101
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Takeuchi S, Ueda N, Suzuki K, Shimozawa N, Yasutomi Y, Kimura N. Elevated Membrane Cholesterol Disrupts Lysosomal Degradation to Induce β-Amyloid Accumulation: The Potential Mechanism Underlying Augmentation of β-Amyloid Pathology by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:391-404. [PMID: 30448407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic membrane trafficking system is altered in the brains of early-stage Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, and endocytic disturbance affects the metabolism of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein, a key molecule in AD pathogenesis. It is widely accepted that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the strongest risk factors for development of AD. Supporting this link, experimentally induced T2DM enhances AD pathology in various animal models. Spontaneous T2DM also enhances Aβ pathology with severe endocytic pathology, even in nonhuman primate brains. However, it remains unclear how T2DM accelerates Aβ pathology. Herein, we demonstrate that cholesterol metabolism-related protein levels are increased and that membrane cholesterol level is elevated in spontaneous T2DM-affected cynomolgus monkey brains. Moreover, in vitro studies that manipulate cellular cholesterol reveal that elevated membrane cholesterol disrupts lysosomal degradation and enhances chemical-induced endocytic disturbance, resulting in great accumulation of Aβ in Neuro2a cells. These findings suggest that an alteration of cerebral cholesterol metabolism may be responsible for augmentation of Aβ pathology in T2DM-affected brains, which, in turn, may increase the risk for developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takeuchi
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Naoya Ueda
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Keiko Suzuki
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shimozawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.
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102
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Pluta R, Ułamek-Kozioł M, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ. Exosomes as possible spread factor and potential biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: current concepts. Biomark Med 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points that important factors during development/spread of Alzheimer's disease in brain tissue are small extracellular vesicles, called exosomes. Exosomes comprise disease-related biomolecules such as the amyloid protein precursor, β-amyloid peptide and tau protein. Exosomes are hypothesized to facilitate the spread of β-amyloid peptide and tau protein from their cells of origin (e.g., neurons) to the extracellular space and to recipient cells to alter their phenotype and function. The roles of exosomes carry a rich biomolecules cargo in physiology and pathology is poorly understood. In this review, we will consider new information about the role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease spreading and progression and underline their possible usefulness as the future diagnostic antemortem biomarkers in this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic & Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- Laboratory of Ischemic & Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry & Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic & Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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103
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O'Keefe L, Denton D. Using Drosophila Models of Amyloid Toxicity to Study Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5195416. [PMID: 29888266 PMCID: PMC5985114 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5195416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic pathway that involves the engulfment of cytoplasmic components such as large protein aggregates and organelles that are delivered to the lysosome for degradation. This process is important in maintaining neuronal function and raises the possibility of a role for autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of these diseases and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain which arise due to the misfolding and aggregation of toxic peptides, including amyloid beta (Aβ). There is substantial evidence from both AD patients and animal models that autophagy is dysregulated in this disease. However, it remains to be determined whether this is protective or pathogenic as there is evidence that autophagy can act to promote the degradation as well as function in the generation of toxic Aβ peptides. Understanding the molecular details of the extensive crosstalk that occurs between the autophagic and endolysosomal cellular pathways is essential for identifying the molecular details of amyloid toxicity. Drosophila models that express the toxic proteins that aggregate in AD have been generated and have been shown to recapitulate hallmarks of the disease. Here we focus on what is known about the role of autophagy in amyloid toxicity in AD from mammalian models and how Drosophila models can be used to further investigate AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise O'Keefe
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 11060, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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104
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Periodic Variation of AAK1 in an Aβ1–42-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:179-189. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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105
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Xu W, Fang F, Ding J, Wu C. Dysregulation of Rab5-mediated endocytic pathways in Alzheimer's disease. Traffic 2018; 19:253-262. [PMID: 29314494 PMCID: PMC5869093 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has pointed to that dysregulation of the endo-lysosomal system is an early cellular phenotype of pathogenesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rab5, a small GTPase, plays a critical role in mediating these processes. Abnormal overactivation of Rab5 has been observed in post-mortem brain samples of Alzheimer's patients as well as brain samples of mouse models of AD. Recent genome-wide association studies of AD have identified RIN3 (Ras and Rab interactor 3) as a novel risk factor for the disease. RIN3 that functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5 may serve as an important activator for Rab5 in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we present recent research highlights on the possible roles of dysregulation of Rab5-mediated endocytic pathways in contributing to early pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Institute of Neurology and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Neurology and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Institute of Neurology and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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106
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Small SA, Simoes-Spassov S, Mayeux R, Petsko GA. Endosomal Traffic Jams Represent a Pathogenic Hub and Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 40:592-602. [PMID: 28962801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While clues have existed that endosomal trafficking is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), whether it plays a central role in the disease and if so how has remained unknown. Here we rely on recent genetic and cellular findings to construct a model proposing that traffic jams in the early endosome can act as an upstream pathogenic hub in AD. We also rely on an independent series of findings to suggest how the traffic jams can act as a unified mediator of downstream pathophysiology. The model predicts, therefore, that interventions designed to unjam the endosome carry high therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sabrina Simoes-Spassov
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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107
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Keeling E, Lotery AJ, Tumbarello DA, Ratnayaka JA. Impaired Cargo Clearance in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Underlies Irreversible Blinding Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:E16. [PMID: 29473871 PMCID: PMC5850104 DOI: 10.3390/cells7020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic degeneration of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) is a precursor to pathological changes in the outer retina. The RPE monolayer, which lies beneath the neuroretina, daily internalises and digests large volumes of spent photoreceptor outer segments. Impaired cargo handling and processing in the endocytic/phagosome and autophagy pathways lead to the accumulation of lipofuscin and pyridinium bis-retinoid A2E aggregates and chemically modified compounds such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal within RPE. These contribute to increased proteolytic and oxidative stress, resulting in irreversible damage to post-mitotic RPE cells and development of blinding conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease and choroideremia. Here, we review how impaired cargo handling in the RPE results in their dysfunction, discuss new findings from our laboratory and consider how newly discovered roles for lysosomes and the autophagy pathway could provide insights into retinopathies. Studies of these dynamic, molecular events have also been spurred on by recent advances in optics and imaging technology. Mechanisms underpinning lysosomal impairment in other degenerative conditions including storage disorders, α-synuclein pathologies and Alzheimer's disease are also discussed. Collectively, these findings help transcend conventional understanding of these intracellular compartments as simple waste disposal bags to bring about a paradigm shift in the way lysosomes are perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
- Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - David A Tumbarello
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Life Science Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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108
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Penke B, Bogár F, Crul T, Sántha M, Tóth ME, Vígh L. Heat Shock Proteins and Autophagy Pathways in Neuroprotection: from Molecular Bases to Pharmacological Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E325. [PMID: 29361800 PMCID: PMC5796267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases are all characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates (amyloids) into inclusions and/or plaques. The ubiquitous presence of amyloids in NDDs suggests the involvement of disturbed protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in the underlying pathomechanisms. This review summarizes specific mechanisms that maintain proteostasis, including molecular chaperons, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD), and different autophagic pathways (chaperon mediated-, micro-, and macro-autophagy). The role of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in cellular quality control and degradation of pathogenic proteins is reviewed. Finally, putative therapeutic strategies for efficient removal of cytotoxic proteins from neurons and design of new therapeutic targets against the progression of NDDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm Square 8, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Bogár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm Square 8, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm Square 8, Hungary.
| | - Tim Crul
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Sántha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary.
| | - Melinda E Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary.
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Hungary.
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109
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Early Endosome Morphology in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1074:335-343. [PMID: 29721961 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early endosomes are organelles that receive macromolecules and solutes from the extracellular environment. The major function of early endosomes is to sort these cargos into recycling and degradative compartments of the cell. Degradation of the cargo involves maturation of early endosomes into late endosomes, which, after acquisition of hydrolytic enzymes, form lysosomes. Endosome maturation involves recruitment of specific proteins and lipids to the early endosomal membrane, which drives changes in endosome morphology. Defects in early endosome maturation are generally accompanied by alterations in morphology, such as increase in volume and/or number. Enlarged early endosomes have been observed in Alzheimer's disease and Niemann Pick Disease type C, which also exhibit defects in endocytic sorting. This article discusses the mechanisms that regulate early endosome morphology and highlights the potential importance of endosome maturation in the retinal pigment epithelium.
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110
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Chen XQ, Sawa M, Mobley WC. Dysregulation of neurotrophin signaling in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and of Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:52-61. [PMID: 29031834 PMCID: PMC5748266 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors, including the members of the neurotrophin family, play important roles in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Trophic factor signals must be transmitted over long distances from axons and dendrites to the cell bodies of neurons. A mode of signaling well suited to the challenge of robust long distance signaling is the signaling endosome. We review the biology of signaling endosomes and the "signaling endosome hypothesis". Evidence for disruption of signaling endosome function in disorders of the nervous system is also reviewed. Changes in endosome structure in Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS) are present early in these disorders. Data for the APP products responsible are reviewed and the consequent changes in signaling from endosomes discussed. We conclude by pointing to the need for additional studies to explore the biology of signaling endosomes in normal neurons and to elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiao Chen
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Mariko Sawa
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - William C Mobley
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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111
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Head E, Helman AM, Powell D, Schmitt FA. Down syndrome, beta-amyloid and neuroimaging. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:102-109. [PMID: 28935420 PMCID: PMC5748259 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of Aβ in AD pathogenesis in Down syndrome and current approaches for imaging Aβ in vivo. We will describe how Aβ deposits with age, the posttranslational modifications that can occur, and detection in biofluids. Three unique case studies describing partial trisomy 21 cases without APP triplication, and the occurrences of low level mosaic trisomy 21 in an early onset AD patient are presented. Brain imaging for Aβ includes those by positron emission tomography and ligands (Pittsburgh Compound B, Florbetapir, and FDDNP) that bind Aβ have been published and are summarized here. In combination, we have learned a great deal about Aβ in DS in terms of characterizing age of onset of this pathology and it is exciting to note that there is a clinical trial in DS targeting Aβ that may lead to clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Alex M Helman
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; University of Kentucky, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - David Powell
- University of Kentucky, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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112
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Nuriel T, Peng KY, Ashok A, Dillman AA, Figueroa HY, Apuzzo J, Ambat J, Levy E, Cookson MR, Mathews PM, Duff KE. The Endosomal-Lysosomal Pathway Is Dysregulated by APOE4 Expression in Vivo. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:702. [PMID: 29311783 PMCID: PMC5733017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Possession of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although numerous hypotheses have been proposed, the precise cause of this increased AD risk is not yet known. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of APOE4's role in AD, we performed RNA-sequencing on an AD-vulnerable vs. an AD-resistant brain region from aged APOE targeted replacement mice. This transcriptomics analysis revealed a significant enrichment of genes involved in endosomal–lysosomal processing, suggesting an APOE4-specific endosomal–lysosomal pathway dysregulation in the brains of APOE4 mice. Further analysis revealed clear differences in the morphology of endosomal–lysosomal compartments, including an age-dependent increase in the number and size of early endosomes in APOE4 mice. These findings directly link the APOE4 genotype to endosomal–lysosomal dysregulation in an in vivo, AD pathology-free setting, which may play a causative role in the increased incidence of AD among APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Nuriel
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katherine Y Peng
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Archana Ashok
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Allissa A Dillman
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Helen Y Figueroa
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Justin Apuzzo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Jayanth Ambat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karen E Duff
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Integrative Neuroscience in the Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
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113
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Sun M, Zhang H. Par3 and aPKC regulate BACE1 endosome-to-TGN trafficking through PACS1. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 60:129-140. [PMID: 28946017 PMCID: PMC5653456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting step in beta amyloid generation during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In AD brains, BACE1 is abnormally accumulated in endocytic compartments, where the acidic pH is optimal for its activity. However, mechanisms regulating the endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) retrieval of BACE1 remain unclear. Here, we show that partitioning defective 3 (Par3) facilitates BACE1 retrograde trafficking from endosomes to the TGN. Par3 functions through aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of BACE1 on Ser498, which in turn promotes the interaction between BACE1 and phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 and facilitates the retrograde trafficking of BACE1 to the TGN. In human AD brains, there is a significant decrease in Ser498 phosphorylation of BACE1 suggesting that defective phosphorylation-dependent retrograde transport of BACE1 is important in AD pathogenesis. Together, our studies provide mechanistic insight into a novel role for Par3 and aPKC in regulating the retrograde endosome-to-TGN trafficking of BACE1 and shed light on the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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114
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Kunkle BW, Vardarajan BN, Naj AC, Whitehead PL, Rolati S, Slifer S, Carney RM, Cuccaro ML, Vance JM, Gilbert JR, Wang LS, Farrer LA, Reitz C, Haines JL, Beecham GW, Martin ER, Schellenberg GD, Mayeux RP, Pericak-Vance MA. Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease and Candidate Risk Genes Involved in Endolysosomal Transport. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:1113-1122. [PMID: 28738127 PMCID: PMC5691589 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 lead to early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) but account for only approximately 11% of EOAD overall, leaving most of the genetic risk for the most severe form of Alzheimer disease unexplained. This extreme phenotype likely harbors highly penetrant risk variants, making it primed for discovery of novel risk genes and pathways for AD. Objective To search for rare variants contributing to the risk for EOAD. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 51 non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients with EOAD (age at onset <65 years) and 19 Caribbean Hispanic families previously screened as negative for established APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 causal variants. Participants were recruited from John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Case Western Reserve University, and Columbia University. Rare, deleterious, nonsynonymous, or loss-of-function variants were filtered to identify variants in known and suspected AD genes, variants in multiple unrelated NHW patients, variants present in 19 Hispanic EOAD WES families, and genes with variants in multiple unrelated NHW patients. These variants/genes were tested for association in an independent cohort of 1524 patients with EOAD, 7046 patients with late-onset AD (LOAD), and 7001 cognitively intact controls (age at examination, >65 years) from the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium. The study was conducted from January 21, 2013, to October 13, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Alzheimer disease diagnosed according to standard National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Association between Alzheimer disease and genetic variants and genes was measured using logistic regression and sequence kernel association test-optimal gene tests, respectively. Results Of the 1524 NHW patients with EOAD, 765 (50.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 60.0 (4.9) years; of the 7046 NHW patients with LOAD, 4171 (59.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 77.4 (8.6) years; and of the 7001 NHW controls, 4215 (60.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 77.4 (8.6) years. The gene PSD2, for which multiple unrelated NHW cases had rare missense variants, was significantly associated with EOAD (P = 2.05 × 10-6; Bonferroni-corrected P value [BP] = 1.3 × 10-3) and LOAD (P = 6.22 × 10-6; BP = 4.1 × 10-3). A missense variant in TCIRG1, present in a NHW patient and segregating in 3 cases of a Hispanic family, was more frequent in EOAD cases (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% CI, 0.99-4.55; P = .06; BP = 0.413), and significantly associated with LOAD (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.37-3.62; P = 7.2 × 10-4; BP = 5.0 × 10-3). A missense variant in the LOAD risk gene RIN3 showed suggestive evidence of association with EOAD after Bonferroni correction (OR, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.26-16.48; P = .02, BP = 0.091). In addition, a missense variant in RUFY1 identified in 2 NHW EOAD cases showed suggestive evidence of an association with EOAD as well (OR, 18.63; 95% CI, 1.62-213.45; P = .003; BP = 0.129). Conclusions and Relevance The genes PSD2, TCIRG1, RIN3, and RUFY1 all may be involved in endolysosomal transport-a process known to be important to development of AD. Furthermore, this study identified shared risk genes between EOAD and LOAD similar to previously reported genes, such as SORL1, PSEN2, and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Adam C. Naj
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Patrice L. Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sophie Rolati
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Susan Slifer
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Regina M. Carney
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - John R. Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gary W. Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eden R. Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Richard P. Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Willén K, Edgar JR, Hasegawa T, Tanaka N, Futter CE, Gouras GK. Aβ accumulation causes MVB enlargement and is modelled by dominant negative VPS4A. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:61. [PMID: 28835279 PMCID: PMC5569475 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the onset of AD pathogenesis. Alterations in endosomes are among the earliest changes associated with AD but the mechanism(s) that cause endosome enlargement and the effects of MVB dysfunction on Aβ accumulation and tau pathology are incompletely understood. METHODS MVB size and Aβ fibrils in primary neurons were visualized by electron microscopy and confocal fluorescent microscopy. MVB-dysfunction, modelled by expression of dominant negative VPS4A (dnVPS4A), was analysed by biochemical methods and exosome isolation. RESULTS Here we show that AD transgenic neurons have enlarged MVBs compared to wild type neurons. Uptake of exogenous Aβ also leads to enlarged MVBs in wild type neurons and generates fibril-like structures in endocytic vesicles. With time fibrillar oligomers/fibrils can extend out of the endocytic vesicles and are eventually detectable extracellularly. Further, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) components were found associated with amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mice. The phenotypes previously reported in AD transgenic neurons, with net increased intracellular levels and reduced secretion of Aβ, were mimicked by blocking recycling of ESCRT-III by dnVPS4A. DnVPS4A further resembled AD pathology by increasing tau phosphorylation at serine 396 and increasing markers of autophagy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that Aβ leads to MVB enlargement and that amyloid fibres can form within the endocytic pathway of neurons. These results are consistent with the scenario of the endosome-lysosome system representing the site of initiation of Aβ aggregation. In turn, a dominant negative form of the CHMP2B-interacting protein VPS4A, which alters MVBs, leads to accumulation and aggregation of Aβ as well as tau phosphorylation, mimicking the cellular changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Willén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 981-1293, Japan
| | | | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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116
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Bhounsule AS, Bhatt LK, Prabhavalkar KS, Oza M. Cyclin dependent kinase 5: A novel avenue for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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117
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How and why do toxic conformers of aberrant proteins accumulate during ageing? Essays Biochem 2017; 61:317-324. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ageing can be defined as a gradual decline in cellular and physical functions accompanied by an increased sensitivity to the environment and risk of death. The increased risk of mortality is causally connected to a gradual, intracellular accumulation of so-called ageing factors, of which damaged and aggregated proteins are believed to be one. Such aggregated proteins also contribute to several age-related neurodegenerative disorders e.g. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, highlighting the importance of protein quality control (PQC) in ageing and its associated diseases. PQC consists of two interrelated systems: the temporal control system aimed at refolding, repairing, and/or removing aberrant proteins and their aggregates and the spatial control system aimed at harnessing the potential toxicity of aberrant proteins by sequestering them at specific cellular locations. The accumulation of toxic conformers of aberrant proteins during ageing is often declared to be a consequence of an incapacitated temporal PQC system—i.e. a gradual decline in the activity of chaperones and proteases. Here, we review the current knowledge on PQC in relation to ageing and highlight that the breakdown of both temporal and spatial PQC may contribute to ageing and thus comprise potential targets for therapeutic interventions of the ageing process.
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118
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Dysregulation of intracellular trafficking and endosomal sorting in Alzheimer's disease: controversies and unanswered questions. Biochem J 2017; 473:1977-93. [PMID: 27407168 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain consisting of an aggregated form of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) derived from sequential amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by membrane-bound proteases β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. The initial processing of APP by BACE1 is re-gulated by intracellular sorting events of the enzyme, which is a prime target for therapeutic intervention. GWAS (genome-wide sequencing studies) have identified several AD-susceptibility genes that are associated with the regulation of membrane trafficking, and substantial evidence now indicates that AD is likely to arise from defective membrane trafficking in either or both of the secretory and endocytic pathways. Considerable progress has been made in defining the intracellular trafficking pathways of BACE1 and APP and the sorting signals of these membrane proteins that define their itineraries. In this review we highlight recent advances in understanding the regulation of the intracellular sorting of BACE1 and APP, discuss how dysregulation of these trafficking events may lead to enhanced generation of the neurotoxic Aβ products in AD and highlight the unresolved questions in the field.
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119
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Yuyama K, Igarashi Y. Exosomes as Carriers of Alzheimer's Amyloid-ß. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:229. [PMID: 28487629 PMCID: PMC5403946 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracerebral level of the aggregation-prone peptide, amyloid-ß (Aß), is constantly maintained by multiple clearance mechanisms, including several degradation enzymes, and brain efflux. Disruption of the clearance machinery and the resultant Aß accumulation gives rise to neurotoxic assemblies, leading to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the classic mechanisms of Aß clearance, the protein may be processed by secreted vesicles, although this possibility has not been extensively investigated. We showed that neuronal exosomes, a subtype of extracellular nanovesicles, enwrap, or trap Aß and transport it into microglia for degradation. Here, we review Aß sequestration and elimination by exosomes, and discuss how this clearance machinery might contribute to AD pathogenesis and how it might be exploited for effective AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yuyama
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan
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120
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Takahashi RH, Nagao T, Gouras GK. Plaque formation and the intraneuronal accumulation of β-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. Pathol Int 2017; 67:185-193. [PMID: 28261941 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid plaques are composed of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), while NFTs contain hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Patients with familial AD who have mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene have either increased production of Aβ or generate more aggregation-prone forms of Aβ. The findings of familial AD mutations in the APP gene suggest that Aβ plays a central role in the pathophysiology of AD. Aβ42, composed of 42 amino acid residues, aggregates readily and is considered to form amyloid plaque. However, the processes of plaque formation are still not well known. It is generally thought that Aβ is secreted into the extracellular space and aggregates to form amyloid plaques. Aβ as extracellular aggregates and amyloid plaques are thought to be toxic to the surrounding neurons. The intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ has more recently been demonstrated and is reported to be involved in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and the formation of amyloid plaques in AD. We herein provide an overview of the process of the intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ and plaque formation, and discuss its implications for the pathology, early diagnosis, and therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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121
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Whyte LS, Lau AA, Hemsley KM, Hopwood JJ, Sargeant TJ. Endo-lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction: a driving factor in Alzheimer's disease? J Neurochem 2017; 140:703-717. [PMID: 28027395 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and its prevalence will increase significantly in the coming decades. Although important progress has been made, fundamental pathogenic mechanisms as well as most hereditary contributions to the sporadic form of the disease remain unknown. In this review, we examine the now substantial links between AD pathogenesis and lysosomal biology. The lysosome hydrolyses and processes cargo delivered by multiple pathways, including endocytosis and autophagy. The endo-lysosomal and autophagic networks are central to clearance of cellular macromolecules, which is important given there is a deficit in clearance of amyloid-β in AD. Numerous studies show prominent lysosomal dysfunction in AD, including perturbed trafficking of lysosomal enzymes and accumulation of the same substrates that accumulate in lysosomal storage disorders. Examination of the brain in lysosomal storage disorders shows the accumulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolites, which further links lysosomal dysfunction with AD. This and other evidence leads us to hypothesise that genetic variation in lysosomal genes modifies the disease course of sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Whyte
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adeline A Lau
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kim M Hemsley
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John J Hopwood
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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122
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Mufson EJ, Ikonomovic MD, Counts SE, Perez SE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Scheff SW, Ginsberg SD. Molecular and cellular pathophysiology of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:54-69. [PMID: 27185734 PMCID: PMC4931948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau, have been studied extensively in postmortem AD and relevant animal and cellular models, the pathogenesis of AD remains unknown, particularly in the early stages of the disease where therapies presumably would be most effective. We and others have demonstrated that Aβ plaques and NFTs are present in varying degrees before the onset and throughout the progression of dementia. In this regard, aged people with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, a presumed prodromal AD transitional state, and AD all present at autopsy with varying levels of pathological hallmarks. Cognitive decline, a requisite for the clinical diagnosis of dementia associated with AD, generally correlates better with NFTs than Aβ plaques. However, correlations are even higher between cognitive decline and synaptic loss. In this review, we illustrate relevant clinical pathological research in preclinical AD and throughout the progression of dementia in several areas including Aβ and tau pathobiology, single population expression profiling of vulnerable hippocampal and basal forebrain neurons, neuroplasticity, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker studies and their correlation with antemortem cognitive endpoints. In each of these areas, we provide evidence for the importance of studying the pathological hallmarks of AD not in isolation, but rather in conjunction with other molecular, cellular, and imaging markers to provide a more systematic and comprehensive assessment of the multiple changes that occur during the transition from NCI to MCI to frank AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Mufson
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Hauenstien Neuroscience Institute, Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | | | - Stephen W Scheff
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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Chang YJ, Linh NH, Shih YH, Yu HM, Li MS, Chen YR. Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Sequesters Caspase-3 in Vitro via Its C-Terminal Tail. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1097-106. [PMID: 27227450 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ), the main constituent in senile plaques found in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), is considered as a causative factor in AD pathogenesis. The clinical examination of the brains of patients with AD has demonstrated that caspase-3 colocalizes with senile plaques. Cellular studies have shown that Aβ can induce neuronal apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. Here, we performed biochemical and in silico studies to investigate possible direct effect of Aβ on caspase-3 to understand the molecular mechanism of the interaction between Aβ and caspase-3. We found that Aβ conformers can specifically and directly sequester caspase-3 activity in which freshly prepared Aβ42 is the most potent. The inhibition is noncompetitive, and the C-terminal region of Aβ plays an important role in sequestration. The binding of Aβ to caspase-3 was examined by cross-linking and proteolysis and by docking and all-atom molecular dynamic simulations. Experimental and in silico results revealed that Aβ42 exhibits a higher binding affinity than Aβ40 and the hydrophobic C-terminal region plays a key role in the caspase-Aβ interaction. Overall, our study describes a novel mechanism demonstrating that Aβ sequesters caspase-3 activity via direct interaction and facilitates future therapeutic development in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chang
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang
Dist., Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Nguyen Hoang Linh
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building,
Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yao Hsiang Shih
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang
Dist., Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ming Yu
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang
Dist., Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang
Dist., Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Intraneuronal aggregation of the β-CTF fragment of APP (C99) induces Aβ-independent lysosomal-autophagic pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:257-276. [PMID: 27138984 PMCID: PMC4947121 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal (EAL) dysfunction is an early and prominent neuropathological feature of Alzheimers’s disease, yet the exact molecular mechanisms contributing to this pathology remain undefined. By combined biochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural approaches, we demonstrate a link between EAL pathology and the intraneuronal accumulation of the β-secretase-derived βAPP fragment (C99) in two in vivo models, 3xTgAD mice and adeno-associated viral-mediated C99-infected mice. We present a pathological loop in which the accumulation of C99 is both the effect and causality of impaired lysosomal-autophagic function. The deleterious effect of C99 was found to be linked to its aggregation within EAL-vesicle membranes leading to disrupted lysosomal proteolysis and autophagic impairment. This effect was Aβ independent and was even exacerbated when γ-secretase was pharmacologically inhibited. No effect was observed in inhibitor-treated wild-type animals suggesting that lysosomal dysfunction was indeed directly linked to C99 accumulation. In some brain areas, strong C99 expression also led to inflammatory responses and synaptic dysfunction. Taken together, this work demonstrates a toxic effect of C99 which could underlie some of the early-stage anatomical hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Our work also proposes molecular mechanisms likely explaining some of the unfavorable side-effects associated with γ-secretase inhibitor-directed therapies.
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Dynein Dysfunction Reproduces Age-Dependent Retromer Deficiency: Concomitant Disruption of Retrograde Trafficking Is Required for Alteration in β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Metabolism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1952-1966. [PMID: 27179390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that β-amyloid (Aβ) protein plays a pivotal role in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis, and accumulating evidence suggests that endocytic dysfunction is involved in Aβ pathology. Retromer, a conserved multisubunit complex, mediates the retrograde transport of numerous kinds of cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. Several studies have found that retromer deficiency enhances Aβ pathology both in vitro and in vivo. Cytoplasmic dynein, a microtubule-based motor protein, mediates minus-end-directed vesicle transport via interactions with dynactin, another microtubule-associated protein that also interacts with retromer. Aging attenuates the dynein-dynactin interaction, and dynein dysfunction reproduces age-dependent endocytic disturbance, resulting in the intracellular accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its β-cleavage products, including Aβ. Here, we report that aging itself affects retromer trafficking in cynomolgus monkey brains. In addition, dynein dysfunction reproduces this type of age-dependent retromer deficiency (ie, the endosomal accumulation of retromer-related proteins and APP. Moreover, we found that knockdown of Rab7, Rab9, or Rab11 did not alter endogenous APP metabolism, such as that observed in aged monkey brains and in dynein-depleted cells. These findings suggest that dynein dysfunction can cause retromer deficiency and that concomitant disruption of retrograde trafficking may be the key factor underlying age-dependent Aβ pathology.
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Diabetes Mellitus Induces Alzheimer's Disease Pathology: Histopathological Evidence from Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:503. [PMID: 27058526 PMCID: PMC4848959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major causative disease of dementia and is characterized pathologically by the accumulation of senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Although genetic studies show that β-amyloid protein (Aβ), the major component of SPs, is the key factor underlying AD pathogenesis, it remains unclear why advanced age often leads to AD. Interestingly, several epidemiological and clinical studies show that type II diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are more likely to exhibit increased susceptibility to AD. Moreover, growing evidence suggests that there are several connections between the neuropathology that underlies AD and DM, and there is evidence that the experimental induction of DM can cause cognitive dysfunction, even in rodent animal models. This mini-review summarizes histopathological evidence that DM induces AD pathology in animal models and discusses the possibility that aberrant insulin signaling is a key factor in the induction of AD pathology.
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Ueda N, Tomita T, Yanagisawa K, Kimura N. Retromer and Rab2-dependent trafficking mediate PS1 degradation by proteasomes in endocytic disturbance. J Neurochem 2016; 137:647-58. [PMID: 26896628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that endocytic pathway deficits are involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Several reports show that endocytic disturbance affects β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) cleavage from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Presenilin-1 (PS1) is the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex required for Aβ generation. Previously, we showed that aging induces endocytic disturbance, resulting in the accumulation of Aβ and APP in enlarged endosomes. It remains unclear, however, whether PS1 localization and function are affected with endocytic disturbance. Here, we report that in endocytic disturbance, PS1 is transported from endosomes to ER/Golgi compartments via retromer trafficking, and that PS1 interacts with vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, PS1 is degraded by proteasomes via a Rab2-dependent trafficking pathway, only during endocytic disturbance. These findings suggest that PS1 levels and localization in endosomes are regulated by retromer trafficking and ER-associated degradation system, even if endocytic disturbance significantly induces the endosomal accumulation of APP and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1. Results of this study also suggest that retromer deficiency can affect PS1 localization in endosomes, where Aβ cleavage mainly occurs, possibly leading to enhanced Aβ pathology. We proposed the following mechanism for intracellular transport of presenilin-1 (PS1). When endosome/lysosome trafficking is disturbed, PS1 is transported from endosome to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi compartments via retromer and Rab2-mediated trafficking, and then degraded by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Perturbations in this trafficking can cause abnormal endosomal accumulation of PS1, and then may lead to exacerbated Aβ pathology. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ueda
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanagisawa
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
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Sjödin S, Öhrfelt A, Brinkmalm G, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Brinkmalm A. Targeting LAMP2 in human cerebrospinal fluid with a combination of immunopurification and high resolution parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26924951 PMCID: PMC4768413 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. An increasing body of evidence suggests that endo-lysosomal dysfunction is a pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease. Thus there is a potential for proteins involved in the normal function of endo-lysosomal vesicles to act as biomarkers of disease. Herein we focused on the lysosomal protein LAMP2 that is involved in chaperone mediated autophagy. Results Using a combination of immunoprecipitation, digestion and nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry we targeted and identified six tryptic LAMP2 peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid. Employing the identified proteotypic tryptic peptides a hybrid immunoprecipitation high resolution parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometric method was developed for the relative quantitation of LAMP2. The method was evaluated in a number of experiments which defined the overall methodological as well as the analytical micro-liquid chromatography mass spectrometric intra- and inter-day variability. We identified an overall methodological peptide dependent intra-day variability of 8–16 %. The inter-day experiments showed similar results. The analytical contribution to the variation was minor with a coefficient of variation of 0.5–2.1 %, depending on the peptide. Using the developed method, with defined and limited variability, we report increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of three LAMP2 peptides in Alzheimer’s disease subjects (n = 14), as compared to non-Alzheimer’s disease controls (n = 14). Conclusion Altered LAMP2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid may indicate endo-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. However, further studies in larger cohorts comprised of well-defined patient materials are required. We here present a tool which can be used for exploring the relevance of the level of LAMP2 as a potential measure of lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease or other neurodegenerative diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-016-9104-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sjödin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital at Mölndal, University of Gothenburg, House V3, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Annika Öhrfelt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital at Mölndal, University of Gothenburg, House V3, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital at Mölndal, University of Gothenburg, House V3, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital at Mölndal, University of Gothenburg, House V3, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden ; UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital at Mölndal, University of Gothenburg, House V3, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institution of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital at Mölndal, University of Gothenburg, House V3, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
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129
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Das AK, Pandit R, Maiti S. Effect of amyloids on the vesicular machinery: implications for somatic neurotransmission. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0187. [PMID: 26009766 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain neurodegenerative diseases are thought to be initiated by the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. However, the mechanism underlying toxicity remains obscure. Most of the suggested mechanisms are generic in nature and do not directly explain the neuron-type specific lesions observed in many of these diseases. Some recent reports suggest that the toxic aggregates impair the synaptic vesicular machinery. This may lead to an understanding of the neuron-type specificity observed in these diseases. A disruption of the vesicular machinery can also be deleterious for extra-synaptic, especially somatic, neurotransmission (common in serotonergic and dopaminergic systems which are specifically affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively), though this relationship has remained unexplored. In this review, we discuss amyloid-induced damage to the neurotransmitter vesicular machinery, with an eye on the possible implications for somatic exocytosis. We argue that the larger size of the system, and the availability of multi-photon microscopy techniques for directly visualizing monoamines, make the somatic exocytosis machinery a more tractable model for understanding the effect of amyloids on all types of vesicular neurotransmission. Indeed, exploring this neglected connection may not just be important, it may be a more fruitful route for understanding AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kant Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Rucha Pandit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
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130
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Vella LJ, Hill AF, Cheng L. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Their Role in Protein Trafficking and Biomarker Potential in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:173. [PMID: 26861304 PMCID: PMC4783907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that small extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, are prominent mediators of neurodegenerative diseases such as prion, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Exosomes contain neurodegenerative disease associated proteins such as the prion protein, β-amyloid and α-synuclein. Only demonstrated so far in vivo with prion disease, exosomes are hypothesised to also facilitate the spread of β-amyloid and α-synuclein from their cells of origin to the extracellular environment. In the current review, we will discuss the role of exosomes in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease including their possible contribution to disease propagation and pathology and highlight their utility as a diagnostic in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Vella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Piedrahita D, Castro-Alvarez JF, Boudreau RL, Villegas-Lanau A, Kosik KS, Gallego-Gomez JC, Cardona-Gómez GP. β-Secretase 1's Targeting Reduces Hyperphosphorilated Tau, Implying Autophagy Actors in 3xTg-AD Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:498. [PMID: 26778963 PMCID: PMC4705306 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) initiates APP cleavage, which has been reported to be an inducer of tau pathology by altering proteasome functions in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the exact relationship between BACE1 and PHF (Paired Helical Filaments) formation is not clear. In this study, we confirm that BACE1 and Hsc70 are upregulated in the brains of AD patients, and we demonstrate that both proteins show enhanced expression in lipid rafts from AD-affected triple transgenic mouse brains. BACE1 targeting increased Hsc70 levels in the membrane and cytoplasm fractions and downregulated Hsp90 and CHIP in the nucleus in the hippocampi of 3xTg-AD mice. However, these observations occurred in a proteasome-independent manner in vitro. The BACE1miR-induced reduction of soluble hyperphosphorylated tau was associated with a decrease in MAPK activity. However, the BACE1 RNAi-mediated reduction of hyperphosphorylated tau was only blocked by 3-MA (3-methyladenine) in vitro, and it resulted in the increase of Hsc70 and LAMP2 in lipid rafts from hippocampi of 3xTg-AD mice, and upregulation of survival and homeostasis signaling. In summary, our findings suggest that BACE1 silencing neuroprotects reducing soluble hyperphosphorylated tau, modulating certain autophagy-related proteins in aged 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Piedrahita
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Viral Vector Core and Gene Therapy, University of Antioquia Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - John Fredy Castro-Alvarez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Viral Vector Core and Gene Therapy, University of Antioquia Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Andres Villegas-Lanau
- Neurobank, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia Medellín, Colombia
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Department of Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Gallego-Gomez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Viral Vector Core and Gene Therapy, University of Antioquia Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Viral Vector Core and Gene Therapy, University of Antioquia Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
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132
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Head E, Lott IT, Wilcock DM, Lemere CA. Aging in Down Syndrome and the Development of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13:18-29. [PMID: 26651341 PMCID: PMC4948181 DOI: 10.2174/1567205012666151020114607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome 21, triplicated in Down Syndrome, contains several genes that are thought to play a critical role in the development of AD neuropathology. The overexpression of the gene for the amyloid precursor protein (APP), on chromosome 21, leads to early onset beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in DS. In addition to Aβ accumulation, middle-aged people with DS develop neurofibrillary tangles, cerebrovascular pathology, white matter pathology, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation and neuron loss. There is also evidence of potential compensatory responses in DS that benefit the brain and delay the onset of dementia after there is sufficient neuropathology for a diagnosis of AD. This review describes some of the existing literature and also highlights gaps in our knowledge regarding AD neuropathology in DS. It will be critical in the future to develop networked brain banks with standardized collection procedures to fully characterize the regional and temporal pathological events associated with aging in DS. As more information is acquired regarding AD evolution in DS, there will be opportunities to develop interventions that are age-appropriate to delay AD in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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133
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Tampellini D. Synaptic activity and Alzheimer's disease: a critical update. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:423. [PMID: 26582973 PMCID: PMC4631827 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses have been known for many years to be the crucial target of pathology in different forms of dementia, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD). Synapses and their appropriate activation or inhibition are fundamental for the proper brain function. Alterations in synaptic/neuronal activity and brain metabolism are considered among the earliest symptoms linked to the progression of AD, and lead to a central question in AD research: what is the role played by synaptic activity in AD pathogenesis? Intriguingly, in the last decade, important studies demonstrated that the state of activation of synapses affects the homeostasis of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, both of which aggregate and accumulate during AD, and are involved in neuronal dysfunction. In this review we aim to summarize the up-to-date data linking synaptic/neuronal activity with Aβ and tau; moreover, we also intend to provide a critical overview on brain activity alterations in AD, and their role in the disease's pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tampellini
- U 1195 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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134
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Chun YS, Kwon OH, Oh HG, Kim TW, McIntire L, Park MK, Chung S. Threonine 576 residue of amyloid-β precursor protein regulates its trafficking and processing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:955-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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135
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Induced pluripotent stem cells as a discovery tool for Alzheimer׳s disease. Brain Res 2015; 1656:98-106. [PMID: 26459988 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately and systematically evaluate the cellular mechanisms underlying human neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) should lead to advancements in therapeutics. Recent developments in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have afforded the opportunity to use human neurons and glia to study cellular changes involved in neurological diseases. iPSCs have the potential to be differentiated into AD-relevant cell types, including forebrain neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. This permits the evaluation of individual cell types in isolation or in concert, thus modeling the interdependence of cell types within the brain. When discussing the potential of modeling AD with iPSCs, it is important to remember that the umbrella diagnosis of "Alzheimer׳s disease" represents a disease that is heterogeneous in terms of age of onset, underlying causes, and at times precise pathology. The ability of iPSCs to be derived from an array of AD patients allows for a closer examination of the mechanism of disease progression in particular subsets of subjects, who may have different mutations and allelic variants affecting their risk for disease. Disease mechanisms can be probed both by the genetic manipulation of iPSCs and by modifications to the cellular environment by chemical treatment. These studies may lead not only to the refinement of known pathways implicated in AD, but also to the identification of novel pathways heretofore unaffiliated with disease pathology. In this review, we describe the potential of iPSC models to transform our understanding of AD and to lead to valuable advancements in therapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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136
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Hu YB, Dammer EB, Ren RJ, Wang G. The endosomal-lysosomal system: from acidification and cargo sorting to neurodegeneration. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:18. [PMID: 26448863 PMCID: PMC4596472 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosomal-lysosomal system is made up of a set of intracellular membranous compartments that dynamically interconvert, which is comprised of early endosomes, recycling endosomes, late endosomes, and the lysosome. In addition, autophagosomes execute autophagy, which delivers intracellular contents to the lysosome. Maturation of endosomes and/or autophagosomes into a lysosome creates an unique acidic environment within the cell for proteolysis and recycling of unneeded cellular components into usable amino acids and other biomolecular building blocks. In the endocytic pathway, gradual maturation of endosomes into a lysosome and acidification of the late endosome are accompanied by vesicle trafficking, protein sorting and targeted degradation of some sorted cargo. Two opposing sorting systems are operating in these processes: the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) supports targeted degradation and the retromer supports retrograde retrieval of certain cargo. The endosomal-lysosomal system is emerging as a central player in a host of neurodegenerative diseases, demonstrating potential roles which are likely to be revealed in pathogenesis and for viable therapeutic strategies. Here we focus on the physiological process of endosomal-lysosomal maturation, acidification and sorting systems along the endocytic pathway, and further discuss relationships between abnormalities in the endosomal-lysosomal system and neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology & Neuroscience Institute, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Ru-Jing Ren
- Department of Neurology & Neuroscience Institute, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology & Neuroscience Institute, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
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137
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Trafficking and degradation pathways in pathogenic conversion of prions and prion-like proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Virus Res 2015; 207:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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138
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Wiseman FK, Al-Janabi T, Hardy J, Karmiloff-Smith A, Nizetic D, Tybulewicz VLJ, Fisher EMC, Strydom A. A genetic cause of Alzheimer disease: mechanistic insights from Down syndrome. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:564-74. [PMID: 26243569 PMCID: PMC4678594 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome, which arises in individuals carrying an extra copy of chromosome 21, is associated with a greatly increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer disease. It is thought that this risk is conferred by the presence of three copies of the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP)--an Alzheimer disease risk factor--although the possession of extra copies of other chromosome 21 genes may also play a part. Further study of the mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome could provide insights into the mechanisms that cause dementia in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Wiseman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tamara Al-Janabi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Annette Karmiloff-Smith
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Dean Nizetic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232; and the Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - André Strydom
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK
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139
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Song WJ, Son MY, Lee HW, Seo H, Kim JH, Chung SH. Enhancement of BACE1 Activity by p25/Cdk5-Mediated Phosphorylation in Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136950. [PMID: 26317805 PMCID: PMC4552876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is elevated during aging and in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms of this change are not well understood. p25/Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Here, we describe a potential mechanism by which BACE activity is increased in AD brains. First, we show that BACE1 is phosphorylated by the p25/Cdk5 complex at Thr252 and that this phosphorylation increases BACE1 activity. Then, we demonstrate that the level of phospho-BACE1 is increased in the brains of AD patients and in mammalian cells and transgenic mice that overexpress p25. Furthermore, the fraction of p25 prepared from iodixanol gradient centrifugation was unexpectedly protected by protease digestion, suggesting that p25/Cdk5-mediated BACE1 phosphorylation may occur in the lumen. These results reveal a link between p25 and BACE1 in AD brains and suggest that upregulated Cdk5 activation by p25 accelerates AD pathogenesis by enhancing BACE1 activity via phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Joo Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye-Won Lee
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Sciences and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (JHK); (SHC)
| | - Sul-Hee Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- * E-mail: (JHK); (SHC)
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140
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Martin SB, Dowling ALS, Lianekhammy J, Lott IT, Doran E, Murphy MP, Beckett TL, Schmitt FA, Head E. Synaptophysin and synaptojanin-1 in Down syndrome are differentially affected by Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 42:767-75. [PMID: 24927707 DOI: 10.3233/jad-140795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adults with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology by 40 years of age. Synaptophysin (SYN) consistently declines with age and is further reduced with sporadic AD. Thus, we hypothesized that SYN would be reduced in DS with AD. The gene for synaptojanin-1 (SYNJ1), involved in synaptic vesicle recycling, is on chromosome 21. We measured SYN and SYNJ1 in an autopsy series of 39 cases with DS and 28 without DS, along with 7 sporadic AD cases. SYN was significantly lower in DSAD compared with DS alone and similar to sporadic AD. Reduced SYN is associated with AD neuropathology and with Aβ levels in DS, as is seen in sporadic AD. SYNJ1 was significantly higher in DS and correlated with several measures of Aβ. SYNJ1 was higher in DSAD and significantly higher than SYNJ1 in sporadic AD. Although significantly higher in DS, SYNJ1 is further increased with AD neuropathology suggesting interesting differences in a synapse-associated protein that is overexpressed in trisomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Martin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amy L S Dowling
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joann Lianekhammy
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Orange, CA, USA
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine (UCI), Orange, CA, USA
| | - M Paul Murphy
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA UK Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tina L Beckett
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederick A Schmitt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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141
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Buggia-Prévot V, Thinakaran G. Significance of transcytosis in Alzheimer's disease: BACE1 takes the scenic route to axons. Bioessays 2015; 37:888-98. [PMID: 26126792 PMCID: PMC4512854 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neurons have developed elaborate mechanisms for sorting of proteins to their destination in dendrites and axons as well as dynamic local trafficking. Recent evidence suggests that polarized axonal sorting of β-site converting enzyme 1 (BACE1), a type I transmembrane aspartyl protease involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, entails an unusual journey. In hippocampal neurons, BACE1 internalized from dendrites is conveyed in recycling endosomes via unidirectional retrograde transport towards the soma and sorted to axons where BACE1 becomes enriched. In comparison to other transmembrane proteins that undergo transcytosis or elimination in somatodendritic compartment, vectorial transport of internalized BACE1 in dendrites is unique and intriguing. Dysfunction of protein transport contributes to pathogenesis of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, characterization of BACE1 transcytosis is an important addition to the multiple lines of evidence that highlight the crucial role played by endosomal trafficking pathway as well as axonal sorting mechanisms in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Buggia-Prévot
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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142
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Hussein RM, Hashem RM, Rashed LA. Evaluation of the amyloid beta-GFP fusion protein as a model of amyloid beta peptides-mediated aggregation: a study of DNAJB6 chaperone. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:40. [PMID: 26283911 PMCID: PMC4515555 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and intracellular aggregation of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein. Recent evidence indicates that accumulation and aggregation of intracellular amyloid β peptides may also play a role in disease pathogenesis. This would suggest that intracellular Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) that maintain cellular protein homeostasis might be candidates for disease amelioration. We recently found that DNAJB6, a member of DNAJ family of heat shock proteins, effectively prevented the aggregation of short aggregation-prone peptides containing large poly glutamines (associated with CAG repeat diseases) both in vitro and in cells. Moreover, recent in vitro data showed that DNAJB6 can delay the aggregation of Aβ42 peptides. In this study, we investigated the ability of DNAJB6 to prevent the aggregation of extracellular and intracellular Aβ peptides using transfection of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells with Aβ-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct and performing western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques. We found that DNAJB6 indeed suppresses Aβ-GFP aggregation, but not seeded aggregation initiated by extracellular Aβ peptides. Unexpectedly and unlike what we found for peptide-mediated aggregation, DNAJB6 required interaction with HSP70 to prevent the aggregation of the Aβ-GFP fusion protein and its J-domain was crucial for its anti-aggregation effect. In addition, other DNAJ proteins as well as HSPA1a overexpression also suppressed Aβ-GFP aggregation efficiently. Our findings suggest that Aβ aggregation differs from poly glutamine (Poly Q) peptide induced aggregation in terms of chaperone handling and sheds doubt on the usage of Aβ-GFP fusion construct for studying Aβ peptide aggregation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Reem M Hashem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
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143
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Corlier F, Rivals I, Lagarde J, Hamelin L, Corne H, Dauphinot L, Ando K, Cossec JC, Fontaine G, Dorothée G, Malaplate-Armand C, Olivier JL, Dubois B, Bottlaender M, Duyckaerts C, Sarazin M, Potier MC. Modifications of the endosomal compartment in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and fibroblasts from Alzheimer's disease patients. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e595. [PMID: 26151923 PMCID: PMC5068716 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a challenge. Neuropathological studies have identified enlarged endosomes in post-mortem brains as the earliest cellular change associated to AD. Here the presence of enlarged endosomes was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 48 biologically defined AD patients (25 with mild cognitive impairment and 23 with dementia (AD-D)), and 23 age-matched healthy controls using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. The volume and number of endosomes were not significantly different between AD and controls. However, the percentage of cells containing enlarged endosomes was significantly higher in the AD-D group as compared with controls. Furthermore, endosomal volumes significantly correlated to [C(11)]PiB cortical index measured by positron emission tomography in the AD group, independently of the APOE genotype, but not to the levels of amyloid-beta, tau and phosphorylated tau measured in the cerebrospinal fluid. Importantly, we confirmed the presence of enlarged endosomes in fibroblasts from six unrelated AD-D patients as compared with five cognitively normal controls. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to report morphological alterations of the endosomal compartment in peripheral cells from AD patients correlated to amyloid load that will now be evaluated as a possible biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Corlier
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France,INSERM U 1127, Paris, France,ICM Research Centre, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - I Rivals
- Équipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, INSERM UMRS 1158, Paris, France
| | - J Lagarde
- Neurologie de la Mémoire et du Langage, Service de Neurologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR S894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | - L Hamelin
- Neurologie de la Mémoire et du Langage, Service de Neurologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR S894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | - H Corne
- Neurologie de la Mémoire et du Langage, Service de Neurologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR S894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | - L Dauphinot
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France,INSERM U 1127, Paris, France,ICM Research Centre, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - K Ando
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France,INSERM U 1127, Paris, France,ICM Research Centre, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - J-C Cossec
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France,INSERM U 1127, Paris, France,ICM Research Centre, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - G Fontaine
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France,INSERM U 1127, Paris, France,ICM Research Centre, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - G Dorothée
- INSERM UMRS 938, Laboratoire Système Immunitaire et Maladies Conformationnelles, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 6, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - C Malaplate-Armand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UF Oncologie—Endocrinologie—Neurobiologie, Hôpital Central, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy, France,UR AFPA—USC 340, Equipe BFLA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - J-L Olivier
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, UF Oncologie—Endocrinologie—Neurobiologie, Hôpital Central, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nancy, France,UR AFPA—USC 340, Equipe BFLA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - B Dubois
- Institut de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer, IMMA, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M Bottlaender
- CEA (MB), DSV, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - C Duyckaerts
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France,INSERM U 1127, Paris, France,ICM Research Centre, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France,Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Escourolle, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M Sarazin
- Neurologie de la Mémoire et du Langage, Service de Neurologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR S894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | - M-C Potier
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 1127, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France,INSERM U 1127, Paris, France,ICM Research Centre, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France,ICM Research Centre, Group of Alzheimer's and Prion's diseases, CNRS UMR7225, INSERM URM975, UPMC, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France. E-mail:
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Norvin D, Kim G, Baker-Nigh A, Geula C. Accumulation and age-related elevation of amyloid-β within basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 2015; 298:102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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145
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van der Kant R, Goldstein LSB. Cellular functions of the amyloid precursor protein from development to dementia. Dev Cell 2015; 32:502-15. [PMID: 25710536 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Aβ fragments of APP are the major constituent of AD-associated amyloid plaques, and mutations or duplications of the gene coding for APP can cause familial AD. Here we review the roles of APP in neuronal development, signaling, intracellular transport, and other aspects of neuronal homeostasis. We suggest that APP acts as a signaling nexus that transduces information about a range of extracellular conditions, including neuronal damage, to induction of intracellular signaling events. Subtle disruptions of APP signaling functions may be major contributors to AD-causing neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik van der Kant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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146
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Tang Z, Ioja E, Bereczki E, Hultenby K, Li C, Guan Z, Winblad B, Pei JJ. mTor mediates tau localization and secretion: Implication for Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1646-57. [PMID: 25791428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates form paired helical filaments (PHFs) in neurofibrillary tangles, a key hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of soluble total tau and phospho-tau from clinically diagnosed AD patients are significantly higher compared with controls. Data from both in vitro and in vivo AD models have implied that an aberrant increase of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) signaling may be a causative factor for the formation of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau. In the present study, we showed that in post-mortem human AD brain, tau was localized within different organelles (autophagic vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, and mitochondria). In human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells stably carrying different genetic variants of mTor, we found a common link between the synthesis and distribution of intracellular tau. mTor overexpression or the lack of its expression was responsible for the altered balance of phosphorylated (p-)/-non phosphorylated (Np-) tau in the cytoplasm and different cellular compartments, which might facilitate tau deposition. Up-regulated mTor activity resulted in a significant increase in the amount of cytosolic tau as well as its re-localization to exocytotic vesicles that were not associated with exosomes. These results have implicated that mTor is involved in regulating tau distribution in subcellular organelles and in the initiation of tau secretion from cells to extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tang
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS Department, Centrum for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, SE 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Eniko Ioja
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS Department, Centrum for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, SE 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Bereczki
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS Department, Centrum for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, SE 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chunxia Li
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS Department, Centrum for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, SE 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhizhong Guan
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS Department, Centrum for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, SE 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; Molecular Biology, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS Department, Centrum for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, SE 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin-Jing Pei
- Karolinska Institutet, NVS Department, Centrum for Alzheimer Research, Division for Neurogeriatrics, Novum, SE 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.
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147
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Early etiology of Alzheimer's disease: tipping the balance toward autophagy or endosomal dysfunction? Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:363-81. [PMID: 25556159 PMCID: PMC4331606 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. This brain neuropathology is characterized by a progressive synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss, which lead to decline in memory and other cognitive functions. Histopathologically, AD manifests via synaptic abnormalities, neuronal degeneration as well as the deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles. While the exact pathogenic contribution of these two AD hallmarks and their abundant constituents [aggregation-prone amyloid β (Aβ) peptide species and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, respectively] remain debated, a growing body of evidence suggests that their development may be paralleled or even preceded by the alterations/dysfunctions in the endolysosomal and the autophagic system. In AD-affected neurons, abnormalities in these cellular pathways are readily observed already at early stages of disease development, and even though many studies agree that defective lysosomal degradation may relate to or even underlie some of these deficits, specific upstream molecular defects are still deliberated. In this review we summarize various pathogenic events that may lead to these cellular abnormalities, in light of our current understanding of molecular mechanisms that govern AD progression. In addition, we also highlight the increasing evidence supporting mutual functional dependence of the endolysosomal trafficking and autophagy, in particular focusing on those molecules and processes which may be of significance to AD.
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148
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Okabayashi S, Shimozawa N, Yasutomi Y, Yanagisawa K, Kimura N. Diabetes mellitus accelerates Aβ pathology in brain accompanied by enhanced GAβ generation in nonhuman primates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117362. [PMID: 25675436 PMCID: PMC4326359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the strongest risk factors for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it remains unclear why DM accelerates AD pathology. In cynomolgus monkeys older than 25 years, senile plaques (SPs) are spontaneously and consistently observed in their brains, and neurofibrillary tangles are present at 32 years of age and older. In laboratory-housed monkeys, obesity is occasionally observed and frequently leads to development of type 2 DM. In the present study, we performed histopathological and biochemical analyses of brain tissue in cynomolgus monkeys with type 2 DM to clarify the relationship between DM and AD pathology. Here, we provide the evidence that DM accelerates Aβ pathology in vivo in nonhuman primates who had not undergone any genetic manipulation. In DM-affected monkey brains, SPs were observed in frontal and temporal lobe cortices, even in monkeys younger than 20 years. Biochemical analyses of brain revealed that the amount of GM1-ganglioside-bound Aβ (GAβ)—the endogenous seed for Aβ fibril formation in the brain—was clearly elevated in DM-affected monkeys. Furthermore, the level of Rab GTPases was also significantly increased in the brains of adult monkeys with DM, almost to the same levels as in aged monkeys. Intraneuronal accumulation of enlarged endosomes was also observed in DM-affected monkeys, suggesting that exacerbated endocytic disturbance may underlie the acceleration of Aβ pathology due to DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Okabayashi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shimozawa
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanagisawa
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Gengo 35, Moriika, Obu, Aichi, 474–8511, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1–1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305–0843, Japan
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Gengo 35, Moriika, Obu, Aichi, 474–8511, Japan
- * E-mail:
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149
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Marquer C, Laine J, Dauphinot L, Hanbouch L, Lemercier-Neuillet C, Pierrot N, Bossers K, Le M, Corlier F, Benstaali C, Saudou F, Thinakaran G, Cartier N, Octave JN, Duyckaerts C, Potier MC. Increasing membrane cholesterol of neurons in culture recapitulates Alzheimer's disease early phenotypes. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:60. [PMID: 25524049 PMCID: PMC4280040 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is suspected that excess of brain cholesterol plays a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Membrane-associated cholesterol was shown to be increased in the brain of individuals with sporadic AD and to correlate with the severity of the disease. We hypothesized that an increase of membrane cholesterol could trigger sporadic AD early phenotypes. RESULTS We thus acutely loaded the plasma membrane of cultured neurons with cholesterol to reach the 30% increase observed in AD brains. We found changes in gene expression profiles that are reminiscent of early AD stages. We also observed early AD cellular phenotypes. Indeed we found enlarged and aggregated early endosomes using confocal and electron microscopy after immunocytochemistry. In addition amyloid precursor protein vesicular transport was inhibited in neuronal processes, as seen by live-imaging. Finally transient membrane cholesterol loading lead to significantly increased amyloid-β42 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Membrane cholesterol increase in cultured neurons reproduces most early AD changes and could thus be a relevant model for deciphering AD mechanisms and identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, UM 75, U 1127, UMR 7225, ICM, 75013 Paris, France.
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150
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Kam TI, Gwon Y, Jung YK. Amyloid beta receptors responsible for neurotoxicity and cellular defects in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4803-13. [PMID: 25151011 PMCID: PMC11113744 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Although a major cause of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide that induces neuronal loss and cognitive impairments, our understanding of its neurotoxic mechanisms is limited. Recent studies have identified putative Aβ-binding receptors that mediate Aβ neurotoxicity in cells and models of AD. Once Aβ interacts with a receptor, a toxic signal is transduced into neurons, resulting in cellular defects including endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, Aβ can also be internalized into neurons through unidentified Aβ receptors and induces malfunction of subcellular organelles, which explains some part of Aβ neurotoxicity. Understanding the neurotoxic signaling initiated by Aβ-receptor binding and cellular defects provide insight into new therapeutic windows for AD. In the present review, we summarize the findings on Aβ-binding receptors and the neurotoxicity of oligomeric Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-In Kam
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
| | - Youngdae Gwon
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
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