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Polachini CRN, Spanevello RM, Casali EA, Zanini D, Pereira LB, Martins CC, Baldissareli J, Cardoso AM, Duarte MF, da Costa P, Prado ALC, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM. Alterations in the cholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities and inflammation biomarker levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2014; 266:266-74. [PMID: 24508813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the main chronic inflammatory diseases of the CNS that cause functional disability in young adults. It has unknown etiology characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages into the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in lymphocytes and whole blood, as well as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in serum. We also checked the levels of nucleotides, nucleosides, biomarkers of inflammation such as cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum from 29 patients with the relapsing-remitting form of MS (RRMS) and 29 healthy subjects as the control group. Results showed that AChE in lymphocytes and whole blood as well as BChE, and ADA activities in serum were significantly increased in RRMS patients when compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, we observed a decrease in ATP levels and a significant increase in the levels of ADP, AMP, adenosine and inosine in serum from RRMS patients in relation to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). Results also demonstrated an increase in the IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and CRP (P<0.05) and a significant decrease in the IL-10 (P<0.0001) in RRMS patients when compared to control. Our results suggest that alterations in the biomarkers of inflammation and hydrolysis of nucleotides and nucleosides may contribute to the understanding of the neurological dysfunction of RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R N Polachini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - R M Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - E A Casali
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D Zanini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - L B Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C C Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - J Baldissareli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A M Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M F Duarte
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brazil, Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - P da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A L C Prado
- Departamento de Fisioterapia e Reabilitação, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M R C Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - V M Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Fujii T, Horiguchi K, Sunaga H, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H, Kasahara T, Tsuji S, Kawashima K. SLURP-1, an endogenous α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric ligand, is expressed in CD205+ dendritic cells in human tonsils and potentiates lymphocytic cholinergic activity. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 267:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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103
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Craddock TJA, Fritsch P, Rice MA, del Rosario RM, Miller DB, Fletcher MA, Klimas NG, Broderick G. A role for homeostatic drive in the perpetuation of complex chronic illness: Gulf War Illness and chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84839. [PMID: 24416298 PMCID: PMC3885655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component in the body's stress response, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates changes across a broad range of major biological systems. Its dysfunction has been associated with numerous chronic diseases including Gulf War Illness (GWI) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Though tightly coupled with other components of endocrine and immune function, few models of HPA function account for these interactions. Here we extend conventional models of HPA function by including feed-forward and feedback interaction with sex hormone regulation and immune response. We use this multi-axis model to explore the role of homeostatic regulation in perpetuating chronic conditions, specifically GWI and CFS. An important obstacle in building these models across regulatory systems remains the scarcity of detailed human in vivo kinetic data as its collection can present significant health risks to subjects. We circumvented this using a discrete logic representation based solely on literature of physiological and biochemical connectivity to provide a qualitative description of system behavior. This connectivity model linked molecular variables across the HPA axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in men and women, as well as a simple immune network. Inclusion of these interactions produced multiple alternate homeostatic states and sexually dimorphic responses. Experimental data for endocrine-immune markers measured in male GWI subjects showed the greatest alignment with predictions of a naturally occurring alternate steady state presenting with hypercortisolism, low testosterone and a shift towards a Th1 immune response. In female CFS subjects, expression of these markers aligned with an alternate homeostatic state displaying hypocortisolism, high estradiol, and a shift towards an anti-inflammatory Th2 activation. These results support a role for homeostatic drive in perpetuating dysfunctional cortisol levels through persistent interaction with the immune system and HPG axis. Though coarse, these models may nonetheless support the design of robust treatments that might exploit these regulatory regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. A. Craddock
- Center for Psychological Studies, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- Graduate School for Computer and Information Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul Fritsch
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark A. Rice
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. del Rosario
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diane B. Miller
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Fletcher
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nancy G. Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gordon Broderick
- Center for Psychological Studies, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
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104
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Nonneuronal Cholinergic System in Breast Tumors and Dendritic Cells: Does It Improve or Worsen the Response to Tumor? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/486545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Besides being the main neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine (ACh) can act as a signaling molecule in nonneuronal tissues. For this reason, ACh and the enzymes that synthesize and degrade it (choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase) as well as muscarinic (mAChRs) and nicotinic receptors conform the non-neuronal cholinergic system (nNCS). It has been reported that nNCS regulates basal cellular functions including survival, proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Moreover, nNCS is broadly expressed in tumors and in different components of the immune system. In this review, we summarize the role of nNCS in tumors and in different immune cell types focusing on the expression and function of mAChRs in breast tumors and dendritic cells (DCs) and discussing the role of DCs in breast cancer.
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105
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Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Berliner S, Bornstein NM, Soreq H. Cholinesterases as biomarkers for parasympathetic dysfunction and inflammation-related disease. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 53:298-305. [PMID: 24254221 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests parasympathetic dysfunction and elevated inflammation as underlying processes in multiple peripheral and neurological diseases. Acetylcholine, the main parasympathetic neurotransmitter and inflammation regulator, is hydrolyzed by the two closely homologous enzymes, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE, respectively), which are also expressed in the serum. Here, we consider the potential value of both enzymes as possible biomarkers in diseases associated with parasympathetic malfunctioning. We cover the modulations of cholinesterase activities in inflammation-related events as well as by cholinesterase-targeted microRNAs. We further discuss epigenetic control over cholinesterase gene expression and the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the corresponding physiological and pathological processes. In particular, we focus on measurements of circulation cholinesterases as a readily quantifiable readout for changes in the sympathetic/parasympathetic balance and the implications of changes in this readout in health and disease. Taken together, this cumulative know-how calls for expanding the use of cholinesterase activity measurements for both basic research and as a clinical assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and Department of Biological Chemistry, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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106
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Influence of the cholinergic system on the immune response of teleost fishes: potential model in biomedical research. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:536534. [PMID: 24324508 PMCID: PMC3845846 DOI: 10.1155/2013/536534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fishes are the phylogenetically oldest vertebrate group, which includes more than one-half of the vertebrates on the planet; additionally, many species have ecological and economic importance. Fish are the first evolved group of organisms with adaptive immune mechanisms; consequently, they are an important link in the evolution of the immune system, thus a potential model for understanding the mechanisms of immunoregulation. Currently, the influence of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) on the cells of the immune system is widely studied in mammalian models, which have provided evidence on ACh production by immune cells (the noncholinergic neuronal system); however, these neuroimmunomodulation mechanisms in fish and lower vertebrates are poorly studied. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was to analyze the influence of the cholinergic system on the immune response of teleost fish, which could provide information concerning the possibility of bidirectional communication between the nervous and immune systems in these organisms and provide data for a better understanding of basic issues in neuroimmunology in lower vertebrates, such as bony fishes. Thus, the use of fish as a model in biomedical research may contribute to a better understanding of human diseases and diseases in other animals.
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107
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Nordman JC, Muldoon P, Clark S, Damaj MI, Kabbani N. The α4 nicotinic receptor promotes CD4+ T-cell proliferation and a helper T-cell immune response. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:50-61. [PMID: 24107512 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a common addiction and a leading cause of disease. Chronic nicotine exposure is known to activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in immune cells. We demonstrate a novel role for α4 nAChRs in the effect of nicotine on T-cell proliferation and immunity. Using cell-based sorting and proteomic analysis we define an α4 nAChR expressing helper T-cell population (α4(+)CD3(+)CD4(+)) and show that this group of cells is responsive to sustained nicotine exposure. In the circulation, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus, we find that nicotine promotes an increase in CD3(+)CD4(+) cells via its activation of the α4 nAChR and regulation of G protein subunit o, G protein regulated-inducer of neurite outgrowth, and CDC42 signaling within T cells. In particular, nicotine is found to promote a helper T cell 2 adaptive immunologic response within T cells that is absent in α4(-/-) mice. We thus present a new mechanism of α4 nAChR signaling and immune regulation in T cells, possibly accounting for the effect of smoking on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Nordman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (J.C.N., S.C., N.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (P.M., M.I.D.)
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108
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Tonin AA, da Silva AS, Thorstenberg ML, Castilhos LG, França RT, Leal DBR, Duarte MMMF, Vogel FSF, de La Rue ML, dos Anjos Lopes ST. Influence of Toxoplasma gondii acute infection on cholinesterase activities of Wistar rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:421-6. [PMID: 24039284 PMCID: PMC3770872 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the mechanisms and importance of immune responses against Toxoplasma gondii infection and the notable role of cholinesterases in inflammatory reactions. However, the association between those factors has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in blood and lymphocytes and the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in serum of rats experimentally infected with T. gondii during the acute phase of infection. For that, an in vivo study was performed with evaluations of AChE and BChE activities on days 5 and 10 post-infection (PI). The activity of AChE in blood was increased on day 5 PI, while in lymphocytes its activity was enhanced on days 5 and 10 PI (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between groups regarding to the activity of BChE in serum. A positive (P<0.01) correlation was observed between AChE activity and number of lymphocytes. The role of AChE as an inflammatory marker is well known in different pathologies; thus, our results lead to the hypothesis that AChE has an important role in modulation of early immune responses against T. gondii infection.
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109
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A comparison of sex-specific immune signatures in Gulf War illness and chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:29. [PMID: 23800166 PMCID: PMC3698072 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though potentially linked to the basic physiology of stress response we still have no clear understanding of Gulf War Illness (GWI), a debilitating condition presenting complex immune, endocrine and neurological symptoms. Here we compared male (n = 20) and female (n = 10) veterans with GWI separately against their healthy counterparts (n = 21 male, n = 9 female) as well as subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome/ myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) (n = 12 male, n = 10 female). Methods Subjects were assessed using a Graded eXercise Test (GXT) with blood drawn prior to exercise, at peak effort (VO2 max) and 4-hours post exercise. Using chemiluminescent imaging we measured the concentrations of IL-1a, 1b, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 (p70), 13, 15, 17 and 23, IFNγ, TNFα and TNFβ in plasma samples from each phase of exercise. Linear classification models were constructed using stepwise variable selection to identify cytokine co-expression patterns characteristic of each subject group. Results Classification accuracies in excess of 80% were obtained using between 2 and 5 cytokine markers. Common to both GWI and CFS, IL-10 and IL-23 expression contributed in an illness and time-dependent manner, accompanied in male subjects by NK and Th1 markers IL-12, IL-15, IL-2 and IFNγ. In female GWI and CFS subjects IL-10 was again identified as a delineator but this time in the context of IL-17 and Th2 markers IL-4 and IL-5. Exercise response also differed between sexes: male GWI subjects presented characteristic cytokine signatures at rest but not at peak effort whereas the opposite was true for female subjects. Conclusions Though individual markers varied, results collectively supported involvement of the IL-23/Th17/IL-17 axis in the delineation of GWI and CFS in a sex-specific way.
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110
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Aydın B, Kan B, Cabadak H. The role of intracellular pathways in the proliferation of human K562 cells mediated by muscarinic receptors. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1144-9. [PMID: 23800797 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are members of the superfamily of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Muscarinic receptors are relatively abundant in the central nervous system and in the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system. Several studies have suggested that muscarinic receptors also mediate some cellular events in hematopoietic cells. K562 erythroleukemia cells contain muscarinic receptors M2, M3 and M4, and activation of muscarinic receptors changes cell proliferation. We examined the effects of several compounds on cell proliferation in K562 erythroleukemia cells. These included a muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol (CCh), a protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine; the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, the MEK 1-2 inhibitor UO126, the PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, the Ca(2+) chelators BAPTA/AM and 2-aminoethoxy-diphenylborate (2APB). In addition, we also investigated muscarinic receptor mediated protein kinase C (PKC) expression in K562 cells. CCh caused a decrease in DNA synthesis in K562 cells supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum after starvation. Pre-treatment of K562 cells with U73122 and BAPTA/AM antagonized the inhibitory effect of CCh, suggesting that phospholipase C and intracellular calcium are involved in CCh-mediated inhibition of proliferation in K562 cells. Our data also suggest that the regulatory roles of protein kinase C and the MAPK/ERK pathways in K562 cell proliferation are independent of cholinergic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Aydın
- Department of Biophysics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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111
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Wessler I, Michel-Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Kaltwasser S, Unger R, Kirkpatrick CJ. Upregulated acetylcholine synthesis during early differentiation in the embryonic stem cell line CGR8. Neurosci Lett 2013; 547:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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112
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Abstract
Acetylcholine, the first chemical to be identified as a neurotransmitter, is packed in synaptic vesicles by the activity of VAChT (vesicular acetylcholine transporter). A decrease in VAChT expression has been reported in a number of diseases, and this has consequences for the amount of acetylcholine loaded in synaptic vesicles as well as for neurotransmitter release. Several genetically modified mice targeting the VAChT gene have been generated, providing novel models to understand how changes in VAChT affect transmitter release. A surprising finding is that most cholinergic neurons in the brain also can express a second type of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter that allows these neurons to secrete two distinct neurotransmitters. Thus a given neuron can use two neurotransmitters to regulate different physiological functions. In addition, recent data indicate that non-neuronal cells can also express the machinery used to synthesize and release acetylcholine. Some of these cells rely on VAChT to secrete acetylcholine with potential physiological consequences in the periphery. Hence novel functions for the oldest neurotransmitter known are emerging with the potential to provide new targets for the treatment of several pathological conditions.
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113
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Chen Y, Chauhan SK, Lee HS, Stevenson W, Schaumburg CS, Sadrai Z, Saban DR, Kodati S, Stern ME, Dana R. Effect of desiccating environmental stress versus systemic muscarinic AChR blockade on dry eye immunopathogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:2457-64. [PMID: 23482465 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A majority of experimental data on dry eye disease (DED) immunopathogenesis have been derived from a murine model of DED that combines desiccating environmental stress with systemic muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) inhibition. However, to our knowledge the effects of pharmacologic mAChR blockade on the pathogenesis of experimental DED have not been evaluated systemically. The purpose of our study was to investigate the differential effects of desiccating environmental stress and mAChR inhibition on the pathogenesis of DED. METHODS DED was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by exposure to a desiccating environment in the controlled-environment chamber or to systemic scopolamine, or by performing extraorbital lacrimal gland excision. Clinical disease was assessed using corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) and the cotton thread test (CTT). Corneal CD11b(+) and conjunctival CD3(+) T-cell infiltration were evaluated by flow cytometry. T-cells from draining cervical lymph nodes (CLN) and distant inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) were analyzed for Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg responses by flow cytometry and ELISA. RESULTS Desiccating environmental stress and systemic mAChR blockade induced similar clinical signs of DED. However, desiccating environmental stress imparted higher conjunctival CD3(+) T-cell infiltration, and greater Th17-cell activity and Treg dysfunction than mAChR blockade, while mAChR blockade decreased tear secretion to a greater extent than desiccating environmental stress. Systemic mAChR blockade attenuated Th17 activity and enhanced Th2 and Treg responses without affecting Th1 activity. CONCLUSIONS In vivo inhibition of mAChRs variably affects CD4(+) T-cell subsets, and desiccating environmental stress and systemic mAChR blockade induce DED through different primary pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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114
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Broderick G, Ben-Hamo R, Vashishtha S, Efroni S, Nathanson L, Barnes Z, Fletcher MA, Klimas N. Altered immune pathway activity under exercise challenge in Gulf War Illness: an exploratory analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2013. [PMID: 23201588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Though potentially linked to the basic physiology of stress response we still have no clear understanding of Gulf War Illness (GWI), a debilitating illness presenting with a complex constellation of immune, endocrine and neurological symptoms. Here we compared male GWI (n=20) with healthy veterans (n=22) and subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) (n=7). Blood was drawn during a Graded eXercise Test (GXT) prior to exercise, at peak effort (VO2 max) and 4-h post exercise. Affymetrix HG U133 plus 2.0 microarray gene expression profiling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was used to estimate activation of over 500 documented pathways. This was cast against ELISA-based measurement of 16 cytokines in plasma and flow cytometric assessment of lymphocyte populations and cytotoxicity. A 2-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons (q statistic <0.05) indicated significant increases in neuroendocrine-immune signaling and inflammatory activity in GWI, with decreased apoptotic signaling. Conversely, cell cycle progression and immune signaling were broadly subdued in CFS. Partial correlation networks linking pathways with symptom severity via changes in immune cell abundance, function and signaling were constructed. Central to these were changes in IL-10 and CD2+ cell abundance and their link to two pathway clusters. The first consisted of pathways supporting neuronal development and migration whereas the second was related to androgen-mediated activation of NF-κB. These exploratory results suggest an over-expression of known exercise response mechanisms as well as illness-specific changes that may involve an overlapping stress-potentiated neuro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Broderick
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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115
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Human tenocytes are stimulated to proliferate by acetylcholine through an EGFR signalling pathway. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:465-75. [PMID: 23212463 PMCID: PMC3582816 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies of human patellar and Achilles tendons have shown that primary tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) not only have the capacity to produce acetylcholine (ACh) but also express muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) through which ACh can exert its effects. In patients with tendinopathy (chronic tendon pain) with tendinosis, the tendon tissue is characterised by hypercellularity and angiogenesis, both of which might be influenced by ACh. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that ACh increases the proliferation rate of tenocytes through mAChR stimulation and have examined whether this mechanism operates via the extracellular activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as shown in other fibroblastic cells. By use of primary human tendon cell cultures, we identified cells expressing vimentin, tenomodulin and scleraxis and found that these cells also contained enzymes related to ACh synthesis and release (choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter). The cells furthermore expressed mAChRs of several subtypes. Exogenously administered ACh stimulated proliferation and increased the viability of tenocytes in vitro. When the cells were exposed to atropine (an mAChR antagonist) or the EGFR inhibitor AG1478, the proliferative effect of ACh decreased. Western blot revealed increased phosphorylation, after ACh stimulation, for both EGFR and the extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Given that tenocytes have been shown to produce ACh and express mAChRs, this study provides evidence of a possible autocrine loop that might contribute to the hypercellularity seen in tendinosis tendon tissue.
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116
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Wessler I, Neumann S, Razen M, Zepp F, Kirkpatrick CJ. Blockade of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors facilitates spontaneous migration of human peripheral granulocytes: Failure in cystic fibrosis. Life Sci 2012; 91:1119-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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117
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Critical roles of acetylcholine and the muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the regulation of immune function. Life Sci 2012; 91:1027-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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118
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Wolff M, Noreikat K, Ibanez-Tallon I, Lips KS, Kölle S, Kummer W. Cholinergic receptors in the murine oviduct: Inventory and coupling to intracellular calcium concentration. Life Sci 2012; 91:1003-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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119
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Freitas K, Carroll FI, Damaj MI. The antinociceptive effects of nicotinic receptors α7-positive allosteric modulators in murine acute and tonic pain models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:264-75. [PMID: 23115222 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.197871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and in the periphery. Recent evidence suggests that α7 nAChR subtypes, which can be activated by an endogenous cholinergic tone, comprising acetylcholine and the α7 nAChR agonist choline, play an important role in subchronic pain and inflammation. This study's objective was to test whether α7 nAChR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) produce antinociception in in vivo mouse models of acute and persistent pain. Testing type I [N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-N'-[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] (NS1738)] and type II [1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl) (PNU-120596)] α7 nAChR PAMs in acute and persistent pain, we found that, although neither reduced acute thermal pain, only PNU-120596 dose-dependently attenuated paw-licking behavior in the formalin test. The long-acting effect of PNU-120596 in this test was in discordance with its pharmacokinetic profile in mice, which suggests the involvement of postreceptor signaling mechanisms. Our results with selective mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(o-aminophenylmercapto)butadiene monoethanolate (U0126) argues for an important role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 pathways activation in PNU-120596's antinociceptive effects. The α7 antagonist MLA, administered intrathecally, reversed PNU-120596's effects, confirming PNU-120596's action, in part, through central α7 nAChRs. Importantly, tolerance to PNU-120596 was not developed after subchronic treatment of the drug. Surprisingly, PNU-120596's antinociceptive effects were blocked by NS1738. Our results indicate that type II α7 nAChR PAM PNU-120596, but not type I α7 nAChR PAM NS1738, shows significant antinociception effects in persistent pain models in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelen Freitas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
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120
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Correlations of gene expression with ratings of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:49. [PMID: 23110997 PMCID: PMC3497583 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inattentiveness, impulsivity and hyperactivity are the primary behaviors associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies showed that peripheral blood gene expression signatures can mirror central nervous system disease. Tourette syndrome (TS) is associated with inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) symptoms over 50% of the time. This study determined if gene expression in blood correlated significantly with IA and/or HI rating scale scores in participants with TS. Methods RNA was isolated from the blood of 21 participants with TS, and gene expression measured on Affymetrix human U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. To identify the genes that correlated with Conners’ Parents Ratings of IA and HI ratings of symptoms, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed, controlling for age, gender and batch. Results There were 1201 gene probesets that correlated with IA scales, 1625 that correlated with HI scales, and 262 that correlated with both IA and HI scale scores (P<0.05, |Partial correlation (rp)|>0.4). Immune, catecholamine and other neurotransmitter pathways were associated with IA and HI behaviors. A number of the identified genes (n=27) have previously been reported in ADHD genetic studies. Many more genes correlated with either IA or HI scales alone compared to those that correlated with both IA and HI scales. Conclusions These findings support the concept that the pathophysiology of ADHD and/or its subtypes in TS may involve the interaction of multiple genes. These preliminary data also suggest gene expression may be useful for studying IA and HI symptoms that relate to ADHD in TS and perhaps non-TS participants. These results will need to be confirmed in future studies.
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121
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Kawashima K, Fujii T, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H, Horiguchi K. Reconciling neuronally and nonneuronally derived acetylcholine in the regulation of immune function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1261:7-17. [PMID: 22823388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells, including lymphocytes, express muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs and nAChRs, respectively), and agonist stimulation of these AChRs causes functional and biochemical changes in the cells. The origin of the ACh that acts on immune cell AChRs has remained unclear until recently, however. In 1995, we identified choline acetyltransferase mRNA and protein in human T cells, and found that immunological T cell activation potentiated lymphocytic cholinergic transmission by increasing ACh synthesis and AChR expression. We also found that M(1) /M(5) mAChR signaling upregulates IgG(1) and proinflammatory cytokine production, whereas α7 nAChR signaling has the opposite effect. These findings suggest that ACh synthesized by T cells acts as an autocrine and/or paracrine factor via AChRs on immune cells to modulate immune function. In addition, a recently discovered endogenous allosteric α7 nAChR ligand, SLURP-1, also appears to be involved in modulating normal T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.
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122
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Relation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and acetylcholine levels in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23202919 PMCID: PMC3497293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131012656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder. Since acetylcholine (ACh) is known to participate in the inflammatory response, we investigated the possible relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and acetylcholine levels in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) patients. Levels of ACh and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1-β and IL-17 were measured both in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera of 22 RR-MS patients in the relapsing phase and in 17 control subjects affected by other non-neurological diseases (OND). We observed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-17 in both CSF and serum of RR-MS patients compared to control subjects. Moreover, ACh levels were lower in CSF and serum of RR-MS patients compared to levels of control subjects. Although the relationship between high inflammatory cytokine levels and low ACh levels need to be further investigated in the future, our data suggest that IL-1β, and cytokines induced by it, such as IL-17 and ACh, may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS.
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123
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Costa MM, Silva ASD, Paim FC, França R, Dornelles GL, Thomé GR, Serres JDS, Schmatz R, Spanevello RM, Gonçalves JF, Schetinger MRC, Mazzanti CMA, Lopes STA, Monteiro SG. Cholinesterase as inflammatory markers in a experimental infection by Trypanosoma evansi in rabbits. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2012; 84:1105-13. [PMID: 23011112 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652012005000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of cholinesterases as an inflammatory marker in acute and chronic infection by Trypanosoma evansi in rabbits experimentally infected. Twelve adult female New Zealand rabbits were used and divided into two groups with 6 animals each: control group (rabbits 1-6) and infected group (rabbits 7-12). Infected group received intraperitoneally 0.5 mL of blood from a rat containing 108 parasites per animal. Blood samples used for cholinesterases evaluation were collected on days 0, 2, 7, 12, 27, 42, 57, 87, 102 and 118 days post-inoculation (PI). Increased activity (P<0.05) of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were observed in the blood on days 7 and 27, respectively and no differences were observed in cholinesterase activity in other periods. No significant difference in AChE activity (P>0.05) was observed in the encephalic structures. The increased activities of AChE and BChE probably have a pro-inflammatory purpose, attempting to reduce the concentration of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter which has an anti-inflammatory property. Therefore, cholinesterase may be inflammatory markers in infection with T. evansi in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio M Costa
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
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124
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Hematological indices and activity of NTPDase and cholinesterase enzymes in rats exposed to cadmium and treated with N-acetylcysteine. Biometals 2012; 25:1195-206. [PMID: 22991071 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the influence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cadmium (Cd) poisoning by evaluating Cd concentration in tissues, hematological indices as well as the activity of NTPDase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes of rats exposed to Cd and co-treated with NAC. For this purpose, the rats received Cd (2 mg/kg) and NAC (150 mg/kg) by gavage every other day for 30 days. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 6-8): control/saline, NAC, Cd, and Cd/NAC. Cd exposure increased Cd concentration in plasma, spleen and thymus, and NAC co-treatment modulated this augment in both lymphoid organs. Cd exposure reduced red blood cell count, hemoglobin content and hematocrit value. Cd intoxication caused a decrease in total white blood cell count. NAC treatment per se caused an increase in lymphocyte and a decrease in neutrophil counts. On contrary, Cd exposure caused a decrease in lymphocyte and an increase in neutrophil and monocyte counts. NAC reversed or ameliorated the hematological impairments caused by Cd poisoning. There were no significant alterations in the NTPDase activity in lymphocytes of rats treated with Cd and/or NAC. Cd caused a decrease in the activities of lymphocyte AChE, whole blood AChE and serum BChE. However, NAC co-treatment was inefficient in counteracting the negative effect of Cd in the cholinesterase activities. The present investigation provides ex vivo evidence supporting the hypothesis that Cd induces immunotoxicity by interacting with the lymphoid organs, altering hematological parameters and inhibiting peripheral cholinesterase activity. Also, it highlights the possibility to use NAC as adjuvant against toxicological conditions.
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125
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Wolkmer P, da Silva CB, Paim FC, Da Silva AS, Tavares KCS, Lazzarotto CR, Palma HE, Thomé GR, Miletti LC, Schetinger MRC, Lopes STA, Mazzanti CM. Biochemistry detection of acetylcholinesterase activity in Trypanosoma evansi and possible functional correlations. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:546-9. [PMID: 22981718 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several chemical and immunohistochemical techniques can be used for the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In this experiment we aimed to detect AChE activity in Trypanosoma evansi. For this, the parasites were isolated from the blood of experimentally infected rats using a DEA-cellulose column. Enzymatic activity was determined in trypomastigote forms at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/mL of protein concentrations by a standard biochemical protocol. At all concentrations tested, the study showed that T. evansi expresses the enzyme AChE and its activity was proportional to the concentration of protein, ranging between 0.64 and 2.70 μmol of AcSCh/h. Therefore, we concluded that it is possible to biochemically detect AChE in T. evansi, an enzyme that may be associated with vital functions of the parasite and also can be related to chemotherapy treatments, as further discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Wolkmer
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil.
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126
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Martins DB, Mazzanti CM, Costa MM, França R, Pagnoncelli M, Maciel RM, Schmatz R, Oliveira L, Morsch V, Facco G, Visentini D, Mann T, Mazzanti A, Lopes STA. Complete blood count and acetylcholinesterase activity of lymphocytes of demyelinated and ovariectomized rats treated with resveratrol. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:983-90. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.682581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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127
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Lantzova VB, Sepp EK, Kozlovskii AS. Role of antibodies to neuronal α7-acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 151:305-7. [PMID: 22451872 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of antibodies to a fragment of neuronal acetylcholine receptor was studied by EIA in patients with myasthenia. Antibody levels were significantly higher in patients with generalized myasthenia. Enzyme immunoassay of antibodies by the reaction with acetylcholine receptor fragment can serve as an additional method for studies of autoimmune myasthenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Lantzova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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128
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Lantsova VB, Sepp EK, Kozlovsky AS. Role sympathetic autonomic nervous system in the regulation of immune response during myasthenia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 151:353-5. [PMID: 22451885 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In 12 patients with myasthenia, the content of β(2)-adrenoreceptors on the cell surface and activity of intracellular lymphocytic enzymes were determined by EIA and biochemical methods, respectively. In comparison with the normal, these patients demonstrated pronounced elevation in the content of β(2)-adrenoreceptors and significant changes in activity of lymphocytic enzymes. In 10 of 12 patients, administration of the agonists to β(2)-adrenoreceptors resulted in health improvement accompanied by normalization of EMG and immunobiochemical indices. Our findings suggest that intra- and intercellular signaling pathways and their modification can serve as potential targets for the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Lantsova
- State Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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129
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Mediatophore regulates acetylcholine release from T cells. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 244:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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130
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Prado C, Contreras F, González H, Díaz P, Elgueta D, Barrientos M, Herrada AA, Lladser Á, Bernales S, Pacheco R. Stimulation of dopamine receptor D5 expressed on dendritic cells potentiates Th17-mediated immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3062-70. [PMID: 22379034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are responsible for priming T cells and for promoting their differentiation from naive T cells into appropriate effector cells. Emerging evidence suggests that neurotransmitters can modulate T cell-mediated immunity. However, the involvement of specific neurotransmitters or receptors remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the role of dopamine in the regulation of DC function. We found that DCs express dopamine receptors as well as the machinery necessary to synthesize, store, and degrade dopamine. Notably, the expression of D5R decreased upon LPS-induced DC maturation. Deficiency of D5R on the surface of DCs impaired LPS-induced IL-23 and IL-12 production and consequently attenuated the activation and proliferation of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells. To determine the relevance of D5R expressed on DCs in vivo, we studied the role of this receptor in the modulation of a CD4(+) T cell-driven autoimmunity model. Importantly, D5R-deficient DCs prophylactically transferred into wild-type recipients were able to reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, mice transferred with D5R-deficient DCs displayed a significant reduction in the percentage of Th17 cells infiltrating the CNS without differences in the percentage of Th1 cells compared with animals transferred with wild-type DCs. Our findings demonstrate that by contributing to CD4(+) T cell activation and differentiation to Th17 phenotype, D5R expressed on DCs is able to modulate the development of an autoimmune response in vivo.
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131
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Application of Neurochemical Markers for Assessing Health Effects after Developmental Methylmercury and PCB Coexposure. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:216032. [PMID: 22505887 PMCID: PMC3306999 DOI: 10.1155/2012/216032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic muscarinic receptors (MRs) and monoamine oxidase activity (MAO-B), expressed both in brain and blood cells, were investigated in animals and exposed subjects to assess (i) MeHg (0.5–1 mg/kg/day GD7-PD7) and/or PCB153 (20 mg/kg/day GD10–GD16) effects on cerebellar MAO-B and MRs, and lymphocyte MRs, in dams and offspring 21 days postpartum; (ii) MAO-B in platelets and MRs in lymphocytes of a Faroese 7-year-old children cohort, prenatally exposed to MeHg/PCBs. Animal Data. MAO-B was altered in male cerebellum by MeHg, PCB153, and their combination (35%, 45%, and 25% decrease, resp.). Cerebellar MRs were enhanced by MeHg alone in dams (87%) and male pups (27%). PCB153 alone and in mixture did not modify cerebellar MRs. Similarly to brain, lymphocyte MRs were enhanced in both dams and offspring by MeHg alone. All changes were caused by 1 MeHg mg/kg/day, the lower dose was ineffective. Human Data. Both biomarkers showed homogeneous distributions within the cohort (MRs, range 0.1–36.78 fmol/million cells; MAO-B, 0.95–14.95 nmol/mg protein/h). No correlation was found between the two biomarkers and neurotoxicant concentrations in blood (pre- and postnatally).
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da Silva CB, Wolkmer P, Da Silva AS, Paim FC, Tonin AA, Castro VSP, V. Felin D, Schmatz R, Gonçalves JF, Badke MRT, Morsch VM, Mazzanti CM, Lopes STA. Cholinesterases as markers of the inflammatory process in rats infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:278-284. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.035501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cássia B. da Silva
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Wolkmer
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S. Da Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 20, Sala 4220, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Francine C. Paim
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Tonin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 20, Sala 4220, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Verônica S. P. Castro
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Diandra V. Felin
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta Schmatz
- Department of Chemistry, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 18, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Jamile F. Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 18, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Manoel R. T. Badke
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 20, Sala 4220, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Vera M. Morsch
- Department of Chemistry, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 18, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Cinthia M. Mazzanti
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Sonia T. A. Lopes
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
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Hu SX, Sui HX, Jin HJ, Ni XY, Liu XX, Xue MQ, Zhang Y, Gao FG. Lipopolysaccharide and dose of nicotine determine the effects of nicotine on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 5:1005-10. [PMID: 22245993 PMCID: PMC3493033 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The reported effects of nicotine on dendritic cells (DCs) are controversial. To investigate the factors which determine the effects of nicotine on DCs, immature dendritic cells (imDCs) induced from murine bone marrow were treated with different doses of nicotine with or without lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The morphology and expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, CD40 and CD54 were observed and determined by microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that, firstly, nicotine treatment promoted the development of DC precursors into imDCs with a semi-mature phenotype revealed by a higher expression of CD11c and more branched projections. Secondly, lower doses of nicotine (16.5 ng/ml), but not higher (200 μg/ml), up-regulated the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD40 and CD54 on imDCs. Co-administration of LPS and nicotine revealed differential effects on co-stimulatory molecule expression on imDCs. Thirdly and importantly, treatment with lower doses of nicotine (16.5 ng/ml) did not augment expression of the CD80, CD86, CD40 and CD54 molecules in mature DCs. Fourthly and interestingly, high doses of nicotine (more than 165 μg/ml) revealed pro-apoptotic activity but lower doses of nicotine (16.5–0.165 ng/ml) achieved an anti-apoptotic effect on imDCs. All data presented here indicate that the controversial effects of nicotine on DCs may be due to the LPS of the nicotinic environment and the dose of nicotine used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Xian Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, PR China
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Abstract
The reasoning that neural reflexes maintain homeostasis in other body organs, and that the immune system is innervated, prompted a search for neural circuits that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. This elucidated the inflammatory reflex, a prototypical reflex circuit that maintains immunological homeostasis. Molecular products of infection or injury activate sensory neurons traveling to the brainstem in the vagus nerve. The arrival of these incoming signals generates action potentials that travel from the brainstem to the spleen and other organs. This culminates in T cell release of acetylcholine, which interacts with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR) on immunocompetent cells to inhibit cytokine release in macrophages. Herein is reviewed the neurophysiological basis of reflexes that provide stability to the immune system, the neural- and receptor-dependent mechanisms, and the potential opportunities for developing novel therapeutic devices and drugs that target neural pathways to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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135
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Uteshev VV. α7 nicotinic ACh receptors as a ligand-gated source of Ca(2+) ions: the search for a Ca(2+) optimum. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:603-38. [PMID: 22453962 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal distribution of cytosolic Ca(2+) ions is a key determinant of neuronal behavior and survival. Distinct sources of Ca(2+) ions including ligand- and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels contribute to intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Many normal physiological and therapeutic neuronal functions are Ca(2+)-dependent, however an excess of cytosolic Ca(2+) or a lack of the appropriate balance between Ca(2+) entry and clearance may destroy cellular integrity and cause cellular death. Therefore, the existence of optimal spatiotemporal patterns of cytosolic Ca(2+) elevations and thus, optimal activation of ligand- and voltage-gated Ca(2+) ion channels are postulated to benefit neuronal function and survival. Alpha7 nicotinic -acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are highly permeable to Ca(2+) ions and play an important role in modulation of neurotransmitter release, gene expression and neuroprotection in a variety of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. In this review, the focus is placed on α7 nAChR-mediated currents and Ca(2+) influx and how this source of Ca(2+) entry compares to NMDA receptors in supporting cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis, neuronal function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Uteshev
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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136
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Martins DB, Mazzanti CM, França RT, Pagnoncelli M, Costa MM, de Souza EM, Gonçalves J, Spanevello R, Schmatz R, da Costa P, Mazzanti A, Beckmann DV, Cecim MDS, Schetinger MR, Lopes STDA. 17-β estradiol in the acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain and blood of ovariectomized adult and middle-aged rats. Life Sci 2011; 90:351-9. [PMID: 22227472 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the 17-β estradiol in the acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain and blood of ovariectomized rats of different ages. MAIN METHODS Animals were randomly assigned into three experimental groups of each age (n=6). Control groups consisted of adult (sham-A) and middle-aged (sham-MA) female rats, ovariectomized adult (OVX-A) and middle-aged (OVX-MA) rats without estrogen therapy reposition, and ovariectomized adult (OVX+E2-A) and middle-aged (OVX+E2-MA) rats treated with 17-β estradiol for 30days. After this period, AChE activity and lipid peroxidation were measured in the brain and blood. KEY FINDINGS The AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in striatum (ST) in OVX-A, OVX+E2-A and OVX-MA, and hippocampus (HP) in OVX-MA. The enzyme activity decreased (p<0.05) in ST of OVX+E2-MA, and cerebral cortex (CC) in OVX+E2-A, OVX-MA and OVX+E2-MA. Blood AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in OVX+E2-A and decreased (p<0.05) in OVX-MA. Lymphocyte AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in OVX-A and OVX+E2-A and decreased (p<0.05) in OVX-MA. Lipid peroxidation increased (p<0.05) in ST of OVX-A, CC of OVX-A and OVX-MA, HP of OVX-A, and cerebellum (CE) of OVX-A, OVX-MA, and OVX+E2-MA. Lipid peroxidation decreased (p<0.05) in ST, CC and CE of OVX+E2-A, and ST and HP of OVX+E2-MA. Similar values of lipid peroxidation to control groups were found in ST and HP of OVX-MA, HP of OVX+E2-A and CC of OVX+E2-MA. SIGNIFICANCE 17-β estradiol is able to modulate the AChE activity and non-neuronal cholinergic response as well as to reduce lipid peroxidation. Its response is dependent on the age and brain structure analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli Brolo Martins
- Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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137
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Da Silva AS, Pimentel VC, Fiorenza AM, França RT, Tonin AA, Jaques JA, Leal CAM, Da Silva CB, Morsch V, Sschetinger MRC, Lopes STA, Monteiro SG. Activity of cholinesterases and adenosine deaminase in blood and serum of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2011; 105:385-91. [PMID: 21929880 DOI: 10.1179/1364859411y.0000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the activity of cholinesterases and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in blood and serum of rats infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Twelve adult rats were used in the experiment divided into two uniform groups. Rodents from group A (control group) were non-infected and animals from group B served as infected, receiving intraperitoneally 3·3×10(7) trypomastigotes/each. Blood collection was performed at days 60 and 120 post-infection (PI) in order to evaluate the hemogram, blood activity of acetylcholinesterase, and serum butyrylcholinesterase and ADA activities. Hematological parameters did not differ between groups. A significant increase (P<0·05) of acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in blood while butyrylcholinesterase had a significant reduction (P<0·01) in serum of infected rats at days 60 and 120 PI. ADA activity in serum showed an inhibition in infected animals when compared to non-infected at day 120 PI. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that the activity of cholinesterases and ADA were changed in animals infected with T. cruzi. The possible causes of these alterations will be discussed in this paper.
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138
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Gilboa-Geffen A, Wolf Y, Hanin G, Melamed-Book N, Pick M, Bennett ER, Greenberg DS, Lester S, Rischmueller M, Soreq H. Activation of the alternative NFκB pathway improves disease symptoms in a model of Sjogren's syndrome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28727. [PMID: 22174879 PMCID: PMC3235165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to understand if Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation could contribute to the control of inflammation in Sjogren's syndrome. To this end, we manipulated TLR9 signaling in non-obese diabetic (NOD) and TLR9−/− mice using agonistic CpG oligonucleotide aptamers, TLR9 inhibitors, and the in-house oligonucleotide BL-7040. We then measured salivation, inflammatory response markers, and expression of proteins downstream to NF-κB activation pathways. Finally, we labeled proteins of interest in salivary gland biopsies from Sjogren's syndrome patients, compared to Sicca syndrome controls. We show that in NOD mice BL-7040 activates TLR9 to induce an alternative NF-κB activation mode resulting in increased salivation, elevated anti-inflammatory response in salivary glands, and reduced peripheral AChE activity. These effects were more prominent and also suppressible by TLR9 inhibitors in NOD mice, but TLR9−/− mice were resistant to the salivation-promoting effects of CpG oligonucleotides and BL-7040. Last, salivary glands from Sjogren's disease patients showed increased inflammatory and decreased anti-inflammatory biomarkers, in addition to decreased levels of alternative NF-κB pathway proteins. In summary, we have demonstrated that activation of TLR9 by BL-7040 leads to non-canonical activation of NF-κB, promoting salivary functioning and down-regulating inflammation. We propose that BL-7040 could be beneficial in treating Sjogren's syndrome and may be applicable to additional autoimmune syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Gilboa-Geffen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yochai Wolf
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Geula Hanin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Melamed-Book
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marjorie Pick
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Estelle R. Bennett
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David S. Greenberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Susan Lester
- Rheumatology Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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139
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Forsgren S, Alfredson H, Bjur D, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Norrgård O, Dalén T, Danielson P. Novel information on the non-neuronal cholinergic system in orthopedics provides new possible treatment strategies for inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2011; 1:e11. [PMID: 21808665 PMCID: PMC3143960 DOI: 10.4081/or.2009.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cholinergic agents are used in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Therapy regimens aimed at up-regulating cholinergic functions, such as treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, are also currently prescribed. It is now known that not only is there a neuronal cholinergic system but also a non-neuronal cholinergic system in various parts of the body. Therefore, interference with the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) brought about by the local production and release of ACh should also be considered. Locally produced ACh may have proliferative, angiogenic, wound-healing, and immunomodulatory functions. Interestingly, cholinergic stimulation may lead to anti-inflammatory effects. Within this review, new findings for the locomotor system of a more widespread non-neuronal cholinergic system than previously expected will be discussed in relation to possible new treatment strategies. The conditions discussed are painful and degenerative tendon disease (tendinopathy/tendinosis), rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sture Forsgren
- Dept. of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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140
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Leonard S, Croy BA, Murrant CL. Arteriolar reactivity in lymphocyte-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1276-85. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00346.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that lymphocytes have the capacity to contribute to the regulation of systemic circulatory control. We postulated that T and natural killer (NK) cells could modify basal microvascular activity under physiologically normal conditions. In situ intravital microscopy of mouse cremaster vasculature was used to evaluate arteriolar reactivities to the vasoconstrictors angiotensin II (ANG II) and phenylephrine (Phe) and the vasodilators acetylcholine (ACh) and adenosine (Ado) in normal [+/+; wild type (WT)] and genetically immunodeficient (T−B−NK+ or T−B−\NK−) C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, strain backgrounds with differentially polarized T cell cytokine production. Immunodeficient mice tended to have smaller baseline and maximal diameters of third-order cremaster arterioles than their congenic WT partners. In C57BL/6, baseline diameters were similar in T-B− mice without or with NK cells; in BALB/c, baseline diameters were larger in T-B-NK− mice than in T−B−NK+ mice. Thus, at baseline, lymphocytes tended to promote vasodilation, except BALB/c NK cells, which mediated mild vasoconstriction. The presence of NK cells suppressed dilations to Ado in both strains, to ACh in the C57BL/6 strain, and dilatory responses to ANG II in C57BL/6 and to Phe in BALB/c. In the BALB/c strain, the presence of T and B cells promoted vasodilatory responses to Ado, attenuated dilations to low ACh concentrations, and exaggerated dilation and constriction responses to ANG II. Thus, under agonist challenge, NK cells generally promote constriction, whereas influences of T and B cells depend upon the stimulus. Therefore, lymphocytes or their products have physiological influences on microvascular arteriolar reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Leonard
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario; and
| | - B. Anne Croy
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Coral L. Murrant
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario; and
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141
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Galitovskiy V, Qian J, Chernyavsky AI, Marchenko S, Gindi V, Edwards RA, Grando SA. Cytokine-induced alterations of α7 nicotinic receptor in colonic CD4 T cells mediate dichotomous response to nicotine in murine models of Th1/Th17- versus Th2-mediated colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2677-87. [PMID: 21784975 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. CD4 T cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Smoking affects both UC and CD but with opposite effects, ameliorating UC and worsening CD. We hypothesized that the severity of gut inflammation could be modulated through T cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and that the exact clinical outcome would depend on the repertoire of nAChRs on CD4 T cells mediating each form of colitis. We measured clinical and immunologic outcomes of treating BALB/c mice with oxazolone- and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitides by nicotine. Nicotine attenuated oxazolone colitis, which was associated with an increased percentage of colonic regulatory T cells and a reduction of Th17 cells. TCR stimulation of naive CD4(+)CD62L(+) T cells in the presence of nicotine upregulated expression of Foxp3. In marked contrast, nicotine worsened TNBS colitis, and this was associated with increased Th17 cells among colonic CD4 T cells. Nicotine upregulated IL-10 and inhibited IL-17 production, which could be abolished by exogenous IL-12 that also abolished the nicotine-dependent upregulation of regulatory T cells. The dichotomous action of nicotine resulted from the up- and downregulation of anti-inflammatory α7 nAChR on colonic CD4 T cells induced by cytokines characteristic of the inflammatory milieu in oxazolone (IL-4) and TNBS (IL-12) colitis, respectively. These findings help explain the dichotomous effect of smoking in patients with UC and CD, and they underscore the potential for nicotinergic drugs in regulating colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Galitovskiy
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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142
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Alea MP, Borroto-Escuela DO, Romero-Fernandez W, Fuxe K, Garriga P. Differential expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in Jurkat cells and their signaling. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 237:13-22. [PMID: 21742386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expression and signaling in the human Jurkat T cell line were investigated. Semiquantitative real-time PCR and radioligand binding studies, using a wide set of antagonist compounds, showed the co-existence of M(3), M(4), and M(5) subtypes. Stimulation of these subpopulations caused a concentration and time- dependent activation of second messengers and ERK signaling pathways, with a major contribution of the M(3) subtype in a G(q/11)-mediated response. In addition, we found that T-cell stimulation leads to increased expression of M(3) and M(5) both at transcriptional and protein levels in a PLC/PKCθ dependent manner. Our data clarifies the functional role of AChR subtypes in Jurkat cells and pave the way to future studies on the potential cross-talk among these subpopulations and their regulation of T lymphocytes immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileidys Perez Alea
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
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143
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Improgo MR, Tapper AR, Gardner PD. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated mechanisms in lung cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1015-21. [PMID: 21640716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the known adverse health effects associated with tobacco use, over 45 million adults in the United States smoke. Cigarette smoking is the major etiologic factor associated with lung cancer. Cigarettes contain thousands of toxic chemicals, many of which are carcinogenic. Nicotine contributes directly to lung carcinogenesis through the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). nAChRs are ligand-gated ion channels, expressed in both normal and lung cancer cells, which mediate the proliferative, pro-survival, angiogenic, and metastatic effects of nicotine and its nitrosamine derivatives. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve increases in intracellular calcium levels and activation of cancer signal transduction pathways. In addition, acetylcholine (ACh) acts as an autocrine or paracrine growth factor in lung cancer. Other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides also activate similar growth loops. Recent genetic studies further support a role for nAChRs in the development of lung cancer. Several nAChR antagonists have been shown to inhibit lung cancer growth, suggesting that nAChRs may serve as valuable targets for biomarker-guided lung cancer interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Reina Improgo
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont St., Worcester, MA 01604, USA.
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144
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Lung and blood lymphocytes NTPDase and acetylcholinesterase activity in cigarette smoke-exposed rats treated with curcumin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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145
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Innis SM, Davidson AGF, Bay BN, Slack PJ, Hasman D. Plasma choline depletion is associated with decreased peripheral blood leukocyte acetylcholine in children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:564-8. [PMID: 21228267 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline is an important constituent of acetylcholine. Choline is needed for acetylcholine in the nonneuronal acetylcholine system that includes epithelial cells of the lung and intestine, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Plasma free choline concentrations are low in children with cystic fibrosis (CF), but the implications for acetylcholine are unknown. OBJECTIVE We determined the relation between plasma free choline and related metabolites and leukocyte acetylcholine in children with CF and in a control group of healthy children without CF. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study in 34 children with CF who were pancreatic insufficient and taking pancreatic enzyme-replacement therapy and in 16 healthy children. Plasma free choline, betaine, dimethylglycine, methionine, homocysteine, and leukocyte acetylcholine concentrations were quantified by using isotope-dilution HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Mean (±SE) plasma free choline was 9.30 ± 0.37 and 6.54 ± 0.38 μmol/L (P < 0.05) and leukocyte acetylcholine was 1.21 ± 0.016 and 0.077 ± 0.011 pmol leukocyte acetylcholine/10(6) cells (P < 0.05) in control children and children with CF, respectively. Leukocyte acetylcholine was positively correlated with plasma free choline concentration in children with CF (r = 0.412, P < 0.05) but not in control children. Plasma betaine, dimethylglycine, and methionine concentrations were also lower in children with CF than in control children (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A low free choline and methyl status in children with CF is associated with reduced acetylcholine in leukocytes. Whether these changes are explained by a mutation in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator or disturbances in choline metabolism and the implications for immune cell dysfunction in CF are unknown. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01150136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Innis
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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146
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Nakano K, Yamaoka K, Hanami K, Saito K, Sasaguri Y, Yanagihara N, Tanaka S, Katsuki I, Matsushita S, Tanaka Y. Dopamine induces IL-6-dependent IL-17 production via D1-like receptor on CD4 naive T cells and D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 inhibits cartilage destruction in a human rheumatoid arthritis/SCID mouse chimera model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3745-52. [PMID: 21307293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A major neurotransmitter dopamine transmits signals via five different seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors termed D1-D5. Several studies have shown that dopamine not only mediates interactions into the nervous system, but can contribute to the modulation of immunity via receptors expressed on immune cells. We have previously shown an autocrine/paracrine release of dopamine by dendritic cells (DCs) during Ag presentation to naive CD4(+) T cells and found efficacious results of a D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis and in the NOD mouse model of type I diabetes, with inhibition of Th17 response. This study aimed to assess the role of dopaminergic signaling in Th17-mediated immune responses and in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In human naive CD4(+) T cells, dopamine increased IL-6-dependent IL-17 production via D1-like receptors, in response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAb. Furthermore, dopamine was localized with DCs in the synovial tissue of RA patients and significantly increased in RA synovial fluid. In the RA synovial/SCID mouse chimera model, although a selective D2-like receptor antagonist haloperidol significantly induced accumulation of IL-6(+) and IL-17(+) T cells with exacerbated cartilage destruction, SCH-23390 strongly suppressed these responses. Taken together, these findings indicate that dopamine released by DCs induces IL-6-Th17 axis and causes aggravation of synovial inflammation of RA, which is the first time, to our knowledge, that actual evidence has shown the pathological relevance of dopaminergic signaling with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nakano
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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147
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da Silva AS, Monteiro SG, Gonçalves JF, Spanevello R, Oliveira CB, Costa MM, Jaques JA, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST. Acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain and spinal cord of rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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148
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Da Silva AS, Monteiro SG, Gonçalves JF, Spanevello R, Schmatz R, Oliveira CB, Costa MM, França RT, Jaques JA, Schetinger MRC, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST. Trypanosoma evansi: Immune response and acetylcholinesterase activity in lymphocytes from infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:475-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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149
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Qian J, Galitovskiy V, Chernyavsky AI, Marchenko S, Grando SA. Plasticity of the murine spleen T-cell cholinergic receptors and their role in in vitro differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells toward the Th1, Th2 and Th17 lineages. Genes Immun 2011; 12:222-30. [PMID: 21270829 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) regulates vital functions of T cells by acting on the nicotinic and muscarinic classes of cholinergic receptors, nAChR and mAChRs, respectively. This study was performed in murine splenic T cells. In freshly isolated CD4 and CD8 T cells, we detected mRNAs encoding α5, α9, α10, β1, β2, β4 nAChR subunits and M₁, M₃, M₄ and M₅ mAChR subtypes, whereas α2 was detected only in CD8 T cells. In vitro activation of CD4 T cells through T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 cross-linking was associated with the appearance of α4 and α7, upregulation of α5, α10, β4, M₁ and M₅ and downregulation of α9 and β2, whereas in vitro activation of CD8 T cells also featured the appearance of α4 and α7, as well as upregulation of α2, α5, β4, M₁ and M₄, and downregulation of α10, β1, β2 and M₃. In vitro polarization toward T helper (Th) 1 lineage was associated with a decrease of β2, β4 and M₃ expression; that toward Th2 cells with downregulation of α9 and M₃, and upregulation of M₁ and M₅; and that toward Th17 phenotype with downregulation of α9, α10, β2 and M₃ mAChR. Polarized T cells also expressed α4, but not α1, α2, α3, α6, β3 or M₂. To determine the role of cholinergic receptors in mediating the immunoregulatory action of autocrine/paracrine ACh, we analyzed the effects of nicotinic and muscarinic agonists±antagonists on cytokine production in the CD4+CD62L+ T cells co-stimulated via TCR/CD3 cross-linking. The nicotinergic stimulation upregulated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and downregulated interleukin (IL)-17 secretion, whereas the muscarinic stimulation enhanced IL-10 and IL-17 and inhibited INF-γ secretion. These results demonstrated plasticity of the T-cell cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qian
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Tian Y, Gunther JR, Liao IH, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova BS, Lit L, Jickling GC, Xu H, Zhan X, Sharp FR. GABA- and acetylcholine-related gene expression in blood correlate with tic severity and microarray evidence for alternative splicing in Tourette syndrome: a pilot study. Brain Res 2011; 1381:228-36. [PMID: 21241679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a complex childhood neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Recently, altered numbers of GABAergic-parvalbumin (PV) and cholinergic interneurons were observed in the basal ganglia of individuals with TS. Thus, we postulated that gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)- and acetylcholine (ACh)-related genes might be associated with the pathophysiology of TS. Total RNA isolated from whole blood of 26 un-medicated TS subjects and 23 healthy controls (HC) was processed on Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST arrays. Data were analyzed to identify genes whose expression correlated with tic severity in TS, and to identify genes differentially spliced in TS compared to HC subjects. Many genes (3627) correlated with tic severity in TS (p < 0.05) among which GABA- (p = 2.1 × 10⁻³) and ACh- (p = 4.25 × 10⁻⁸) related genes were significantly over-represented. Moreover, several GABA and ACh-related genes were predicted to be alternatively spliced in TS compared to HC including GABA receptors GABRA4 and GABRG1, the nicotinic ACh receptor CHRNA4 and cholinergic differentiation factor (CDF). This pilot study suggests that at least some of these GABA- and ACh-related genes observed in blood that correlate with tics or are alternatively spliced are involved in the pathophysiology of TS and tics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang Tian
- University of California at Davis, M.I.N.D., Institute and Department of Neurology, USA
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