic insights that provide links between exposure to air pollution and a heightened risk for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Rao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Schisler JC, Ronnebaum SM, Madden M, Channell M, Campen M, Willis MS. Endothelial inflammatory transcriptional responses to an altered plasma exposome following inhalation of diesel emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:272-80. [PMID: 25942053 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution, especially emissions derived from traffic sources, is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, it remains unclear how inhaled factors drive extrapulmonary pathology. OBJECTIVES Previously, we found that canonical inflammatory response transcripts were elevated in cultured endothelial cells treated with plasma obtained after exposure compared with pre-exposure samples or filtered air (sham) exposures. While the findings confirmed the presence of bioactive factor(s) in the plasma after diesel inhalation, we wanted to better examine the complete genomic response to investigate (1) major responsive transcripts and (2) collected response pathways and ontogeny that may help to refine this method and inform the pathogenesis. METHODS We assayed endothelial RNA with gene expression microarrays, examining the responses of cultured endothelial cells to plasma obtained from six healthy human subjects exposed to 100 μg/m(3) diesel exhaust or filtered air for 2 h on separate occasions. In addition to pre-exposure baseline samples, we investigated samples obtained immediately-post and 24 h-post exposure. RESULTS Microarray analysis of the coronary artery endothelial cells challenged with plasma identified 855 probes that changed over time following diesel exhaust exposure. Over-representation analysis identified inflammatory cytokine pathways were upregulated both at the 2 and 24 h conditions. Novel pathways related to FOXO transcription factors and secreted extracellular factors were also identified in the microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS These outcomes are consistent with our recent findings that plasma contains bioactive and inflammatory factors following pollutant inhalation and provide a novel pathway to explain the well-reported extrapulmonary toxicity of ambient air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Schisler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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Bauer RN, Müller L, Brighton LE, Duncan KE, Jaspers I. Interaction with epithelial cells modifies airway macrophage response to ozone. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:285-94. [PMID: 25054807 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0035oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial innate immune response to ozone (O3) in the lung is orchestrated by structural cells, such as epithelial cells, and resident immune cells, such as airway macrophages (Macs). We developed an epithelial cell-Mac coculture model to investigate how epithelial cell-derived signals affect Mac response to O3. Macs from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of healthy volunteers were cocultured with the human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) or alveolar (A549) epithelial cell lines. Cocultures, Mac monocultures, and epithelial cell monocultures were exposed to O3 or air, and Mac immunophenotype, phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity were assessed. Quantities of hyaluronic acid (HA) and IL-8 were compared across cultures and in BAL fluid from healthy volunteers exposed to O3 or air for in vivo confirmation. We show that Macs in coculture had increased markers of alternative activation, enhanced cytotoxicity, and reduced phagocytosis compared with Macs in monoculture that differed based on coculture with A549 or 16HBE. Production of HA by epithelial cell monocultures was not affected by O3, but quantities of HA in the in vitro coculture and BAL fluid from volunteers exposed in vivo were increased with O3 exposure, indicating that O3 exposure impairs Mac regulation of HA. Together, we show epithelial cell-Mac coculture models that have many similarities to the in vivo responses to O3, and demonstrate that epithelial cell-derived signals are important determinants of Mac immunophenotype and response to O3.
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Tse K, Chen L, Tse M, Zuraw B, Christiansen S. Effect of catastrophic wildfires on asthmatic outcomes in obese children: breathing fire. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114:308-311.e4. [PMID: 25747784 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollutants from wildfires and obesity independently exacerbate asthma, yet no study has determined the combined effects of these 2 variables on asthma outcomes. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of 2 catastrophic wildfires affecting the Southern California region (in 2003 and 2007) on several asthma outcomes in a cohort of children. METHODS To investigate the association between wildfire exposure and asthma outcomes, we stratified our study population by body mass index categories (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese) and zip codes (to distinguish individuals who were closer to the fires vs farther away). The primary outcome was the prevalence of physician-dispensed short-acting β-agonist (SABAs). Secondary outcomes included the rate of emergency department visits and/or hospitalizations for asthma, the frequency of oral corticosteroid use for asthma, and number of new diagnoses of asthma. RESULTS A total of 2,195 and 3,965 asthmatic children were analyzed as part of our retrospective cohort during the 2003 and 2007 wildfires, respectively. SABA dispensing increased the most in the obese group after the 2003 wildfires (P < .05). Increased prevalence of SABA dispensing was also noted in the obese group in 2007, but this was not statistically higher than the increases seen in other body mass index groups. There was no observed increase in emergency department and/or hospitalization rates, oral corticosteroid dispensing frequency, or new asthma diagnoses after either wildfire. CONCLUSION Catastrophic wildfires lead to worsening asthma outcomes, particularly in obese individuals. This study gives further evidence of a link between obesity and asthma severity and suggests that air pollutants released during wildfires can have substantial detrimental effects on asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tse
- Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - Lie Chen
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Pasadena, California
| | - Mabel Tse
- Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Bruce Zuraw
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sandra Christiansen
- Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Líbalová H, Krčková S, Uhlířová K, Kléma J, Ciganek M, Rössner P, Šrám RJ, Vondráček J, Machala M, Topinka J. Analysis of gene expression changes in A549 cells induced by organic compounds from respirable air particles. Mutat Res 2014; 770:94-105. [PMID: 25771875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of toxic effects of respirable ambient air particles (genotoxic effects, inflammation, oxidative damage) have been attributed to organic compounds bound onto the particle surface. In this study, we analyzed global gene expression changes caused by the extractable organic matters (EOMs) from respirable airborne particles <2.5μm (PM2.5), collected at 3 localities from heavily polluted areas of the Czech Republic and a control locality with low pollution levels, in human lung epithelial A549 cells. Although the sampled localities differed in both extent and sources of air pollution, EOMs did not induce substantially different gene expression profiles. The number of transcripts deregulated in A549 cells treated with the lowest EOM concentration (10μg/ml) ranged from 65 to 85 in 4 sampling localities compared to the number of transcripts deregulated after 30μg/ml and 60μg/ml of EOMs, which ranged from 90 to 109, and from 149 to 452, respectively. We found numerous commonly deregulated genes and pathways related to activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. We further identified deregulation of expression of the genes involved in pro-inflammatory processes, oxidative stress response and in cancer and developmental pathways, such as TGF-β and Wnt signaling pathways. No cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or pro-apoptotic responses were identified at the transcriptional level after the treatment of A549 cells with EOMs. In conclusion, numerous processes and pathways deregulated in response to EOMs suggest a significant role of activated AhR. Interestingly, we did not observe substantial gene expression changes related to DNA damage response, possibly due to the antagonistic effect of non-genotoxic EOM components. Moreover, a comparison of EOM effects with other available data on modulation of global gene expression suggests possible overlap among the effects of PM2.5, EOMs and various types of AhR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Líbalová
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Krčková
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Uhlířová
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kléma
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Karlovo namesti 13, 121 35 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rössner
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Radim J Šrám
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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117
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Environmental effects on immune responses in patients with atopy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1001-8. [PMID: 25439226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite attempts and some successes to improve air quality over the decades, current US national trends suggest that exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution remains a significant risk factor for both the development of asthma and the triggering of asthma symptoms. Emerging science also suggests that environmental exposures during the prenatal period and early childhood years increase the risk of asthma. Multiple mechanisms mediate this risk because a wide range of deleterious air pollutants contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma across a variety of complex asthma phenotypes. In this review we will consider the role of altered innate and adaptive immune responses, gene-environment interactions, epigenetic regulation, and possibly gene-environment-epigene interactions. Gaining a greater understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the effect of exposure to air pollution on asthma, allergies, and other airway diseases can identify targets for therapy. Such interventions will include pollutant source reduction among those most exposed and most vulnerable and novel pharmaceutical strategies to reduce asthma morbidity.
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118
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Im H, Ammit AJ. The NLRP3 inflammasome: role in airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:160-72. [PMID: 24118105 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling. Uncontrolled airway inflammation or repeated asthma exacerbations can lead to airway remodelling, which cannot be reversed by current pharmacological treatment, and consequently lead to decline in lung function. Thus, it is critical to understand airway inflammation in asthma and infectious exacerbation. The inflammasome has emerged as playing a key role in innate immunity and inflammation. Upon ligand sensing, inflammasome components assemble and self-oligomerize, leading to caspase-1 activation and maturation of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into bioactive cytokines. These bioactive cytokines then play a pivotal role in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory processes. In addition to facilitating the proteolytic activation of IL-1β and IL-18, inflammasomes also participate in cell death through caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis. In this review, we describe the structure and function of the inflammasome and provide an overview of our current understanding of role of the inflammasome in airway inflammation. We focus on nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as it is the best-characterized subtype shown expressed in airway and considered to play a key role in chronic airway diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Im
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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119
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Gangamma S. Characteristics of airborne bacteria in Mumbai urban environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 488-489:70-74. [PMID: 24815556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Components of biological origin constitute small but a significant proportion of the ambient airborne particulate matter (PM). However, their diversity and role in proinflammatory responses of PM are not well understood. The present study characterizes airborne bacterial species diversity in Mumbai City and elucidates the role of bacterial endotoxin in PM induced proinflammatory response in ex vivo. Airborne bacteria and endotoxin samples were collected during April-May 2010 in Mumbai using six stage microbial impactor and biosampler. The culturable bacterial species concentration was measured and factors influencing the composition were identified by principal component analysis (PCA). The biosampler samples were used to stimulate immune cells in whole blood assay. A total of 28 species belonging to 17 genera were identified. Gram positive and spore forming groups of bacteria dominated the airborne culturable bacterial concentration. The study indicated the dominance of spore forming and human or animal flora derived pathogenic/opportunistic bacteria in the ambient air environment. Pathogenic and opportunistic species of bacteria were also present in the samples. TNF-α induction by PM was reduced (35%) by polymyxin B pretreatment and this result was corroborated with the results of blocking endotoxin receptor cluster differentiation (CD14). The study highlights the importance of airborne biological particles and suggests need of further studies on biological characterization of ambient PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gangamma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India.
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120
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Aryan Z, Holgate ST, Radzioch D, Rezaei N. A new era of targeting the ancient gatekeepers of the immune system: toll-like agonists in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 164:46-63. [PMID: 24853609 DOI: 10.1159/000362553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to a large family of pattern recognition receptors known as the ancient 'gatekeepers' of the immune system. TLRs are located at the first line of defense against invading pathogens as well as aeroallergens, making them interesting targets to modulate the natural history of respiratory allergy. Agonists of TLRs have been widely employed in therapeutic or prophylactic preparations useful for asthma/allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. MPL® (a TLR4 agonist) and the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide of 1018 ISS, a TLR9 agonist, show strong immunogenicity effects that make them appropriate adjuvants for allergy vaccines. Targeting the TLRs can enhance the efficacy of specific allergen immunotherapy, currently the only available 'curative' treatment for respiratory allergies. In addition, intranasal administration of AZD8848 (a TLR7 agonist) and VTX-1463 (a TLR8 agonist) as stand-alone therapeutics have revealed efficacy in the relief of the symptoms of AR patients. No anaphylaxis has been so far reported with such compounds targeting TLRs, with the most common adverse effects being transient and local irritation (e.g. redness, swelling and pruritus). Many other compounds that target TLRs have been found to suppress airway inflammation, eosinophilia and airway hyper-responsiveness in various animal models of allergic inflammation. Indeed, in the future a wide variability of TLR agonists and even antagonists that exhibit anti-asthma/AR effects are likely to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aryan
- Molecular Immunology Research Center and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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121
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Sussan TE, Ingole V, Kim JH, McCormick S, Negherbon J, Fallica J, Akulian J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D, Wills-Karp M, Horton MR, Breysse PN, Agrawal A, Juvekar S, Salvi S, Biswal S. Source of biomass cooking fuel determines pulmonary response to household air pollution. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:538-48. [PMID: 24102120 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0201oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3 billion people-half the worldwide population-are exposed to extremely high concentrations of household air pollution due to the burning of biomass fuels on inefficient cookstoves, accounting for 4 million annual deaths globally. Yet, our understanding of the pulmonary responses to household air pollution exposure and the underlying molecular and cellular events is limited. The two most prevalent biomass fuels in India are wood and cow dung, and typical 24-hour mean particulate matter (PM) concentrations in homes that use these fuels are 300 to 5,000 μg/m(3). We dissected the mechanisms of pulmonary responses in mice after acute or subchronic exposure to wood or cow dung PM collected from rural Indian homes during biomass cooking. Acute exposures resulted in robust proinflammatory cytokine production, neutrophilic inflammation, airway resistance, and hyperresponsiveness, all of which were significantly higher in mice exposed to PM from cow dung. On the contrary, subchronic exposures induced eosinophilic inflammation, PM-specific antibody responses, and alveolar destruction that was highest in wood PM-exposed mice. To understand the molecular pathways that trigger biomass PM-induced inflammation, we exposed Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-, TLR3-, TLR4-, TLR5-, and IL-1R-deficient mice to PM and found that IL-1R, TLR4, and TLR2 are the predominant receptors that elicit inflammatory responses via MyD88 in mice exposed to wood or cow dung PM. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that subchronic exposure to PM collected from households burning biomass fuel elicits a persistent pulmonary inflammation largely through activation of TLR and IL-1R pathways, which could increase the risk for chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Sussan
- 1 Center for Global Clean Air, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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122
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Ibricevic A, Guntsen SP, Zhang K, Shrestha R, Liu Y, Sun JY, Welch MJ, Wooley KL, Brody SL. PEGylation of cationic, shell-crosslinked-knedel-like nanoparticles modulates inflammation and enhances cellular uptake in the lung. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:912-22. [PMID: 23453959 PMCID: PMC3724762 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The airway provides a direct route for administration of nanoparticles bearing therapeutic or diagnostic payloads to the lung, however optimization of nanoplatforms for intracellular delivery remains challenging. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) surface modification improves systemic performance but less is known about PEGylated nanoparticles administered to the airway. To test this, we generated a library of cationic, shell crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticles (cSCKs), including PEG (1.5 kDa PEG; 2, 5, 10 molecules/polymer arm) on the outer shell. Delivery of PEGylated cSCK to the mouse airway showed significantly less inflammation in a PEG dose-dependent manner. PEGylation also enhanced the entry of cSCKs in lung alveolar epithelial cells and improved surfactant penetration. The PEGylation effect could be explained by the altered mechanism of endocytosis. While non-PEGylated cSCKs used the clathrin-dependent route for endocytosis, entry of PEGylated cSCK was clathrin-independent. Thus, nanoparticle surface modification with PEG represents an advantageous design for lung delivery. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, the effects of PEGylation were studied on cross linked knedel-like nanoparticles in drug delivery through the lungs, demonstrating less airway inflammation in the studied model than with non-PEGylated nanoparticles, which suggests an overall favorable profile of PEGylated nanoparticles for alveolar delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ibricevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sean P. Guntsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ritu Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jing Yi Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael J. Welch
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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123
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Apter AJ. Advances in adult asthma diagnosis and treatment in 2012: potential therapeutics and gene-environment interactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:47-54. [PMID: 23265695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in 2012, research reports related to asthma in adults clustered around mechanisms of disease, with a special focus on their potential for informing new therapies. There was also consideration of the effect of the environment on health from pollution, climate change, and epigenetic influences, underlining the importance of understanding gene-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of asthma and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Apter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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124
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Peden DB, Bush RK. Advances in environmental and occupational disorders in 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:668-74. [PMID: 23384680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The year 2012 produced a number of advances in our understanding of the effect of environmental factors on allergic diseases, identification of new allergens, immune mechanisms in host defense, factors involved in asthma severity, and therapeutic approaches. This review focuses on the articles published in the Journal in 2012 that enhance our knowledge base of environmental and occupational disorders. Identification of novel allergens can improve diagnostics, risk factor analysis can aid preventative approaches, and studies of genetic-environmental interactions and immune mechanisms will lead to better therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Peden
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310, USA.
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125
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Abstract
Last year's "Advances in pediatric asthma: moving forward" concluded the following: "Now is also the time to utilize information recorded in electronic medical records to develop innovative disease management plans that will track asthma over time and enable timely decisions on interventions in order to maintain control that can lead to disease remission and prevention." This year's summary will focus on recent advances in pediatric asthma on modifying disease activity, preventing asthma exacerbations, managing severe asthma, and risk factors for predicting and managing early asthma, as indicated in Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology publications in 2012. Recent reports continue to shed light on methods to improve asthma management through steps to assess disease activity, tools to standardize outcome measures in asthma, genetic markers that predict risk for asthma and appropriate treatment, and interventions that alter the early presentation of asthma to prevent progression. We are well on our way to creating a pathway around wellness in asthma care and also to use new tools to predict the risk for asthma and take steps to not only prevent asthma exacerbations but also to prevent the early manifestations of the disease and thus prevent its evolution to severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley J Szefler
- Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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126
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Ban M, Langonné I, Huguet N, Guichard Y, Goutet M. Iron oxide particles modulate the ovalbumin-induced Th2 immune response in mice. Toxicol Lett 2012; 216:31-9. [PMID: 23147377 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the modulatory effects of submicron and nanosized iron oxide (Fe(2)O(3)) particles on the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced immune Th2 response in BALB/c mice. Particles were intratracheally administered four times to mice before and during the OVA sensitization period. For each particle type, three different doses, namely 4×100, 4×250 or 4×500 μg/mouse, were used and for each dose, four groups of mice, i.e. group saline solution (1), OVA (2), particles (3), and OVA plus particles (4), were constituted. Mice exposed to OVA alone exhibited an allergic Th2-dominated response with a consistent increase in inflammatory scores, eosinophil numbers, specific IgE levels and IL-4 production. When the mice were exposed to OVA and to high and intermediate doses of iron oxide submicron- or nanoparticles, the OVA-induced allergic response was significantly inhibited, as evidenced by the decrease in eosinophil cell influx and specific IgE levels. However, the low dose (4×100 μg) of submicron particles had no significant effect on the OVA allergic response while the same dose of nanoparticles had an adjuvant effect on the Th2 response to OVA. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the pulmonary immune response to OVA is a sensitive target for intratracheally instilled particles. Depending on the particle dose and size, the allergic response was suppressed or enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masarin Ban
- Department of Pollutants and Health, National Institute for Research and Safety 54519 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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127
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Hirota JA, Knight DA. Human airway epithelial cell innate immunity: relevance to asthma. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:740-6. [PMID: 23089231 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity function of the human airway epithelium is responsible for orchestrating defence against inhaled viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergens, pollution, and other environmental insults. Epithelial cells present a mechanically tight, pseudostratified, multi-cell barrier that secretes mucus, surfactants, and anti-microbial peptides to manage minor insults. Secondary to the mechanical impedances, cell surface and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors await detection of more aggressive insults. The differentiation state of the airway epithelium contributes to innate immunity by compartmentalizing receptors and mediator production. Activation of innate immune receptors triggers production of interferons, cytokines, and chemokines, which influence adaptive immune responses. Mounting evidence suggests that these responses are aberrant in asthma and may contribute to disease progression and exacerbations. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence supporting these statements, focusing primarily on data generated from using human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Hirota
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre Heart + Lung Institute, St Pauls Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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128
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Gangamma S. Airborne particulate matter and innate immunity activation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10879-10880. [PMID: 23035690 DOI: 10.1021/es303491j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Gangamma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal, India.
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129
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Gangamma S. Airborne particulate matter–associated endotoxin and proinflammatory responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1012; author reply 1012-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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130
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Bauer RN, Diaz-Sanchez D, Jaspers I. Reply. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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131
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Proietti E, Röösli M, Frey U, Latzin P. Air pollution during pregnancy and neonatal outcome: a review. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2012; 26:9-23. [PMID: 22856675 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2011.0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of the adverse impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution. This is of particular interest, as exposure during pregnancy--a crucial time span of important biological development--may have long-term implications. The aims of this review are to show current epidemiological evidence of known effects of prenatal exposure to air pollution and present possible mechanisms behind this process. Harmful effects of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy have been shown for different birth outcomes: higher infant mortality, lower birth weight, impaired lung development, increased later respiratory morbidity, and early alterations in immune development. Although results on lower birth weight are somewhat controversial, evidence for higher infant mortality is consistent in studies published worldwide. Possible mechanisms include direct toxicity of particles due to particle translocation across tissue barriers or particle penetration across cellular membranes. The induction of specific processes or interaction with immune cells in either the pregnant mother or the fetus may be possible consequences. Indirect effects could be oxidative stress and inflammation with consequent hemodynamic alterations resulting in decreased placental blood flow and reduced transfer of nutrients to the fetus. The early developmental phase of pregnancy is thought to be very important in determining long-term growth and overall health. So-called "tracking" of somatic growth and lung function is believed to have a huge impact on long-term morbidity, especially from a public health perspective. This is particularly important in areas with high levels of outdoor pollution, where it is practically impossible for an individual to avoid exposure. Especially in these areas, good evidence for the association between prenatal exposure to air pollution and infant mortality exists, clearly indicating the need for more stringent measures to reduce exposure to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Proietti
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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