101
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Reis LO, Pereira TC, Favaro WJ, Cagnon VHA, Lopes-Cendes I, Ferreira U. Experimental animal model and RNA interference: a promising association for bladder cancer research. World J Urol 2009; 27:353-61. [PMID: 19214530 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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102
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Suzuki T, Nishida K, Kakutani K, Maeno K, Yurube T, Takada T, Kurosaka M, Doita M. Sustained long-term RNA interference in nucleus pulposus cells in vivo mediated by unmodified small interfering RNA. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2009; 18:263-70. [PMID: 19142673 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-008-0873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology has recently emerged as an important biological strategy for gene silencing. Previously, the efficacies of RNAi in cultured nucleus pulposus cells in vitro have been reported. However, RNAi in the disc in vivo has never been reported. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to establish a method for RNAi in the disc in vivo and to evaluate the applicability of this technique for endogenous genes in the intervertebral discs using Fas Ligand (FasL) as a representative endogenous gene. To evaluate the efficacy of RNAi in vivo, two reporter luciferase plasmids (Firefly and Renilla) were used. These plasmids and unmodified short interference RNA (siRNA) duplex for targeting Firefly luciferase were co-transfected into coccygeal intervertebral disc of Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo using the ultrasound gene transfer technique. To evaluate the RNAi of the endogenous gene in vivo, siRNAs targeting rat FasL were transfected with the same technique. Non-specific siRNA was used as the negative control. The discs receiving no siRNAs were used as the control. The inhibitory effect of Firefly luciferase against Renilla luciferase was obtained using the results of dual-luciferase assay. Down-regulation of endogenous FasL was calculated by the data from real-time PCR. Our results showed that siRNA for Firefly luciferase can dramatically down-regulate the Firefly luciferase gene expression in vivo compared with Renilla luciferase. The inhibitory effects were maintained for at least 24 weeks and at 24 weeks post transfection, the inhibitory rate was 80% compared with the control group. Furthermore, the siRNA co-transfection group inhibited endogenous FasL expression by 53% compared with the control group. The present study demonstrates long-term down-regulation mediated by unmodified siRNA is possible not only for the exogenous reporter gene, but also for endogenous FasL expression in rat discs in vivo. This application of RNAi might be promising as a local therapy for disc degeneration and associated disorders by down-regulating some of the genes that are harmful for the normal physiology of the disc and may cause disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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103
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Higashitani A, Hashizume T, Sugimoto T, Mori C, Nemoto K, Etheridge T, Higashitani N, Takanami T, Suzuki H, Fukui K, Yamazaki T, Ishioka N, Szewczyk N, Higashibata A. C. elegans RNAi space experiment (CERISE) in Japanese Experiment Module KIBO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 23:183-187. [PMID: 20729992 DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have started a space experiment using an experimental organism, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in the Japanese Experiment Module, KIBO, of the International Space Station (ISS). The specimens were boarded by space shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-129 which launched from NASA Kennedy Space Center on November 16, 2009. The purpose of the experiment was several-fold: (i) to verify the efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) in space, (ii) to monitor transcriptional and post-translational alterations in the entire genome in space, and (iii) to investigate mechanisms regulating and countermeasures for muscle alterations in response to the space environment. In particular, this will be the first study to utilize RNAi in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Higashitani
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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104
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Abstract
Tumors are composed of both malignant and normal cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and inflammatory immune cells such as macrophages. These various stromal components interact with cancer cells to promote growth and metastasis. For example, macrophages, attracted by colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) produced by tumor cells, in turn produce various growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, which supports the growth of tumor cells and their interaction with blood vessels leading to enhanced tumor cell spreading. The activation of autocrine and paracrine oncogenic signaling pathways by stroma-derived growth factors and cytokines has been implicated in promoting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) derived from both tumor cells and the stromal compartment are regarded as major players assisting tumor cells during metastasis. Collectively, these recent findings indicate that targeting tumor-stroma interactions is a promising strategy in the search for novel treatment modalities in human cancer. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the tumor microenvironment and highlights some potential targets for therapeutic intervention with small interfering RNAs.
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105
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Alshamsan A, Haddadi A, Incani V, Samuel J, Lavasanifar A, Uludağ H. Formulation and Delivery of siRNA by Oleic Acid and Stearic Acid Modified Polyethylenimine. Mol Pharm 2008; 6:121-33. [DOI: 10.1021/mp8000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aws Alshamsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Azita Haddadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Vanessa Incani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - John Samuel
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2N8, Canada, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Canada, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Canada
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106
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Kamlah F, Eul BG, Li S, Lang N, Marsh LM, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Rose F, Hänze J. Intravenous injection of siRNA directed against hypoxia-inducible factors prolongs survival in a Lewis lung carcinoma cancer model. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:195-205. [PMID: 18818708 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Different routes for the in vivo administration of synthetic siRNA complexes targeting lung tumors were compared, and siRNA complexes were administered for the inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha). Intravenous jugular vein injection of siRNA proved to be the most effective means of targeting lung tumor tissue in the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) model. In comparison, intraperitoneal injection of siRNA was not suitable for targeting of lung tumor and intratracheal administration of siRNA exclusively targeted macrophages. Inhibition of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha by siRNA injected intravenously was validated by immunohistofluorescent analysis for glucose-transporter-1 (GLUT-1), a well-established HIF target protein. The GLUT-1 signal was strongly attenuated in the lung tumors of mice treated with siRNA-targeting HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha, compared with mice treated with control siRNA. Interestingly, injection of siRNA directed against HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha into LLC1 lung tumor-bearing mice resulted in prolonged survival. Immunohistological analysis of the lung tumors from mice treated with siRNA directed against HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha displayed reduced proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis, cellular responses, which are known to be affected by HIF. In conclusion, intravenous jugular vein injection of siRNA strongly targets the lung tumor and is effective in gene inhibition as demonstrated for HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kamlah
- Department of Internal Medicine II/V, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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107
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Bonnet ME, Erbacher P, Bolcato-Bellemin AL. Systemic delivery of DNA or siRNA mediated by linear polyethylenimine (L-PEI) does not induce an inflammatory response. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2972-82. [PMID: 18709489 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The success of nucleic acid therapies depends upon delivery vehicle's ability to selectively and efficiently deliver therapeutic nucleic acids to target organ with minimal toxicity. The cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) has been widely used for nucleic acid delivery due to its versatility and efficiency. In particular, the last generation of linear PEI (L-PEI) is being more efficient in vivo than the first generation of branched PEI. This led to several clinical trials including phase II bladder cancer therapy and human immunodeficiency virus immunotherapy. When moving towards to the clinic, it is crucial to identify potential side-effects induced by the delivery vehicle. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose we have analyzed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12/IL-23, IFN-beta and IL-1beta] and hepatic enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) in the blood serum of mice after systemic injection of DNA or siRNAs delivered with L-PEI. RESULTS Our data show no major production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or hepatic enzymes after injection of DNA or oligonucleotides active for RNA interference (siRNAs or sticky siRNAs) complexed with L-PEI. Only a slight induction of IFN-gamma was measured after DNA delivery, which is probably induced by the CpG mediated response. CONCLUSION Taken together our data highlight that linear polyethylenimine is a delivery reagent of choice for nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Elise Bonnet
- Polyplus-transfection SA, Bioparc, BP90018, Boulevard Sébastien Brandt, Illkirch Cedex, France
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108
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The silent (R)evolution of polymeric nucleic acid therapeutics. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2920-3. [PMID: 18679773 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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109
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Sparagano OAE, De Luna CJ. From population structure to genetically-engineered vectors: New ways to control vector-borne diseases? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:520-5. [PMID: 17560836 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on vectors and the pathogens they can carry (such as Borrelia burgdorferi) are showing some correlations between infection rates and biodiversity highlighting the "dilution" effects on potential vectors. Meanwhile other studies comparing sympatric small rodent species demonstrated that rodent species transmitting more pathogens are parasitized by more ectoparasite species. Studies on population structure and size have also proven a difference on the intensity of the parasitic infection. Furthermore, preliminary results in genetic improvement in mosquitoes (genetic markers, sexing, and genetic sterilization) will also increase performance as it has already been shown in field applications in developing countries. Recent results have greatly improved the fitness of genetically-modified insects compared to wild type populations with new approaches such as the post-integration elimination of transposon sequences, stabilising any insertion in genetically-modified insects. Encouraging results using the Sterile Insect Technique highlighted some metabolism manipulation to avoid the viability of offspring from released parent insect in the wild. Recent studies on vector symbionts would also bring a new angle in vector control capabilities, while complete DNA sequencing of some arthropods could point out ways to block the deadly impact on animal and human populations. These new potential approaches will improve the levels of control or even in some cases would eradicate vector species and consequently the vector-borne diseases they can transmit. In this paper we review some of the population biology theories, biological control methods, and the genetic techniques that have been published in the last years that are recommended to control for vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A E Sparagano
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Agriculture Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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110
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Chen Z, Place RF, Jia ZJ, Pookot D, Dahiya R, Li LC. Antitumor effect of dsRNA-induced p21(WAF1/CIP1) gene activation in human bladder cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:698-703. [PMID: 18347154 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that synthetic dsRNAs targeting promoter regions can induce gene expression in a phenomenon referred to as dsRNA-induced gene activation/RNA activation (RNAa) [Li et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:17337-42]. The present study investigates the in vitro antitumor activity RNAa can elicit through triggering the expression of cell cycle repressor protein p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21) in human bladder cancer cells. Transfection of a 21-nucleotide dsRNA targeting the p21 promoter (dsP21) was used to induce p21 expression in T24 and J82 bladder cancer cell lines. Reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis accessed the increase p21 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in transfected cells. In association to p21 induction, dsP21 transfection significantly inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation and clonogenicity. Further analysis of cell viability and cell cycle distribution revealed that dsP21 transfection also enhanced apoptotic cell death and caused an accumulation in the G(1) phase in both cell lines. In conclusion, p21 activation by RNAa has antitumor activity in vitro in bladder cancer cells. These results suggest that RNAa could be used for cancer treatment by targeted activation of tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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111
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Abstract
Low efficiency, significant toxicity, polymer polydispersity and poorly understood delivery mechanisms have initially plagued the field of polymer-based gene therapy. Numerous strategies have helped to improve polyplexes, including the development of biodegradable polymers with reduced toxicity, incorporation of cell targeting, surface shielding and additional transport domains for effective and specific delivery, or improved chemistry for syntheses of polymers with uniform size and topology. Combined biooptical imaging and bioinformatics, providing insights into transfer bottlenecks, have helped to design improved polyplexes. Bioresponsive multifunctional polymers adapt in a dynamic manner to delivery barriers for efficient transfer of pDNA or siRNA to the target site.
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112
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Boe S, Longva AS, Hovig E. Evaluation of Various Polyethylenimine Formulations for Light-Controlled Gene Silencing using Small Interfering RNA Molecules. Oligonucleotides 2008; 18:123-32. [DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Boe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane S. Longva
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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113
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Tietze N, Pelisek J, Philipp A, Roedl W, Merdan T, Tarcha P, Ogris M, Wagner E. Induction of Apoptosis in Murine Neuroblastoma by Systemic Delivery of Transferrin-Shielded siRNA Polyplexes for Downregulation of Ran. Oligonucleotides 2008; 18:161-74. [DOI: 10.1089/oli.2008.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tietze
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Philipp
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Roedl
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Merdan
- Departments of Advanced Drug Delivery, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, North Chicago IL
| | - Peter Tarcha
- Departments of Advanced Drug Delivery, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, North Chicago IL
| | - Manfred Ogris
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, LMU Munich, Germany
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114
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Durcan N, Murphy C, Cryan SA. Inhalable siRNA: potential as a therapeutic agent in the lungs. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:559-66. [PMID: 18491918 DOI: 10.1021/mp070048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is gaining increasing popularity both as a molecular biology tool and as a potential therapeutic agent. RNAi is a naturally occurring gene regulatory mechanism, which has a number of advantages over other gene/antisense therapies including specificity of inhibition, potency, the small size of the molecules and the diminished risk of toxic effects, e.g., immune responses. Targeted, local delivery of RNAi to the lungs via inhalation offers a unique opportunity to treat a range of previously untreatable or poorly controlled respiratory conditions. In this timely review we look at the potential applications of RNAi in the lungs for the treatment of a range of diseases including inflammatory and immune conditions, cystic fibrosis, infectious disease and cancer. In 2006 Alnylam initiated the first phase 1 clinical study of an inhaled siRNA for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus. If its potential as a therapeutic is to be realized, then safe and efficient means of targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the lungs must be developed. Therefore in this review we also present the latest developments in siRNA delivery to airway cells in vitro and the work to date on in vivo delivery of siRNA to the lungs for the treatment of a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Durcan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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115
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Intracellular localization of lipoplexed siRNA in vascular endothelial cells of different mouse tissues. Microvasc Res 2008; 76:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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116
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Inhibition of hepatitis B virus gene expression and replication by endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA. J Virol Methods 2008; 150:27-33. [PMID: 18378325 PMCID: PMC7112819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA (esiRNA) is an alternative tool to chemical synthetic siRNA for gene silencing. Since esiRNAs are directed against long target sequences, the genetic variations in the target sequences will have little influence on their effectiveness. The ability of esiRNAs to inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression and replication was tested. EsiRNAs targeting the coding region of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and the nucleocapsid (HBcAg) inhibited specifically the expression of HBsAg and HBcAg when cotransfected with the respective expression plasmids. Both esiRNAs reduced the HBV transcripts and replication intermediates in transient transfected cells and cells with HBV genomes integrated stably. Compared with synthetic siRNA, esiRNA targeting HBsAg was less effective than the selected synthetic siRNA in terms of the inhibition of HBV gene expression and replication. However, while the ability of synthetic siRNAs for specific gene silencing was impaired strongly by the nucleotide substitutions within the target sequences. The efficiency of gene silencing by esiRNAs was not influenced by sequence variation. The transfection of esiRNA did not induce interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) like STAT1 and ISG15, indicating the absence of off-target effects. In general, esiRNAs strongly inhibited HBV gene expression and replication and may have an advantage against HBV strains which are variable genetically.
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117
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Love TM, Moffett HF, Novina CD. Not miR-ly small RNAs: big potential for microRNAs in therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:309-19. [PMID: 18269923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) describes a set of natural processes in which genes are silenced by small RNAs. RNAi has been widely used as an experimental tool that has recently become the focus of drug development efforts to treat a variety of diseases and disorders. Like all molecular therapies, in vivo delivery is the major hurdle to realizing therapeutic RNAi. Several strategies have been developed that increase small RNA half-life in the blood, facilitate transduction across biological membranes, and mediate cell-specific delivery. Importantly, these strategies permit targeting of mRNAs as well as microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs encoded in the genome. miRNAs are required for multiple developmental and cellular processes. Dysfunction of miRNAs can result in a host of pathologies, suggesting that miRNAs are potential targets of therapy. Recent studies of miRNA function in immune-specific pathways indicate that specific miRNAs might be exploited as therapeutic targets to treat immune disorders, including autoimmunity, allergy, and hematopoietic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Love
- Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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118
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119
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Han X, Kawai T, Taubman MA. Interference with immune-cell-mediated bone resorption in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007; 45:76-94. [PMID: 17850450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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120
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Bolcato-Bellemin AL, Bonnet ME, Creusat G, Erbacher P, Behr JP. Sticky overhangs enhance siRNA-mediated gene silencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16050-5. [PMID: 17913877 PMCID: PMC2042160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707831104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNA delivery to cells offers a convenient and powerful means of gene silencing that bypasses several barriers met by gene delivery. However, nonviral vectors, and especially polymers, form looser complexes with siRNA than with plasmid DNA. As a consequence, exchange of siRNA for larger polymeric anions such as proteoglycans found outside cells and at their surface may occur and lower delivery. We show here that making siRNAs "gene-like," via short complementary A(5-8)/T(5-8) 3' overhangs, increases complex stability, and hence RNase protection and gene silencing in vitro up to 10-fold. After decomplexation in the cytoplasm, sticky siRNA (ssiRNA) concatemers fall apart. ssiRNAs are therefore not inducing antiviral responses, as shown by the absence of IFN-beta production. Finally, transfection experiments in the mouse lung show that ssiRNA should be particularly suited to silencing with linear polyethylenimine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Elise Bonnet
- *Polyplus-Transfection, Bioparc, Boulevard Sebastien Brant, 67400 Illkirch, France; and
| | - Gaëlle Creusat
- Chimie Génétique, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Patrick Erbacher
- *Polyplus-Transfection, Bioparc, Boulevard Sebastien Brant, 67400 Illkirch, France; and
| | - Jean-Paul Behr
- Chimie Génétique, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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121
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Down-regulation of beta1-adrenoceptors gene expression by short interfering RNA impairs the memory retrieval in the basolateral amygdala of rats. Neurosci Lett 2007; 428:77-81. [PMID: 17961922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of basolateral amygdala (BLA) on memory is known to depend critically on adrenergic neurotransmission. However, the roles of noradrenergic receptors on memory retrieval have been elusive and controversial. Here, we investigated the effect of beta(1)-adrenoceptor (beta(1)-AR) on auditory fear memory in the rat BLA. We attenuated the expression of beta(1)-AR by RNA interference, a popular means to specific suppress gene expression. Bilaterally microinjection of beta(1)-AR short interfering RNA (siRNA) could reach a satisfying transfection in the BLA: beta(1)-AR protein expression was reduced transiently by siRNA in vivo at day 3. The behavioral tests indicated that memory retrieval was impaired as beta(1)-AR protein expression was prevented, and the memory was restored when the beta(1)-AR protein got back to normal level. The results suggested that beta(1)-AR might be critical for the retrieval of auditory fear memory.
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122
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A method for introducing non-silencing siRNA into the guinea pig cochlea in vivo. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 167:237-45. [PMID: 17945347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this preliminary study was to establish the methodology by which siRNA can be introduced into the adult guinea pig cochlea in vivo whilst preserving auditory function with a view to using targeted siRNAs to knockdown genes essential for auditory transduction. Initially a fluorescently tagged non-silencing siRNA complexed with a lipid-based transfection reagent was introduced into the perilymphatic compartment of the cochlea. Although auditory function was fully preserved, siRNA uptake was only observed in cells lining the perilymphatic space that are not critically involved in auditory transduction and therefore of little interest. Another approach was therefore adopted, in which siRNA was introduced directly into the scala media (endolymphatic compartment) of the apical (fourth) cochlear turn by slow pressure injection. During endolymphatic perfusion, the endocochlear potential (EP) and compound action potential (CAP) thresholds for basal turn frequencies from 6 to 20 kHz could be preserved, while CAP thresholds for 1-4 kHz were often elevated by 10-20 dB. CAP thresholds and EP were preserved 24 and 48 h after perfusion in some animals but reduced in others. siRNA uptake was observed predominantly in marginal and intermediate cells of the stria vascularis in all cochlear turns but not in cells of the organ of Corti.
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de Fougerolles A, Vornlocher HP, Maraganore J, Lieberman J. Interfering with disease: a progress report on siRNA-based therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:443-53. [PMID: 17541417 PMCID: PMC7098199 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 907] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has rapidly advanced since its initial discovery to form the basis of a new class of therapeutics. De Fougerolles and colleagues discuss the challenges in the development of RNAi-based therapeutics, focusing on lead identification/optimization and effective delivery, and review the latest clinical results. RNA interference (RNAi) quietly crept into biological research in the 1990s when unexpected gene-silencing phenomena in plants and flatworms first perplexed scientists. Following the demonstration of RNAi in mammalian cells in 2001, it was quickly realized that this highly specific mechanism of sequence-specific gene silencing might be harnessed to develop a new class of drugs that interfere with disease-causing or disease-promoting genes. Here we discuss the considerations that go into developing RNAi-based therapeutics starting from in vitro lead design and identification, to in vivo pre-clinical drug delivery and testing. We conclude by reviewing the latest clinical experience with RNAi therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin de Fougerolles
- Antonin de Fougerolles and John Maraganore are at Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,
| | - Hans-Peter Vornlocher
- Antonin de Fougerolles and John Maraganore are at Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,
- Hans-Peter Vornlocher is at Alnylam Europe AG, Fritz-Hornschuch-Str. 9, Kulmbach 95326, Germany.,
| | - John Maraganore
- Antonin de Fougerolles and John Maraganore are at Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc., 300 Third Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Judy Lieberman is at the CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,
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Wilson RB, Kunchithapautham K, Rohrer B. Paradoxical role of BDNF: BDNF+/- retinas are protected against light damage-mediated stress. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:2877-86. [PMID: 17525224 PMCID: PMC1964504 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Photoreceptors can be prevented from undergoing apoptosis in response to constant light by the application of exogenous neuroprotective agents, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF, however, cannot exert its effect directly on photoreceptors because they do not express receptors for BDNF. It has been proposed that BDNF released from Müller cells provides a feed-forward loop, increasing ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) production in Müller cells, which may enhance photoreceptor survival. The authors hypothesized that retinas with reduced BDNF levels in which the BDNF-mediated release of neuroprotective signals is dampened are more susceptible to light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. METHODS Young adult BDNF+/+ and BDNF+/- littermates (B6.129-BDNF(tm1-LT)) were analyzed. Retinal neurotrophin and growth factor mRNA levels were determined by quantitative RT-PCR, photoreceptor function was assessed through electroretinography, and survival was documented in morphologic sections and in TUNEL assays. Oxidative stress was assayed by measuring glutathione peroxidase activity. RESULTS At baseline, BDNF+/- animals had significantly increased levels of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA compared with their wild-type littermates. After light damage GDNF, CNTF, and BDNF mRNA levels dropped 14- to 16-fold in the BDNF+/+ mice but remained almost unchanged compared with baseline levels in the BDNF+/- mice. Preservation of neurotrophin levels in BDNF+/- mice correlated with photoreceptor cell survival, preservation of function, and reduced oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the hypothesis, reducing BDNF levels resulted in photoreceptor protection against light damage. Survival was paralleled by a reduction in oxidative stress and the preservation of neurotrophin levels, suggesting that chronic reduction of BDNF in the retina provides a level of preconditioning against stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Brooks Wilson
- Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kannan Kunchithapautham
- Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Neurosciences Division of Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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El-Armouche A, Singh J, Naito H, Wittköpper K, Didié M, Laatsch A, Zimmermann WH, Eschenhagen T. Adenovirus-delivered short hairpin RNA targeting PKCalpha improves contractile function in reconstituted heart tissue. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 43:371-6. [PMID: 17628588 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PKCalpha has been shown to be a negative regulator of contractility and PKCalpha gene deletion in mice protected against heart failure. Small interfering (si)RNAs mediate gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) and may be used to knockdown PKCalpha in cardiomyocytes. However, transfection efficiencies of (si)RNAs by lipofection tend to be low in primary cells. To address this limitation, we developed an adenoviral vector (AV) driving short hairpin (sh)RNAs against PKCalpha (Ad-shPKCalpha) and evaluated its potential to silence PKCalpha in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and in engineered heart tissues (EHTs), which resemble functional myocardium in vitro. A nonsense encoding AV (Ad-shNS) served as control. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting showed 90% lower PKCalpha-mRNA and 50% lower PKCalpha protein in Ad-shPKCalpha-infected cells. EHTs were infected with Ad-shPKCalpha on day 11 and subjected to isometric force measurements in organ baths 4 days later. Mean twitch tension was >50% higher in Ad-shPKCalpha compared to Ad-shNS-infected EHTs, under basal and Ca(2+)- or isoprenaline-stimulated conditions. Twitch tension negatively correlated with PKCalpha mRNA levels. In summary, AV-delivered shRNA mediated highly efficient PKCalpha knockdown in cardiac myocytes and improved contractility in EHTs. The data support a role of PKCalpha as a negative regulator of myocardial contractility and demonstrate that EHTs in conjunction with AV-delivered shRNA are a useful model for target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El-Armouche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20246, Germany.
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Abstract
Programmed nanoscaled systems are emerging that may be very useful for tumor-targeted drug delivery: novel nanoparticles are pre-programmed to alter their structure and properties during the drug delivery process to make them most effective for the different extra- and intracellular delivery steps. Programming is effected by the incorporation of molecular sensors that are able to respond to physical or biological stimuli, including changes in pH, redox potential or enzymes. Tumor-targeting principles include systemic passive targeting and active receptor targeting. Physical forces (e.g., electric or magnetic fields, ultrasound, hyperthermia or light) may contribute to focusing and triggered activation of nanosystems. Biological drugs delivered with programmed nanosystems also include plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA and related therapeutic nucleic acids formulated as 'synthetic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Wagner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Professor and Chairman of Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
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Chan E, Yousaf M. Surface-Chemistry Control To Silence Gene Expression inDrosophila Schneider 2 Cells through RNA Interference. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chan EWL, Yousaf MN. Surface-Chemistry Control To Silence Gene Expression inDrosophila Schneider 2 Cells through RNA Interference. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3881-4. [PMID: 17415732 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene W L Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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Pirollo KF, Rait A, Zhou Q, Hwang SH, Dagata JA, Zon G, Hogrefe RI, Palchik G, Chang EH. Materializing the potential of small interfering RNA via a tumor-targeting nanodelivery system. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2938-43. [PMID: 17409398 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of small interfering RNA (siRNA) as potent sequence-selective inhibitors of transcription is rapidly developing. However, until now, low transfection efficiency, poor tissue penetration, and nonspecific immune stimulation by in vivo administered siRNAs have delayed their therapeutic application. Their potential as anticancer therapeutics hinges on the availability of a vehicle that can be systemically administered, safely and repeatedly, and will deliver the siRNA specifically and efficiently to the tumor, both primary tumors and metastases. We have developed a nanosized immunoliposome-based delivery complex (scL) that, when systemically administered, will preferentially target and deliver molecules useful in gene medicine, including plasmid DNA and antisense oligonucleotides, to tumor cells wherever they occur in the body. This tumor-targeting nanoparticle delivery vehicle can also deliver siRNA to both primary and metastatic disease. We have also enhanced the efficiency of this complex by the inclusion of a pH-sensitive histidine-lysine peptide in the complex (scL-HoKC) and by delivery of a modified hybrid (DNA-RNA) anti-HER-2 siRNA molecule. Scanning probe microscopy confirms that this modified complex maintains its nanoscale size. More importantly, we show that this nanoimmunoliposome anti-HER-2 siRNA complex can sensitize human tumor cells to chemotherapeutics, silence the target gene and affect its downstream pathway components in vivo, and significantly inhibit tumor growth in a pancreatic cancer model. Thus, this complex has the potential to help translate the potent effects of siRNA into a clinically viable anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Abstract
Genome-wide epigenetic modification plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression through chromatin structure and stability, tissue-specific and embryonic developmental specific gene regulation, and genomic imprinting. Mechanisms include chromatin remodeling through histone modification and DNA methylation, RNA associated gene silencing and chromosome inactivation, and genomic imprinting. These epigenetic mechanisms provide an added layer of transcriptional control of gene expression beyond those associated with variation in the sequence of the DNA. Variation in epigenetic regulation helps explain genetic diversity, but significant changes in epigenetic regulation can produce diseases. Advances in understanding epigenetic mechanisms have been accompanied by new therapeutic options and targets for treatment. This review focuses on a basic understanding of epigenetics and some of the diseases associated with epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrel Waggoner
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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131
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an adaptive defense mechanism through which double stranded RNAs silence cognate genes in a sequence-specific manner. It has been employed widely as a powerful tool in functional genomics studies, target validation and therapeutic product development. Similarly, the application of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the silencing of the disease-causing genes involved in cardiovascular diseases has made great progress. In this overview, we attempt to provide a brief outline of the current understanding of the mechanism of RNAi and its potential application to the cardiovascular system, with particular emphasis on its ability to identify the pathophysiological function of genes related to several important cardiovascular disorders. The prospects of RNAi-based therapeutics, as well as the advantages and potential problems, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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132
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Grzelinski M, Urban-Klein B, Martens T, Lamszus K, Bakowsky U, Höbel S, Czubayko F, Aigner A. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of pleiotrophin through polyethylenimine-complexed small interfering RNAs in vivo exerts antitumoral effects in glioblastoma xenografts. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:751-66. [PMID: 16839274 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful strategy to inhibit gene expression through specific mRNA degradation mediated by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In vivo, however, the application of siRNAs is severely limited by their instability and poor delivery into target cells and target tissues. Glioblastomas are the most frequent and malignant brain tumors with, so far, limited treatment options. To develop novel and more efficacious therapies, advanced targeting strategies against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)-relevant target genes must be established in vivo. Here we use RNAi-based targeting of the secreted growth factor pleiotrophin (PTN), employing a polyethylenimine (PEI)/siRNA complex strategy. We show that the complexation of chemically unmodified siRNAs with PEI leads to the formation of complexes that condense and completely cover siRNAs as determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). On the efficient cellular delivery of these PEI/siRNA complexes, the PTN downregulation in U87 glioblastoma cells in vitro results in decreased proliferation and soft agar colony formation. More importantly, in vivo treatment of nude mice through systemic application (subcutaneous or intraperitoneal) of PEI-complexed PTN siRNAs leads to the delivery of intact siRNAs into subcutaneous tumor xenografts and a significant inhibition of tumor growth without a measurable induction of siRNA-mediated immunostimulation. Likewise, in a clinically more relevant orthotopic mouse glioblastoma model with U87 cells growing intracranially, the injection of PEI-complexed PTN siRNAs into the CNS exerts antitumoral effects. In conclusion, we present the PEI complexation of siRNAs as a universally applicable platform for RNAi in vitro and in vivo and establish, also in a complex and relevant orthotopic tumor model, the potential of PEI/siRNA-mediated PTN gene targeting as a novel therapeutic option in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Grzelinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University School of Medicine, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
Large scale cDNA sequencing and genome tiling array studies have shown that around 50% of genomic DNA in humans is transcribed, of which 2% is translated into proteins and the remaining 98% is non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). There is mounting evidence that these ncRNAs play critical roles in regulating DNA structure, RNA expression, protein translation and protein functions through multiple genetic mechanisms, and thus affect normal development of organisms at all levels. Today, we know very little about the regulatory mechanisms and functions of these ncRNAs, which is clearly essential knowledge for understanding the secret of life. To promote this emerging research subject of critical importance, in this paper we review (1) ncRNAs' past and present, (2) regulatory mechanisms and their functions, (3) experimental strategies for identifying novel ncRNAs, (4) experimental strategies for investigating their functions, and (5) methodologies and examples of the application of ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwang Qi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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Grzelinski M, Urban-Klein B, Martens T, Lamszus K, Bakowsky U, Hobel S, Czubayko F, Aigner A. RNA Interference-Mediated Gene Silencing of Pleiotrophin Through Polyethylenimine-Complexed Small Interfering RNAs In Vivo Exerts Antitumoral Effects in Glioblastoma Xenografts. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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