101
|
Xia Y, Ji X, Jang IS, Surka C, Hsu C, Wang K, Rolfe M, Bence N, Lu G. Genetic and pharmacological interrogation of cancer vulnerability using a multiplexed cell line screening platform. Commun Biol 2021; 4:834. [PMID: 34215850 PMCID: PMC8253734 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiplexed cancer cell line screening platform PRISM demonstrated its utility in testing hundreds of cell lines in a single run, possessing the potential to speed up anti-cancer drug discovery, validation and optimization. Here we described the development and implementation of a next-generation PRISM platform combining Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated gene editing, cell line DNA barcoding and next-generation sequencing to enable genetic and/or pharmacological assessment of target addiction in hundreds of cell lines simultaneously. Both compound and CRISPR-knockout PRISM screens well recapitulated the results from individual assays and showed high consistency with a public database. Xia et al. report the development and optimization of a high-throughput screening platform to systematically determine cancer cell sensitivity to pharmacological and genetic perturbations, BMS-PRISM, based on PRISM and high-throughput CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screen technologies using cell line barcoding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xia
- Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Rolfe
- Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neil Bence
- Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Yang J, Li Z, Shen M, Wang Y, Wang L, Li J, Yang W, Li J, Li H, Wang X, Wu Q, Gong C. Programmable Unlocking Nano-Matryoshka-CRISPR Precisely Reverses Immunosuppression to Unleash Cascade Amplified Adaptive Immune Response. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100292. [PMID: 34258164 PMCID: PMC8261501 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is an attractive option in cancer therapy, but its efficacy is still less than expected due to the transient and incomplete blocking and the low responsiveness. Herein, an unprecedented programmable unlocking nano-matryoshka-CRISPR system (PUN) targeting programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and protein tyrosine phosphatase N2 (PTPN2) is fabricated for permanent and complete and highly responsive immunotherapy. While PUN is inert at normal physiological conditions, enzyme-abundant tumor microenvironment and preternatural intracellular oxidative stress sequentially trigger programmable unlocking of PUN to realize a nano-matryoshka-like release of CRISPR/Cas9. The successful nucleus localization of CRISPR/Cas9 ensures the highly efficient disruption of PD-L1 and PTPN2 to unleash cascade amplified adaptive immune response via revoking the immune checkpoint effect. PD-L1 downregulation in tumor cells not only disrupts PD-1/PD-L1 interaction to attenuate the immunosurveillance evasion but also spurs potent immune T cell responses to enhance adaptive immunity. Synchronously, inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway is relieved by deleting PTPN2, which promotes tumor susceptibility to CD8+ T cells depending on IFN-γ, thus further amplifying adaptive immune responses. Combining these advances together, PUN exhibits optimal antitumor efficiency and long-term immune memory with negligible toxicity, which provides a promising alternative to current ICB therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Zhike Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Meiling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Jiamiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Haijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Changyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Li Y, Feng H, Jin L, Xin X, Yuan Q. A novel vector-based RNAi method using mouse U6 promoter-driven shRNA expression in the filamentous fungus Blakeslea trispora. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1821-1830. [PMID: 34185215 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are several studies on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) for gene function analysis in fungi. However, most studies on filamentous fungi are based on in vitro-transcribed or -synthesized small interfering RNA (siRNA), and only a few have reported the use of vector-based RNAi. Here we want to develop and evaluate a new vector-based RNAi method using the mouse U6 promoter to drive short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression in the filamentous fungi. METHODS Molecular techniques were employed to develop and evaluate a new vector-based RNAi method using the mouse U6 promoter to drive short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression in the filamentous fungus Blakeslea trispora. RESULTS We characterized the mouse U6 promoter and utilized it for the expression of shRNA in B. trispora. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analyses, we confirmed the decrease in the mRNA and protein expression of carRA, respectively, in cells transformed with the mouse U6 promoter-driven shRNA expression vector. This indicated that the shRNA was transcribed from the mouse U6 promoter and correctly processed into siRNA and that the mouse U6 promoter exhibited transcription ability in the filamentous fungi. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the mouse U6 promoter that drives the expression of shRNA vectors may serve as a novel tool for RNAi induction in filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Polytechnic, No. 9, Liang Shuihe First Street, Yi Zhuang Economic & Technological Development Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Polytechnic, No. 9, Liang Shuihe First Street, Yi Zhuang Economic & Technological Development Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Polytechnic, No. 9, Liang Shuihe First Street, Yi Zhuang Economic & Technological Development Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiulan Xin
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Polytechnic, No. 9, Liang Shuihe First Street, Yi Zhuang Economic & Technological Development Zone, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Abstract
The use of genome editing tools is expanding our understanding of various human diseases by providing insight into gene-disease interactions. Despite the recognized role of toxicants in the development of human health issues and conditions, there is currently limited characterization of their mechanisms of action, and the application of CRISPR-based genome editing to the study of toxicants could help in the identification of novel gene-environment interactions. CRISPR-based functional screens enable identification of cellular mechanisms fundamental for response and susceptibility to a given toxicant. The aim of this review is to inform future directions in the application of CRISPR technologies in toxicological studies. We review and compare different types of CRISPR-based methods including pooled, anchored, combinatorial, and perturb-sequencing screens in vitro, in addition to pooled screenings in model organisms. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sobh
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Max Russo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Mattiazzi Usaj M, Yeung CHL, Friesen H, Boone C, Andrews BJ. Single-cell image analysis to explore cell-to-cell heterogeneity in isogenic populations. Cell Syst 2021; 12:608-621. [PMID: 34139168 PMCID: PMC9112900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell image analysis provides a powerful approach for studying cell-to-cell heterogeneity, which is an important attribute of isogenic cell populations, from microbial cultures to individual cells in multicellular organisms. This phenotypic variability must be explained at a mechanistic level if biologists are to fully understand cellular function and address the genotype-to-phenotype relationship. Variability in single-cell phenotypes is obscured by bulk readouts or averaging of phenotypes from individual cells in a sample; thus, single-cell image analysis enables a higher resolution view of cellular function. Here, we consider examples of both small- and large-scale studies carried out with isogenic cell populations assessed by fluorescence microscopy, and we illustrate the advantages, challenges, and the promise of quantitative single-cell image analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Mattiazzi Usaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Clarence Hue Lok Yeung
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Helena Friesen
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Charles Boone
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Brenda J Andrews
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Nikulin S, Zakharova G, Poloznikov A, Raigorodskaya M, Wicklein D, Schumacher U, Nersisyan S, Bergquist J, Bakalkin G, Astakhova L, Tonevitsky A. Effect of the Expression of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 Genes on the Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer Cells. Front Genet 2021; 12:662843. [PMID: 34149804 PMCID: PMC8206645 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.662843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death from malignant neoplasms among women worldwide, and metastatic BC presents the biggest problems for treatment. Previously, it was shown that lower expression of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes is associated with a higher risk of the formation of distant metastases in BC. In this work, we studied the change in phenotypical traits, as well as in the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of BC cells as a result of the stable knockdown of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes. The knockdown of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes was found to lead to a strong increase in the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MMP1. These results were in good agreement with the correlation analysis of gene expression in tumor samples from patients and were additionally confirmed by zymography. The knockdown of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes was also discovered to change the expression of a group of genes involved in the formation of intercellular contacts. In particular, the expression of the CDH11 gene was markedly reduced, which also complies with the correlation analysis. The spheroid formation assay showed that intercellular adhesion decreased as a result of the knockdown of the ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes. Thus, the obtained data indicate that malignant breast tumors with reduced expression of the ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes can metastasize with a higher probability due to a more efficient invasion of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Nikulin
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey Poloznikov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Maria Raigorodskaya
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Research Centre Bioclinicum, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Wicklein
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stepan Nersisyan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lidiia Astakhova
- Scientific Research Centre Bioclinicum, Moscow, Russia
- School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Alexander Tonevitsky
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Microfluidic Technologies for Biomedicine, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Donaldson JS, Dale MP, Rosser SJ. Decoupling Growth and Protein Production in CHO Cells: A Targeted Approach. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:658325. [PMID: 34150726 PMCID: PMC8207133 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.658325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fed-batch cultures of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells have been used to produce high quantities of biotherapeutics, particularly monoclonal antibodies. However, a growing number of next-generation biotherapeutics, such as bi-specific antibodies and fusion proteins, are difficult to express using standard fed-batch processes. Decoupling cell growth and biotherapeutic production is becoming an increasingly desired strategy for the biomanufacturing industry, especially for difficult-to-express products. Cells are grown to a high cell density in the absence of recombinant protein production (the growth phase), then expression of the recombinant protein is induced and cell proliferation halted (the production phase), usually by combining an inducible gene expression system with a proliferation control strategy. Separating the growth and production phases allows cell resources to be more efficiently directed toward either growth or production, improving growth characteristics and enhancing the production of difficult to express proteins. However, current mammalian cell proliferation control methods rely on temperature shifts and chemical agents, which interact with many non-proliferation pathways, leading to variable impacts on product quality and culture viability. Synthetic biology offers an alternative approach by strategically targeting proliferation pathways to arrest cell growth but have largely remained unused in industrial bioproduction. Due to recent developments in microbial decoupling systems and advances in available mammalian cell engineering tools, we propose that the synthetic biology approach to decoupling growth and production needs revisiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S Donaldson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Dale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Rosser
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Bing RG, Sulis DB, Wang JP, Adams MW, Kelly RM. Thermophilic microbial deconstruction and conversion of natural and transgenic lignocellulose. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:272-293. [PMID: 33684253 PMCID: PMC10519370 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential to convert renewable plant biomasses into fuels and chemicals by microbial processes presents an attractive, less environmentally intense alternative to conventional routes based on fossil fuels. This would best be done with microbes that natively deconstruct lignocellulose and concomitantly form industrially relevant products, but these two physiological and metabolic features are rarely and simultaneously observed in nature. Genetic modification of both plant feedstocks and microbes can be used to increase lignocellulose deconstruction capability and generate industrially relevant products. Separate efforts on plants and microbes are ongoing, but these studies lack a focus on optimal, complementary combinations of these disparate biological systems to obtain a convergent technology. Improving genetic tools for plants have given rise to the generation of low-lignin lines that are more readily solubilized by microorganisms. Most focus on the microbiological front has involved thermophilic bacteria from the genera Caldicellulosiruptor and Clostridium, given their capacity to degrade lignocellulose and to form bio-products through metabolic engineering strategies enabled by ever-improving molecular genetics tools. Bioengineering plant properties to better fit the deconstruction capabilities of candidate consolidated bioprocessing microorganisms has potential to achieve the efficient lignocellulose deconstruction needed for industrial relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Bing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Daniel B. Sulis
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Jack P. Wang
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Michael W.W. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Robert M. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Miladinovic D, Antunes D, Yildirim K, Bakhsh A, Cvejić S, Kondić-Špika A, Marjanovic Jeromela A, Opsahl-Sorteberg HG, Zambounis A, Hilioti Z. Targeted plant improvement through genome editing: from laboratory to field. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:935-951. [PMID: 33475781 PMCID: PMC8184711 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review illustrates how far we have come since the emergence of GE technologies and how they could be applied to obtain superior and sustainable crop production. The main challenges of today's agriculture are maintaining and raising productivity, reducing its negative impact on the environment, and adapting to climate change. Efficient plant breeding can generate elite varieties that will rapidly replace obsolete ones and address ongoing challenges in an efficient and sustainable manner. Site-specific genome editing in plants is a rapidly evolving field with tangible results. The technology is equipped with a powerful toolbox of molecular scissors to cut DNA at a pre-determined site with different efficiencies for designing an approach that best suits the objectives of each plant breeding strategy. Genome editing (GE) not only revolutionizes plant biology, but provides the means to solve challenges related to plant architecture, food security, nutrient content, adaptation to the environment, resistance to diseases and production of plant-based materials. This review illustrates how far we have come since the emergence of these technologies and how these technologies could be applied to obtain superior, safe and sustainable crop production. Synergies of genome editing with other technological platforms that are gaining significance in plants lead to an exciting new, post-genomic era for plant research and production. In previous months, we have seen what global changes might arise from one new virus, reminding us of what drastic effects such events could have on food production. This demonstrates how important science, technology, and tools are to meet the current time and the future. Plant GE can make a real difference to future sustainable food production to the benefit of both mankind and our environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kubilay Yildirim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ondokuzmayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Sandra Cvejić
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Antonios Zambounis
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Naoussa, Greece
| | - Zoe Hilioti
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Setten RL, Chomchan P, Epps EW, Burnett JC, Rossi JJ. CRED9: A differentially expressed elncRNA regulates expression of transcription factor CEBPA. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:rna.078752.121. [PMID: 34039742 PMCID: PMC8284328 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078752.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer RNAs (eRNA) are non-coding transcripts produced from active enhancers and have potential gene regulatory function. CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) is a transcription factor generally involved in metabolism, cell cycle inhibition, hematopoiesis, adipogenesis, hepatogenesis, and is associated with tumorigenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that an enhancer-associated long non-coding RNA (elncRNA), transcribed from an enhancer located 9kb downstream from the transcriptional start site (TSS) of CEBPA, positively regulates the expression of CEBPA. As a result, we named this elncRNA 'CEBPA regulatory elncRNA downstream 9kb' or 'CRED9'. CRED9 expression level positively correlates with CEBPA mRNA expression across multiple cell lines as detected by RT droplet digital PCR. Knockdown of CRED9 resulted in a reduction of CEBPA mRNA expression in Hep3B cells. Additionally, CRED9 knockdown in Hep3B and HepG2 cells resulted in lower CEBPA protein expression. We also found that knockdown of CRED9 in Hep3B cells caused a 57.8% reduction in H3K27ac levels at the +9kb CEBPA enhancer. H3K27ac has previously been described as a marker of active enhancers. Taken together, the evidence presented here supports a previously proposed model whereby, in some contexts, eRNA transcripts are necessary to amplify and maintain H3K27ac levels at a given enhancer. Ultimately, this study adds to the growing body of evidence that elncRNA transcripts have important roles in enhancer function and gene regulation.
Collapse
|
111
|
Mimura K, Sakamaki JI, Morishita H, Kawazu M, Mano H, Mizushima N. Genome-wide CRISPR screening reveals nucleotide synthesis negatively regulates autophagy. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100780. [PMID: 34000301 PMCID: PMC8191307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter, autophagy) is a process that directs the degradation of cytoplasmic material in lysosomes. In addition to its homeostatic roles, autophagy undergoes dynamic positive and negative regulation in response to multiple forms of cellular stress, thus enabling the survival of cells. However, the precise mechanisms of autophagy regulation are not fully understood. To identify potential negative regulators of autophagy, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen using the quantitative autophagic flux reporter GFP-LC3-RFP. We identified phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase, a component of the de novo purine synthesis pathway, as one such negative regulator of autophagy. Autophagy was activated in cells lacking phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase or phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, another de novo purine synthesis enzyme, or treated with methotrexate when exogenous levels of purines were insufficient. Purine starvation-induced autophagy activation was concomitant with mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) suppression and was profoundly suppressed in cells deficient for tuberous sclerosis complex 2, which negatively regulates mTORC1 through inhibition of Ras homolog enriched in brain, suggesting that purines regulate autophagy through the tuberous sclerosis complex-Ras homolog enriched in brain-mTORC1 signaling axis. Moreover, depletion of the pyrimidine synthesis enzymes carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activated autophagy as well, although mTORC1 activity was not altered by pyrimidine shortage. These results suggest a different mechanism of autophagy induction between purine and pyrimidine starvation. These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of autophagy by nucleotides and possibly the role of autophagy in nucleotide metabolism, leading to further developing anticancer strategies involving nucleotide synthesis and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Mimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakamaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawazu
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Zhou D, Nie ZW, Cui XS. EB1 Is Essential for Spindle Formation and Chromosome Alignment During Oocyte Meiotic Maturation in Mice. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:385-391. [PMID: 33413706 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620024897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays an orchestrating role in polarized cell growth. Microtubules (MTs) not only play critical roles in chromosome alignment and segregation but also control cell shape, division, and motility. A member of the plus-end tracking proteins, end-binding protein 1 (EB1), regulates MT dynamics and plays vital roles in maintaining spindle symmetry and chromosome alignment during mitosis. However, the role of EB1 in mouse oocyte meiosis remains unknown. Here, we examined the localization patterns and expression levels of EB1 at different stages. EB1 protein level was found to be stable during meiosis. EB1 mainly localized along the spindle and had a similar localization pattern as that of α-tubulin. The EB1 protein was degraded with a Trim-Away method, and the results were further confirmed with western blotting and immunofluorescence. At 12 h of culture after EB1 knockdown (KD), a reduced number of mature MII oocytes were observed. EB1 KD led to spindle disorganization, chromosome misalignment, and missegregation; β-catenin protein binds to actin via the adherens junctional complex, which was significantly reduced in the EB1 KD oocytes. Collectively, we propose that the impairment of EB1 function manipulates spindle formation, thereby promoting chromosomal loss, which is expected to fuel aneuploidy and possibly fertilization failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
| | - Zheng-Wen Nie
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, 356 Room, S21-5 Dong, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Paraskevopoulos M, McGuigan AP. Application of CRISPR screens to investigate mammalian cell competition. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 20:135-147. [PMID: 33782689 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is defined as the context-dependent elimination of cells that is mediated by intercellular communication, such as paracrine or contact-dependent cell signaling, and/or mechanical stresses. It is considered to be a quality control mechanism that facilitates the removal of suboptimal cells from both adult and embryonic tissues. Cell competition, however, can also be hijacked by transformed cells to acquire a 'super-competitor' status and outcompete the normal epithelium to establish a precancerous field. To date, many genetic drivers of cell competition have been identified predominately through studies in Drosophila. Especially during the last couple of years, ethylmethanesulfonate-based genetic screens have been instrumental to our understanding of the molecular regulators behind some of the most common competition mechanisms in Drosophila, namely competition due to impaired ribosomal function (or anabolism) and mechanical sensitivity. Despite recent findings in Drosophila and in mammalian models of cell competition, the drivers of mammalian cell competition remain largely elusive. Since the discovery of CRISPR/Cas9, its use in functional genomics has been indispensable to uncover novel cancer vulnerabilities. We envision that CRISPR/Cas9 screens will enable systematic, genome-scale probing of mammalian cell competition to discover novel mutations that not only trigger cell competition but also identify novel molecular components that are essential for the recognition and elimination of less fit cells. In this review, we summarize recent contributions that further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cell competition by genetic screening in Drosophila, and provide our perspective on how similar and novel screening strategies made possible by whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 screening can advance our understanding of mammalian cell competition in the future.
Collapse
|
114
|
Recent Advances in Genome Editing Tools in Medical Mycology Research. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040257. [PMID: 33808382 PMCID: PMC8067129 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating fungal genomes is an important tool to understand the function of target genes, pathobiology of fungal infections, virulence potential, and pathogenicity of medically important fungi, and to develop novel diagnostics and therapeutic targets. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in genetic manipulation techniques used in the field of medical mycology. Fungi use several strategies to cope with stress and adapt themselves against environmental effectors. For instance, mutations in the 14 alpha-demethylase gene may result in azole resistance in Aspergillusfumigatus strains and shield them against fungicide's effects. Over the past few decades, several genome editing methods have been introduced for genetic manipulations in pathogenic fungi. Application of restriction enzymes to target and cut a double-stranded DNA in a pre-defined sequence was the first technique used for cloning in Aspergillus and Candida. Genome editing technologies, including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), have been also used to engineer a double-stranded DNA molecule. As a result, TALENs were considered more practical to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms. Recently, Class 2 type II Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology has emerged as a more useful tool for genome manipulation in fungal research.
Collapse
|
115
|
Gilad Y, Eliaz Y, Yu Y, Dean AM, Han SJ, Qin L, O’Malley BW, Lonard DM. A genome-scale CRISPR Cas9 dropout screen identifies synthetically lethal targets in SRC-3 inhibited cancer cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:399. [PMID: 33767353 PMCID: PMC7994904 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3/NCoA3/AIB1), is a key regulator of gene transcription and it plays a central role in breast cancer (BC) tumorigenesis, making it a potential therapeutic target. Beyond its function as an important regulator of estrogen receptor transcriptional activity, SRC-3 also functions as a coactivator for a wide range of other transcription factors, suggesting SRC-3 inhibition can be beneficial in hormone-independent cancers as well. The recent discovery of a potent SRC-3 small molecule inhibitor, SI-2, enabled the further development of additional related compounds. SI-12 is an improved version of SI-2 that like SI-2 has anti-proliferative activity in various cancer types, including BC. Here, we sought to identify gene targets, that when inhibited in the presence of SI-12, would lead to enhanced BC cell cytotoxicity. We performed a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screen in MCF-7 BC cells under conditions of pharmacological pressure with SI-12. A parallel screen was performed with an ER inhibitor, fulvestrant, to shed light on both common and distinct activities between SRC-3 and ERα inhibition. Bearing in mind the key role of SRC-3 in tumorigenesis of other types of cancer, we extended our study by validating potential hits identified from the MCF-7 screen in other cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Gilad
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yossi Eliaz
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yang Yu
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Adam M. Dean
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - San Jung Han
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Li Qin
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Bert W. O’Malley
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - David M. Lonard
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Jiang C, Lv G, Tu Y, Cheng X, Duan Y, Zeng B, He B. Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Filamentous Fungi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638096. [PMID: 33643273 PMCID: PMC7905030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess the capacity to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities and structures, such as lovastatin and swainsonine. With the advent of the post-genomic era, increasing amounts of cryptic or uncharacterized secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters are continually being discovered. However, owing to the longstanding lack of versatile, comparatively simple, and highly efficient genetic manipulation techniques, the broader exploration of industrially important secondary metabolites has been hampered thus far. With the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology, this dilemma may be alleviated, as this advanced technique has revolutionized genetic research and enabled the exploitation and discovery of new bioactive compounds from filamentous fungi. In this review, we introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 system in detail and summarize the latest applications of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in filamentous fungi. We also briefly introduce the specific applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and CRISPRa in the improvement of secondary metabolite contents and discovery of novel biologically active compounds in filamentous fungi, with specific examples noted. Additionally, we highlight and discuss some of the challenges and deficiencies of using the CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology in research on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites as well as future application of CRISPR/Cas9 strategy in filamentous fungi are highlighted and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gongbo Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yayi Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojie Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yitian Duan
- School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China.,College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Phenotypic screening with target identification and validation in the discovery and development of E3 ligase modulators. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:283-299. [PMID: 33740433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of phenotypic screening was central to the discovery and development of novel thalidomide analogs, the IMiDs (immunomodulatory drugs) agents. With the discovery that these agents bind the E3 ligase, CRL4CRBN, and alter its substrate specificity, there has been a great deal of endeavor to discover other small molecules that can modulate alternative E3 ligases. Furthermore, the chemical properties necessary for drug discovery and the rules by which neo-substrates are selected for degradation are being defined in the context of phenotypic alterations in specific cellular systems. This review gives a detailed summary of these recent advances and the methodologies being exploited to understand the mechanism of action of emerging protein degradation therapies.
Collapse
|
118
|
Jilderda LJ, Zhou L, Foijer F. Understanding How Genetic Mutations Collaborate with Genomic Instability in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:342. [PMID: 33562057 PMCID: PMC7914657 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability is the process of mis-segregation for ongoing chromosomes, which leads to cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, also known as an aneuploid state. Induced aneuploidy is detrimental during development and in primary cells but aneuploidy is also a hallmark of cancer cells. It is therefore believed that premalignant cells need to overcome aneuploidy-imposed stresses to become tumorigenic. Over the past decade, some aneuploidy-tolerating pathways have been identified through small-scale screens, which suggest that aneuploidy tolerance pathways can potentially be therapeutically exploited. However, to better understand the processes that lead to aneuploidy tolerance in cancer cells, large-scale and unbiased genetic screens are needed, both in euploid and aneuploid cancer models. In this review, we describe some of the currently known aneuploidy-tolerating hits, how large-scale genome-wide screens can broaden our knowledge on aneuploidy specific cancer driver genes, and how we can exploit the outcomes of these screens to improve future cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (L.J.J.); (L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Fuchs A, Riegler S, Ayatollahi Z, Cavallari N, Giono LE, Nimeth BA, Mutanwad KV, Schweighofer A, Lucyshyn D, Barta A, Petrillo E, Kalyna M. Targeting alternative splicing by RNAi: from the differential impact on splice variants to triggering artificial pre-mRNA splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1133-1151. [PMID: 33406240 PMCID: PMC7826280 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing generates multiple transcript and protein isoforms from a single gene and controls transcript intracellular localization and stability by coupling to mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent mechanism to modulate gene expression. However, its interactions with alternative splicing are poorly understood. We used artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs, also termed shRNAmiR) to knockdown all splice variants of selected target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that splice variants, which vary by their protein-coding capacity, subcellular localization and sensitivity to NMD, are affected differentially by an amiRNA, although all of them contain the target site. Particular transcript isoforms escape amiRNA-mediated degradation due to their nuclear localization. The nuclear and NMD-sensitive isoforms mask RNAi action in alternatively spliced genes. Interestingly, Arabidopsis SPL genes, which undergo alternative splicing and are targets of miR156, are regulated in the same manner. Moreover, similar results were obtained in mammalian cells using siRNAs, indicating cross-kingdom conservation of these interactions among RNAi and splicing isoforms. Furthermore, we report that amiRNA can trigger artificial alternative splicing, thus expanding the RNAi functional repertoire. Our findings unveil novel interactions between different post-transcriptional processes in defining transcript fates and regulating gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Fuchs
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Stefan Riegler
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Zahra Ayatollahi
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Nicola Cavallari
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Luciana E Giono
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara A Nimeth
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Krishna V Mutanwad
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | | | - Doris Lucyshyn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Andrea Barta
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ezequiel Petrillo
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Kalyna
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna 1190, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Cetin R, Quandt E, Kaulich M. Functional Genomics Approaches to Elucidate Vulnerabilities of Intrinsic and Acquired Chemotherapy Resistance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020260. [PMID: 33525637 PMCID: PMC7912423 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a commonly unavoidable consequence of cancer treatment that results in therapy failure and disease relapse. Intrinsic (pre-existing) or acquired resistance mechanisms can be drug-specific or be applicable to multiple drugs, resulting in multidrug resistance. The presence of drug resistance is, however, tightly coupled to changes in cellular homeostasis, which can lead to resistance-coupled vulnerabilities. Unbiased gene perturbations through RNAi and CRISPR technologies are invaluable tools to establish genotype-to-phenotype relationships at the genome scale. Moreover, their application to cancer cell lines can uncover new vulnerabilities that are associated with resistance mechanisms. Here, we discuss targeted and unbiased RNAi and CRISPR efforts in the discovery of drug resistance mechanisms by focusing on first-in-line chemotherapy and their enforced vulnerabilities, and we present a view forward on which measures should be taken to accelerate their clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronay Cetin
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt-Medical Faculty, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Eva Quandt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt-Medical Faculty, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-69-6301-5450
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Verma A, Prakash G, Ranjan R, Tyagi AK, Agarwal P. Silencing of an Ubiquitin Ligase Increases Grain Width and Weight in indica Rice. Front Genet 2021; 11:600378. [PMID: 33510769 PMCID: PMC7835794 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.600378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified by molecular genetic studies which control grain size by regulating grain width, length, and/or thickness. Grain width 2 (GW2) is one such QTL that codes for a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase and increases grain size by regulating grain width through ubiquitin-mediated degradation of unknown substrates. A natural variation (single-nucleotide polymorphism at the 346th position) in the functional domain-coding region of OsGW2 in japonica rice genotypes has been shown to cause an increase in grain width/weight in rice. However, this variation is absent in indica rice genotypes. In this study, we report that reduced expression of OsGW2 can alter grain size, even though natural sequence variation is not responsible for increased grain size in indica rice genotypes. OsGW2 shows high expression in seed development stages and the protein localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Downregulation of OsGW2 by RNAi technology results in wider and heavier grains. Microscopic observation of grain morphology suggests that OsGW2 determines grain size by influencing both cell expansion and cell proliferation in spikelet hull. Using transcriptome analysis, upregulated genes related to grain size regulation have been identified among 1,426 differentially expressed genes in an OsGW2_RNAi transgenic line. These results reveal that OsGW2 is a negative regulator of grain size in indica rice and affects both cell number and cell size in spikelet hull.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Geeta Prakash
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India.,Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India.,Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India.,Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Pinky Agarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Nguyen T, Urrutia-Cabrera D, Liou RHC, Luu CD, Guymer R, Wong RCB. New Technologies to Study Functional Genomics of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:604220. [PMID: 33505962 PMCID: PMC7829507 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.604220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 50 years old in developed countries. Currently, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the genetic factors contributing to AMD, which is critical to identify effective therapeutic targets to improve treatment outcomes for AMD patients. Here we discuss the latest technologies that can facilitate the identification and functional study of putative genes in AMD pathology. We review improved genomic methods to identify novel AMD genes, advances in single cell transcriptomics to profile gene expression in specific retinal cell types, and summarize recent development of in vitro models for studying AMD using induced pluripotent stem cells, organoids and biomaterials, as well as new molecular technologies using CRISPR/Cas that could facilitate functional studies of AMD-associated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tu Nguyen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Urrutia-Cabrera
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roxanne Hsiang-Chi Liou
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chi D Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raymond Ching-Bong Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Kim J, Chang KS, Lee S, Jin E. Establishment of a Genome Editing Tool Using CRISPR-Cas9 in Chlorella vulgaris UTEX395. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E480. [PMID: 33418923 PMCID: PMC7825080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, Chlorella vulgaris is the most used species of microalgae in the food and feed additive industries, and also considered as a feasible cell factory for bioproducts. However, the lack of an efficient genetic engineering tool makes it difficult to improve the physiological characteristics of this species. Therefore, the development of new strategic approaches such as genome editing is trying to overcome this hurdle in many research groups. In this study, the possibility of editing the genome of C. vulgaris UTEX395 using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has been proven to target nitrate reductase (NR) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APT). Genome-edited mutants, nr and apt, were generated by a DNA-mediated and/or ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 system, and isolated based on the negative selection against potassium chlorate or 2-fluoroadenine in place of antibiotics. The null mutation of edited genes was demonstrated by the expression level of the correspondent proteins or the mutation of transcripts, and through growth analysis under specific nutrient conditions. In conclusion, this study offers relevant empirical evidence of the possibility of genome editing in C. vulgaris UTEX395 by CRISPR-Cas9 and the practical methods. Additionally, among the generated mutants, nr can provide an easier screening strategy during DNA transformation than the use of antibiotics owing to their auxotrophic characteristics. These results will be a cornerstone for further advancement of the genetics of C. vulgaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.K.); (K.S.C.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Chen J, Peng Y, Zhang H, Wang K, Zhao C, Zhu G, Reddy Palli S, Han Z. Off-target effects of RNAi correlate with the mismatch rate between dsRNA and non-target mRNA. RNA Biol 2021; 18:1747-1759. [PMID: 33397184 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1868680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RNAi is a potent technique for the knockdown of target genes. However, its potential off-target effects limit the widespread applications in both reverse genetic analysis and genetic manipulation. Previous efforts have uncovered rules underlying specificity of siRNA-based silencing, which has broad applications in humans, but the basis for specificity of dsRNAs, which are better suited for use as insecticides, is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the rules governing dsRNA specificity. Mutational analyses showed that dsRNAs with >80% sequence identity with target genes triggered RNAi efficiently. dsRNAs with ≥16 bp segments of perfectly matched sequence or >26 bp segments of almost perfectly matched sequence with one or two mismatches scarcely distributed (single mismatches inserted between ≥5 bp matching segments or mismatched couplets inserted between ≥8 bp matching segments) also able to trigger RNAi. Using these parameters to predict off-target risk, dsRNAs can be designed to optimize specificity and efficiency, paving the way to the widespread, rational application of RNAi in pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchuan Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kangxu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanheng Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zhaojun Han
- The Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects/Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Taliansky M, Samarskaya V, Zavriev SK, Fesenko I, Kalinina NO, Love AJ. RNA-Based Technologies for Engineering Plant Virus Resistance. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010082. [PMID: 33401751 PMCID: PMC7824052 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained unprecedented attention as new and crucial players in the regulation of numerous cellular processes and disease responses. In this review, we describe how diverse ncRNAs, including both small RNAs and long ncRNAs, may be used to engineer resistance against plant viruses. We discuss how double-stranded RNAs and small RNAs, such as artificial microRNAs and trans-acting small interfering RNAs, either produced in transgenic plants or delivered exogenously to non-transgenic plants, may constitute powerful RNA interference (RNAi)-based technology that can be exploited to control plant viruses. Additionally, we describe how RNA guided CRISPR-CAS gene-editing systems have been deployed to inhibit plant virus infections, and we provide a comparative analysis of RNAi approaches and CRISPR-Cas technology. The two main strategies for engineering virus resistance are also discussed, including direct targeting of viral DNA or RNA, or inactivation of plant host susceptibility genes. We also elaborate on the challenges that need to be overcome before such technologies can be broadly exploited for crop protection against viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Viktoria Samarskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Sergey K. Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Natalia O. Kalinina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew J. Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Nguyen TH, Turek I, Meehan-Andrews T, Zacharias A, Irving H. Analysis of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-3 (IRAK3) function in modulating expression of inflammatory markers in cell culture models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244570. [PMID: 33382782 PMCID: PMC7774834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IRAK3 is a critical modulator of inflammation in innate immunity. IRAK3 is associated with many inflammatory diseases, including sepsis, and is required in endotoxin tolerance to maintain homeostasis of inflammation. The impact of IRAK3 on inflammatory markers such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cell culture models remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To analyse temporal effects of IRAK3 on inflammatory markers after one- or two-challenge interventions in cell culture models. METHODS A systematic search was performed to identify in vitro cell studies reporting outcome measures of expression of IRAK3 and inflammatory markers. Meta-analyses were performed where sufficient data were available. Comparisons of outcome measures were performed between different cell lines and human and mouse primary cells. RESULTS The literature search identified 7766 studies for screening. After screening titles, abstracts and full-texts, a total of 89 studies were included in the systematic review. CONCLUSIONS The review identifies significant effects of IRAK3 on decreasing NF-κB DNA binding activity in cell lines, TNF-α protein level at intermediate time intervals (4h-15h) in cell lines or at long term intervals (16h-48h) in mouse primary cells following one-challenge. The patterns of TNF-α protein expression in human cell lines and human primary cells in response to one-challenge are more similar than in mouse primary cells. Meta-analyses confirm a negative correlation between IRAK3 and inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) expression after two-challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilona Turek
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terri Meehan-Andrews
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita Zacharias
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Habib S, Ariatti M, Singh M. Anti- c-myc RNAi-Based Onconanotherapeutics. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E612. [PMID: 33333729 PMCID: PMC7765184 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the c-myc proto-oncogene features prominently in most human cancers. Early studies established that inhibiting the expression of oncogenic c-myc, produced potent anti-cancer effects. This gave rise to the notion that an appropriate c-myc silencing agent might provide a broadly applicable and more effective form of cancer treatment than is currently available. The endogenous mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi), through which small RNA molecules induce gene silencing by binding to complementary mRNA transcripts, represents an attractive avenue for c-myc inhibition. However, the development of a clinically viable, anti-c-myc RNAi-based platform is largely dependent upon the design of an appropriate carrier of the effector nucleic acids. To date, organic and inorganic nanoparticles were assessed both in vitro and in vivo, as carriers of small interfering RNA (siRNA), DICER-substrate siRNA (DsiRNA), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmids, directed against the c-myc oncogene. We review here the various anti-c-myc RNAi-based nanosystems that have come to the fore, especially between 2005 and 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag, Durban X54001, South Africa; (S.H.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Brookhouser N, Nguyen T, Tekel SJ, Standage-Beier K, Wang X, Brafman DA. A Cas9-mediated adenosine transient reporter enables enrichment of ABE-targeted cells. BMC Biol 2020. [PMID: 33317513 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00929-7.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenine base editors (ABE) enable single nucleotide modifications without the need for double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by conventional CRIPSR/Cas9-based approaches. However, most approaches that employ ABEs require inefficient downstream technologies to identify desired targeted mutations within large populations of manipulated cells. In this study, we developed a fluorescence-based method, named "Cas9-mediated adenosine transient reporter for editing enrichment" (CasMAs-TREE; herein abbreviated XMAS-TREE), to facilitate the real-time identification of base-edited cell populations. RESULTS To establish a fluorescent-based assay able to detect ABE activity within a cell in real time, we designed a construct encoding a mCherry fluorescent protein followed by a stop codon (TGA) preceding the coding sequence for a green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing translational readthrough and expression of GFP after A-to-G conversion of the codon to "TGG." At several independent loci, we demonstrate that XMAS-TREE can be used for the highly efficient purification of targeted cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that XMAS-TREE can be employed in the context of multiplexed editing strategies to simultaneous modify several genomic loci. In addition, we employ XMAS-TREE to efficiently edit human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), a cell type traditionally resistant to genetic modification. Furthermore, we utilize XMAS-TREE to generate clonal isogenic hPSCs at target sites not editable using well-established reporter of transfection (RoT)-based strategies. CONCLUSION We established a method to detect adenosine base-editing activity within a cell, which increases the efficiency of editing at multiple genomic locations through an enrichment of edited cells. In the future, XMAS-TREE will greatly accelerate the application of ABEs in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Graduate Program in Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Toan Nguyen
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Stefan J Tekel
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kylie Standage-Beier
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Brookhouser N, Nguyen T, Tekel SJ, Standage-Beier K, Wang X, Brafman DA. A Cas9-mediated adenosine transient reporter enables enrichment of ABE-targeted cells. BMC Biol 2020; 18:193. [PMID: 33317513 PMCID: PMC7737295 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenine base editors (ABE) enable single nucleotide modifications without the need for double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) induced by conventional CRIPSR/Cas9-based approaches. However, most approaches that employ ABEs require inefficient downstream technologies to identify desired targeted mutations within large populations of manipulated cells. In this study, we developed a fluorescence-based method, named "Cas9-mediated adenosine transient reporter for editing enrichment" (CasMAs-TREE; herein abbreviated XMAS-TREE), to facilitate the real-time identification of base-edited cell populations. RESULTS To establish a fluorescent-based assay able to detect ABE activity within a cell in real time, we designed a construct encoding a mCherry fluorescent protein followed by a stop codon (TGA) preceding the coding sequence for a green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing translational readthrough and expression of GFP after A-to-G conversion of the codon to "TGG." At several independent loci, we demonstrate that XMAS-TREE can be used for the highly efficient purification of targeted cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that XMAS-TREE can be employed in the context of multiplexed editing strategies to simultaneous modify several genomic loci. In addition, we employ XMAS-TREE to efficiently edit human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), a cell type traditionally resistant to genetic modification. Furthermore, we utilize XMAS-TREE to generate clonal isogenic hPSCs at target sites not editable using well-established reporter of transfection (RoT)-based strategies. CONCLUSION We established a method to detect adenosine base-editing activity within a cell, which increases the efficiency of editing at multiple genomic locations through an enrichment of edited cells. In the future, XMAS-TREE will greatly accelerate the application of ABEs in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- Graduate Program in Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Toan Nguyen
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Stefan J Tekel
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kylie Standage-Beier
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 334A, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Tsanova T, Stefanova L, Topalova L, Atanasov A, Pantchev I. DNA-free gene editing in plants: a brief overview. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1858159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tsveta Tsanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lidia Stefanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lora Topalova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Ivelin Pantchev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Joint Genomic Center Ltd, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Feng L, Chao J, Tian E, Li L, Ye P, Zhang M, Chen X, Cui Q, Sun G, Zhou T, Felix G, Qin Y, Li W, Meza ED, Klein J, Ghoda L, Hu W, Luo Y, Dang W, Hsu D, Gold J, Goldman SA, Matalon R, Shi Y. Cell-Based Therapy for Canavan Disease Using Human iPSC-Derived NPCs and OPCs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002155. [PMID: 33304759 PMCID: PMC7709977 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Canavan disease (CD) is a fatal leukodystrophy caused by mutation of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, which leads to deficiency in ASPA activity, accumulation of the substrate N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA), demyelination, and spongy degeneration of the brain. There is neither a cure nor a standard treatment for this disease. In this study, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based cell therapy is developed for CD. A functional ASPA gene is introduced into patient iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (iOPCs) via lentiviral transduction or TALEN-mediated genetic engineering to generate ASPA iNPC or ASPA iOPC. After stereotactic transplantation into a CD (Nur7) mouse model, the engrafted cells are able to rescue major pathological features of CD, including deficient ASPA activity, elevated NAA levels, extensive vacuolation, defective myelination, and motor function deficits, in a robust and sustainable manner. Moreover, the transplanted mice exhibit much prolonged survival. These genetically engineered patient iPSC-derived cellular products are promising cell therapies for CD. This study has the potential to bring effective cell therapies, for the first time, to Canavan disease children who have no treatment options. The approach established in this study can also benefit many other children who have deadly genetic diseases that have no cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Feng
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Jianfei Chao
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - E Tian
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Li Li
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Peng Ye
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Mi Zhang
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Xianwei Chen
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Qi Cui
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Guihua Sun
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Gerardo Felix
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological SciencesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Yue Qin
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Wendong Li
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Edward David Meza
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Jeremy Klein
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Lucy Ghoda
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and TherapyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus8000Denmark
| | - Wei Dang
- Center for Biomedicine and GeneticsBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - David Hsu
- Center for Biomedicine and GeneticsBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Joseph Gold
- Center for Biomedicine and GeneticsBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Steven A. Goldman
- Center for Translational NeuromedicineUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY14642USA
- Center for Translational NeuromedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDK‐2200Denmark
| | - Reuben Matalon
- Department of Pediatricsthe University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston301 University BlvdGalvestonTX77555‐0359USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Division of Stem Cell Biology ResearchDepartment of Developmental and Stem Cell BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Potts MA, McDonald JA, Sutherland KD, Herold MJ. Critical cancer vulnerabilities identified by unbiased CRISPR/Cas9 screens inform on efficient cancer Immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1871-1884. [PMID: 33202035 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mutational landscape of human cancers is highly complex. While next generation sequencing aims to comprehensively catalogue somatic alterations in tumor cells, it fails to delineate driver from passenger mutations. Functional genomic approaches, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, enable both gene discovery, and annotation of gene function. Indeed, recent CRISPR/Cas9 technologies have flourished with the development of more sophisticated and versatile platforms capable of gene knockouts to high throughput genome wide editing of a single nucleotide base. With new platforms constantly emerging, it can be challenging to navigate what CRISPR tools are available and how they can be effectively applied to understand cancer biology. This review provides an overview of current and emerging CRISPR technologies and their power to model cancer and identify novel treatments. Specifically, how CRISPR screening approaches have been exploited to enhance immunotherapies through the identification of tumor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms to escape immune recognition will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Potts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jackson A McDonald
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Krey K, Babnis AW, Pichlmair A. System-Based Approaches to Delineate the Antiviral Innate Immune Landscape. Viruses 2020; 12:E1196. [PMID: 33096788 PMCID: PMC7589202 DOI: 10.3390/v12101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose substantial challenges for society, economy, healthcare systems, and research. Their distinctive pathologies are based on specific interactions with cellular factors. In order to develop new antiviral treatments, it is of central importance to understand how viruses interact with their host and how infected cells react to the virus on a molecular level. Invading viruses are commonly sensed by components of the innate immune system, which is composed of a highly effective yet complex network of proteins that, in most cases, mediate efficient virus inhibition. Central to this process is the activity of interferons and other cytokines that coordinate the antiviral response. So far, numerous methods have been used to identify how viruses interact with cellular processes and revealed that the innate immune response is highly complex and involves interferon-stimulated genes and their binding partners as functional factors. Novel approaches and careful experimental design, combined with large-scale, high-throughput methods and cutting-edge analysis pipelines, have to be utilized to delineate the antiviral innate immune landscape at a global level. In this review, we describe different currently used screening approaches, how they contributed to our knowledge on virus-host interactions, and essential considerations that have to be taken into account when planning such experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Krey
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.K.); (A.W.B.)
| | - Aleksandra W. Babnis
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.K.); (A.W.B.)
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (K.K.); (A.W.B.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 80538 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Xia B, Amador G, Viswanatha R, Zirin J, Mohr SE, Perrimon N. CRISPR-based engineering of gene knockout cells by homology-directed insertion in polyploid Drosophila S2R+ cells. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3478-3498. [PMID: 32958931 PMCID: PMC7961850 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Precise and efficient genome modifications provide powerful tools for biological studies. Previous CRISPR gene knockout methods in cell lines have relied on frameshifts caused by stochastic insertion/deletion in all alleles. However, this method is inefficient for genes with high copy number due to polyploidy or gene amplification because frameshifts in all alleles can be difficult to generate and detect. Here we describe a homology-directed insertion method to knockout genes in the polyploid Drosophila S2R+ cell line. This protocol allows generation of homozygous mutant cell lines using an insertion cassette which autocatalytically generates insertion mutations in all alleles. Knockout cells generated using this method can be directly identified by PCR without a need for DNA sequencing. This protocol takes 2-3 months and can be applied to other polyploid cell lines or high-copy-number genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Xia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Zirin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Zhang A, Berardinelli SJ, Leonhard-Melief C, Vasudevan D, Liu TW, Taibi A, Giannone S, Apte SS, Holdener BC, Haltiwanger RS. O-Fucosylation of ADAMTSL2 is required for secretion and is impacted by geleophysic dysplasia-causing mutations. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15742-15753. [PMID: 32913123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAMTSL2 mutations cause an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder, geleophysic dysplasia 1 (GPHYSD1), which is characterized by short stature, small hands and feet, and cardiac defects. ADAMTSL2 is a matricellular protein previously shown to interact with latent transforming growth factor-β binding protein 1 and influence assembly of fibrillin 1 microfibrils. ADAMTSL2 contains seven thrombospondin type-1 repeats (TSRs), six of which contain the consensus sequence for O-fucosylation by protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2). O-fucose-modified TSRs are subsequently elongated to a glucose β1-3-fucose (GlcFuc) disaccharide by β1,3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). B3GLCT mutations cause Peters Plus Syndrome (PTRPLS), which is characterized by skeletal defects similar to GPHYSD1. Several ADAMTSL2 TSRs also have consensus sequences for C-mannosylation. Six reported GPHYSD1 mutations occur within the TSRs and two lie near O-fucosylation sites. To investigate the effects of TSR glycosylation on ADAMTSL2 function, we used MS to identify glycan modifications at predicted consensus sequences on mouse ADAMTSL2. We found that most TSRs were modified with the GlcFuc disaccharide at high stoichiometry at O-fucosylation sites and variable mannose stoichiometry at C-mannosylation sites. Loss of ADAMTSL2 secretion in POFUT2 -/- but not in B3GLCT -/- cells suggested that impaired ADAMTSL2 secretion is not responsible for skeletal defects in PTRPLS patients. In contrast, secretion was significantly reduced for ADAMTSL2 carrying GPHYSD1 mutations (S641L in TSR3 and G817R in TSR6), and S641L eliminated O-fucosylation of TSR3. These results provide evidence that abnormalities in GPHYSD1 patients with this mutation are caused by loss of O-fucosylation on TSR3 and impaired ADAMTSL2 secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Deepika Vasudevan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Ta-Wei Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Taibi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Sharee Giannone
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Wu Y, He Z, Li S, Tang H, Wang L, Yang S, Dong B, Qin J, Sun Y, Yu H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Wang Q. Gefitinib Represses JAK-STAT Signaling Activated by CRTC1-MAML2 Fusion in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:796-806. [PMID: 30605061 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190103122735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gefitinib is well-known as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting non-smalllung- cancer (NSCLC) containing EGFR mutations. However, its effectiveness in treating mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) without such EGFR mutations suggests additional targets. OBJECTIVE The CRTC1-MAML2 (C1-M2) fusion typical for MEC has been proposed to be a gefitinib target. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we developed a set of siRNAs to down-regulate C1-M2 expression. RNA-seq and Western blot techniques were applied to analyze the effects of gefitinib and siC1-M2 on the transcriptome of and the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases in a MEC cell line H292. RESULTS Deep-sequencing transcriptome analysis revealed that gefitinib extensively inhibited transcription of genes in JAK-STAT and MAPK/ERK pathways. Both siC1-M2 and gefitinib inhibited the phosphorylation of multiple signaling kinases in these signaling pathways, indicating that gefitinib inhibited JAK-STAT and MAPK/ERK pathways activated by C1-M2 fusion. Moreover, gefitinib inhibition of EGFR and MAPK/ERK was more effective than that of AKT, JAK2 and STATs, and their dependence on C1-M2 could be uncoupled. Taken together, our results suggest that gefitinib simultaneously represses phosphorylation of multiple key signaling proteins which are activated in MEC, in part by C1-M2 fusion. Gefitinib-repressed kinase phosphorylation explains the transcriptional repression of genes in JAK-STAT and MAPK/ERK pathways. CONCLUSION These findings provide new insights into the efficacy of gefitinib in treating mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and suggest that a combination of gefitinib and other inhibitors specifically against C1-M2 fusion could be more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Shaomei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Bing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pathology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Jianjun Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Laboratory of Human Health and Genome Regulation, and Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Han Yu
- Laboratory of Human Health and Genome Regulation, and Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Health and Genome Regulation, and Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Health and Genome Regulation, and Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Yongjun Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Ryu J, Ahn Y, Kook H, Kim YK. The roles of non-coding RNAs in vascular calcification and opportunities as therapeutic targets. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107675. [PMID: 32910935 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is characterized by an accumulation of calcium phosphate crystals inside the vessel wall. VC is often associated with diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Even though the number of patients with VC remains prevalent, there are still no approved therapies for the treatment of VC. Since the pathogenesis of VC is diverse and involves multiple factors and mechanisms, it is critical to reveal the novel mechanisms involved in VC. Although protein-coding RNAs involved in VC have been extensively studied, the roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are not yet fully understood. The field of ncRNAs has recently received attention, and accumulating evidence from studies in VC suggests that ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play an important role in the regulation of VC. NcRNAs can modulate VC by acting as promoters or inhibitors and may be useful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of VC. In this article, we review and discuss ncRNAs that regulate VC and present the therapeutic implications of these ncRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Ryu
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Khan AH, Lin A, Wang RT, Bloom JS, Lange K, Smith DJ. Pooled analysis of radiation hybrids identifies loci for growth and drug action in mammalian cells. Genome Res 2020; 30:1458-1467. [PMID: 32878976 PMCID: PMC7605260 DOI: 10.1101/gr.262204.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic screens in mammalian cells commonly focus on loss-of-function approaches. To evaluate the phenotypic consequences of extra gene copies, we used bulk segregant analysis (BSA) of radiation hybrid (RH) cells. We constructed six pools of RH cells, each consisting of ∼2500 independent clones, and placed the pools under selection in media with or without paclitaxel. Low pass sequencing identified 859 growth loci, 38 paclitaxel loci, 62 interaction loci, and three loci for mitochondrial abundance at genome-wide significance. Resolution was measured as ∼30 kb, close to single-gene. Divergent properties were displayed by the RH-BSA growth genes compared to those from loss-of-function screens, refuting the balance hypothesis. In addition, enhanced retention of human centromeres in the RH pools suggests a new approach to functional dissection of these chromosomal elements. Pooled analysis of RH cells showed high power and resolution and should be a useful addition to the mammalian genetic toolkit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad H Khan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1735, USA
| | - Andy Lin
- Office of Information Technology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1557, USA
| | - Richard T Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
| | - Joshua S Bloom
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
| | - Kenneth Lange
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
| | - Desmond J Smith
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1735, USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Kumar A, Mali P. Mapping regulators of cell fate determination: Approaches and challenges. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:031501. [PMID: 32637855 PMCID: PMC7332300 DOI: 10.1063/5.0004611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the limited regenerative capacities of most organs, strategies are needed to efficiently generate large numbers of parenchymal cells capable of integration into the diseased organ. Although it was initially thought that terminally differentiated cells lacked the ability to transdifferentiate, it has since been shown that cellular reprogramming of stromal cells to parenchymal cells through direct lineage conversion holds great potential for the replacement of post-mitotic parenchymal cells lost to disease. To this end, an assortment of genetic, chemical, and mechanical cues have been identified to reprogram cells to different lineages both in vitro and in vivo. However, some key challenges persist that limit broader applications of reprogramming technologies. These include: (1) low reprogramming efficiencies; (2) incomplete functional maturation of derived cells; and (3) difficulty in determining the typically multi-factor combinatorial recipes required for successful transdifferentiation. To improve efficiency by comprehensively identifying factors that regulate cell fate, large scale genetic and chemical screening methods have thus been utilized. Here, we provide an overview of the underlying concept of cell reprogramming as well as the rationale, considerations, and limitations of high throughput screening methods. We next follow with a summary of unique hits that have been identified by high throughput screens to induce reprogramming to various parenchymal lineages. Finally, we discuss future directions of applying this technology toward human disease biology via disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Noorani I, Bradley A, de la Rosa J. CRISPR and transposon in vivo screens for cancer drivers and therapeutic targets. Genome Biol 2020; 21:204. [PMID: 32811551 PMCID: PMC7437018 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cancers harbor substantial genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional changes, only some of which drive oncogenesis at certain times during cancer evolution. Identifying the cancer-driver alterations amongst the vast swathes of "passenger" changes still remains a major challenge. Transposon and CRISPR screens in vivo provide complementary methods for achieving this, and each platform has its own advantages. Here, we review recent major technological breakthroughs made with these two approaches and highlight future directions. We discuss how each genetic screening platform can provide unique insight into cancer evolution, including intra-tumoral heterogeneity, metastasis, and immune evasion, presenting transformative opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Noorani
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Allan Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jorge de la Rosa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
You L, Zhang F, Huang S, Merchant A, Zhou X, Li Z. Over-expression of RNA interference (RNAi) core machinery improves susceptibility to RNAi in silkworm larvae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:353-362. [PMID: 32086963 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), one of the strategies that organisms use to defend against invading viruses, is an important tool for functional genomic analysis. In insects, the efficacy of RNAi varies amongst taxa. Lepidopteran insects are, in large part, recalcitrant to RNAi. The overall goal of this study is to overcome such insensitivity in lepidopterans to RNAi. We hypothesize that over-expression of core RNAi machinery enzymes can improve RNAi efficacy in traditionally recalcitrant species. A transgenic Bombyx mori strain, Baculovirus Immediate-Early Gene, ie1, promoter driven expression of silkworm Dicer2 coding sequence (IE1-BmDicer2), which over-expresses BmDicer2, was generated by piggyBac transposon-mediated transgenesis. Two indexes, the ratio of animals that showed a silencing phenotype and the duration of silencing, were used to evaluate silencing efficiency. Significant knockdown of target gene expression was observed at 48 h postinjection at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Furthermore, we coexpressed B. mori Argonaute 2 BmAgo2)and BmDicer 2 and found that 22% of the animals (n = 18) showed an obvious silencing effect even at 72 h, suggesting that coexpression of these two RNAi core machinery enzymes further increased the susceptibility of B. mori to injected double-stranded RNAs. This study offers a new strategy for functional genomics research in RNAi-refractory insect taxa in general and for lepidopterans in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L You
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - F Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Huang
- Agricultrual and Medical Biotechnology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - A Merchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Gene knockdown via electroporation of short hairpin RNAs in embryos of the marine hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12806. [PMID: 32732955 PMCID: PMC7393174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing gene function in a broad range of research organisms is crucial for understanding the biological functions of genes and their evolution. Recent studies have shown that short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) can induce gene-specific knockdowns in two cnidarian species. We have developed a detailed, straightforward, and scalable method to deliver shRNAs into fertilized eggs of the hydrozoan cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus via electroporation, yielding effective gene-targeted knockdowns that can last throughout embryogenesis. Our electroporation protocol allows for the transfection of shRNAs into hundreds of fertilized H. symbiolongicarpus eggs simultaneously with minimal embryo death and no long-term harmful consequences on the developing animals. We show RT-qPCR and detailed phenotypic evidence of our method successfully inducing effective knockdowns of an exogenous gene (eGFP) and an endogenous gene (Nanos2), as well as knockdown confirmation by RT-qPCR of two other endogenous genes. We also provide visual confirmation of successful shRNA transfection inside embryos through electroporation. Our detailed protocol for electroporation of shRNAs in H. symbiolongicarpus embryos constitutes an important experimental resource for the hydrozoan community while also serving as a successful model for the development of similar methods for interrogating gene function in other marine invertebrates.
Collapse
|
143
|
Zhou X, Dong R, Zhang JY, Zheng X, Sun LP. PROTAC: A promising technology for cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112539. [PMID: 32698111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeric molecules (PROTACs), which attract much more attention today, may be a potential way to treat cancer. PROTACs are made up of ligands of target proteins, E3 ligase recruiting elements and linkers. PROTACs can hijack the intracellular inherent ubiquitin proteasome system in cells to degrade different target proteins. PROTACs targeting different cancer-related proteins have been successfully developed and outperform small inhibitors, the traditional way of treating cancer. In this review, we focus on PROTACs targeting cancer-related proteins and their superiority over inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Ru Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jin-Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design & Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Barrera-Redondo J, Piñero D, Eguiarte LE. Genomic, Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Tools to Study the Domestication of Plants and Animals: A Field Guide for Beginners. Front Genet 2020; 11:742. [PMID: 32760427 PMCID: PMC7373799 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, genomics and the related fields of transcriptomics and epigenomics have revolutionized the study of the domestication process in plants and animals, leading to new discoveries and new unresolved questions. Given that some domesticated taxa have been more studied than others, the extent of genomic data can range from vast to nonexistent, depending on the domesticated taxon of interest. This review is meant as a rough guide for students and academics that want to start a domestication research project using modern genomic tools, as well as for researchers already conducting domestication studies that are interested in following a genomic approach and looking for alternate strategies (cheaper or more efficient) and future directions. We summarize the theoretical and technical background needed to carry out domestication genomics, starting from the acquisition of a reference genome and genome assembly, to the sampling design for population genomics, paleogenomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics and experimental validation of domestication-related genes. We also describe some examples of the aforementioned approaches and the relevant discoveries they made to understand the domestication of the studied taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Montanuy H, Camps-Fajol C, Carreras-Puigvert J, Häggblad M, Lundgren B, Aza-Carmona M, Helleday T, Minguillón J, Surrallés J. High content drug screening for Fanconi anemia therapeutics. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:170. [PMID: 32605631 PMCID: PMC7325660 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanconi anemia is a rare disease clinically characterized by malformations, bone marrow failure and an increased risk of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. The only therapies available are hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for bone marrow failure or leukemia, and surgical resection for solid tumors. Therefore, there is still an urgent need for new therapeutic options. With this aim, we developed a novel high-content cell-based screening assay to identify drugs with therapeutic potential in FA. RESULTS A TALEN-mediated FANCA-deficient U2OS cell line was stably transfected with YFP-FANCD2 fusion protein. These cells were unable to form fluorescent foci or to monoubiquitinate endogenous or exogenous FANCD2 upon DNA damage and were more sensitive to mitomycin C when compared to the parental wild type counterpart. FANCA correction by retroviral infection restored the cell line's ability to form FANCD2 foci and ubiquitinate FANCD2. The feasibility of this cell-based system was interrogated in a high content screening of 3802 compounds, including a Prestwick library of 1200 FDA-approved drugs. The potential hits identified were then individually tested for their ability to rescue FANCD2 foci and monoubiquitination, and chromosomal stability in the absence of FANCA. CONCLUSIONS While, unfortunately, none of the compounds tested were able to restore cellular FANCA-deficiency, our study shows the potential capacity to screen large compound libraries in the context of Fanconi anemia therapeutics in an optimized and cost-effective platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Montanuy
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Camps-Fajol
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Join Research Unit on Genomic Medicine UAB-Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Carreras-Puigvert
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Join Research Unit on Genomic Medicine UAB-Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Häggblad
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Currently at Division of Genome Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Lundgren
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, SciLifelab, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE, Sweden
| | - Miriam Aza-Carmona
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Skeletal dysplasia multidisciplinary Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jordi Minguillón
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades raras, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Surrallés
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Join Research Unit on Genomic Medicine UAB-Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades raras, Barcelona, Spain. .,Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Lin A, Sheltzer JM. Discovering and validating cancer genetic dependencies: approaches and pitfalls. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:671-682. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
147
|
Santillán Martínez MI, Bracuto V, Koseoglou E, Appiano M, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Wolters AMA, Bai Y. CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis of the tomato susceptibility gene PMR4 for resistance against powdery mildew. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:284. [PMID: 32560695 PMCID: PMC7304142 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has facilitated targeted mutagenesis in an efficient and precise way. Previously, RNAi silencing of the susceptibility (S) gene PowderyMildewResistance 4 (PMR4) in tomato has been shown to enhance resistance against the powdery mildew pathogen Oidium neolycopersici (On). RESULTS To study whether full knock-out of the tomato PMR4 gene would result in a higher level of resistance than in the RNAi-silenced transgenic plants we generated tomato PMR4 CRISPR mutants. We used a CRISPR/Cas9 construct containing four single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting the tomato PMR4 gene to increase the possibility of large deletions in the mutants. After PCR-based selection and sequencing of transformants, we identified five different mutation events, including deletions from 4 to 900-bp, a 1-bp insertion and a 892-bp inversion. These mutants all showed reduced susceptibility to On based on visual scoring of disease symptoms and quantification of relative fungal biomass. Histological observations revealed a significantly higher occurrence of hypersensitive response-like cell death at sites of fungal infection in the pmr4 mutants compared to wild-type plants. Both haustorial formation and hyphal growth were diminished but not completely inhibited in the mutants. CONCLUSION CRISPR/Cas-9 targeted mutagenesis of the tomato PMR4 gene resulted in mutants with reduced but not complete loss of susceptibility to the PM pathogen On. Our study demonstrates the efficiency and versatility of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as a powerful tool to study and characterize S-genes by generating different types of mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I Santillán Martínez
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Bracuto
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni Koseoglou
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michela Appiano
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Effect of connective tissue growth factor gene editing using adeno-associated virus-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 on rabbit glaucoma filtering surgery outcomes. Gene Ther 2020; 28:277-286. [PMID: 32541929 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Suppressing excessive wound healing responses is critical to ensure surgical success in glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). Currently used adjunctive materials can lead to side effects due to the nonselectivity in cell inhibition and may require repeated applications. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system may become a compelling opportunity in glaucoma surgery due to its high selectivity and permanent effect. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is one of the most potent stimulators of tissue fibrosis in the eye. Therefore, we tested the effect of CTGF suppression using the CRISPR-Cas9 system on GFS fibrosis. We used an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-CRISPR-Cas9 system and confirmed successful CTGF suppression was achieved in fibroblasts in vitro through western blot analysis and deep sequencing. In the in vivo intereye-comparison rabbit GFS model, CRISPR-CTGF-treated eyes showed significantly better survival of the surgery site, less subconjunctival fibrosis, limited collagen deposition, and reduced cellularity than untreated eyes. Our results suggest a new possibility of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated CTGF suppression to improve human GFS outcomes.
Collapse
|
149
|
Oncolytic Adenoviruses: Strategies for Improved Targeting and Specificity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061504. [PMID: 32526919 PMCID: PMC7352392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem. Most of the treatments exhibit systemic toxicity, as they are not targeted or specific to cancerous cells and tumors. Adenoviruses are very promising gene delivery vectors and have immense potential to deliver targeted therapy. Here, we review a wide range of strategies that have been tried, tested, and demonstrated to enhance the specificity of oncolytic viruses towards specific cancer cells. A combination of these strategies and other conventional therapies may be more effective than any of those strategies alone.
Collapse
|
150
|
Chen Y, Aslanoglou S, Murayama T, Gervinskas G, Fitzgerald LI, Sriram S, Tian J, Johnston APR, Morikawa Y, Suu K, Elnathan R, Voelcker NH. Silicon-Nanotube-Mediated Intracellular Delivery Enables Ex Vivo Gene Editing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000036. [PMID: 32378244 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nano-bio cellular interfaces driven by vertical nanostructured materials are set to spur transformative progress in modulating cellular processes and interrogations. In particular, the intracellular delivery-a core concept in fundamental and translational biomedical research-holds great promise for developing novel cell therapies based on gene modification. This study demonstrates the development of a mechanotransfection platform comprising vertically aligned silicon nanotube (VA-SiNT) arrays for ex vivo gene editing. The internal hollow structure of SiNTs allows effective loading of various biomolecule cargoes; and SiNTs mediate delivery of those cargoes into GPE86 mouse embryonic fibroblasts without compromising their viability. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and confocal microscopy results demonstrate localized membrane invaginations and accumulation of caveolin-1 at the cell-NT interface, suggesting the presence of endocytic pits. Small-molecule inhibition of endocytosis suggests that active endocytic process plays a role in the intracellular delivery of cargo from SiNTs. SiNT-mediated siRNA intracellular delivery shows the capacity to reduce expression levels of F-actin binding protein (Triobp) and alter the cellular morphology of GPE86. Finally, the successful delivery of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) to specifically target mouse Hprt gene is achieved. This NT-enhanced molecular delivery platform has strong potential to support gene editing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Stella Aslanoglou
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Takahide Murayama
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Gediminas Gervinskas
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Laura I Fitzgerald
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- MicroNano Research Facility (MNRF), RMIT University, Melbourne City Campus, Building 7, Level 4, Bowen Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Jie Tian
- MicroNano Research Facility (MNRF), RMIT University, Melbourne City Campus, Building 7, Level 4, Bowen Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Koukou Suu
- Institute of Semiconductor and Electronics Technologies, ULVAC Inc., 1220-1 Suyama, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1231, Japan
| | - Roey Elnathan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| |
Collapse
|