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George S, Rönnbäck A, Gouras GK, Petit GH, Grueninger F, Winblad B, Graff C, Brundin P. Correction: Lesion of the subiculum reduces the spread of amyloid beta pathology to interconnected brain regions in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:26. [PMID: 38355705 PMCID: PMC10865676 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia George
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Annica Rönnbäck
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Géraldine H Petit
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fiona Grueninger
- CNS Discovery and Translation Pharma Research and Exploratory Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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2
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Pomeshchik Y, Velasquez E, Gil J, Klementieva O, Gidlöf R, Sydoff M, Bagnoli S, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Westergren-Thorsson G, Gouras GK, Rezeli M, Roybon L. Proteomic analysis across patient iPSC-based models and human post-mortem hippocampal tissue reveals early cellular dysfunction and progression of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:150. [PMID: 37715247 PMCID: PMC10504768 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a primary region affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because AD postmortem brain tissue is not available prior to symptomatic stage, we lack understanding of early cellular pathogenic mechanisms. To address this issue, we examined the cellular origin and progression of AD pathogenesis by comparing patient-based model systems including iPSC-derived brain cells transplanted into the mouse brain hippocampus. Proteomic analysis of the graft enabled the identification of pathways and network dysfunction in AD patient brain cells, associated with increased levels of Aβ-42 and β-sheet structures. Interestingly, the host cells surrounding the AD graft also presented alterations in cellular biological pathways. Furthermore, proteomic analysis across human iPSC-based models and human post-mortem hippocampal tissue projected coherent longitudinal cellular changes indicative of early to end stage AD cellular pathogenesis. Our data showcase patient-based models to study the cell autonomous origin and progression of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Pomeshchik
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modelling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Erika Velasquez
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modelling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeovanis Gil
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BMC D13, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Medical Micro-Spectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B10, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ritha Gidlöf
- Lund University BioImaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22142, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie Sydoff
- Lund University BioImaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22142, Lund, Sweden
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Laboratorio Di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento Di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Laboratorio Di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento Di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Laboratorio Di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento Di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Gunilla Westergren-Thorsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC C12, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22142, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BMC D13, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Swedish National Infrastructure for Biological Mass Spectrometry (BioMS), Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laurent Roybon
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modelling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, The MiND Program, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Konings SC, Nyberg E, Martinsson I, Torres-Garcia L, Klementieva O, Guimas Almeida C, Gouras GK. Apolipoprotein E intersects with amyloid-β within neurons. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201887. [PMID: 37290814 PMCID: PMC10250689 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the earliest changes in AD is endosomal enlargement in neurons, which was reported as enhanced in ApoE4 carriers. ApoE is thought to be internalized into endosomes of neurons, whereas β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates within neuronal endosomes early in AD. However, it remains unknown whether ApoE and Aβ intersect intracellularly. We show that internalized astrocytic ApoE localizes mostly to lysosomes in neuroblastoma cells and astrocytes, whereas in neurons, it preferentially localizes to endosomes-autophagosomes of neurites. In AD transgenic neurons, astrocyte-derived ApoE intersects intracellularly with amyloid precursor protein/Aβ. Moreover, ApoE4 increases the levels of endogenous and internalized Aβ42 in neurons. Taken together, we demonstrate differential localization of ApoE in neurons, astrocytes, and neuron-like cells, and show that internalized ApoE intersects with amyloid precursor protein/Aβ in neurons, which may be of considerable relevance to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C Konings
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Nyberg
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura Torres-Garcia
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claudia Guimas Almeida
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Pomeshchik Y, Klementieva O, Gil J, Martinsson I, Hansen MG, de Vries T, Sancho-Balsells A, Russ K, Savchenko E, Collin A, Vaz AR, Bagnoli S, Nacmias B, Rampon C, Sorbi S, Brites D, Marko-Varga G, Kokaia Z, Rezeli M, Gouras GK, Roybon L. Human iPSC-Derived Hippocampal Spheroids: An Innovative Tool for Stratifying Alzheimer Disease Patient-Specific Cellular Phenotypes and Developing Therapies. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1244-1245. [PMID: 37163981 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
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5
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Andersson E, Schultz N, Saito T, Saido TC, Blennow K, Gouras GK, Zetterberg H, Hansson O. Cerebral Aβ deposition precedes reduced cerebrospinal fluid and serum Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios in the App NL-F/NL-F knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:64. [PMID: 36964585 PMCID: PMC10039589 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood are reduced in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their temporal and correlative relationship with cerebral Aβ pathology at this early disease stage is not well understood. In the present study, we aim to investigate such relationships using App knock-in mouse models of preclinical AD. METHODS CSF, serum, and brain tissue were collected from 3- to 18-month-old AppNL-F/NL-F knock-in mice (n = 48) and 2-18-month-old AppNL/NL knock-in mice (n = 35). The concentrations of Aβ42 and Aβ40 in CSF and serum were measured using Single molecule array (Simoa) immunoassays. Cerebral Aβ plaque burden was assessed in brain tissue sections by immunohistochemistry and thioflavin S staining. Furthermore, the concentrations of Aβ42 in soluble and insoluble fractions prepared from cortical tissue homogenates were measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS In AppNL-F/NL-F knock-in mice, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios in CSF and serum were significantly reduced from 12 and 16 months of age, respectively. The initial reduction of these biomarkers coincided with cerebral Aβ pathology, in which a more widespread Aβ plaque burden and increased levels of Aβ42 in the brain were observed from approximately 12 months of age. Accordingly, in the whole study population, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios in CSF and serum showed a negative hyperbolic association with cerebral Aβ plaque burden as well as the levels of both soluble and insoluble Aβ42 in the brain. These associations tended to be stronger for the measures in CSF compared with serum. In contrast, no alterations in the investigated fluid biomarkers or apparent cerebral Aβ plaque pathology were found in AppNL/NL knock-in mice during the observation time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a temporal sequence of events in AppNL-F/NL-F knock-in mice, in which initial deposition of Aβ aggregates in the brain is followed by a decline of the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio in CSF and serum once the cerebral Aβ pathology becomes significant. Our results also indicate that the investigated biomarkers were somewhat more strongly associated with measures of cerebral Aβ pathology when assessed in CSF compared with serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Andersson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Nina Schultz
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Memory Clinic, SkåneUniversity Hospital, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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7
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Martinsson I, Quintino L, Garcia MG, Konings SC, Torres-Garcia L, Svanbergsson A, Stange O, England R, Deierborg T, Li JY, Lundberg C, Gouras GK. Aβ/Amyloid Precursor Protein-Induced Hyperexcitability and Dysregulation of Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity in Neuron Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:946297. [PMID: 35928998 PMCID: PMC9344931 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.946297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly seen as a disease of synapses and diverse evidence has implicated the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in synapse damage. The molecular and cellular mechanism(s) by which Aβ and/or its precursor protein, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) can affect synapses remains unclear. Interestingly, early hyperexcitability has been described in human AD and mouse models of AD, which precedes later hypoactivity. Here we show that neurons in culture with either elevated levels of Aβ or with human APP mutated to prevent Aβ generation can both induce hyperactivity as detected by elevated calcium transient frequency and amplitude. Since homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) mechanisms normally maintain a setpoint of activity, we examined whether HSP was altered in AD transgenic neurons. Using methods known to induce HSP, we demonstrate that APP protein levels are regulated by chronic modulation of activity and that AD transgenic neurons have an impaired adaptation of calcium transients to global changes in activity. Further, AD transgenic compared to WT neurons failed to adjust the length of their axon initial segments (AIS), an adaptation known to alter excitability. Thus, we show that both APP and Aβ influence neuronal activity and that mechanisms of HSP are disrupted in primary neuron models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Isak Martinsson,
| | - Luis Quintino
- CNS Gene Therapy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Megg G. Garcia
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabine C. Konings
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura Torres-Garcia
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Svanbergsson
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oliver Stange
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rebecca England
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lundberg
- CNS Gene Therapy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Gunnar K. Gouras,
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8
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Skoug C, Martinsson I, Gouras GK, Meissner A, Duarte JMN. Sphingosine 1-Phoshpate Receptors are Located in Synapses and Control Spontaneous Activity of Mouse Neurons in Culture. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3114-3125. [PMID: 35781853 PMCID: PMC9470655 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is best known for its roles as vascular and immune regulator. Besides, it is also present in the central nervous system (CNS) where it can act as neuromodulator via five S1P receptors (S1PRs), and thus control neurotransmitter release. The distribution of S1PRs in the active zone and postsynaptic density of CNS synapses remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the localization of S1PR1-5 in synapses of the mouse cortex. Cortical nerve terminals purified in a sucrose gradient were endowed with all five S1PRs. Further subcellular fractionation of cortical nerve terminals revealed S1PR2 and S1PR4 immunoreactivity in the active zone of presynaptic nerve terminals. Interestingly, only S1PR2 and S1PR3 immunoreactivity was found in the postsynaptic density. All receptors were present outside the active zone of nerve terminals. Neurons in the mouse cortex and primary neurons in culture showed immunoreactivity against all five S1PRs, and Ca2+ imaging revealed that S1P inhibits spontaneous neuronal activity in a dose-dependent fashion. When testing selective agonists for each of the receptors, we found that only S1PR1, S1PR2 and S1PR4 control spontaneous neuronal activity. We conclude that S1PR2 and S1PR4 are located in the active zone of nerve terminals and inhibit neuronal activity. Future studies need to test whether these receptors modulate stimulation-induced neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Skoug
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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9
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Paulus A, Yogarasa S, Kansiz M, Martinsson I, Gouras GK, Deierborg T, Engdahl A, Borondics F, Klementieva O. Correlative imaging to resolve molecular structures in individual cells: Substrate validation study for super-resolution infrared microspectroscopy. Nanomedicine 2022; 43:102563. [PMID: 35504462 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light microscopy has been a favorite tool of biological studies for almost a century, recently producing detailed images with exquisite molecular specificity achieving spatial resolution at nanoscale. However, light microscopy is insufficient to provide chemical information as a standalone technique. An increasing amount of evidence demonstrates that optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy (O-PTIR) is a valuable imaging tool that can extract chemical information to locate molecular structures at submicron resolution. To further investigate the applicability of sub-micron infrared microspectroscopy for biomedical applications, we analyzed the contribution of substrate chemistry to the infrared spectra acquired from individual neurons grown on various imaging substrates. To provide an example of correlative immunofluorescence/O-PTIR imaging, we used immunofluorescence to locate specific organelles for O-PTIR measurement, thus capturing molecular structures at the sub-cellular level directly in cells, which is not possible using traditional infrared microspectroscopy or immunofluorescence microscopy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Paulus
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Experimental Neuroinflammation Lab, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sahana Yogarasa
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mustafa Kansiz
- Photothermal Spectroscopy Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Lab, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Engdahl
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Borondics
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, 91192 Gif Sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Institute for Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), 223 70 Lund, Sweden.
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10
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Torres-Garcia L, P Domingues JM, Brandi E, Haikal C, Mudannayake JM, Brás IC, Gerhardt E, Li W, Svanbergsson A, Outeiro TF, Gouras GK, Li JY. Monitoring the interactions between alpha-synuclein and Tau in vitro and in vivo using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2987. [PMID: 35194057 PMCID: PMC8863885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by pathological accumulation and aggregation of different amyloidogenic proteins, α-synuclein (aSyn) in PD, and amyloid-β (Aβ) and Tau in AD. Strikingly, few PD and AD patients' brains exhibit pure pathology with most cases presenting mixed types of protein deposits in the brain. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is a technique based on the complementation of two halves of a fluorescent protein, which allows direct visualization of protein-protein interactions. In the present study, we assessed the ability of aSyn and Tau to interact with each other. For in vitro evaluation, HEK293 and human neuroblastoma cells were used, while in vivo studies were performed by AAV6 injection in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of mice and rats. We observed that the co-expression of aSyn and Tau led to the emergence of fluorescence, reflecting the interaction of the proteins in cell lines, as well as in mouse and rat SNpc. Thus, our data indicates that aSyn and Tau are able to interact with each other in a biologically relevant context, and that the BiFC assay is an effective tool for studying aSyn-Tau interactions in vitro and in different rodent models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Torres-Garcia
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joana M P Domingues
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, The Clifford Albbutt Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edoardo Brandi
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Janitha M Mudannayake
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inês C Brás
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wen Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Alexander Svanbergsson
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Scientific Employee With an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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11
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Konings SC, Torres-Garcia L, Martinsson I, Gouras GK. Astrocytic and Neuronal Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Differentially Affect Neuronal Excitability. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:734001. [PMID: 34621153 PMCID: PMC8490647 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.734001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic changes and neuronal network dysfunction are among the earliest changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), the major genetic risk factor in AD, has been shown to be present at synapses and to induce hyperexcitability in mouse knock-in brain regions vulnerable to AD. ApoE in the brain is mainly generated by astrocytes, however, neurons can also produce ApoE under stress conditions such as aging. The potential synaptic function(s) of ApoE and whether the cellular source of ApoE might affect neuronal excitability remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the synaptic localization and effects on neuronal activity of the two main human ApoE isoforms from different cellular sources in control and AD-like in vitro cultured neuron models. In this study ApoE is seen to localize at or near to synaptic terminals. Additionally, we detected a cellular source-specific effect of ApoE isoforms on neuronal activity measured by live cell Ca2+ imaging. Neuronal activity increases after acute but not long-term administration of ApoE4 astrocyte medium. In contrast, ApoE expressed by neurons appears to induce the highest neuronal firing rate in the presence of ApoE3, rather than ApoE4. Moreover, increased neuronal activity in APP/PS1 AD transgenic compared to wild-type neurons is seen in the absence of astrocytic ApoE and the presence of astrocytic ApoE4, but not ApoE3. In summary, ApoE can target synapses and differentially induce changes in neuronal activity depending on whether ApoE is produced by astrocytes or neurons. Astrocytic ApoE induces the strongest neuronal firing with ApoE4, while the most active and efficient neuronal activity induced by neuronal ApoE is caused by ApoE3. ApoE isoforms also differentially affect neuronal activity in AD transgenic compared to wild-type neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C Konings
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura Torres-Garcia
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Roos TT, Garcia MG, Martinsson I, Mabrouk R, Israelsson B, Deierborg T, Kobro-Flatmoen A, Tanila H, Gouras GK. Neuronal spreading and plaque induction of intracellular Aβ and its disruption of Aβ homeostasis. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:669-687. [PMID: 34272583 PMCID: PMC8423700 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is thought to have prion-like properties promoting its spread throughout the brain in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the cellular mechanism(s) of this spread remains unclear. Here, we show an important role of intracellular Aβ in its prion-like spread. We demonstrate that an intracellular source of Aβ can induce amyloid plaques in vivo via hippocampal injection. We show that hippocampal injection of mouse AD brain homogenate not only induces plaques, but also damages interneurons and affects intracellular Aβ levels in synaptically connected brain areas, paralleling cellular changes seen in AD. Furthermore, in a primary neuron AD model, exposure of picomolar amounts of brain-derived Aβ leads to an apparent redistribution of Aβ from soma to processes and dystrophic neurites. We also observe that such neuritic dystrophies associate with plaque formation in AD-transgenic mice. Finally, using cellular models, we propose a mechanism for how intracellular accumulation of Aβ disturbs homeostatic control of Aβ levels and can contribute to the up to 10,000-fold increase of Aβ in the AD brain. Our data indicate an essential role for intracellular prion-like Aβ and its synaptic spread in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas T Roos
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Megg G Garcia
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rana Mabrouk
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bodil Israelsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar K Gouras
- Professor of Experimental Neurology, Head, Section of Neurobiology and Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, E-mail:
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14
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Gustavsson N, Paulus A, Martinsson I, Engdahl A, Medjoubi K, Klementiev K, Somogyi A, Deierborg T, Borondics F, Gouras GK, Klementieva O. Correlative optical photothermal infrared and X-ray fluorescence for chemical imaging of trace elements and relevant molecular structures directly in neurons. Light Sci Appl 2021; 10:151. [PMID: 34294676 PMCID: PMC8298485 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, costing about 1% of the global economy. Failures of clinical trials targeting amyloid-β protein (Aβ), a key trigger of AD, have been explained by drug inefficiency regardless of the mechanisms of amyloid neurotoxicity, which are very difficult to address by available technologies. Here, we combine two imaging modalities that stand at opposite ends of the electromagnetic spectrum, and therefore, can be used as complementary tools to assess structural and chemical information directly in a single neuron. Combining label-free super-resolution microspectroscopy for sub-cellular imaging based on novel optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (S-XRF) nano-imaging techniques, we capture elemental distribution and fibrillary forms of amyloid-β proteins in the same neurons at an unprecedented resolution. Our results reveal that in primary AD-like neurons, iron clusters co-localize with elevated amyloid β-sheet structures and oxidized lipids. Overall, our O-PTIR/S-XRF results motivate using high-resolution multimodal microspectroscopic approaches to understand the role of molecular structures and trace elements within a single neuronal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Gustavsson
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnes Paulus
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Lab, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Engdahl
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kadda Medjoubi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif Sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Andrea Somogyi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif Sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Lab, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Borondics
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif Sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Institute for advanced Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), 223 70, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Burrinha T, Martinsson I, Gomes R, Terrasso AP, Gouras GK, Almeida CG. Up-regulation of APP endocytosis by neuronal aging drives amyloid dependent-synapse loss. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:240244. [PMID: 33910234 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal aging increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. During normal aging, synapses decline, and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates intraneuronally. However, little is known about the underlying cell biological mechanisms. We studied normal neuronal aging using normal aged brain and aged mouse primary neurons that accumulate lysosomal lipofuscin and show synapse loss. We identify the up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) endocytosis as a neuronal aging mechanism that potentiates APP processing and Aβ production in vitro and in vivo. The increased APP endocytosis may contribute to the observed early endosomes enlargement in the aged brain. Mechanistically, we show that clathrin-dependent APP endocytosis requires F-actin and that clathrin and endocytic F-actin increase with neuronal aging. Finally, Aβ production inhibition reverts synaptic decline in aged neurons while Aβ accumulation, promoted by endocytosis up-regulation in younger neurons, recapitulates aging-related synapse decline. Overall, we identify APP endocytosis up-regulation as a potential mechanism of neuronal aging and, thus, a novel target to prevent late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Burrinha
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Gomes
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal.,iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Terrasso
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal.,iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cláudia Guimas Almeida
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa,Portugal
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16
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Paulus A, Engdahl A, Yang Y, Boza-Serrano A, Bachiller S, Torres-Garcia L, Svanbergsson A, Garcia MG, Gouras GK, Li JY, Deierborg T, Klementieva O. Amyloid Structural Changes Studied by Infrared Microspectroscopy in Bigenic Cellular Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3430. [PMID: 33810433 PMCID: PMC8037084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease affects millions of lives worldwide. This terminal disease is characterized by the formation of amyloid aggregates, so-called amyloid oligomers. These oligomers are composed of β-sheet structures, which are believed to be neurotoxic. However, the actual secondary structure that contributes most to neurotoxicity remains unknown. This lack of knowledge is due to the challenging nature of characterizing the secondary structure of amyloids in cells. To overcome this and investigate the molecular changes in proteins directly in cells, we used synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy, a label-free and non-destructive technique available for in situ molecular imaging, to detect structural changes in proteins and lipids. Specifically, we evaluated the formation of β-sheet structures in different monogenic and bigenic cellular models of Alzheimer's disease that we generated for this study. We report on the possibility to discern different amyloid signatures directly in cells using infrared microspectroscopy and demonstrate that bigenic (amyloid-β, α-synuclein) and (amyloid-β, Tau) neuron-like cells display changes in β-sheet load. Altogether, our findings support the notion that different molecular mechanisms of amyloid aggregation, as opposed to a common mechanism, are triggered by the specific cellular environment and, therefore, that various mechanisms lead to the development of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Paulus
- Medical Microspectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (A.P.); (A.E.)
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (A.B.-S.); (S.B.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Anders Engdahl
- Medical Microspectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (A.P.); (A.E.)
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (A.B.-S.); (S.B.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (A.B.-S.); (S.B.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (A.B.-S.); (S.B.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Laura Torres-Garcia
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (L.T.-G.); (G.K.G.)
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (A.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Alexander Svanbergsson
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (A.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Megg G. Garcia
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (A.B.-S.); (S.B.); (M.G.G.)
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (L.T.-G.); (G.K.G.)
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (L.T.-G.); (G.K.G.)
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (A.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (Y.Y.); (A.B.-S.); (S.B.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Medical Microspectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (A.P.); (A.E.)
- Lund Institute for Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), 22370 Lund, Sweden
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17
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Takahashi RH, Yokotsuka M, Tobiume M, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Nagao T, Gouras GK. Accumulation of cellular prion protein within β-amyloid oligomer plaques in aged human brains. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12941. [PMID: 33624334 PMCID: PMC8412093 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, and β‐amyloid (Aβ) is a central factor in the initiation and progression of the disease. Different forms of Aβ have been identified as monomers, oligomers, and amyloid fibrils. Many proteins have been implicated as putative receptors of respective forms of Aβ. Distinct forms of Aβ oligomers are considered to be neurotoxic species that trigger the pathophysiology of AD. It was reported that cellular prion protein (PrPC) is one of the most selective and high‐affinity binding partners of Aβ oligomers. The interaction of Aβ oligomers with PrPC is important to synaptic dysfunction and loss. The binding of Aβ oligomers to PrPC has mostly been studied with synthetic peptides, cell culture, and murine models of AD by biochemical and biological methods. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between Aβ oligomers and PrPC remain unclear, especially in the human brain. We immunohistochemically investigated the relationship between Aβ oligomers and PrPC in human brain tissue with and without amyloid pathology. We histologically demonstrate that PrPC accumulates with aging in human brain tissue even prior to AD mainly within diffuse‐type amyloid plaques, which are composed of more soluble Aβ oligomers without stacked β‐sheet fibril structures. Our results suggest that PrPC accumulating plaques are associated with more soluble Aβ oligomers, and appear even prior to AD. The investigation of PrPC accumulating plaques may provide new insights into AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reisuke H Takahashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yokotsuka
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Gouras GK, Martinsson I. Synapse disruption by Alzheimer’s Aβ/APP. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.043447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Konings SC, Martinsson I, Gouras GK. Studies on ApoE in the neurobiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.038963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Pomeshchik Y, Klementieva O, Gil J, Martinsson I, Hansen MG, de Vries T, Sancho-Balsells A, Russ K, Savchenko E, Collin A, Vaz AR, Bagnoli S, Nacmias B, Rampon C, Sorbi S, Brites D, Marko-Varga G, Kokaia Z, Rezeli M, Gouras GK, Roybon L. Human iPSC-Derived Hippocampal Spheroids: An Innovative Tool for Stratifying Alzheimer Disease Patient-Specific Cellular Phenotypes and Developing Therapies. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:256-273. [PMID: 32589876 PMCID: PMC7363942 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is important for memory formation and is severely affected in the brain with Alzheimer disease (AD). Our understanding of early pathogenic processes occurring in hippocampi in AD is limited due to tissue unavailability. Here, we report a chemical approach to rapidly generate free-floating hippocampal spheroids (HSs), from human induced pluripotent stem cells. When used to model AD, both APP and atypical PS1 variant HSs displayed increased Aβ42/Aβ40 peptide ratios and decreased synaptic protein levels, which are common features of AD. However, the two variants differed in tau hyperphosphorylation, protein aggregation, and protein network alterations. NeuroD1-mediated gene therapy in HSs-derived progenitors resulted in modulation of expression of numerous genes, including those involved in synaptic transmission. Thus, HSs can be harnessed to unravel the mechanisms underlying early pathogenic changes in the hippocampi of AD patients, and provide a robust platform for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting early stage AD. Rapid generation of hippocampal spheroids (HSs) from hiPSCs using defined chemical agents hiPSC-derived HSs can be utilized as a source of hippocampal neurons hiPSC-derived HSs can be used to model Alzheimer disease hiPSC-derived HSs can be used to develop innovative therapeutic solutions
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Pomeshchik
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Jeovanis Gil
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BMC D13, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Marita Grønning Hansen
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC B10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Tessa de Vries
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Anna Sancho-Balsells
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Kaspar Russ
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Savchenko
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Anna Collin
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Office for Medical Services, Lund SE-221 85, Sweden
| | - Ana Rita Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Claire Rampon
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse; CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino- NEUROFARBA, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BMC D13, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC B10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science and Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BMC D13, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B11, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Laurent Roybon
- iPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden.
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21
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Klementieva O, Sandt C, Martinsson I, Kansiz M, Gouras GK, Borondics F. Super-Resolution Infrared Imaging of Polymorphic Amyloid Aggregates Directly in Neurons. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:1903004. [PMID: 32195099 PMCID: PMC7080554 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of memory during Alzheimer's disease (AD), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, is associated with neuronal loss and the aggregation of amyloid proteins into neurotoxic β-sheet enriched structures. However, the mechanism of amyloid protein aggregation is still not well understood due to many challenges when studying the endogenous amyloid structures in neurons or in brain tissue. Available methods either require chemical processing of the sample or may affect the amyloid protein structure itself. Therefore, new approaches, which allow studying molecular structures directly in neurons, are urgently needed. A novel approach is tested, based on label-free optical photothermal infrared super-resolution microspectroscopy, to study AD-related amyloid protein aggregation directly in the neuron at sub-micrometer resolution. Using this approach, amyloid protein aggregates are detected at the subcellular level, along the neurites and strikingly, in dendritic spines, which has not been possible until now. Here, a polymorphic nature of amyloid structures that exist in AD transgenic neurons is reported. Based on the findings of this work, it is suggested that structural polymorphism of amyloid proteins that occur already in neurons may trigger different mechanisms of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Klementieva
- Medical Microspectroscopy Research GroupDepartment of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University22180LundSweden
- Lund Institute for advanced Neutron and X‐ray Science (LINXS)223 70LundSweden
| | - Christophe Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEILL'Orme des Merisiers91192Gif Sur YvetteCedexFrance
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia ResearchDepartment of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University22180LundSweden
| | - Mustafa Kansiz
- Photothermal Spectroscopy CorporationSanta BarbaraCA93101USA
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Experimental Dementia ResearchDepartment of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University22180LundSweden
| | - Ferenc Borondics
- Synchrotron SOLEILL'Orme des Merisiers91192Gif Sur YvetteCedexFrance
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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23
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Martinsson I, Capetillo-Zarate E, Faideau M, Willén K, Esteras N, Frykman S, Tjernberg LO, Gouras GK. APP depletion alters selective pre- and post-synaptic proteins. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 95:86-95. [PMID: 30763689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal role of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the brain remains incompletely understood. Previous studies have reported that lack of APP has detrimental effects on spines and electrophysiological parameters. APP has been described to be important in synaptic pruning during development. The effect of APP knockout on mature synapses is complicated by this role in development. We previously reported on differential changes in synaptic proteins and receptors in APP mutant AD transgenic compared to wild-type neurons, which revealed selective decreases in levels of pre- and post-synaptic proteins, including of surface glutamate receptors. In the present study, we undertook a similar analysis of synaptic composition but now in APP knockout compared to wild-type mouse neurons. Here we demonstrate alterations in levels of selective pre- and post-synaptic proteins and receptors in APP knockout compared to wild-type mouse primary neurons in culture and brains of mice in youth and adulthood. Remarkably, we demonstrate selective increases in levels of synaptic proteins, such as GluA1, in neurons with APP knockout and with RNAi knockdown, which tended to be opposite to the reductions seen in AD transgenic APP mutant compared to wild-type neurons. These data reinforce that APP is important for the normal composition of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco. Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mathilde Faideau
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katarina Willén
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Noemi Esteras
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanne Frykman
- Karolinska Institute, Dept. of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Karolinska Institute, Dept. of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Willén K, Sroka A, Takahashi RH, Gouras GK. Heterogeneous Association of Alzheimer's Disease-Linked Amyloid-β and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor with Synapses. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:511-524. [PMID: 28869466 PMCID: PMC5611798 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly viewed as a disease of synapses. Loss of synapses correlates better with cognitive decline than amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the hallmark neuropathological lesions of AD. Soluble forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) have emerged as mediators of synapse dysfunction. Aβ binds to, accumulates, and aggregates in synapses. However, the anatomical and neurotransmitter specificity of Aβ and the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) in AD remain poorly understood. In addition, the relative roles of Aβ and AβPP in the development of AD, at pre- versus post-synaptic compartments and axons versus dendrites, respectively, remain unclear. Here we use immunogold electron microscopy and confocal microscopy to provide evidence for heterogeneity in the localization of Aβ/AβPP. We demonstrate that Aβ binds to a subset of synapses in cultured neurons, with preferential binding to glutamatergic compared to GABAergic neurons. We also highlight the challenge of defining pre- versus post-synaptic localization of this binding by confocal microscopy. Further, endogenous Aβ42 accumulates in both glutamatergic and GABAergic AβPP/PS1 transgenic primary neurons, but at varying levels. Moreover, upon knock-out of presenilin 1 or inhibition of γ-secretase AβPP C-terminal fragments accumulate both pre- and post-synaptically; however earlier pre-synaptically, consistent with a higher rate of AβPP processing in axons. A better understanding of the synaptic and anatomical selectivity of Aβ/AβPP in AD can be important for the development of more effective new therapies for this major disease of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Willén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Sroka
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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25
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Olsson TT, Klementieva O, Gouras GK. Prion-like seeding and nucleation of intracellular amyloid-β. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 113:1-10. [PMID: 29414379 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissue can act as a seed to accelerate aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) into plaques in AD transgenic mice. Aβ seeds have been hypothesized to accelerate plaque formation in a prion-like manner of templated seeding and intercellular propagation. However, the structure(s) and location(s) of the Aβ seeds remain unknown. Moreover, in contrast to tau and α-synuclein, an in vitro system with prion-like Aβ has not been reported. Here we treat human APP expressing N2a cells with AD transgenic mouse brain extracts to induce inclusions of Aβ in a subset of cells. We isolate cells with induced Aβ inclusions and using immunocytochemistry, western blot and infrared spectroscopy show that these cells produce oligomeric Aβ over multiple replicative generations. Further, we demonstrate that cell lysates of clones with induced oligomeric Aβ can induce aggregation in previously untreated N2a APP cells. These data strengthen the case that Aβ acts as a prion-like protein, demonstrate that Aβ seeds can be intracellular oligomers and for the first time provide a cellular model of nucleated seeding of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas T Olsson
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Dept. of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Dept. of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Dept. of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Beckelman BC, Day S, Zhou X, Donohue M, Gouras GK, Klann E, Keene CD, Ma T. Dysregulation of Elongation Factor 1A Expression is Correlated with Synaptic Plasticity Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:669-78. [PMID: 27567813 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction may represent an early and crucial pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies implicate a connection between synaptic plasticity deficits and compromised capacity of de novo protein synthesis in AD. The mRNA translational factor eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is critically involved in several forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity. By examining postmortem human brain samples, a transgenic mouse model, and application of synthetic human Aβ42 on mouse hippocampal slices, we demonstrated that eEF1A protein levels were significantly decreased in AD, particularly in the hippocampus. In contrast, brain levels of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 were unaltered in AD. Further, upregulation of eEF1A expression by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, which induces long-lasting synaptic plasticity, was blunted in hippocampal slices derived from Tg2576 AD model mice. Finally, Aβ-induced hippocampal long-term potentiation defects were alleviated by upregulation of eEF1A signaling via brain-specific knockdown of the gene encoding tuberous sclerosis 2. In summary, our findings suggest a strong correlation between the dysregulation of eEF1A synthesis and AD-associated synaptic failure. These findings provide insights into the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying AD etiology and may aid in identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna C Beckelman
- Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Day
- Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maggie Donohue
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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27
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Willén K, Edgar JR, Hasegawa T, Tanaka N, Futter CE, Gouras GK. Aβ accumulation causes MVB enlargement and is modelled by dominant negative VPS4A. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:61. [PMID: 28835279 PMCID: PMC5569475 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the onset of AD pathogenesis. Alterations in endosomes are among the earliest changes associated with AD but the mechanism(s) that cause endosome enlargement and the effects of MVB dysfunction on Aβ accumulation and tau pathology are incompletely understood. METHODS MVB size and Aβ fibrils in primary neurons were visualized by electron microscopy and confocal fluorescent microscopy. MVB-dysfunction, modelled by expression of dominant negative VPS4A (dnVPS4A), was analysed by biochemical methods and exosome isolation. RESULTS Here we show that AD transgenic neurons have enlarged MVBs compared to wild type neurons. Uptake of exogenous Aβ also leads to enlarged MVBs in wild type neurons and generates fibril-like structures in endocytic vesicles. With time fibrillar oligomers/fibrils can extend out of the endocytic vesicles and are eventually detectable extracellularly. Further, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) components were found associated with amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mice. The phenotypes previously reported in AD transgenic neurons, with net increased intracellular levels and reduced secretion of Aβ, were mimicked by blocking recycling of ESCRT-III by dnVPS4A. DnVPS4A further resembled AD pathology by increasing tau phosphorylation at serine 396 and increasing markers of autophagy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that Aβ leads to MVB enlargement and that amyloid fibres can form within the endocytic pathway of neurons. These results are consistent with the scenario of the endosome-lysosome system representing the site of initiation of Aβ aggregation. In turn, a dominant negative form of the CHMP2B-interacting protein VPS4A, which alters MVBs, leads to accumulation and aggregation of Aβ as well as tau phosphorylation, mimicking the cellular changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Willén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 981-1293, Japan
| | | | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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28
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Takahashi RH, Nagao T, Gouras GK. Plaque formation and the intraneuronal accumulation of β-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. Pathol Int 2017; 67:185-193. [PMID: 28261941 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid plaques are composed of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), while NFTs contain hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Patients with familial AD who have mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene have either increased production of Aβ or generate more aggregation-prone forms of Aβ. The findings of familial AD mutations in the APP gene suggest that Aβ plays a central role in the pathophysiology of AD. Aβ42, composed of 42 amino acid residues, aggregates readily and is considered to form amyloid plaque. However, the processes of plaque formation are still not well known. It is generally thought that Aβ is secreted into the extracellular space and aggregates to form amyloid plaques. Aβ as extracellular aggregates and amyloid plaques are thought to be toxic to the surrounding neurons. The intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ has more recently been demonstrated and is reported to be involved in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and the formation of amyloid plaques in AD. We herein provide an overview of the process of the intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ and plaque formation, and discuss its implications for the pathology, early diagnosis, and therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshitaka Nagao
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Dunning CJ, McGauran G, Willén K, Gouras GK, O’Connell DJ, Linse S. Direct High Affinity Interaction between Aβ42 and GSK3α Stimulates Hyperphosphorylation of Tau. A New Molecular Link in Alzheimer's Disease? ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:161-70. [PMID: 26618561 PMCID: PMC4759616 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Amyloid
β peptide (Aβ42) assemblies are considered central to
the development of Alzheimer’s disease, but the mechanism of
this toxicity remains unresolved. We screened protein microarrays
with on-pathway oligomeric Aβ42 to identify candidate proteins
interacting with toxic Aβ42 species. Samples prepared from Alexa546-Aβ42
and Aβ42 monomers at 1:5 molar ratio were incubated with the
array during a time window of the amyloid fibril formation reaction
during which the maximum number of transient oligomers exist in the
reaction flux. A specific interaction was detected between Aβ42
and glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK3α), a kinase previously
implicated in the disease pathology. This interaction was validated
with anti-GSK3α immunoprecipitation assays in neuronal cell
lysates. Confocal microscopy studies further identified colocalization
of Aβ42 and GSK3α in neurites of mature primary mouse
neurons. A high binding affinity (KD =
1 nM) was measured between Alexa488-Aβ42 and GSK3α in
solution using thermophoresis. An even lower apparent KD was estimated between GSK3α and dextran-immobilized
Aβ42 in surface plasmon resonance experiments. Parallel experiments
with GSK3β also identified colocalization and high affinity
binding to this isoform. GSK3α-mediated hyperphosphorylation
of the protein tau was found to be stimulated by Aβ42 in in vitro phosphorylation assays and identified a functional
relationship between the proteins. We uncover a direct and functional
molecular link between Aβ42 and GSK3α, which opens an
important avenue toward understanding the mechanism of Aβ42-mediated
neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Dunning
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Chemical
Centre, Lund University, P O Box 124, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gavin McGauran
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Katarina Willén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - David J. O’Connell
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Chemical
Centre, Lund University, P O Box 124, SE22100 Lund, Sweden
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Lundgren JL, Ahmed S, Schedin-Weiss S, Gouras GK, Winblad B, Tjernberg LO, Frykman S. ADAM10 and BACE1 are localized to synaptic vesicles. J Neurochem 2015; 135:606-15. [PMID: 26296617 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic degeneration and accumulation of the neurotoxic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in the brain are hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. Aβ is produced by sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), by the β-secretase β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. However, Aβ generation is precluded if APP is cleaved by the α-secretase ADAM10 instead of BACE1. We have previously shown that Aβ can be produced locally at the synapse. To study the synaptic localization of the APP processing enzymes we used western blotting to demonstrate that, compared to total brain homogenate, ADAM10 and BACE1 were greatly enriched in synaptic vesicles isolated from rat brain using controlled-pore glass chromatography, whereas Presenilin1 was the only enriched component of the γ-secretase complex. Moreover, we detected ADAM10 activity in synaptic vesicles and enrichment of the intermediate APP-C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs). We confirmed the western blotting findings using in situ proximity ligation assay to demonstrate close proximity of ADAM10 and BACE1 with the synaptic vesicle marker synaptophysin in intact mouse primary hippocampal neurons. In contrast, only sparse co-localization of active γ-secretase and synaptophysin was detected. These results indicate that the first step of APP processing occurs in synaptic vesicles whereas the final step is more likely to take place elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta L Lundgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Saheeb Ahmed
- European Neuroscience Institute, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Susanne Frykman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Huddinge, Sweden
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Winblad B, Lundgren J, Ahmed S, Schedin-Weiss S, Gouras GK, Tjernberg LO, Frykman S. P1‐065: Adam10 and bace1 are localized to synaptic vesicles. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Edgar JR, Willén K, Gouras GK, Futter CE. ESCRTs regulate amyloid precursor protein sorting in multivesicular bodies and intracellular amyloid-β accumulation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2520-8. [PMID: 26002056 PMCID: PMC4510853 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation is a key feature of early Alzheimer's disease and precedes the appearance of Aβ in extracellular plaques. Aβ is generated through proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), but the intracellular site of Aβ production is unclear. APP has been localized to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) where sorting of APP onto intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) could promote amyloidogenic processing, or reduce Aβ production or accumulation by sorting APP and processing products to lysosomes for degradation. Here, we show that APP localizes to the ILVs of a subset of MVBs that also traffic EGF receptor (EGFR), and that it is delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Depletion of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) components, Hrs (also known as Hgs) or Tsg101, inhibited targeting of APP to ILVs and the subsequent delivery to lysosomes, and led to increased intracellular Aβ accumulation. This was accompanied by dramatically decreased Aβ secretion. Thus, the early ESCRT machinery has a dual role in limiting intracellular Aβ accumulation through targeting of APP and processing products to the lysosome for degradation, and promoting Aβ secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Edgar
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1 V9EL, UK Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Katarina Willén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Clare E Futter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1 V9EL, UK
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Abstract
Many lines of evidence support that β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. But despite much effort the molecular mechanisms of how Aβ contributes to AD remain unclear. While Aβ is generated from its precursor protein throughout life, the peptide is best known as the main component of amyloid plaques, the neuropathological hallmark of AD. Reduction in Aβ has been the major target of recent experimental therapies against AD. Unfortunately, human clinical trials targeting Aβ have not shown the hoped-for benefits. Thus, doubts have been growing about the role of Aβ as a therapeutic target. Here we review evidence supporting the involvement of Aβ in AD, highlight the importance of differentiating between various forms of Aβ, and suggest that a better understanding of Aβ's precise pathophysiological role in the disease is important for correctly targeting it for potential future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar K. Gouras
- />Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas T. Olsson
- />Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- />Clinical Memory Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne, Sweden
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34
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Klementieva O, Engdahl A, Faideau M, Willén KI, Uvdal P, Gouras GK. P3‐070: DETECTION OF PRE‐PLAQUE AMYLOID AGGREGATION USING FTIR. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gouras GK, Faideau M, Capetillo‐Zarate E, Willén K, Frykman S, Tjernberg L. O3‐05‐03: SYNAPTIC ALTERATIONS IN APP KNOCKOUT NEURONS. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Willén KI, Gouras GK. P1‐088: MODULATION OF BETA‐AMYLOID/APP IN ENDOSOMES. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lundgren JL, Ahmed S, Winblad B, Gouras GK, Tjernberg LO, Frykman S. Activity-independent release of the amyloid β-peptide from rat brain nerve terminals. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:125-30. [PMID: 24602978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic degeneration is one of the earliest hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. The molecular mechanism underlying this degeneration is not fully elucidated but one key player appears to be the synaptotoxic amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). The exact localization of the production of Aβ and the mechanisms whereby Aβ is released remain elusive. We have earlier shown that Aβ can be produced in crude synaptic vesicle fractions and it has been reported that increased synaptic activity results in increased secreted but decreased intracellular Aβ levels. Therefore, we considered whether Aβ could be produced in synaptic vesicles and/or released through the same mechanisms as neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Small amounts of Aβ were found to be produced in pure synaptic vesicle preparations. We also studied the release of glutamate and Aβ from rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). We found that large amounts of Aβ were secreted from non-stimulated synaptosomes, from which glutamate was not released. On the contrary, we could not detect any differences in Aβ release between non-stimulated synaptosomes and synaptosomes stimulated with KCl or 4-aminopyridine, whereas glutamate release was readily inducible in this system. To conclude, our results indicate that the major release mechanism of Aβ from isolated nerve terminals differs from the synaptic release of glutamate and that the activity-dependent increase of secreted Aβ, reported by several groups using intact cells, is likely dependent on post-synaptic events, trafficking and/or protein synthesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta L Lundgren
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Novum level 5, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saheeb Ahmed
- European Neuroscience Institute, Grisebachstrasse 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Novum level 5, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Sölveg 19, BMC B12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Novum level 5, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Frykman
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Novum level 5, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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George S, Rönnbäck A, Gouras GK, Petit GH, Grueninger F, Winblad B, Graff C, Brundin P. Lesion of the subiculum reduces the spread of amyloid beta pathology to interconnected brain regions in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:17. [PMID: 24517102 PMCID: PMC3932948 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progressive development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology follows a spatiotemporal pattern in the human brain. In a transgenic (Tg) mouse model of AD expressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) with the arctic (E693G) mutation, pathology spreads along anatomically connected structures. Amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology first appears in the subiculum and is later detected in interconnected brain regions, including the retrosplenial cortex. We investigated whether the spatiotemporal pattern of Aβ pathology in the Tg APP arctic mice to interconnected brain structures can be interrupted by destroying neurons using a neurotoxin and thereby disconnecting the neural circuitry. RESULTS We performed partial unilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the subiculum (first structure affected by Aβ pathology) in young Tg APParc mice, prior to the onset of pathology. We assessed Aβ/C99 pathology in mice aged up to 6 months after injecting ibotenate into the subiculum. Compared to the brains of intact Tg APP arctic mice, we observed significantly decreased Aβ/C99 pathology in the ipsilateral dorsal subiculum, CA1 region of the hippocampus and the retrosplenial cortex; regions connecting to and from the dorsal subiculum. By contrast, Aβ/C99 pathology was unchanged in the contralateral hippocampus in the mice with lesions. CONCLUSION These results, obtained in an animal model of AD, support the notion that Aβ/C99 pathology is transmitted between interconnected neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia George
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Annica Rönnbäck
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Géraldine H Petit
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fiona Grueninger
- CNS Discovery and Translation Pharma Research and Exploratory Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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George S, Petit GH, Gouras GK, Brundin P, Olsson R. Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators and selective estrogen receptor β agonists moderate cognitive deficits and amyloid-β levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1537-48. [PMID: 24020966 DOI: 10.1021/cn400133s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreases of the sex steroids, testosterone and estrogen, are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Testosterone and estrogen supplementation improves cognitive deficits in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Sex hormones play a role in the regulation of amyloid-β via induction of the amyloid-β degrading enzymes neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme. To mimic the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), we administered a selective androgen receptor agonist, ACP-105, alone and in combination with the selective estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist AC-186 to male gonadectomized triple transgenic mice. We assessed long-term spatial memory in the Morris water maze, spontaneous locomotion, and anxiety-like behavior in the open field and in the elevated plus maze. We found that ACP-105 given alone decreases anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, when ACP-105 is administered in combination with AC-186, they increase the amyloid-β degrading enzymes neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme and decrease amyloid-β levels in the brain as well as improve cognition. Interestingly, the androgen receptor level in the brain was increased by chronic treatment with the same combination treatment, ACP-105 and AC-186, not seen with DHT or ACP-105 alone. Based on these results, the beneficial effect of the selective ERβ agonist as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia George
- Neuronal Survival
Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience
Center, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
| | - Géraldine H. Petit
- Neuronal Survival
Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience
Center, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department
of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Neuronal Survival
Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience
Center, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand
Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Roger Olsson
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund S-22184, Sweden
- ACADIA Pharmaceuticals Inc, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Gouras GK, Willén K, Faideau M. The inside-out amyloid hypothesis and synapse pathology in Alzheimer's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 13:142-6. [PMID: 24080821 DOI: 10.1159/000354776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence in brains and cultured neurons of Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mouse models, as well as in human postmortem AD brains, highlights that age-related increases in β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), particularly in endosomes near synapses, are involved in early synapse dysfunction. Our immunoelectron microscopy and high-resolution immunofluorescence microscopy studies show that this early subcellular Aβ accumulation leads to progressive Aβ aggregation and pathology, particularly within dystrophic neurites and synapses. These studies confirm that neuritic/synaptic Aβ accumulation is the nidus of plaque formation. Aβ-dependent synapse pathology in AD models is modulated by synaptic activity and is plaque independent. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is normally transported down neurites and appears to be preferentially processed to Aβ at synapses. Synapses are sites of early Aβ accumulation and aberrant tau phosphorylation in AD, which alter the synaptic composition at early stages of the disease. Elucidating the normal role of APP, and potentially of Aβ, at synapses should provide important insights into the mechanism(s) of Aβ-induced synapse dysfunction in AD and how to therapeutically mitigate these dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar K Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Takahashi RH, Capetillo-Zarate E, Lin MT, Milner TA, Gouras GK. Accumulation of intraneuronal β-amyloid 42 peptides is associated with early changes in microtubule-associated protein 2 in neurites and synapses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51965. [PMID: 23372648 PMCID: PMC3553177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and the axonal microtubule-associated protein tau protein are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence supports that Aβ peptide accumulation precedes microtubule-related pathology, although the link between Aβ and tau remains unclear. We previously provided evidence for early co-localization of Aβ42 peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau within postsynaptic terminals of CA1 dendrites in the hippocampus of AD transgenic mice. Here, we explore the relation between Aβ peptide accumulation and the dendritic, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the well-characterized amyloid precursor protein Swedish mutant transgenic mouse (Tg2576). We provide evidence that localized intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ42 peptides is spatially associated with reductions of MAP2 in dendrites and postsynaptic compartments of Tg2576 mice at early ages. Our data support that reduction in MAP2 begins at sites of Aβ42 monomer and low molecular weight oligomer (M/LMW) peptide accumulation. Cumulative evidence suggests that accumulation of M/LMW Aβ42 peptides occurs early, before high molecular weight oligomerization and plaque formation. Since synaptic alteration is the best pathologic correlate of cognitive dysfunction in AD, the spatial association of M/LMW Aβ peptide accumulation with pathology of MAP2 within neuronal processes and synaptic compartments early in the disease process reinforces the importance of intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reisuke H. Takahashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RHT); (GKG)
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail: (RHT); (GKG)
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Gouras GK. mTOR: at the crossroads of aging, chaperones, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2012; 124:747-8. [PMID: 23278352 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dumont M, Kipiani K, Yu F, Wille E, Katz M, Calingasan NY, Gouras GK, Lin MT, Beal MF. Coenzyme Q10 decreases amyloid pathology and improves behavior in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 27:211-23. [PMID: 21799249 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A large body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species occur prior to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, is well characterized as a neuroprotective antioxidant in animal models and human trials of Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease, and reduces plaque burden in AβPP/PS1 mice. We now show that CoQ10 reduces oxidative stress and amyloid pathology and improves behavioral performance in the Tg19959 mouse model of AD. CoQ10 treatment decreased brain levels of protein carbonyls, a marker of oxidative stress. CoQ10 treatment resulted in decreased plaque area and number in hippocampus and in overlying cortex immunostained with an Aβ42-specific antibody. Brain Aβ42 levels were also decreased by CoQ10 supplementation. Levels of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) β-carboxyterminal fragments were decreased. Importantly, CoQ10-treated mice showed improved cognitive performance during Morris water maze testing. Our results show decreased pathology and improved behavior in transgenic AD mice treated with the naturally occurring antioxidant compound CoQ10. CoQ10 is well tolerated in humans and may be promising for therapeutic trials in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Dumont
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Capetillo-Zarate E, Gracia L, Tampellini D, Gouras GK. Intraneuronal Aß Accumulation, Amyloid Plaques, and Synapse Pathology in Alzheimers Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 10:56-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000334762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Capetillo-Zarate E, Gracia L, Yu F, Banfelder JR, Lin MT, Tampellini D, Gouras GK. High-resolution 3D reconstruction reveals intra-synaptic amyloid fibrils. Am J Pathol 2011; 179:2551-8. [PMID: 21925470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and aggregation are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). High-resolution three-dimensional (HR-3D) volumetric imaging allows for better analysis of fluorescence confocal microscopy and 3D visualization of Aβ pathology in brain. Early intraneuronal Aβ pathology was studied in AD transgenic mouse brains by HR-3D volumetric imaging. To better visualize and analyze the development of Aβ pathology, thioflavin S staining and immunofluorescence using antibodies against Aβ, fibrillar Aβ, and structural and synaptic neuronal proteins were performed in the brain tissue of Tg19959, wild-type, and Tg19959-YFP mice at different ages. Images obtained by confocal microscopy were reconstructed into three-dimensional volumetric datasets. Such volumetric imaging of CA1 hippocampus of AD transgenic mice showed intraneuronal onset of Aβ42 accumulation and fibrillization within cell bodies, neurites, and synapses before plaque formation. Notably, early fibrillar Aβ was evident within individual synaptic compartments, where it was associated with abnormal morphology. In dendrites, increasing intraneuronal thioflavin S correlated with decreases in neurofilament marker SMI32. Fibrillar Aβ aggregates could be seen piercing the cell membrane. These data support that Aβ fibrillization begins within AD vulnerable neurons, leading to disruption of cytoarchitecture and degeneration of spines and neurites. Thus, HR-3D volumetric image analysis allows for better visualization of intraneuronal Aβ pathology and provides new insights into plaque formation in AD.
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Majumdar A, Capetillo-Zarate E, Cruz D, Gouras GK, Maxfield FR. Degradation of Alzheimer's amyloid fibrils by microglia requires delivery of ClC-7 to lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1664-76. [PMID: 21441306 PMCID: PMC3093319 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-09-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete lysosomal acidification in microglia inhibits the degradation of fibrillar forms of Alzheimer's amyloid β peptide (fAβ). Here we show that in primary microglia a chloride transporter, ClC-7, is not delivered efficiently to lysosomes, causing incomplete lysosomal acidification. ClC-7 protein is synthesized by microglia but it is mistargeted and appears to be degraded by an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. Activation of microglia with macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces trafficking of ClC-7 to lysosomes, leading to lysosomal acidification and increased fAβ degradation. ClC-7 associates with another protein, Ostm1, which plays an important role in its correct lysosomal targeting. Expression of both ClC-7 and Ostm1 is increased in activated microglia, which can account for the increased delivery of ClC-7 to lysosomes. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism of lysosomal pH regulation in activated microglia that is required for fAβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabha Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Dana Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease Neurobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by a progressive loss of synapses and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Previous studies demonstrated that acute increase in synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal slices and mouse brains (Cirrito et al. Neuron 48: 913-922, 2005; Kamenetz et al. Neuron 37: 925-937, 2003) enhanced secretion of Aβ. Since synaptic activity promotes Aβ secretion, it could also affect the trafficking and processing of its precursor, the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Here, we describe a method to investigate the effect of acute synaptic activation on APP trafficking within dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Tampellini
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Takahashi RH, Tobiume M, Sato Y, Sata T, Gouras GK, Takahashi H. Accumulation of cellular prion protein within dystrophic neurites of amyloid plaques in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Neuropathology 2010; 31:208-14. [PMID: 21062360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid plaques, a well-known hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are formed by aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ). The cellular prion protein (PrPc) accumulates concomitantly with Aβ in amyloid plaques. One type of amyloid plaque, classified as a neuritic plaque, is composed of an amyloid core and surrounding dystrophic neurites. PrPc immunoreactivity reminiscent of dystrophic neurites is observed in neuritic plaques. Proteinase K treatment prior to immunohistochemistry removes PrPc immunoreactivity from amyloid plaques, whereas Aβ immunoreactivity is enhanced by this treatment. In the present study, we used a chemical pretreatment by a sarkosyl solution (0.1% sarkosyl, 75 mM NaOH, 2% NaCl), instead of proteinase K treatment, to evaluate PrPc accumulation within amyloid plaques. Since PrPc within amyloid plaques is removed by this chemical pretreatment, we can recognize that the PrP species deposits within amyloid plaques were PrPc. We could observe that PrPc accumulation in dystrophic neurites occurred differently compared with Aβ or hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation in the AD brain. These results could support the hypothesis that PrPc accumulation in dystrophic neurites reflects a response to impairments in cellular degradation, endocytosis, or transport mechanisms associated with AD rather than a non-specific cross-reactivity between PrPc and aggregated Aβ or tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reisuke H Takahashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ma T, Hoeffer CA, Capetillo-Zarate E, Yu F, Wong H, Lin MT, Tampellini D, Klann E, Blitzer RD, Gouras GK. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20862226 PMCID: PMC2942840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase that plays a pivotal role in multiple fundamental biological processes, including synaptic plasticity. We explored the relationship between the mTOR pathway and β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced synaptic dysfunction, which is considered to be critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methodology/Principal Findings We provide evidence that inhibition of mTOR signaling correlates with impairment in synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices from an AD mouse model and in wild-type slices exposed to exogenous Aβ1-42. Importantly, by up-regulating mTOR signaling, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitors rescued LTP in the AD mouse model, and genetic deletion of FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) prevented Aβ-induced impairment in long-term potentiation (LTP). In addition, confocal microscopy demonstrated co-localization of intraneuronal Aβ42 with mTOR. Conclusions/Significance These data support the notion that the mTOR pathway modulates Aβ-related synaptic dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Hoeffer
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fangmin Yu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Helen Wong
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Davide Tampellini
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Blitzer
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gunnar K. Gouras
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gouras GK. S4‐02‐02: Aβ42 and tau pathologies are related and begin at synapses. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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