101
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Qiu Y, Li P, Zhang Z, Wu M. Insights Into Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Sorting Mechanism and Clinical Application. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664904. [PMID: 33987099 PMCID: PMC8111219 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanoscale bilayer phospholipid vesicles that can be secreted by almost all types of cells and are detected in almost all types of body fluids. Exosomes are effective mediators of cell–cell signaling communication because of their ability to carry and transfer a variety of bioactive molecules, including non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs have also been found to exert strong effects on a variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. Many researchers have established that exosomes encapsulate bioactive non-coding RNAs that alter the biological phenotype of specific target cells in an autocrine or a paracrine manner. However, the mechanism by which the producer cells package non-coding RNAs into exosomes is not well understood. This review focuses on the current research on exosomal non-coding RNAs, including the biogenesis of exosomes, the possible mechanism of sorting non-coding RNAs, their biological functions, and their potential for clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, China National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuping Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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102
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Mirzaei R, Babakhani S, Ajorloo P, Ahmadi RH, Hosseini-Fard SR, Keyvani H, Ahmadyousefi Y, Teimoori A, Zamani F, Karampoor S, Yousefimashouf R. The emerging role of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Mol Med 2021; 27:34. [PMID: 33794771 PMCID: PMC8017856 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has been the world's driving fatal bacterial contagious disease globally. It continues a public health emergency, and around one-third of the global community has been affected by latent TB infection (LTBI). This is mostly due to the difficulty in diagnosing and treating patients with TB and LTBI. Exosomes are nanovesicles (40-100 nm) released from different cell types, containing proteins, lipids, mRNA, and miRNA, and they allow the transfer of one's cargo to other cells. The functional and diagnostic potential of exosomal miRNAs has been demonstrated in bacterial infections, including TB. Besides, it has been recognized that cells infected by intracellular pathogens such as Mtb can be secreting an exosome, which is implicated in the infection's fate. Exosomes, therefore, open a unique viewpoint on the investigative process of TB pathogenicity. This study explores the possible function of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker. Moreover, we include the latest data on the pathogenic and therapeutic role of exosomal miRNAs in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Babakhani
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorloo
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Heidari Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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103
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Modani S, Tomar D, Tangirala S, Sriram A, Mehra NK, Kumar R, Khatri DK, Singh PK. An updated review on exosomes: biosynthesis to clinical applications. J Drug Target 2021; 29:925-940. [PMID: 33709876 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1894436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-based extracellular vesicles naturally released by the cells. Nano size range of exosomes and unique properties such as stability, biocompatibility and low immunogenicity are key parameters, which make them suitable as nanoparticulate drug delivery system and also considered as promising delivery carriers for future clinical use. This review outlines the composition, biogenesis, isolation and characterisation methods along with biological and clinical applications of exosomes. Further, the biopharmaceutical features of exosomes include loading method, modified exosomes and potential use of exosomes for different diseases are well explained with the current case studies. We well elaborate the future directions for clinical use of exosomes as drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Modani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Devendrasingh Tomar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Suma Tangirala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Anitha Sriram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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104
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Maia MM, da Cruz AB, Taniwaki NN, Namiyama GM, Gava R, Gomes AHS, Kanamura CT, Barbo MLP, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Immunization with extracellular vesicles excreted by Toxoplasma gondii confers protection in murine infection, activating cellular and humoral responses. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:559-569. [PMID: 33713649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study aim was to analyze whether microvesicles and exosomes, named extracellular vesicles (EVs), purified from Toxoplasma gondii are able to stimulate the protective immunity of experimental mice when administered, as challenge, a highly virulent strain. EVs excreted from T. gondii tachyzoites (RH strain) were purified by chromatography and used for immunization assays in inbred mouse groups (EV-IM). Chronic infected (CHR) and naive (NI) mice were used as control groups, since the immune response is well known. After immunizations, experimental groups were challenged with 100 tachyzoites. Next, parasitemias were determined by real-time PCR (qPCR), and survival levels were evaluated daily. The humoral response was analyzed by detection of IgM, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, and opsonization experiments. The cellular response was evaluated in situ by immunohistochemistry on IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-17 expression in cells of five organs (brain, heart, liver, spleen and skeletal muscles). EV immunization reduced parasitemia and increased the survival index in two mouse lineages (A/Sn and BALB/c) infected with a lethal T. gondii strain. EV-IM mice had higher IgG1 levels than IgM or IgG2a. IgGs purified from sera of EV-IM mice were able to opsonize tachyzoites (RH strain), and mice that received these parasites had lower parasitemias, and mortality was delayed 48 h, compared with the same results from those receiving parasites opsonized with IgG purified from NI mice. Brain and spleen cells from EV-IM mice more highly expressed IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF-α. In conclusion, EV-immunization was capable of inducing immune protection, eliciting high production of IgG1, IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marques Maia
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Gava
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Lourdes Peris Barbo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, São Paulo, Brazil
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105
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Recent Advancement and Technical Challenges in Developing Small Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2021; 38:179-197. [PMID: 33604783 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-02988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicles and act like 'messages in a bottle' in cell-cell communication by transporting their cargoes to recipient cells. Small EVs (sEVs, < 200 nm) are highly researched recently and have been harnessed as novel delivery systems for the treatment of various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and most importantly cancer primarily because of their non-immunogenicity, tissue penetration and cell-tropism. This review will first provide a comprehensive overview of sEVs regarding the current understanding on their properties, biogenesis, new classification by the ISEV, composition, as well as their roles in cancer development (thereby called "oncosomes"). The primary focus will be given to the current state of sEVs as natural nanocarriers for cancer drug delivery, the technologies and challenges involved in sEV isolation and characterization, therapeutic cargo loading, and surface modification to enhance tumor-targeting. We will also provide examples of sEV products under clinical trials. Furthermore, the current challenges as well as the advance in "sEV mimetics" to address some of the sEVs limitations is briefly discussed. We seek to advance our understanding of sEVs to unlock their full potential as superior drug delivery vehicles in cancer therapy.
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106
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Lu X, Lu J, Wang S, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Shen X, Jing R, Ju S, Chen H, Cong H. Circulating serum exosomal miR-92a-3p as a novel biomarker for early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Future Oncol 2021; 17:907-919. [PMID: 33533649 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the common malignant tumors with high mortality. The abundance of miRNAs in serum exosomes has proved to have a high application value as a new noninvasive diagnostic method. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether serum exosomal miR-92a-3p could be used as a new biomarker for early diagnosis of GC and evaluate its clinical application value by detecting the expression of serum exosomal miR-92a-3p in 131 patients with primary GC and 122 healthy controls by real-time quantitative (qRT)-PCR. The results showed that the expression level of serum exosomal miR-92a-3p in GC patients was significantly lower than that in normal controls (p < 0.0001). In addition, the level was closely correlated with lymph node metastasis and tumor node metastasis stage of GC patients. The area under the curve for serum exosomal miR-92a-3p was 0.829, significantly higher than for other indicators. Furthermore, combined detection of serum exosomal miR-92a-3p, CEA and CA19-9 was more sensitive than any of the three alone or any pair. These results showed that serum exosomal miR-92a-3p could be used as a novel new tumor biomarker to improve diagnostic efficiency in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Ye Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xianjuan Shen
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Rongrong Jing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shaoqing Ju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Vip Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hui Cong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
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107
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Morani M, Mai TD, Krupova Z, van Niel G, Defrenaix P, Taverna M. Recent electrokinetic strategies for isolation, enrichment and separation of extracellular vesicles. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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108
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Xing Y, Cheng Z, Wang R, Lv C, James TD, Yu F. Analysis of extracellular vesicles as emerging theranostic nanoplatforms. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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109
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Zhu L, Sun HT, Wang S, Huang SL, Zheng Y, Wang CQ, Hu BY, Qin W, Zou TT, Fu Y, Shen XT, Zhu WW, Geng Y, Lu L, Jia HL, Qin LX, Dong QZ. Isolation and characterization of exosomes for cancer research. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:152. [PMID: 33168028 PMCID: PMC7652679 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles that carry specific combinations of proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, and lipids. Mounting evidence suggests that exosomes participate in intercellular communication and act as important molecular vehicles in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes, including cancer development. Exosomes are released by various cell types under both normal and pathological conditions, and they can be found in multiple bodily fluids. Moreover, exosomes carrying a wide variety of important macromolecules provide a window into altered cellular or tissue states. Their presence in biological fluids renders them an attractive, minimally invasive approach for liquid biopsies with potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prediction, and surveillance. Due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity and cytotoxicity, exosomes have potential clinical applications in the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Here, we summarize recent advances in various technologies for exosome isolation for cancer research. We outline the functions of exosomes in regulating tumor metastasis, drug resistance, and immune modulation in the context of cancer development. Finally, we discuss prospects and challenges for the clinical development of exosome-based liquid biopsies and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hao-Ting Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Sheng-Lin Huang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chao-Qun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bei-Yuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wen-Wei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hu-Liang Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qiong-Zhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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110
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Ren Z, Qi Y, Sun S, Tao Y, Shi R. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Hope for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1467-1478. [PMID: 33045910 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating medical condition with profound social and economic impacts. Although research is ongoing, current treatment options are limited and do little to restore functionality. However, recent studies suggest that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) may hold the key to exciting new treatment options for SCI patients. MSCs are self-renewing multipotent stem cells with multi-directional differentiation and can secrete a large number of exosomes (vesicles secreted into the extracellular environment through endocytosis, called MSC-exosomes). These MSC-exosomes play a critical role in repairing SCI through promoting angiogenesis and axonal growth, regulating inflammation and the immune response, inhibiting apoptosis, and maintaining the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Furthermore, they can be utilized to transport genetic material or drugs to target cells, and their relatively small size makes them able to permeate the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we summarize recent advances in MSC-exosome themed SCI treatments and cell-free therapies to better understand this newly emerging methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Ren
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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111
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Negahdaripour M, Owji H, Eskandari S, Zamani M, Vakili B, Nezafat N. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs): discovery, functions, applications, detection methods and various engineered forms. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:371-394. [PMID: 32945228 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1825677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-created delivery systems of proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids, and means of extracellular communication. Though sEVs were initially considered to be the waste disposal mechanism, today they are at the forefront of research with different biological and pathological functions. Such EVs play a key role in the immunoregulation, CNS development, nervous system physiology, mammary gland development, induction of immunosuppression in pregnancy, the developmental signaling pathways, regeneration of different tissues, inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation, apoptosis, stem cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix turnover. AREAS COVERED SEVs contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers and the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, infections, as well as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opinion: There is no exact classification for EVs; however, according to size, density, morphological features, content, and biogenesis, they can be categorized into three major classes: microvesicles (ectosomes or microparticles), apoptotic bodies, and sEVs. SEVs, as an important class of EVs, have a crucial role in distinct biological functions. Moreover, shedding light on different structural and molecular aspects of sEV has led to their application in various therapeutic, diagnostic, and drug delivery fields. In this review, we have endeavored to elaborate on different aspects of EVs, especially sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hajar Owji
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Eskandari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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112
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Zhang Y, Bi J, Huang J, Tang Y, Du S, Li P. Exosome: A Review of Its Classification, Isolation Techniques, Storage, Diagnostic and Targeted Therapy Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6917-6934. [PMID: 33061359 PMCID: PMC7519827 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s264498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, carrying nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other bioactive substances to play a role in the body's physiological and pathological processes. Compared to synthetic carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles, the endogeneity and heterogeneity of exosomes give them extensive and unique advantages in the field of disease diagnosis and treatment. However, the storage stability, low yield, low purity, and weak targeting of exosomes limit its clinical application. For this reason, further exploration is needed to optimize the above problems and facilitate future functional studies of exosomes. In this paper, the origin, classification, preparation and characterization, storage stability and applications of exosome delivery system are summarized and discussed by searching a large number of literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayao Bi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Tang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyue Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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113
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Lu X, Zhang Y, Xie G, Ding Y, Cong H, Xuan S. Exosomal non‑coding RNAs: Novel biomarkers with emerging clinical applications in gastric cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4091-4100. [PMID: 33000279 PMCID: PMC7533435 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor and it demonstrates high mortality rates. The majority of cases of GC are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which seriously endangers the health of the patient. Therefore, discovering a novel diagnostic method for GC is a current priority. Exosomes are 40 to 150-nm-diameter vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer secreted by a variety of cells that exist in multiple different types of body fluids. Exosomes contain diverse types of active substances, including RNAs, proteins and lipids, and play important roles in tumor cell communication, metastasis and neovascularization, as well as tumor growth. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) do not code proteins, and instead have roles in a variety of genetic mechanisms, such as regulating the structure, expression and stability of RNAs, and modulating the translation and function of proteins. In recent years, exosomal ncRNAs have become a novel focus in research. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that exosomal ncRNAs can be used in the prediction and treatment of GC. The present review briefly discusses the role of exosomal ncRNAs as a potential biomarker, and summarizes important regulatory genes involved in the development and progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Guangfei Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Cong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shihai Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongtai Hospital of Nantong University, Dongtai, Jiangsu 224200, P.R. China
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Wei P, Zhong C, Yang X, Shu F, Xiao S, Gong T, Luo P, Li L, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Xia Z. Exosomes derived from human amniotic epithelial cells accelerate diabetic wound healing via PI3K-AKT-mTOR-mediated promotion in angiogenesis and fibroblast function. BURNS & TRAUMA 2020; 8:tkaa020. [PMID: 32923490 PMCID: PMC7476545 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetic wounds are one of the most common and serious complications of diabetes mellitus, characterized by the dysfunction of wound-healing-related cells in quantity and quality. Our previous studies revealed that human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) could promote diabetic wound healing by paracrine action. Interestingly, numerous studies demonstrated that exosomes derived from stem cells are the critical paracrine vehicles for stem cell therapy. However, whether exosomes derived from hAECs (hAECs-Exos) mediate the effects of hAECs on diabetic wound healing remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the biological effects of hAECs-Exos on diabetic wound healing and preliminarily elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods hAECs-Exos were isolated by ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and flow cytometry. A series of in vitro functional analyses were performed to assess the regulatory effects of hAECs-Exos on human fibroblasts (HFBs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a high-glycemic microenvironment. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were conducted to speculate the related mechanisms of actions of hAECs-Exos on HFBs and HUVECs. Subsequently, the role of the candidate signaling pathway of hAECs-Exos in regulating the function of HUVECs and HFBs, as well as in diabetic wound healing, was assessed. Results hAECs-Exos presented a cup- or sphere-shaped morphology with a mean diameter of 105.89 ± 10.36 nm, were positive for CD63 and TSG101 and could be internalized by HFBs and HUVECs. After that, hAECs-Exos not only significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of HFBs, but also facilitated the angiogenic activity of HUVECs in vitro. High-throughput sequencing revealed enriched miRNAs of hAECs-Exos involved in wound healing. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses have shown that the target genes of the top 15 miRNAs were highly enriched in the PI3K-AKT pathway. Further functional studies demonstrated that the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway was necessary for the induced biological effects of hAECs-Exos on HFBs and HUVECs, as well as on wound healing, in diabetic mice. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that hAECs-Exos represent a promising, novel strategy for diabetic wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and fibroblast function via activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wei
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Chenjian Zhong
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaolan Yang
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Futing Shu
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shichu Xiao
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng Gong
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Pengfei Luo
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhaohong Chen
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhaofan Xia
- Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
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115
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Hu C, Zhao L, Zhang L, Bao Q, Li L. Mesenchymal stem cell-based cell-free strategies: safe and effective treatments for liver injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:377. [PMID: 32883343 PMCID: PMC7469278 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various hepatoxic factors, such as viruses, drugs, lipid deposition, and autoimmune responses, induce acute or chronic liver injury, and 3.5% of all worldwide deaths result from liver cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation is currently limited by few liver donors, expensive surgical costs, and severe immune rejection. Cell therapy, including hepatocyte transplantation and stem cell transplantation, has recently become an attractive option to reduce the overall need for liver transplantation and reduce the wait time for patients. Recent studies showed that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration was a promising therapeutic approach for promoting liver regeneration and repairing liver injury by the migration of cells into liver sites, hepatogenic differentiation, immunoregulation, and paracrine mechanisms. MSCs secrete a large number of molecules into the extracellular space, and soluble proteins, free nucleic acids, lipids, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) effectively repair tissue injury in response to fluctuations in physiological states or pathological conditions. Cell-free-based therapies avoid the potential tumorigenicity, rejection of cells, emboli formation, undesired differentiation, and infection transmission of MSC transplantation. In this review, we focus on the potential mechanisms of MSC-based cell-free strategies for attenuating liver injury in various liver diseases. Secretome-mediated paracrine effects participate in the regulation of the hepatic immune microenvironment and promotion of hepatic epithelial repair. We look forward to completely reversing liver injury through an MSC-based cell-free strategy in regenerative medicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases,
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjian Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases,
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongling Bao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases,
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases,
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao Q, Zheng X, Guo H, Xue X, Zhang Y, Niu M, Cui J, Liu H, Luo H, Yang D, Shi Y, Huangfu H, Wen S, Wu Y, Gao W, Wang B. Serum Exosomal miR-941 as a promising Oncogenic Biomarker for Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:5329-5344. [PMID: 32742479 PMCID: PMC7391210 DOI: 10.7150/jca.45394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, no blood-based biomarkers have been used in clinical practice for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Increasing evidence suggests that circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers for various cancers. This study aims to identify and evaluate serum exosomal miRNAs for LSCC diagnosis. The ExoQuick solution (EQ), which provides a high-yield and is a highly efficient exosome isolation method, was selected to isolate serum exosomes in the current study. In LSCC samples, exosome concentrations were higher than in healthy control (HC) samples. RNA-seq analysis identified a total of 1608 miRNAs, with 34 upregulated and 41 downregulated in LSCC samples relative to HC samples. Furthermore, qRT-PCR showed that miR-941 is significantly upregulated in LSCC serum exosomes, with this same trend seen in LSCC tissues and cells. Moreover, when examining miR-941 in cell lines, miR-941 overexpression promoted proliferation and invasion, while miR-941 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and invasion. ROC curve analysis showed that miR-941 has an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.797 (95% CI = 0.676-0.918) for distinguishing LSCC patients from HCs. In conclusion, serum exosomal miR-941 may serve as a promising oncogenic biomarker for diagnosing LSCC, and has the potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinli Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiwang Zheng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Huina Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xuting Xue
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Min Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Cui
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Luo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Dongli Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yong Shi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huangfu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Binquan Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P. R. China
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GelMA combined with sustained release of HUVECs derived exosomes for promoting cutaneous wound healing and facilitating skin regeneration. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:251-263. [PMID: 32388839 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It remains a clinical challenge for cutaneous wound healing and skin regeneration. Endothelial cells participate in the formation of blood vessels and play an important role in the whole process of wound healing. Recent studies suggested that exosomes contribute to the intercellular communication through paracrine pathways, and sustained release of exosomes from hydrogel-based materials provide a promising strategy for curing wound defects. In this study, we isolated exosomes derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and found that HUVECs derived exosomes (HUVECs-Exos) could promote the proliferation and migration activities of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which are two important effector cells for skin regeneration. Then we developed gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel as the wound dressing to incorporate HUVECs-Exos and applied it to the full-thickness cutaneous wounds. It demonstrated that GelMA scaffold could not only repair the wound defect, but also achieve sustained release of exosomes. The in vivo results showed accelerated re-epithelialization, promotion of collagen maturity and improvement of angiogenesis. Collectively, our findings suggested that HUVECs-Exos could accelerate wound healing and GelMA mediated controlled release of HUVECs-Exos might offer a new method for repairing cutaneous wound defects.
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118
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Varderidou-Minasian S, Lorenowicz MJ. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in tissue repair: challenges and opportunities. Theranostics 2020; 10:5979-5997. [PMID: 32483432 PMCID: PMC7254996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are important players in tissue homeostasis and regeneration owing to their immunomodulatory potential and release of trophic factors that promote healing. They have been increasingly used in clinical trials to treat multiple conditions associated with inflammation and tissue damage such as graft versus host disease, orthopedic injuries and cardiac and liver diseases. Recent evidence demonstrates that their beneficial effects are derived, at least in part, from their secretome. In particular, data from animal models and first-in-man studies indicate that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can exert similar therapeutic potential as their cells of origin. MSC-EVs are membranous structures loaded with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, which play an important role in cell-cell communication and may represent an attractive alternative for cell-based therapy. In this article we summarize recent advances in the use of MSC-EVs for tissue repair. We highlight several isolation and characterization approaches used to enrich MSC-derived EVs. We discuss our current understanding of the relative contribution of the MSC-EVs to the immunomodulatory and regenerative effects mediated by MSCs and MSC secretome. Finally we highlight the challenges and opportunities, which come with the potential use of MSC-EVs as cell free therapy for conditions that require tissue repair.
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119
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Zhu Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Lan F, He J, Wu Y. The essential role of osteoclast-derived exosomes in magnetic nanoparticle-infiltrated hydroxyapatite scaffold modulated osteoblast proliferation in an osteoporosis model. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8720-8726. [PMID: 32285072 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00867b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hydroxyapatite (MHA) scaffolds promoted osteoblast proliferation in a model of osteoporosis through altering the osteoclast-derived exosomal cargo and decreasing the efficiency of exosome uptake by osteoblasts. Noticeably, certain proteins including ubiquitin, ATP and reactive oxygen species decreased in the osteoclast-derived exosomal cargo with MHA stimulation, while Rho kinase increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China.
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120
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Guo Q, Yu Y, Zhang H, Cai C, Shen Q. Electrochemical Sensing of Exosomal MicroRNA Based on Hybridization Chain Reaction Signal Amplification with Reduced False-Positive Signals. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5302-5310. [PMID: 32148013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer cell-derived exosomes are important cancer biomarkers. Herein, a sensitive hybridization chain reaction (HCR) electrochemical assay was fabricated for the detection of exosomal microRNA-122 (miR-122). The hairpin DNA (hpDNA) probes were first immobilized on the surface of a gold electrode. In the presence of miR-122, the hairpin structure of the hpDNA could be opened and triggered the HCR through the cross-opening and hybridization of two helper DNA hairpins. Long nicked double helixes generated from HCR are used to capture more RuHex and increase the signal of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). In this assay, the density of the hpDNA probes on the surface of the gold electrode was precisely controlled by the simultaneous immobilization of hpDNA and short 12 nucleotides single-stranded DNA (S-12), providing a very high amplification efficiency. More importantly, the false positive signal could be reduced or completely eliminated by applying exonuclease I (Exo I) before the introduction of target miR-122. Under optimal conditions, the assay offers very high sensitivity with an attomolar level detection limit, a linear range with 9 orders of magnitude, and specificity in single mismatch discrimination. This sensitive electrochemical assay could successfully evaluate the miR-122 concentration in different cancer-derived exosomes, indicating its potential use in cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunqun Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxin Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingming Shen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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121
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Human extracellular vesicles and correlation with two clinical forms of toxoplasmosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229602. [PMID: 32126572 PMCID: PMC7054008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This study analyzed microvesicles and exosomes, called as extracellular vesicles (EVs) excreted in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with cerebral or gestational toxoplasmosis. Methods Clinical samples from 83 individuals were divided into four groups. Group I, 20 sera from healthy individuals and pregnant women (seronegative for toxoplasmosis); group II, 21 sera from seropositive patients for toxoplasmosis (cerebral or gestational forms); group III, 26 CSF samples from patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis/HIV co-infection (CT/HIV) (seropositive for toxoplasmosis); and group IV, 16 CSF samples from seronegative patients for toxoplasmosis, but with HIV infection and other opportunistic infections (OI/HIV). Serum and CSF samples were ultracentrifuged to recover EVs. Next, vesicle size and concentration were characterized by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Results Concentrations of serum-derived EVs from toxoplasmosis patients (mean: 2.4 x 1010 EVs/mL) were statically higher than of non-infected individuals (mean: 5.9 x 109 EVs/mL). Concentrations of CSF-derived EVs were almost similar in both groups. CT/HIV (mean: 2.9 x 109 EVs/mL) and OI/HIV (mean: 4.8 x 109 EVs/mL). Analyses by NTA confirmed that CSF-derived EVs and serum-derived EVs had size and shape similar to microvesicles and exosomes. The mean size of EVs was similar in serum and CSF. Thus, the concentration, and not size was able distinguish patients with toxoplasmosis than healthy individuals. Presence of exosomes was also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and evidence of tetraspanins CD63 and CD9 in immunoblotting. Relative expressions of miR-146a-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-29c-3p and miR-125b-5p were estimated in exosomal miRNA extracted of EVs. Serum-derived EVs from group II (cerebral and gestational toxoplasmosis) up-expressed miR-125b-5p and miR-146a-5p. CSF-derived EVs from CT/HIV patients) up-expressed miR-155-5p and miR-21-5p and were unable to express miR-29c-3p. Conclusion These data suggest the participation of EVs and exosomal miRNAs in unbalance of immune response as elevation of TNF-α, IL-6; and downregulation of IFN-γ in cerebral and gestational forms of toxoplasmosis.
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Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes from Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Tissue Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6094562. [PMID: 32190672 PMCID: PMC7073480 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6094562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular membranous nanovesicles that mediate local and systemic cell-to-cell communication by transporting functional molecules, such as proteins, into target cells, thereby affecting the behavior of receptor cells. Exosomes originating from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are considered a multipotent and abundant therapeutic tool for tissue injury. To investigate ADSC-secreted exosomes and their potential function in tissue repair, we isolated exosomes from the supernatants of ADSCs via ultracentrifugation, characterized them via transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot analysis. Then, we determined their protein profile via proteomic analysis. Results showed that extracellular vesicles, which have an average diameter of 116 nm, exhibit a cup-shaped morphology and express exosomal markers. A total of 1,185 protein groups were identified in the exosomes. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that exosomal proteins are mostly derived from cells mainly involved in protein binding. Protein annotation via the Cluster of Orthologous Groups system indicated that most proteins were involved in general function prediction, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperoning. Further, pathway analysis revealed that most of the proteins obtained participated in metabolic pathways, focal adhesion, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, and microbial metabolism. Some tissue repair-related signaling pathways were also discovered. The identified molecules might serve as potential therapeutic targets for future studies.
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123
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Exosomes-mediated synthetic Dicer substrates delivery for intracellular Dicer imaging detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 151:111907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tschuschke M, Kocherova I, Bryja A, Mozdziak P, Angelova Volponi A, Janowicz K, Sibiak R, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Iżycki D, Bukowska D, Antosik P, Shibli JA, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Kempisty B. Inclusion Biogenesis, Methods of Isolation and Clinical Application of Human Cellular Exosomes. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020436. [PMID: 32041096 PMCID: PMC7074492 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a heterogenous subpopulation of extracellular vesicles 30–150 nm in range and of endosome-derived origin. We explored the exosome formation through different systems, including the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and ESCRT-independent system, looking at the mechanisms of release. Different isolation techniques and specificities of exosomes from different tissues and cells are also discussed. Despite more than 30 years of research that followed their definition and indicated their important role in cellular physiology, the exosome biology is still in its infancy with rapidly growing interest. The reasons for the rapid increase in interest with respect to exosome biology is because they provide means of intercellular communication and transmission of macromolecules between cells, with a potential role in the development of diseases. Moreover, they have been investigated as prognostic biomarkers, with a potential for further development as diagnostic tools for neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The interest grows further with the fact that exosomes were reported as useful vectors for drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Tschuschke
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
| | - Ievgeniia Kocherova
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Ana Angelova Volponi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty for Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College University of London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Krzysztof Janowicz
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Rafał Sibiak
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Gynecologic Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland;
| | | | - Dariusz Iżycki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Jamil A. Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos 07030-010, Brazil;
| | - Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.T.); (I.K.); (A.B.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-6185-464-18; Fax: +48-6185-464-40
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125
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Potential Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in Solid Organ Transplantation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020369. [PMID: 32033489 PMCID: PMC7072603 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by delivering coding and non-coding RNA species and proteins to target cells. Recently, the therapeutic potential of EVs has been shown to extend to the field of solid organ transplantations. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) in particular have been proposed as a new tool to improve graft survival, thanks to the modulation of tolerance toward the graft, and to their anti-fibrotic and pro-angiogenic effects. Moreover, MSC-EVs may reduce ischemia reperfusion injury, improving the recovery from acute damage. In addition, EVs currently considered helpful tools for preserving donor organs when administered before transplant in the context of hypothermic or normothermic perfusion machines. The addition of EVs to the perfusion solution, recently proposed for kidney, lung, and liver grafts, resulted in the amelioration of donor organ viability and functionality. EVs may therefore be of therapeutic interest in different aspects of the transplantation process for increasing the number of available organs and improving their long-term survival.
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126
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Thongboonkerd V. Roles for Exosome in Various Kidney Diseases and Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1655. [PMID: 32082158 PMCID: PMC7005210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome is a nanoscale vesicle with a size range of 30–100 nm. It is secreted from cell to extracellular space by exocytosis after fusion of multivesicular body (MVB) (formed by endocytic vesicles) with plasma membrane. Exosome plays several important roles in cellular homeostasis and intercellular communications. During the last two decades, exosome has acquired a wide attention to explore its additional roles in various aspects of cell biology and function in several organ systems. For the kidney, several lines of evidence have demonstrated 1that exosome is involved in the renal physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of various kidney diseases/disorders. This article summarizes roles of the exosome as the potential source of biomarkers, pathogenic molecules, and therapeutic biologics that have been extensively investigated in many kidney diseases/disorders, including lupus nephritis (LN), other glomerular diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), as well as in the process of renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, in addition to polycystic kidney disease (PKD), kidney transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Moreover, the most recent evidence has shown its emerging role in kidney stone disease (or nephrolithiasis), involving inflammasome activation and inflammatory cascade frequently found in kidney stone pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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127
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Wang L, Pan Y, Liu Y, Sun Z, Huang Y, Li J, Yang J, Xiang Y, Li G. Fabrication of an Aptamer-Coated Liposome Complex for the Detection and Profiling of Exosomes Based on Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-Mediated Signal Amplification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:322-329. [PMID: 31840492 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The exosome is a promising biomarker carrying many kinds of membrane proteins with huge heterogeneity, so the sensitive and multiplex analysis of exosomes is very significant for disease diagnosis and exploration of their biological functions. Herein, we propose an efficient method for highly sensitive detection and heterogeneity identification of exosomes based on the design and fabrication of an aptamer-coated liposome complex coupled with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated polymerization. Specifically, in the presence of target exosomes, the aptamers immobilized on the surface of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane liposomes prefer to bind with exosomal membrane proteins due to the high affinity. The resulting aptamer-exosome complex will be accessible to TdT to switch on the polymerization reaction for signal amplification, achieving highly sensitive detection of exosomes. Furthermore, the proposed method can be employed to profile different exosomal membrane proteins by making use of a cluster of corresponding aptamers and obtain a fingerprint map of various cancer cell-derived exosomes. Thus, our approach may provide a highly sensitive and robust strategy for the identification of exosome heterogeneity with advantages of being label-free and having no separation, potentially enabling the precise subpopulation of exosomes with practical value in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Nanjing , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210003 , P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Genxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , P. R. China
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128
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Tao Y, Tang Y, Yang Z, Wu F, Wang L, Yang L, Lei L, Jing Y, Jiang X, Jin H, Bai Y, Zhang L. Exploration of Serum Exosomal LncRNA TBILA and AGAP2-AS1 as Promising Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:471-482. [PMID: 32015683 PMCID: PMC6990900 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of cancer with a poor prognosis, and development of an effective diagnostic method is urgently needed. Exosomal lncRNAs, a class of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides packaged into exosomes, have been defined as an ideal diagnostic biomarker for cancer. However, little is known about the clinical utility of exosomal lncRNAs in NSCLC. Here, we aimed to identify exosomal lncRNAs as promising biomarkers for NSCLC diagnosis. First, serum exosomes from NSCLC patients were successfully isolated by a polymer precipitation kit and then identified by TEM, NTA and western blot analysis. A total of nine candidate lncRNAs were detected by qRT-PCR in a training set. The two exosomal lncRNA TBILA and AGAP2-AS1 were screened out for the higher levels in NSCLC patients than that of healthy controls in a validation set. And there was a significant positive correlation between these exosomal lncRNAs levels and tumor size, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. Additionally, we validated that these exosomal lncRNAs were stable in serum. Next, we evaluated the diagnostic efficiency of exosomal lncRNAs in NSCLC patients by ROC curve analysis. The data showed that individual TBILA or AGAP2-AS1 exhibited better diagnostic efficiency in NSCLC patients with different tumor pathologic subtypes and early stage, whereas the combination of lncRNAs did not provide better results than individual lncRNAs. Notably, the combination of two exosomal lncRNAs and the serum tumor biomarker Cyfra21-1 widely used in clinical practices further improved the diagnostic accuracy for NSCLC patients. This study suggests that exosomal lncRNA TBILA and AGAP2-AS1 may be promising biomarkers for diagnosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Tang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zailin Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Futao Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Lei
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yipei Jing
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueke Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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129
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Chen X, Pan W, Li B, Zheng L. [Construction and application of a magnetic and catalytic hairpin assembly-based platform for detecting dual membrane proteins on exosomes]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1453-1460. [PMID: 31907155 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.12.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a magnetic and catalytic hairpin assembly-based platform for detection of dual membrane proteins on exosomes. METHODS Exosomes in supernatant of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell culture were separated, purified and characterized. Super-resolution imaging and Western blotting were performed to confirm the expression of the membrane protein CD63 on the exosomes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to verify the combination of AptEpCAM-T and exosomes. Fluorescence experiments were carried out to test the feasibility of CHA nucleic acid sequence, optimize the reaction conditions, and determine the specificity of the detection platform. RESULTS Super-resolution imaging and Western blotting showed that breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell-derived exosomes expressed abundant membrane protein CD63. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that AptEpCAM-T could recognize and bind to exosomes. The results of specificity test showed that the signal-to-noise ratio of the detection platform was 1.10±0.01 for detecting normal human breast epithelial cell-derived exosomes, and was 2.09±0.08 for breast cancer cell-derived exosomes. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic and catalytic hairpin assembly-based detection platform allows simultaneous detection of two membrane proteins expressed on exosomes and identification of the expressions of membrane proteins on exosomes from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Liutie Central Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545007, China
| | - Weilun Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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130
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Chen YS, Lin EY, Chiou TW, Harn HJ. Exosomes in clinical trial and their production in compliance with good manufacturing practice. Tzu Chi Med J 2019; 32:113-120. [PMID: 32269942 PMCID: PMC7137364 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_182_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, 60–200-nm extracellular vesicles secreted from cells, have been used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient or drug carrier in disease treatment. Human- and plant-derived exosomes are registered in clinical trials, but more complete reports are available for human-derived exosomes. Because exosomes act as vesicles and carry cell secreting components, they have been used as drug or peptide vehicles to treat diseases. The dendritic cells (DCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are two popular cell sources for exosome preparation. Exosomes from DCs can initiate inflammation in patients, particularly in patients with cancer, as they contain the tumor antigen to induce specific inflammation response. A well-established cell bank of MSCs is available, and these cells can be used as an alternative source for exosome preparation. The major application of MSC-derived exosomes is in inflammation treatment. Exosomes in clinical trials need to comply with good manufacturing practice (GMP). Three important issues are prevalent in GMP for exosomes, i.e., upstream of cell cultivation process, downstream of the purification process, and exosome quality control. This paper concisely reviews exosome development, including exosome generation and clinical trial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shuan Chen
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - En-Yi Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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131
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Zhou Y, Liu S, Zhao M, Wang C, Li L, Yuan Y, Li L, Liao G, Bresette W, Zhang J, Chen Y, Cheng J, Lu Y, Liu J. Injectable extracellular vesicle-released self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel as an enhanced cell-free therapy for tissue regeneration. J Control Release 2019; 316:93-104. [PMID: 31704110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown great potential for tissue repair, but their therapeutic capacity is limited by rapid clearance and short half-life. Herein, we purposed a hydrogel-based slow release strategy to enhance the therapeutic potency of EVs. A matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) sensitive self-assembling peptide (KMP2) hydrogel was used for the local delivery of MSC-EVs. The structure and controlled release properties of the KMP2 hydrogel were analyzed. The effects of the EV-loaded KMP2 hydrogel (KMP2-EVs) on cell apoptosis, inflammation and angiogenesis were evaluated in mice with renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In vitro, KMP2 formed a cross-linked nanofiber hydrogel to encapsulate MSC-EVs. KMP2 showed greater degradation and EV release in response to MMP2. The released EVs had similar structures and bioactivities as fresh, isolated EVs. In vivo, I/R mice treated with KMP2-EVs showed improved renal function by reducing tubular cell apoptosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and macrophage infiltration than mice receiving either EVs or KMP2. Moreover, KMP2-EVs showed better efficacy on promoting endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis than KMP2 or EVs alone, which subsequently decreased chronic renal fibrosis in I/R mice. This study highlighted that the EV-released KMP2 hydrogel is a promising cell-free therapy for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangneng Liao
- Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - William Bresette
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Involvement of macrophage-derived exosomes in abdominal aortic aneurysms development. Atherosclerosis 2019; 289:64-72. [PMID: 31479773 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Recent studies reported that exosomes mediate intercellular communication and are involved in different diseases. Whether exosomes play a role in AAA is poorly understood. Hence, this study evaluated the function of exosomes in AAA development. METHODS The presence of exosomes in human and calcium phosphate (CaPO4)-induced AAA tissues was determined by immunofluorescence staining of CD63 and Alix. GW4869, an inhibitor of exosome biogenesis, was intraperitoneally injected into CaPO4-induced AAA tissues to evaluate the effects of exosomal inhibition on AAA development. To explore the underlying mechanisms, the human monocytic cell line THP-1 was differentiated into macrophages, and exosomes were collected from macrophages. VSMCs were treated with macrophage-derived exosomes, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was evaluated. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways was also investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Exosomes were detected in the adventitia of aneurysmal tissues obtained from humans and mice. They were mainly expressed in clusters of macrophages. Intraperitoneal injection of GW4869 for two weeks significantly attenuated the progression of CaPO4-induced AAA, preserved elastin integrity and decreased MMP-2 expression. Similarly, administration of GW4869 suppressed the systemic and aneurysmal exosome generation. In vitro, treatment with macrophage-derived exosomes elevated MMP-2 expression in human VSMCs, while pre-treatment with GW4869 abolished these effects. It was also found that JNK and p38 pathways mediated the production of MMP-2 in VSMCs following treatment with macrophage-derived exosomes. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that exosomes derived from macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of AAA. Macrophage-derived exosomes trigger MMP-2 expression in VSMC via JNK and p38 pathways. GW4869 supplementation attenuates CaPO4-induced AAA in mice.
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