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Kaya M, Ahishali B. Basic physiology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease: a brief overview. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1840913. [PMID: 33190576 PMCID: PMC7849738 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1840913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a dynamic interface between blood and brain constituted mainly by endothelial cells of brain microvessels, robustly restricts the entry of potentially harmful blood-sourced substances and cells into the brain, however, many therapeutically active agents concurrently cannot gain access into the brain at effective doses in the presence of an intact barrier. On the other hand, breakdown of BBB integrity may involve in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, certain diseases/disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and epilepsy are associated with varying degrees of BBB disruption. In this review, we aim to highlight the current knowledge on the cellular and molecular composition of the BBB with special emphasis on the major transport pathways across the barrier type endothelial cells. We further provide a discussion on the innovative brain drug delivery strategies in which the obstacle formed by BBB interferes with effective pharmacological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases/disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kaya
- Koç University School of Medicine Department of Physiology, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ahishali
- Koç University School of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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102
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Sun J, Li H, Jin Y, Yu J, Mao S, Su KP, Ling Z, Liu J. Probiotic Clostridium butyricum ameliorated motor deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease via gut microbiota-GLP-1 pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:703-715. [PMID: 33148438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A connection between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease (PD) indicates that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota might represent a risk factor for PD. Microbiota-targeted interventions, including probiotic Clostridium butyricum (Cb), have been recently shown to have favorable effects in PD by regulating microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the potential beneficial roles and its mechanisms of Cb on PD were still unknown. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a PD model-induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and were treated intragastrically with Cb for 4 weeks. The motor functions were assessed by a series of behavioral tests including pole test, beam walking teat, forced swimming test and open field test. The dopaminergic neuron loss, synaptic plasticity and microglia activation, as well as the levels of colonic glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), colonic G protein-coupled receptors GPR41/43 and cerebral GLP-1 receptors were assessed. Gut microbial composition was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Our results showed that oral administration of Cb could improve motor deficits, dopaminergic neuron loss, synaptic dysfunction and microglia activation in the MPTP-induced mice. Meanwhile, Cb treatment could reverse the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and the decreased levels of colonic GLP-1, colonic GPR41/43 and cerebral GLP-1 receptor in the MPTP-induced mice. These findings indicated that the neuroprotective mechanism of Cb on PD might be related to the improvement of abnormal gut microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Yangjie Jin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiaheng Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shiyin Mao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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103
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Metzdorf J, Tönges L. Short-chain fatty acids in the context of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2015-2016. [PMID: 33642384 PMCID: PMC8343296 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Metzdorf
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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104
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Abstract
Aging is characterized by the functional decline of tissues and organs and increased risk of aging-associated disorders, which pose major societal challenges and are a public health priority. Despite extensive human genetics studies, limited progress has been made linking genetics with aging. There is a growing realization that the altered assembly, structure and dynamics of the gut microbiota actively participate in the aging process. Age-related microbial dysbiosis is involved in reshaping immune responses during aging, which manifest as immunosenescence (insufficiency) and inflammaging (over-reaction) that accompany many age-associated enteric and extraenteric diseases. The gut microbiota can be regulated, suggesting a potential target for aging interventions. This review summarizes recent findings on the physiological succession of gut microbiota across the life-cycle, the roles and mechanisms of gut microbiota in healthy aging, alterations of gut microbiota and aging-associated diseases, and the gut microbiota-targeted anti-aging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiumei Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaochang Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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105
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Ling Z, Cheng Y, Yan X, Shao L, Liu X, Zhou D, Zhang L, Yu K, Zhao L. Alterations of the Fecal Microbiota in Chinese Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590783. [PMID: 33391265 PMCID: PMC7772405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that alterations in the intestinal microbiota may be associated with neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a putative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. However, it has not been determined whether the intestinal microbiota and host immune status are altered in Chinese patients with stable MS. In our study, 22 Chinese patients with stable MS and 33 healthy controls were enrolled for fecal microbiota analysis and host immunity evaluation. The microbial diversity and composition, bacterial co-occurrence correlations, predictive functional profiles, and microbiota-cytokine correlations between the two groups were compared. We observed that while the overall structure of the fecal microbiota did not change significantly, the abundances of several key functional bacteria, primarily Faecalibacterium, decreased remarkably. Faecalibacterium and Granulicatella could be used to distinguish between patients with MS and healthy controls with an area under the curve of 0.832. PiCRUSt analysis revealed that genes associated with fructose, mannose, and fatty acid metabolism were significantly enriched in the MS microbiota. In addition, we also observed that the levels of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1ra, IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α changed observably, and the abundances of key functional bacteria like butyrate producers correlated with the changes in the cytokine levels. Our present study indicated that altered composition of the fecal microbiota might play vital roles in the etiopathogenesis of MS by regulating host immunity, which suggests that microbiota-targeting patient-tailored early intervention techniques might serve as novel therapeutic approaches for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiumei Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Li Shao
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Kunqiang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Longyou Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, Lishui, China
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106
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Gut microbiome improves postoperative cognitive function by decreasing permeability of the blood-brain barrier in aged mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:249-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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107
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Bhattarai
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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108
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Rroji O, Kumar A, Karuppagounder SS, Ratan RR. Epigenetic regulators of neuronal ferroptosis identify novel therapeutics for neurological diseases: HDACs, transglutaminases, and HIF prolyl hydroxylases. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105145. [PMID: 33127469 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major thrust of our laboratory has been to identify how physiological stress is transduced into transcriptional responses that feed back to overcome the inciting stress or its consequences, thereby fostering survival and repair. To this end, we have adopted the use of an in vitro model of ferroptosis, a caspase-independent, but iron-dependent form of cell death (Dixon et al., 2012; Ratan, 2020). In this review, we highlight three distinct epigenetic targets that have evolved from our studies and which have been validated in vivo studies. In the first section, we discuss our studies of broad, pan-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in ferroptosis and how these studies led to the validation of HDAC inhibitors as candidate therapeutics in a host of disease models. In the second section, we discuss our studies that revealed a role for transglutaminase as an epigenetic modulator of proferroptotic pathways and how these studies set the stage for recent elucidation of monoamines as post-translation modifiers of histone function. In the final section, we discuss our studies of iron-, 2-oxoglutarate-, and oxygen-dependent dioxygenases and the role of one family of these enzymes, the HIF prolyl hydroxylases, in mediating transcriptional events necessary for ferroptosis in vitro and for dysfunction in a host of neurological conditions. Overall, our studies highlight the importance of epigenetic proteins in mediating prodeath and prosurvival responses to ferroptosis. Pharmacological agents that target these epigenetic proteins are showing robust beneficial effects in diverse rodent models of stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orjon Rroji
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 E 61st Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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109
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Assessing the Beneficial Effects of the Immunomodulatory Glycan LNFPIII on Gut Microbiota and Health in a Mouse Model of Gulf War Illness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197081. [PMID: 32992640 PMCID: PMC7579323 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota’s influence on host (patho) physiology has gained interest in the context of Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic disorder featuring dysregulation of the gut–brain–immune axis. This study examined short- and long-term effects of GWI-related chemicals on gut health and fecal microbiota and the potential benefits of Lacto-N-fucopentaose-III (LNFPIII) treatment in a GWI model. Male C57BL/6J mice were administered pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 0.7 mg/kg) and permethrin (PM; 200 mg/kg) for 10 days with concurrent LNFPIII treatment (35 μg/mouse) in a short-term study (12 days total) and delayed LNFPIII treatment (2×/week) beginning 4 months after 10 days of PB/PM exposure in a long-term study (9 months total). Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on all samples post-LNFPIII treatment to assess microbiota effects of GWI chemicals and acute/delayed LNFPIII administration. Although PB/PM did not affect species composition on a global scale, it affected specific taxa in both short- and long-term settings. PB/PM elicited more prominent long-term effects, notably, on the abundances of bacteria belonging to Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families and the genus Allobaculum. LNFPIII improved a marker of gut health (i.e., decreased lipocalin-2) independent of GWI and, importantly, increased butyrate producers (e.g., Butyricoccus, Ruminococcous) in PB/PM-treated mice, indicating a positive selection pressure for these bacteria. Multiple operational taxonomic units correlated with aberrant behavior and lipocalin-2 in PB/PM samples; LNFPIII was modulatory. Overall, significant and lasting GWI effects occurred on specific microbiota and LNFPIII treatment was beneficial.
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110
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Lochhead JJ, Yang J, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junction in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Physiol 2020; 11:914. [PMID: 32848858 PMCID: PMC7424030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows the brain to selectively import nutrients and energy critical to neuronal function while simultaneously excluding neurotoxic substances from the peripheral circulation. In contrast to the highly permeable vasculature present in most organs that reside outside of the central nervous system (CNS), the BBB exhibits a high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) along with a low rate of transcytosis and greatly restricted paracellular permeability. The property of low paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junction (TJ) protein complexes that seal the paracellular route between apposing brain microvascular endothelial cells. Although tight junction protein complexes are principal contributors to physical barrier properties, they are not static in nature. Rather, tight junction protein complexes are highly dynamic structures, where expression and/or localization of individual constituent proteins can be modified in response to pathophysiological stressors. These stressors induce modifications to tight junction protein complexes that involve de novo synthesis of new protein or discrete trafficking mechanisms. Such responsiveness of BBB tight junctions to diseases indicates that these protein complexes are critical for maintenance of CNS homeostasis. In fulfillment of this vital role, BBB tight junctions are also a major obstacle to therapeutic drug delivery to the brain. There is an opportunity to overcome this substantial obstacle and optimize neuropharmacology via acquisition of a detailed understanding of BBB tight junction structure, function, and regulation. In this review, we discuss physiological characteristics of tight junction protein complexes and how these properties regulate delivery of therapeutics to the CNS for treatment of neurological diseases. Specifically, we will discuss modulation of tight junction structure, function, and regulation both in the context of disease states and in the setting of pharmacotherapy. In particular, we will highlight how these properties can be potentially manipulated at the molecular level to increase CNS drug levels via paracellular transport to the brain.
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111
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Getachew B, Csoka AB, Bhatti A, Copeland RL, Tizabi Y. Butyrate Protects Against Salsolinol-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: Implication for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:596-602. [PMID: 32572814 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is associated with the destruction of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the formation of Lewy bodies in basal ganglia. Risk factors for PD include aging, as well as environmental and genetic factors. Recent converging reports suggest a role for the gut microbiome and epigenetic factors in the onset and/or progression of PD. Of particular relevance and potential therapeutic targets in this regard are histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes that are involved in chromatin remodeling. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (FA) produced in the gut and presumably acting via several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including FA3 receptors (FA3Rs), is a well-known HDAC inhibitor that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the gut-brain axis. Recently, its significance in regulation of some critical brain functions and usefulness in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD has been suggested. In this study we sought to determine whether butyrate may have protective effects against salsolionl (SALS)-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SALS, an endogenous product of aldehyde and dopamine condensation, may be selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons. SH-SY5Y cells, derived from human neuroblastoma cells, are used as a model of these neurons. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells for 24 h to 400 μM SALS resulted in approximately 60% cell death, which was concentration-dependently prevented by butyrate. The effects of butyrate in turn were significantly attenuated by beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), a selective FA3R antagonist. Moreover, a selective FA3R agonist (AR 420626) also provided protective effects against SALS, which was totally blocked by BHB. These findings provide further support that butyrate or an agonist of FA3R may be of therapeutic potential in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amna Bhatti
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert L Copeland
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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112
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Sodium Butyrate Exacerbates Parkinson's Disease by Aggravating Neuroinflammation and Colonic Inflammation in MPTP-Induced Mice Model. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2128-2142. [PMID: 32556930 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal production of short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) caused by gut microbial dysbiosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study sought to evaluate how butyrate, one of SCFAs, affect the pathology in a subacute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) treated mouse model of PD. Sodium butyrate (NaB; 165 mg/kg/day i.g., 7 days) was administrated from the day after the last MPTP injection. Interestingly, NaB significantly aggravated MPTP-induced motor dysfunction (P < 0.01), decreased dopamine (P < 0.05) and 5-HT (P < 0.05) levels, exacerbated declines of dopaminergic neurons (34%, P < 0.05) and downregulated expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, 47%, P < 0.05), potentiated glia-mediated neuroinflammation by increasing the number of microglia (17%, P < 0.05) and activating astrocytes (28%, P < 0.01). In vitro study also confirmed that NaB could significantly exacerbate pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (IL-1β, 4.11-fold, P < 0.01; IL-18, 3.42-fold, P < 0.01 and iNOS, 2.52-fold, P < 0.05) and NO production (1.55-fold, P < 0.001) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In addition, NaB upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, 3.52-fold, P < 0.05; IL-18, 1.72-fold, P < 0.001) and NLRP3 (3.11-fold, P < 0.001) in the colon of PD mice. However, NaB had no effect on NFκB, MyD88 and TNF-α expression in PD mice. Our results indicate that NaB exacerbates MPTP-induced PD by aggravating neuroinflammation and colonic inflammation independently of the NFκB/MyD88/TNF-α signaling pathway.
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113
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Machhi J, Kevadiya BD, Muhammad IK, Herskovitz J, Olson KE, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Harnessing regulatory T cell neuroprotective activities for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:32. [PMID: 32503641 PMCID: PMC7275301 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that adaptive immunity influences the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Misfolded aggregated self-proteins can break immune tolerance leading to the induction of autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) with associated decreases in anti-inflammatory neuroprotective regulatory T cells (Tregs). An imbalance between Teffs and Tregs leads to microglial activation, inflammation and neuronal injury. The cascade of such a disordered immunity includes the drainage of the aggregated protein antigens into cervical lymph nodes serving to amplify effector immune responses. Both preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate transformation of this altered immunity for therapeutic gain. We posit that the signs and symptoms of common neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke can be attenuated by boosting Treg activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, 94304 USA
| | - Ijaz Khan Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Anbar Swabi, 23561 Pakistan
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Katherine E. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
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Pellegrini C, Antonioli L, Calderone V, Colucci R, Fornai M, Blandizzi C. Microbiota-gut-brain axis in health and disease: Is NLRP3 inflammasome at the crossroads of microbiota-gut-brain communications? Prog Neurobiol 2020; 191:101806. [PMID: 32473843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence highlights the relevance of microbiota-gut-brain axis in the maintenance of brain homeostasis as well as in the pathophysiology of major neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). In particular, changes in gut microbiota can promote enteric and peripheral neurogenic/inflammatory responses, which, in turn, could contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Of note, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome acts as a key player in both coordinating the host physiology and shaping the peripheral and central immune/inflammatory responses in CNS diseases. In this context, there is pioneering evidence supporting the existence of a microbiota-gut-inflammasome-brain axis, in which enteric bacteria modulate, via NLRP3 signaling, inflammatory pathways that, in turn, contribute to influence brain homeostasis. The present review provides an overview of current knowledge on the role of microbiota-gut-inflammasome-brain axis in the major CNS diseases, including PD, AD, MS, ASD and MDD. In particular, though no direct and causal correlation among altered gut microbiota, NLRP3 activation and brain pathology has been demonstrated and in-depth studies are needed in this setting, our purpose was to pave the way to a novel and pioneering perspective on the pathophysiology of CNS disorders. Our intent was also to highlight and discuss whether alterations of microbiota-gut-inflammasome-brain axis support a holistic view of the pathophysiology of CNS diseases, even though each disorder displays a different clinical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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Nutraceuticals Targeting Generation and Oxidant Activity of Peroxynitrite May Aid Prevention and Control of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103624. [PMID: 32455532 PMCID: PMC7279222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic low-grade inflammatory process in which activated microglia generate cytotoxic factors-most prominently peroxynitrite-which induce the death and dysfunction of neighboring dopaminergic neurons. Dying neurons then release damage-associated molecular pattern proteins such as high mobility group box 1 which act on microglia via a range of receptors to amplify microglial activation. Since peroxynitrite is a key mediator in this process, it is proposed that nutraceutical measures which either suppress microglial production of peroxynitrite, or which promote the scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived oxidants, should have value for the prevention and control of PD. Peroxynitrite production can be quelled by suppressing activation of microglial NADPH oxidase-the source of its precursor superoxide-or by down-regulating the signaling pathways that promote microglial expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Phycocyanobilin of spirulina, ferulic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, good vitamin D status, promotion of hydrogen sulfide production with taurine and N-acetylcysteine, caffeine, epigallocatechin-gallate, butyrogenic dietary fiber, and probiotics may have potential for blunting microglial iNOS induction. Scavenging of peroxynitrite-derived radicals may be amplified with supplemental zinc or inosine. Astaxanthin has potential for protecting the mitochondrial respiratory chain from peroxynitrite and environmental mitochondrial toxins. Healthful programs of nutraceutical supplementation may prove to be useful and feasible in the primary prevention or slow progression of pre-existing PD. Since damage to the mitochondria in dopaminergic neurons by environmental toxins is suspected to play a role in triggering the self-sustaining inflammation that drives PD pathogenesis, there is also reason to suspect that plant-based diets of modest protein content, and possibly a corn-rich diet high in spermidine, might provide protection from PD by boosting protective mitophagy and thereby aiding efficient mitochondrial function. Low-protein diets can also promote a more even response to levodopa therapy.
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Lama A, Pirozzi C, Avagliano C, Annunziata C, Mollica MP, Calignano A, Meli R, Mattace Raso G. Nutraceuticals: An integrative approach to starve Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 2:100037. [PMID: 34589828 PMCID: PMC8474522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic approach of multifactorial complex diseases is always a challenge; Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder triggered by genetic and environmental factors, contributing to its etiology. Indeed, several pathogenic mechanisms lead to selective dopaminergic neuronal injury, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, alteration of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi protein trafficking, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Current treatment approaches include mainly dopamine replacement therapy or optimizing dopaminergic transmission; however, these strategies that do not counteract the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD symptoms and often are less effective over time. Recently, there has been growing interest in the therapeutic use of nutraceuticals, that could represent an integrative approach to the pharmacological standard therapy and specifically affect one or more pathogenic pathways. The intake of nutraceuticals or nutritional modifications are generally safe and can be combined with current common drug therapy in most cases to improve the patient's quality of life and/or mitigate PD symptoms. The current review focuses on several key nutritional compounds and dietary modifications that are effective on several pathogenic pathways involved in PD onset and progression, and further highlights the rationale behind their potential use for the prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21-Edificio 7, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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117
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Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32082260 PMCID: PMC7005631 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1225] [Impact Index Per Article: 306.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence supports that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the regulation of metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the involvement of the gut microbiota in the modulation of multiple neurochemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Although amazing scientific breakthroughs over the last few years have expanded our knowledge on the communication between microbes and their hosts, the underpinnings of microbiota-gut-brain crosstalk remain to be determined. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites produced in the colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch, are speculated to play a key role in neuro-immunoendocrine regulation. However, the underlying mechanisms through which SCFAs might influence brain physiology and behavior have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we outline the current knowledge about the involvement of SCFAs in microbiota-gut-brain interactions. We also highlight how the development of future treatments for central nervous system (CNS) disorders can take advantage of the intimate and mutual interactions of the gut microbiota with the brain by exploring the role of SCFAs in the regulation of neuro-immunoendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygor Parladore Silva
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bernardi
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudimar Luiz Frozza
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rudimar Luiz Frozza
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118
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Cui SS, Feng XB, Zhang BH, Xia ZY, Zhan LY. Exendin-4 attenuates pain-induced cognitive impairment by alleviating hippocampal neuroinflammation in a rat model of spinal nerve ligation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1333-1339. [PMID: 31960821 PMCID: PMC7047783 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. It is now recognized that the occurrence and development of chronic pain are strongly associated with anti-inflammatory responses; however, it is not clear whether glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor regulates chronic pain via anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We explored the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor on nociception, cognition, and neuroinflammation in chronic pain. A rat model of chronic pain was established using left L5 spinal nerve ligation. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 was intrathecally injected into rats from 10 to 21 days after spinal nerve ligation. Electrophysiological examinations showed that, after treatment with exendin-4, paw withdrawal frequency of the left limb was significantly reduced, and pain was relieved. In addition, in the Morris water maze test, escape latency increased and the time to reach the platform decreased following exendin-4 treatment. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assays revealed an increase in the numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampus, as well as an increase in the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6. All of these effects could be reversed by exendin-4 treatment. These findings suggest that exendin-4 can alleviate pain-induced neuroinflammatory responses and promote the recovery of cognitive function via the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor pathway. All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University of China (approval No. WDRM 20171214) on September 22, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bing-Hong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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119
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Sun J, Xu J, Yang B, Chen K, Kong Y, Fang N, Gong T, Wang F, Ling Z, Liu J. Effect of Clostridium butyricum against Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease via Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites Butyrate. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 64:e1900636. [PMID: 31835282 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Recent evidences demonstrate that abnormal gut microbiota (GM) might be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of probiotics in preventing AD by regulating GM-gut-brain axis remains unclear. Here, the anti-neuroinflammatory effect and its mechanism of probiotic Clostridium butyricum (CB) against AD is investigated by regulating GM-gut-brain axis. METHODS AND RESULTS APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic are treated intragastrically with CB for 4 weeks then cognitively tested. Amyloid-β (Aβ) burden, microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokines production, GM, and metabolites butyrate are analyzed. Moreover, Aβ-induced BV2 microglia are pretreated with butyrate, and the levels of cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation are determined. The results show that CB treatment prevents cognitive impairment, Aβ deposits, microglia activation, and production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. Meanwhile, abnormal GM and butyrate are reversed after CB treatment. Notably, butyrate treatment reduces the levels of CD11b and COX-2, and suppresses phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in the Aβ-induced BV2 microglia. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that CB treatment could attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via regulating the GM-gut-brain axis, which is mediated by the metabolite butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jingxuan Xu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Na Fang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Tianyu Gong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Departments of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
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120
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Jackson A, Forsyth CB, Shaikh M, Voigt RM, Engen PA, Ramirez V, Keshavarzian A. Diet in Parkinson's Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1245. [PMID: 31920905 PMCID: PMC6915094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder affecting up to 1% of the population above the age of 60 and 4–5% of those above the age of 85. Little progress has been made on efforts to prevent disease development or halt disease progression. Diet has emerged as a potential factor that may prevent the development or slow the progression of PD. In this review, we discuss evidence for a role for the intestinal microbiome in PD and how diet-associated changes in the microbiome may be a viable approach to prevent or modify disease progression. Methods: We reviewed studies demonstrating that dietary components/foods were related to risk for PD. We reviewed evidence for the dysregulated intestinal microbiome in PD patients including abnormal shifts in the intestinal microbiota composition (i.e., dysbiosis) characterized by a loss of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) bacteria and increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bacteria. We also examined several candidate mechanisms by which the microbiota can influence PD including the NLRP3 inflammasome, insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, vagal nerve signaling. Results: The PD-associated microbiome is associated with decreased production of SCFA and increased LPS and it is believed that these changes may contribute to the development or exacerbation of PD. Diet robustly impacts the intestinal microbiome and the Western diet is associated with increased risk for PD whereas the Mediterranean diet (including high intake of dietary fiber) decreases PD risk. Mechanistically this may be the consequence of changes in the relative abundance of SCFA-producing or LPS-containing bacteria in the intestinal microbiome with effects on intestinal barrier function, endotoxemia (i.e., systemic LPS), NLRP3 inflammasome activation, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and the production of factors such as glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as intestinal gluconeogenesis. Conclusions: This review summarizes a model of microbiota-gut-brain-axis regulation of neuroinflammation in PD including several new mechanisms. We conclude with the need for clinical trials in PD patients to test this model for beneficial effects of Mediterranean based high fiber diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeja Jackson
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Phillip A Engen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vivian Ramirez
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Graduate College of Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
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121
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Bullich C, Keshavarzian A, Garssen J, Kraneveld A, Perez-Pardo P. Gut Vibes in Parkinson's Disease: The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:639-651. [PMID: 31745471 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) is attributable to multifactorial changes occurring at a molecular level, influenced by genetics and environmental interactions. However, what causes the main hallmarks of PD is not well understood. Recent data increasingly suggest that imbalances in the gut microbiome composition might trigger and/or exacerbate the progression of PD. Objective The present review aims to (1) report emerging literature showing changes in microbiota composition of PD patients compared to healthy individuals and (2) discuss how these changes may initiate and/or perpetuate PD pathology. Methods We analyzed 13 studies published from 2015 and included in this review. Altered microbial taxa were compiled in a detailed table summarizing bacterial changes in fecal/mucosal samples. The methodology was systematically reviewed across the articles and was also included in a table to facilitate comparisons between studies. Results Multiple studies found a reduction in short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria that can rescue neuronal damage through epigenetic mechanisms. Overall, the studies showed that changes in the gut microbiota composition might influence colonic inflammation, gut permeability, and α-synuclein aggregation, contributing to the neurogenerative process. Conclusion Further studies with larger cohorts and high-resolution sequencing methods are required to better define gut microbiota changes in PD. Furthermore, additional longitudinal studies are required to determine the causal link between these changes and PD pathogenesis as well as to study the potential of the intestinal microbiota as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bullich
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Nutricia Reasearch Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Aletta Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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122
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Scheperjans F, Derkinderen P, Borghammer P. The Gut and Parkinson's Disease: Hype or Hope? JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 8:S31-S39. [PMID: 30584161 PMCID: PMC6311363 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades it has become clear that Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with a plethora of gastrointestinal symptoms originating from functional and structural changes in the gut and its associated neural structures. This is of particular interest not only because such symptoms have a major impact on the quality of life of PD patients, but also since accumulating evidence suggests that in at least a subgroup of patients, these disturbances precede the motor symptoms and diagnosis of PD by years and may thus give important insights into the origin and pathogenesis of the disease. In this mini-review we attempt to concisely summarize the current knowledge after two decades of research on the gut-brain axis in PD. We focus on alpha-synuclein pathology, biomarkers, and the gut microbiota and envision the development and impact of these research areas for the two decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Scheperjans
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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123
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Sun J, Xu J, Ling Y, Wang F, Gong T, Yang C, Ye S, Ye K, Wei D, Song Z, Chen D, Liu J. Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviated Alzheimer's disease-like pathogenesis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:189. [PMID: 31383855 PMCID: PMC6683152 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia in the elderly. Treatment for AD is still a difficult task in clinic. AD is associated with abnormal gut microbiota. However, little is known about the role of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in AD. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of FMT for the treatment of AD. We used an APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mouse model. Cognitive deficits, brain deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylation of tau, synaptic plasticity as well as neuroinflammation were assessed. Gut microbiota and its metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Our results showed that FMT treatment could improve cognitive deficits and reduce the brain deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice. These improvements were accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of tau protein and the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42. We observed an increases in synaptic plasticity in the Tg mice, showing that postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and synapsin I expression were increased after FMT. We also observed the decrease of COX-2 and CD11b levels in Tg mice after FMT. We also found that FMT treatment reversed the changes of gut microbiota and SCFAs. Thus, FMT may be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- 0000 0004 1764 2632grid.417384.dDepartment of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027 China
| | - Jingxuan Xu
- 0000 0004 1764 2632grid.417384.dDepartment of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027 China
| | - Yi Ling
- 0000 0004 1764 2632grid.417384.dDepartment of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027 China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- 0000 0001 0348 3990grid.268099.cDepartment of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Tianyu Gong
- 0000 0001 0348 3990grid.268099.cDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Changwei Yang
- 0000 0001 0348 3990grid.268099.cDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Shiqing Ye
- 0000 0001 0348 3990grid.268099.cDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Keyue Ye
- 0000 0001 0348 3990grid.268099.cDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Dianhui Wei
- 0000 0001 0348 3990grid.268099.cDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Ziqing Song
- 0000 0001 0348 3990grid.268099.cDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Danna Chen
- 0000 0001 0348 3990grid.268099.cDepartment of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Cantu-Jungles TM, Rasmussen HE, Hamaker BR. Potential of Prebiotic Butyrogenic Fibers in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:663. [PMID: 31281287 PMCID: PMC6595503 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Recent evidence supports the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in PD pathogenesis, including alterations in microbiota and intestinal permeability. Apart from being the preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells, butyrate is involved in anti-inflammatory, enteroendocrine and epigenetic mechanisms that influence colonic and systemic health, including brain function. A few studies using oral administration of sodium butyrate indicate beneficial effects in PD animal models; however, prebiotic fibers that generate butyrate locally in the gut may be more effective. The design and selection of butyrogenic prebiotic fibers would allow preclinical studies to evaluate how gut-derived butyrate could affect PD pathophysiology. This review describes potential benefits of increasing gut butyrate production in PD through a prebiotic approach. Moreover, physico-chemical features of prebiotic fibers that target butyrogenic colonic bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaisa M Cantu-Jungles
- Department of Food Science, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Heather E Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Department of Food Science, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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125
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Ambrosini YM, Borcherding D, Kanthasamy A, Kim HJ, Willette AA, Jergens A, Allenspach K, Mochel JP. The Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Relevance of the Canine Model: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:130. [PMID: 31275138 PMCID: PMC6591269 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying appropriate animal models is critical in developing translatable in vitro and in vivo systems for therapeutic drug development and investigating disease pathophysiology. These animal models should have direct biological and translational relevance to the underlying disease they are supposed to mimic. Aging dogs not only naturally develop a cognitive decline in many aspects including learning and memory deficits, but they also exhibit human-like individual variability in the aging process. Neurodegenerative processes that can be observed in both human and canine brains include the progressive accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) found as diffuse plaques in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), including the gyrus proreus (i.e., medial orbital PFC), as well as the hippocampus and the cerebral vasculature. Tau pathology, a marker of neurodegeneration and dementia progression, was also found in canine hippocampal synapses. Various epidemiological data show that human patients with neurodegenerative diseases have concurrent intestinal lesions, and histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract occurs decades before neurodegenerative changes. Gut microbiome alterations have also been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases, as well as inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Interestingly, the dog gut microbiome more closely resembles human gut microbiome in composition and functional overlap compared to rodent models. This article reviews the physiology of the gut-brain axis (GBA) and its involvement with neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Additionally, we outline the advantages and weaknesses of current in vitro and in vivo models and discuss future research directions investigating major human neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and Parkinson's diseases using dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko M. Ambrosini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Dana Borcherding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Auriel A. Willette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Albert Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Srivastav S, Neupane S, Bhurtel S, Katila N, Maharjan S, Choi H, Hong JT, Choi DY. Probiotics mixture increases butyrate, and subsequently rescues the nigral dopaminergic neurons from MPTP and rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 69:73-86. [PMID: 31063918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota in the gut affect brain physiology via various pathways, and dysbiosis seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Probiotics showed pleiotropic effects on functions of the central nervous system via microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, no studies displayed the neuroprotective effects of probiotics in the Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to test the neuroprotective effects of probiotics in two different models of PD. We evaluated neuroprotective effects of a probiotic cocktail containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium animalis lactis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in PD models induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or rotenone utilizing behavioral tests, immunohistochemistry and neurochemical analysis. To assure the neuroprotection came from increased production of butyrate, we further determined beneficial effects of butyrate in the MPTP-mediated PD model. The probiotic mixture overtly protected the dopaminergic neurons against MPTP neurotoxicity. However, the probiotics downregulated expression of monoamine oxidase (MAO) B in the striatum, which was accompanied by a lower level of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the main neurotoxic metabolite of MPTP. Thus, we extended the investigation into the rotenone-induced PD model. Rescuing effects of the probiotics were observed in the setup, which came with increased levels of neurotrophic factors and butyrate in the brain. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was identified to be a major contributor to the induction of neurotrophic factors and downregulation of MAO B. Finally, we demonstrated that sodium butyrate attenuated MPTP-induced neuronal loss in the nigrostriatal pathway. Probiotics could ameliorate neurodegeneration at least partially by increasing butyrate level. These data highlight the role of probiotics for brain health, and their potential as a preventive measure for neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Srivastav
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabita Neupane
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Bhurtel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikita Katila
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sailesh Maharjan
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-21 Osongsaengmyeong1-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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127
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Erbil D, Eren CY, Demirel C, Küçüker MU, Solaroğlu I, Eser HY. GLP-1's role in neuroprotection: a systematic review. Brain Inj 2019; 33:734-819. [PMID: 30938196 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1587000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a target for treatment of diabetes; however, its function in the brain is not well studied. In this systematic review, we aimed to analyze the neuroprotective role of GLP-1 and its defined mechanisms. Methods: We searched 'Web of Science' and 'Pubmed' to identify relevant studies using GLP-1 as the keyword. Two hundred and eighty-nine clinical and preclinical studies have been included. Data have been presented by grouping neurodegenerative, neurovascular and specific cell culture models. Results: Recent literature shows that GLP-1 and its agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and combined GLP-1/GIP molecules are effective in partially or fully reversing the effects of neurotoxic compounds, neurovascular complications of diabetes, neuropathological changes related with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or vascular occlusion. Possible mechanisms that provide neuroprotection are enhancing the viability of the neurons and restoring neurite outgrowth by increased neurotrophic factors, increasing subventricular zone progenitor cells, decreasing apoptosis, decreasing the level of pro-inflammatory factors, and strengthening blood-brain barrier. Conclusion: Based on the preclinical studies, GLP-1 modifying agents are promising targets for neuroprotection. On the other hand, the number of clinical studies that investigate GLP-1 as a treatment is low and further clinical trials are needed for a benchside to bedside translation of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Erbil
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Candan Yasemin Eren
- b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Cağrı Demirel
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Ihsan Solaroğlu
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Hale Yapıcı Eser
- a School of Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Research Center for Translational Medicine , Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
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128
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Sun J, Liu S, Ling Z, Wang F, Ling Y, Gong T, Fang N, Ye S, Si J, Liu J. Fructooligosaccharides Ameliorating Cognitive Deficits and Neurodegeneration in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice through Modulating Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3006-3017. [PMID: 30816709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely related to gut microbial alteration. Prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS) play major roles by regulating gut microbiota. The present study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of FOS protection against AD via regulating gut microbiota. Male Apse/PSEN 1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic (Tg) mice were administrated with FOS for 6 weeks. Cognitive deficits and amyloid deposition were evaluated. The levels of synaptic plasticity markers including postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and synapsin I, as well as phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), were determined. The intestinal microbial constituent was detected by 16S rRNA sequencing. Moreover, the levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the gut and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the brain were measured. The results indicated that FOS treatment ameliorated cognitive deficits and pathological changes in the Tg mice. FOS significantly upregulated the expression levels of synapsin I and PSD-95, as well as decreased phosphorylated level of JNK. The sequencing results showed that FOS reversed the altered microbial composition. Furthermore, FOS increased the level of GLP-1 and decreased the level of GLP-1R in the Tg mice. These findings indicated that FOS exerted beneficial effects against AD via regulating the gut microbiota-GLP-1/GLP-1R pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , China
| | - Suzhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Taizhou Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , 150# Ximen Road , Linhai District, Taizhou 317000 , Zhejiang China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310003 , China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Departments of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Yi Ling
- Department of Neurology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , China
| | - Tianyu Gong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Na Fang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Shiqing Ye
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Jue Si
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Neurology , the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
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129
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Chen W, Ju XZ, Lu Y, Ding XW, Miao CH, Chen JW. Propofol improved hypoxia-impaired integrity of blood-brain barrier via modulating the expression and phosphorylation of zonula occludens-1. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:704-713. [PMID: 30680941 PMCID: PMC6515893 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Hypoxia may damage blood‐brain barrier (BBB). The neuroprotective effect of propofol has been reported. We aimed to identify whether and how propofol improved hypoxia‐induced impairment of BBB integrity. Methods Mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMECs) and astrocytes were cocultured to establish in vitro BBB model. The effects of hypoxia and propofol on BBB integrity were examined. Further, zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1) expression and phosphorylation, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, intracellular calcium concentration and Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII) activation were measured. Results Hypoxia‐impaired BBB integrity, which was protected by propofol. Hypoxia‐reduced ZO‐1 expression, while induced ZO‐1 phosphorylation. These effects were attenuated by propofol. The expression of HIF‐1α and VEGF was increased by hypoxia and was alleviated by propofol. The hypoxia‐mediated suppression of ZO‐1 and impaired BBB integrity was reversed by HIF‐α inhibitor and VEGF inhibitor. In addition, hypoxia increased the intracellular calcium concentration and induced the phosphorylation of CAMKII, which were mitigated by propofol. The hypoxia‐induced phosphorylation of ZO‐1 and impaired BBB integrity was ameliorated by calcium chelator and CAMKII inhibitor. Conclusion Propofol could protect against hypoxia‐mediated impairment of BBB integrity. The underlying mechanisms may involve the expression and phosphorylation of ZO‐1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Zhu Ju
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Hong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Wei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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130
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Sun J, Wang F, Hu X, Yang C, Xu H, Yao Y, Liu J. Clostridium butyricum Attenuates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice via the Gut-Brain Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8415-8421. [PMID: 30040410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal gut microbiome has been associated with depression. The mechanism of probiotics against depression remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether Clostridium butyricum (Cb) could attenuate chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior and its possible mechanisms. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and were treated with Cb. Depressive-like behavior was evaluated by a series of behavioral tests. The levels of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor and intestinal were measured. Cb treatment significantly improved CUMS-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Meanwhile, Cb treatment exhibited prominent effects, increasing 5-HT and GLP-1 and upregulating BDNF expression. Furthermore, Cb-treated mice showed increased secretion of GLP-1 and upregulated GLP-1R expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate an antidepressive effect of Cb in CUMS mice partially attributed to stimulation of intestinal GLP-1 secretion and activation of cerebral GLP-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325027 , China
| | - Xuezhen Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine Science , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Changwei Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Hailing Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang 325035 , China
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