1
|
Peng Y, Jia J, Zhang M, Ma W, Cui Y, Yu M. Transcription Factor TFAP2B Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Targeting BNIP3-Mediated Mitophagy in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04004-y. [PMID: 38381297 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) leads to malignant brain edema, blood-brain barrier destruction, and neuronal apoptosis. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification in CIRI was still limited explored. In this study, MeRIP- and RNA-sequencing were performed of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats to find novel potential molecular targets. Transcription factor TFAP2B stood out of which its m6A abundance decreased associated with a marked reduction of its mRNA based on cojoint interactive bioinformatics analysis of the MeRIP- and RNA-sequencing data. It was suggested TFAP2B could have a role in CIRI. Functionally, overexpression of TFAP2B in cultured primary neurons could effectively improve the cell survival and pro-survival autophagy in parallel with reduced cell apoptosis during OGD/R in vitro. Through the RNA-sequencing of TFAP2B overexpressed primary neurons and subsequent validation experiments, it was found that mitophagy receptor BNIP3 was one of the important targets of TFAP2B in OGD/R neurons through which TFAP2B could bind to its promoter region for transcriptional activation of BNIP3, thereby enhancing BNIP3-mediated mitophagy to protect against OGD/R injury of neurons. Lastly, TFAP2B was demonstrated to alleviate the MCAO/R damage to a certain extent in vivo. Although it failed to confirm TFAP2B dysregulation was m6A dependent in current research, this is the first research of TFAP2B in CIRI field with important guiding significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoying Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjia Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqiang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong Y, Sun X, He W, Xiang J, Qi X, Hong W, He Y, Guan Z. Elevated Level of PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy Pathway Involved to the Inhibited Activity of Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase in Rat Brains and Primary Hippocampal Neurons Exposed to High Level of Fluoride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:538-547. [PMID: 37193858 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the molecular mechanism of brain damage induced by chronic fluorosis, expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Parkin)-mediated mitophagy pathway and activity of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in rat brains and primary cultured neurons exposed to high level of fluoride. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with fluoride (0, 5, 50, and 100 ppm) for 3 and 6 months. The primary neurons were exposed to 0.4 mM (7.6 ppm) fluoride and thereafter treated with 100 nM rapamycin (a stimulator of mitophagy) or 50 μM 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an inhibitor of mitophagy) for 24 h. The expressions of PINK1/Parkin at the protein level and the activity of SOD in mitochondria of rat brains and cultured neurons were determined by Western blotting and biochemical method, respectively. The results showed that the rats exposed to fluoride exhibited different degrees of dental fluorosis. In comparison to controls, the expressions of PINK1 and Parkin were significantly higher in the rat brains and primary neurons exposed to high fluoride. In addition, a declined activity of mitochondrial SOD was determined. Interestingly, rapamycin treatment enhanced but 3-MA inhibited the changes of PINK1/Parkin pathway and SOD activity, and the correlations between the inhibited SOD activity and the elevated PINK1/Parkin proteins were observed. The results suggest that the inhibition of mitochondrial SOD activity induced by fluorosis may stimulate the expressions of mitophagy (PINK1/ Parkin) pathway to maintain the mitochondrial homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen He
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Pathology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pietrzak BA, Wnuk A, Przepiórska K, Łach A, Kajta M. Posttreatment with Ospemifene Attenuates Hypoxia- and Ischemia-Induced Apoptosis in Primary Neuronal Cells via Selective Modulation of Estrogen Receptors. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:362-379. [PMID: 37129835 PMCID: PMC10354152 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stroke and perinatal asphyxia have detrimental effects on neuronal cells, causing millions of deaths worldwide each year. Since currently available therapies are insufficient, there is an urgent need for novel neuroprotective strategies to address the effects of cerebrovascular accidents. One such recent approach is based on the neuroprotective properties of estrogen receptors (ERs). However, activation of ERs by estrogens may contribute to the development of endometriosis or hormone-dependent cancers. Therefore, in this study, we utilized ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) already used in dyspareunia treatment. Here, we demonstrated that posttreatment with ospemifene in primary neocortical cell cultures subjected to 18 h of hypoxia and/or ischemia followed by 6 h of reoxygenation has robust neuroprotective potential. Ospemifene partially reverses hypoxia- and ischemia-induced changes in LDH release, the degree of neurodegeneration, and metabolic activity. The mechanism of the neuroprotective actions of ospemifene involves the inhibition of apoptosis since the compound decreases caspase-3 overactivity during hypoxia and enhances mitochondrial membrane potential during ischemia. Moreover, in both models, ospemifene decreased the levels of the proapoptotic proteins BAX, FAS, FASL, and GSK3β while increasing the level of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2. Silencing of specific ERs showed that the neuroprotective actions of ospemifene are mediated mainly via ESR1 (during hypoxia and ischemia) and GPER1 (during hypoxia), which is supported by ospemifene-evoked increases in ESR1 protein levels in hypoxic and ischemic neurons. The results identify ospemifene as a promising neuroprotectant, which in the future may be used to treat injuries due to brain hypoxia/ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta A Pietrzak
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Karolina Przepiórska
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Andrzej Łach
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, Krakow, 31-343, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brolin E, Ingelsson M, Bergström J, Erlandsson A. Altered Distribution of SNARE Proteins in Primary Neurons Exposed to Different Alpha-Synuclein Proteoforms. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01355-3. [PMID: 37130995 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the pathological alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) starts at the synapses. Physiologic α-syn is involved in regulating neurotransmitter release by binding to the SNARE complex protein VAMP-2 on synaptic vesicles. However, in which way the SNARE complex formation is affected by α-syn pathology remains unclear. In this study, primary cortical neurons were exposed to either α-syn monomers or preformed fibrils (PFFs) for different time points and the effect on SNARE protein distribution was analyzed with a novel proximity ligation assay (PLA). Short-term exposure to monomers or PFFs for 24 h increased the co-localization of VAMP-2 and syntaxin-1, but reduced the co-localization of SNAP-25 and syntaxin-1, indicating a direct effect of the added α-syn on SNARE protein distribution. Long-term exposure to α-syn PFFs for 7 d reduced VAMP-2 and SNAP-25 co-localization, although there was only a modest induction of ser129 phosphorylated (pS129) α-syn. Similarly, exposure to extracellular vesicles collected from astrocytes treated with α-syn PFFs for 7 d influenced VAMP-2 and SNAP-25 co-localization despite only low levels of pS129 α-syn being formed. Taken together, our results demonstrate that different α-syn proteoforms have the potential to alter the distribution of SNARE proteins at the synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Brolin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
- Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joakim Bergström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chaiamarit T, Wu Y, Verhelle A, Encalada SE. Fluorescence Assays for Real-Time Tracking of Cell Surface Protein Internalization and Endosomal Sorting in Axons of Primary Mouse Hippocampal Neurons. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4651. [PMID: 37056248 PMCID: PMC10086550 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The trafficking and sorting of proteins through the secretory-endolysosomal system is critical for the proper functioning of neurons. Defects in steps of these pathways are associated with neuronal toxicity in various neurodegenerative disorders. The prion protein (PrP) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that follows the secretory pathway before reaching the cell surface. Following endocytosis from the cell surface, PrP sorts into endosomes and lysosomes for further recycling and degradation, respectively. A few detailed protocols using drug treatments and fluorescent dyes have previously allowed the tracking of PrP trafficking routes in real time in non-neuronal cells. Here, we present a protocol optimized for primary neurons that aims to monitor and/or manipulate the trafficking and sorting of PrP particles at several steps during their secretory-endolysosomal itineraries, including (a) ER export, (b) endocytosis, (c) lysosomal degradation, and (d) accumulation in axonal endolysosomes. These primary neuron live assays allow for the robust quantitation of accumulation and/or degradation of PrP or of other membrane-associated proteins that transition from the ER to the Golgi via the cell surface. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai Chaiamarit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yin Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adriaan Verhelle
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sandra E. Encalada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ju Y, Li H, Li J, Gu N, Yang F. Dual-parameter cell biosensor for real-time monitoring of effects of propionic acid on neurons. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 229:115227. [PMID: 36940662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently, only a few small devices are capable of continuously recording the physiological states of neurons in real time. Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used as electrophysiological technology to detect the excitability of neurons non-invasively. However, the development of miniaturized and multi-parameter MEAs capable of real-time recording remains challenging. In this study, an on-chip micro-electrode and platinum resistor array (MEPRA) biosensor was designed and fabricated to monitor both the electrical and temperature signals of cells synchronously in real time. Such on-chip sensor maintains high sensitivity and stability. The MEPRA biosensor was further used to investigate the effects of propionic acid (PA) on primary neurons. The results demonstrate that PA affects the temperature and firing frequency of primary cortical neurons in concentration-dependent manners. The changes of temperature and firing frequency work in tandem with neuronal physiological status, including neuron viability, intracellular calcium concentration, neural plasticity, and mitochondrial function. This highly biocompatible, stable, and sensitive MEPRA biosensor may provide high-precision reference information for investigating the physiological responses of neuron cells under various conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxu Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang G, Deinhardt K, Neubert TA. Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids and Bioorthogonal Noncanonical Amino Acid Tagging in Cultured Primary Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2603:163-171. [PMID: 36370278 PMCID: PMC10150910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2863-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cultured primary neurons are a well-established model for the study of neuronal function. Conventional stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) requires nearly complete metabolic labeling of proteins and therefore is difficult to apply to cultured primary neurons, which do not divide in culture. In a multiplex SILAC strategy, two different sets of heavy amino acids are used for labeling cells for the different experimental conditions. This allows for straightforward SILAC quantitation using partially labeled cells because the two cell populations are always equally labeled. When combined with bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT), it allows for comparative proteomic analysis of de novo protein synthesis. Here we describe protocols that utilize the multiplex SILAC labeling strategy for primary cultured neurons to study steady-state and nascent proteomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katrin Deinhardt
- Institute for Life Sciences and Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology and Kimmel Center for Molecular Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaniyappan S, Balaji V, Wang Y, Mandelkow E. Microfluidic Chamber Technology to Study Missorting and Spreading of Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2551:111-123. [PMID: 36310200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2597-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein found mainly in the axons of neurons in the brain. Abnormal changes in Tau (e.g., aggregation, hyperphosphorylation) are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Two processes of relocalization of Tau may be related to early states of the pathology and have received much attention: (1) the redistribution of Tau within cells (termed "somatodendritic missorting") and (2) the release and reuptake of Tau from donor to acceptor cells (termed "spreading"). Because of the tripartite nature of neurons (cell body, dendrites, axons), these changes can be studied by microfluidic chambers (MFCs) which allow separation and observation of Tau in neuronal compartments. In this chapter, we present some methods and research results obtained by using microfluidic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Varun Balaji
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yipeng Wang
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- Shanghai Qiangrui Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Eckhard Mandelkow
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- CAESAR Research Center, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wojtyniak P, Boratynska-Jasinska A, Serwach K, Gruszczynska-Biegala J, Zablocka B, Jaworski J, Kawalec M. Mitofusin 2 Integrates Mitochondrial Network Remodelling, Mitophagy and Renewal of Respiratory Chain Proteins in Neurons after Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6502-6518. [PMID: 35962299 PMCID: PMC9463309 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In attempts to develop effective therapeutic strategies to limit post-ischemic injury, mitochondria emerge as a key element determining neuronal fate. Mitochondrial damage can be alleviated by various mechanisms including mitochondrial network remodelling, mitochondrial elimination and mitochondrial protein biogenesis. However, the mechanisms regulating relationships between these phenomena are poorly understood. We hypothesized that mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), a mitochondrial GTPase involved in mitochondrial fusion, mitochondria trafficking and mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tethering, may act as one of linking and regulatory factors in neurons following ischemic insult. To verify this assumption, we performed temporal oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD/R) on rat cortical primary culture to determine whether Mfn2 protein reduction affected the onset of mitophagy, subsequent mitochondrial biogenesis and thus neuronal survival. We found that Mfn2 knockdown increased neuronal susceptibility to OGD/R, prevented mitochondrial network remodelling and resulted in prolonged mitophagosomes formation in response to the insult. Next, Mfn2 knockdown was observed to be accompanied by reduced Parkin protein levels and increased Parkin accumulation on mitochondria. As for wild-type neurons, OGD/R insult was followed by an elevated mtDNA content and an increase in respiratory chain proteins. Neither of these phenomena were observed for Mfn2 knockdown neurons. Collectively, our findings showed that Mfn2 in neurons affected their response to mild and transient OGD stress, balancing the extent of defective mitochondria elimination and positively influencing mitochondrial respiratory protein levels. Our study suggests that Mfn2 is one of essential elements for neuronal response to ischemic insult, necessary for neuronal survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wojtyniak
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Serwach
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Zablocka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kawalec
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Skoug C, Martinsson I, Gouras GK, Meissner A, Duarte JMN. Sphingosine 1-Phoshpate Receptors are Located in Synapses and Control Spontaneous Activity of Mouse Neurons in Culture. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3114-3125. [PMID: 35781853 PMCID: PMC9470655 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is best known for its roles as vascular and immune regulator. Besides, it is also present in the central nervous system (CNS) where it can act as neuromodulator via five S1P receptors (S1PRs), and thus control neurotransmitter release. The distribution of S1PRs in the active zone and postsynaptic density of CNS synapses remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the localization of S1PR1-5 in synapses of the mouse cortex. Cortical nerve terminals purified in a sucrose gradient were endowed with all five S1PRs. Further subcellular fractionation of cortical nerve terminals revealed S1PR2 and S1PR4 immunoreactivity in the active zone of presynaptic nerve terminals. Interestingly, only S1PR2 and S1PR3 immunoreactivity was found in the postsynaptic density. All receptors were present outside the active zone of nerve terminals. Neurons in the mouse cortex and primary neurons in culture showed immunoreactivity against all five S1PRs, and Ca2+ imaging revealed that S1P inhibits spontaneous neuronal activity in a dose-dependent fashion. When testing selective agonists for each of the receptors, we found that only S1PR1, S1PR2 and S1PR4 control spontaneous neuronal activity. We conclude that S1PR2 and S1PR4 are located in the active zone of nerve terminals and inhibit neuronal activity. Future studies need to test whether these receptors modulate stimulation-induced neurotransmitter release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Skoug
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Voldřich J, Matoušová M, Šmídková M, Slavíková B, Chodounská H, Kudová E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H. Identification of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists using the rat postnatal mixed cortical and hippocampal neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 927:175056. [PMID: 35636520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate mixed cortical and hippocampal primary rat postnatal neuronal culture as in vitro tool for identification of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists and to find out, whether this model is comparable with other commonly used primary rat neuronal models differing in their origin (pure cortical vs. mixed cortical and hippocampal) and differentiation state (embryonal vs. postnatal). Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) - derived human glutamatergic neurons have been included in this study as well. First, the cultures were characterized by their neuron/astrocyte composition, the mRNA expression of NR2B/NR2A NMDAR subunit ratios, and the expression of glutamate transporters (GLT1, GLAST). Then, selected endogenous steroids and synthetic neuroactive steroids that have been previously identified as negative allosteric modulators of recombinant GluN1/GluN2B NMDA receptors, were evaluated for their ability to prevent an NMDA or glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx (acute effect) and excitotoxicity over 24 h. Though the neuroprotective potential against excitotoxic stimuli varied among the models studied, postnatal mixed cortical and hippocampal culture proved to be a convenient and robust tool for NMDAR antagonist screening. The most widely used embryonal (E18) cultures offered higher cell yields but at the expense of a higher sensitivity to compounds' cytotoxicity. iPSC-derived neurons were not found to be superior to rat cultures for screening purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Voldřich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Marika Matoušová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Slavíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 - Dejvice, 16610, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee S, Lee W, Yang S, Suh YJ, Hong DG, Chang SC, Kim HS, Lee J. Di- n-butyl phthalate disrupts neuron maturation in primary rat embryo neurons and male C57BL/6 mice. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2022; 85:56-70. [PMID: 34488563 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1973631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is commonly used as a plasticizer and its usage continues to increase in conjunction with plastic consumption. DBP is readily released into air, drinking water, and soil, and unfortunately, is a potent endocrine disrupter that impairs central nervous system functions. Previously DBP was found to (1) arrest the cell cycle of C17.2 neural progenitor cells (NPCs) at the G1 phase, (2) reduce numbers of newly generated neural stem cells in the mouse hippocampus, and (3) adversely affect learning and memory. Other investigators also noted DBP-mediated neurotoxic effects, but as yet, no study has addressed the adverse effects of DBP on neuronal differentiation. Data demonstrated that at 200 μM DBP induced apoptosis in rat embryo primary neurons by increasing reactive oxygen species levels and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. However, no significant effect was detected on neurons at concentrations of ≤100 μM. In contrast, doublecortin/microtubule associated protein-2 (DCX/MAP2) immunocytochemistry showed that DBP at 100 μM delayed neuronal maturation by increasing protein levels of DCX (an immature neuronal marker), without markedly affecting cell viability. Further in vivo studies confirmed that DCX+ cell numbers were significantly elevated in the hippocampus of DBP-treated mice, indicating that DBP delayed neuronal maturation, which is known to be associated with impaired memory retention. Data demonstrated that DBP might disrupt neuronal maturation, which is correlated with reduced neurocognitive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute Of Food And Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Heungdeok-gu, Korea
| | - Seonguk Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ji Suh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Geun Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro, Republic of Korea1
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharanek A, Jahani-Asl A. Monitoring Mitochondrial Respiration in Mouse Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2515:1-15. [PMID: 35776342 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2409-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation have been observed in numerous neurodegenerative disorders and are linked to bioenergetic crises leading to neuronal death. The distinct metabolic profile of neurons is predominantly oxidative, which is characterized by the oxidation of glucose or its metabolites in the mitochondria to produce ATP. This process involves the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transfer in the respiratory chain, and oxygen consumption. Therefore, measurement of oxygen consumption rates (OCR) can be accurately applied to assess the rate of mitochondrial respiration. In this chapter, we describe our optimized protocol for the assessment of OCR specifically in primary mouse cerebellar granule neurons (CGN). The protocol includes isolation and manipulation of mouse CGNs followed by real-time assessment of mitochondrial OCR using a Seahorse XFe96 extracellular flux analyzer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sharanek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arezu Jahani-Asl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine , McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Efficient transfection of genes into the neurons is a crucial step for the study of neuronal cell biology and functions. These include but not limited to investigating gene function by overexpression of target proteins via expression plasmids and knocking down the expression levels of neuronal genes by RNA interference (RNAi). In addition, reporter gene constructs are widely used to investigate the promoter activities of neuronal genes. Numerous transfection techniques have been established to deliver genes into the cells. However, efficient transfection of postmitotic cells, including neurons, still remains a challenging task. Here, we overview the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques for the transfection of primary neurons, and provide an optimized protocol for FuGENE-6 (Promega) which allows for a suitable transfection efficiency of primary neuronal cultures.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang T, Zhu Q, Cao B, Cai Y, Wen S, Bian J, Zou H, Song R, Gu J, Liu X, Liu Z, Yuan Y. Ca 2+ transfer via the ER-mitochondria tethering complex in neuronal cells contribute to cadmium-induced autophagy. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021. [PMID: 34308505 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) play a key role in several physiological functions, including calcium ion (Ca2+) transfer and autophagy; however, the molecular mechanism controlling this interaction in cadmium (Cd)-induced neurotoxicity is unknown. This study shows that Cd induces alterations in MAMs and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels in PC12 cells and primary neurons. Ablation or silencing of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) in PC12 cells or primary neurons blocks the colocalization of ER and mitochondria while reducing the efficiency of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Moreover, Mfn2 defects reduce interactions or colocalization between GRP75 and VDAC1. Interestingly, the enhancement of autophagic protein levels, colocalization of LC3 and Lamp2, and GFP-LC3 puncta induced by Cd decreased in Mfn2-/- or Grp75-/- PC12 cells and Mfn2- or Grp75-silenced primary neurons. Notably, the specific Ca2+ uniporter inhibitor RuR blocked both mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and autophagy induced by Cd. Finally, this study proves that the mechanism by which IP3R-Grp75-VDAC1 tethers in MAMs is associated with the regulation of autophagy by Mfn2 and involves their role in mediating mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake from ER stores. These results give new evidence into the organelle metabolic process by demonstrating that Ca2+ transport between ER-mitochondria is important in autophagosome formation in Cd-induced neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cheng J, Liu D, Zhao L, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Wang B, Bai D. Potentilla anserine L. polysaccharide inhibits cadmium-induced neurotoxicity by attenuating autophagy. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105045. [PMID: 33887379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal with cytotoxicity, can activate autophagy. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of Potentilla anserine L. polysaccharide (PAP) on autophagy in N2a cells, primary neurons, and the brain of BALB/c mice exposed to Cd. The CCK-8 assay results showed that the cell viability decreased and the number of acidic vesicular organelles, autophagic vacuoles, lysosomes, and dysfunctional mitochondria increased in the cytoplasm of Cd-exposed N2a cells and primary neurons, as revealed by acridine orange staining, monodansylcadaverine staining, and transmission electron microscopy. PAP mitigated Cd-induced neuronal death and characteristic changes in autophagy. The expression of LC3 IILC3 II, Bcl-2, p62, Beclin-1, and PI3K class III was examined by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor (LY294002 or 3-MA) and/or PAP reversed the Cd-induced upregulated expression of LC3 II, Beclin-1, and PI3K class III, with a synergy between PI3K inhibitor and PAP against Cd-induced autophagy. The findings suggested that PAP partially prevented Cd-induced autophagic cell death in neurons by inhibiting the PI3K class III/Beclin-1 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Cheng
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Di Liu
- Keylaboratory of Evidence Science Techniques Research and Application of Gansu Province, Gansu University of Political Science and Law, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Laboratory Center for Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Decheng Bai
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gu C, Yang J, Luo Y, Ran D, Tan X, Xiang P, Fei H, Lu Y, Guo W, Tu Y, Liu X, Wang H. ZNRF2 attenuates focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by inhibiting mTORC1-mediated autophagy. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113759. [PMID: 33992580 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc and ring finger 2 (ZNRF2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a crucial role in many diseases. However, its role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) still remains unknown. In this study, the function and molecular mechanism of ZNRF2 in CIRI in vivo and vitro was studied. ZNRF2 was found to be dramatically downregulated in CIRI. Overexpression of ZNRF2 could significantly reduce the neurological deficit, brain infarct volume and histopathological damage of cortex in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Concomitantly, overexpression of ZNRF2 increased the primary neuronal viability and decreased the neuronal apoptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Mechanistically, overexpression of ZNRF2 inhibited the over-induction of autophagy induced by OGD/R which was abolished by mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. It can be concluded that ZNRF2 plays a protective effect in CIRI and the underlying mechanism may be related to the inhibition of mTORC1-mediated autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaodan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Pu Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Dianjiang People's Hospital of Chongqing, Dianjiang, Chongqing 408300, China
| | - Huizhi Fei
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenjia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yujun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
LaBarbera KM, Limegrover C, Rehak C, Yurko R, Izzo NJ, Knezovich N, Watto E, Waybright L, Catalano SM. Modeling the mature CNS: A predictive screening platform for neurodegenerative disease drug discovery. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 358:109180. [PMID: 33836174 PMCID: PMC8217273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mature primary neuronal cultures are an important model of the nervous system, but limited scalability has been a major challenge in their use for drug discovery of neurodegenerative diseases. This work describes a method for improving scalability through the use of larger format microtiter plates while preserving culture quality. New Method: Here we describe a method and quality control procedures for growing embryonic day 18 rat hippocampal/cortical neuronal cultures in 384-well microtiter plates for three weeks in vitro. Results: We use these cultures in two assays measuring intracellular lipid vesicle trafficking and synapse density for routine screening of small molecule libraries. Together this culture system and screening platform have successfully identified therapeutics capable of improving cognitive function in transgenic models of Alzheimer’s disease that have advanced to clinical trials, validating their translational applicability. Comparison with Existing Methods: Our method enables the growth of healthy, mature neurons in larger format microtiter plates than in traditional primary neuronal culturing protocols, making it ideal for drug screening and mechanism of action studies. Conclusion: The predictive capacity of this culture system and screening platform provides a method for rapidly identifying novel disease-modifying neurodegenerative therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Courtney Rehak
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
| | - Raymond Yurko
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
| | | | - Nicole Knezovich
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
| | - Emily Watto
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
| | - Lora Waybright
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States
| | - Susan M Catalano
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Genetic mutations have long been implicated in epilepsy, particularly in genes that encode ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. Among some of those identified are voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels, and ligand-gated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (CHRN), and glutamate receptors, making them key therapeutic targets. In this chapter we discuss the use of automated electrophysiological technologies to examine the impact of gene defects in two potassium channels associated with different epilepsy syndromes. The hKCNC1 gene encodes the voltage-gated potassium channel hKV3.1, and mutations in this gene cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) and ataxia due to a potassium channel mutation (MEAK). The hKCNT1 gene encodes the weakly voltage-dependent sodium-activated potassium channel hKCNT1, and mutations in this gene cause a wide spectrum of seizure disorders, including severe autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (ADSHE) and epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), both conditions associated with drug-resistance. Importantly, both of these potassium channels play vital roles in regulating neuronal excitability. Since its discovery in the late nineteen seventies, the patch-clamp technique has been regarded as the bench-mark technology for exploring ion channel characteristics. In more recent times, innovations in automated patch-clamp technologies, of which there are many, are enabling the study of ion channels with much greater productivity that manual systems are capable of. Here we describe aspects of Nanion NPC-16 Patchliner, examining the effects of temperature on stably and transiently transfected mammalian cells, the latter of which for most automated systems on the market is quite challenging. Remarkable breakthroughs in the development of other automated electrophysiological technologies, such as multielectrode arrays that support extracellular signal recordings, provide additional features to examine network activity in the area of ion channel research, particularly epilepsy. Both of these automated technologies enable the acquisition of consistent, robust, and reproducible data. Numerous systems have been developed with very similar capabilities, however, not all the systems on the market are adapted to work with primary cells, particularly neurons that can be problematic. This chapter also showcases methods that demonstrate the versatility of Nanion NPC-16 Patchliner and the Multi Channel Systems (MCS) multielectrode array (MEA) assay for acutely dissociated murine primary cortical neurons, enabling the study of potassium channel mutations implicated in severe refractory epilepsies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Di Biase E, Lunghi G, Fazzari M, Maggioni M, Pomè DY, Valsecchi M, Samarani M, Fato P, Ciampa MG, Prioni S, Mauri L, Sonnino S, Chiricozzi E. Gangliosides in the differentiation process of primary neurons: the specific role of GM1-oligosaccharide. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:329-343. [PMID: 32198666 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently reported by our group that GM1-oligosaccharide added to neuroblastoma cells or administered to mouse experimental model mimics the neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of GM1 ganglioside. In addition to this, differently from GM1, GM1-oligosaccharide is not taken up by the cells, remaining solubilized into the extracellular environment interacting with cell surface proteins. Those characteristics make GM1-oligosaccharide a good tool to study the properties of the endogenous GM1, avoiding to interfere with the ganglioside natural metabolic pathway. In this study, we show that GM1-oligosaccharide administered to mice cerebellar granule neurons by interacting with cell surface induces TrkA-MAP kinase pathway activation enhancing neuron clustering, arborization and networking. Accordingly, in the presence of GM1-oligosaccharide, neurons show a higher phosphorylation rate of FAK and Src proteins, the intracellular key regulators of neuronal motility. Moreover, treated cells express increased level of specific neuronal markers, suggesting an advanced stage of maturation compared to controls. In parallel, we found that in the presence of GM1-oligosaccharide, neurons accelerate the expression of complex gangliosides and reduce the level of the simplest ones, displaying the typical ganglioside pattern of mature neurons. Our data confirms the specific role of GM1 in neuronal differentiation and maturation, determined by its oligosaccharide portion. GM1-oligosacchairide interaction with cell surface receptors triggers the activation of intracellular biochemical pathways responsible for neuronal migration, dendrites emission and axon growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Fazzari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Margherita Maggioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Diego Yuri Pomè
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Manuela Valsecchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maura Samarani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Pamela Fato
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Simona Prioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kajta M, Rzemieniec J, Wnuk A, Lasoń W. Triclocarban impairs autophagy in neuronal cells and disrupts estrogen receptor signaling via hypermethylation of specific genes. Sci Total Environ 2020; 701:134818. [PMID: 31706213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although an increasing body of evidence suggests that triclocarban, a phenyl ether classified as a contaminant of emerging concern, presents a risk to development, there is limited data available on the potential interplay of triclocarban with the developing mammalian nervous system. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of environmentally pervasive chemical triclocarban on autophagy and estrogen receptor-mediated signaling pathways in mouse neurons. The study showed that triclocarban impaired autophagy and disrupted estrogen receptor signaling in mouse embryonic neurons in primary culture. Triclocarban used at environmentally relevant concentrations inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of ESR1 and GPER1 but not ESR2. The triclocarban-induced decrease in the expression of estrogen receptors was supported by the colocalization of the receptors in mouse neurons and corresponded to hypermethylation of the Esr1 and Gper1 genes. Selective antagonists increased the effects of triclocarban, which suggests that the neurotoxic effects of triclocarban, in addition to decreasing estrogen receptor expression, are mediated via inhibition of the neuroprotective capacity of the receptors. Furthermore, Becn1 and Atg7 siRNAs potentiated the caspase-3-dependent effect of triclocarban, which points to triclocarban-induced impairment of autophagy. Indeed, triclocarban dysregulated the expression of autophagy-related genes, and caused a time-dependent inhibition of the mRNA expression of Becn1, Map1lc3a, Map1lc3b, Nup62, and Atg7, which was correlated with a decrease in the protein levels of MAP1LC3B, BECN1 and autophagosomes, but not NUP62 protein level which was increased. Intriguingly, the Esr1 and Gper1 siRNAs did not affect the level of autophagosomes, suggesting that the triclocarban-induced impairment of autophagy is independent of the triclocarban-induced disruption of estrogen receptor signaling in mammalian neurons. Because our data provided evidence that triclocarban has the capacity to impair autophagy and disrupt estrogen receptor signaling in brain neurons at an early developmental stage, we postulate to categorize the compound as a neurodevelopmental risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - J Rzemieniec
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - W Lasoń
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Primary culture of mouse hippocampal neurons is a very useful in vitro model for studying neuronal development, axonal and dendritic morphology, synaptic functions, and many other neuronal features. Here we describe a step-by-step process of generating primary neurons from mouse embryonic hippocampi (E17.5/E18.5). Hippocampal neurons generated with this protocol can be plated in different tissue culture dishes according to different experimental aims and can produce a reliable source of pure and differentiated neurons in less than one week. This protocol covers all the steps necessary for the preparation, culture and characterization of the neuronal culture, including the illustration of dissection instruments, surgical procedure for embryos' isolation, culturing conditions and assessment of culture's purity and differentiation. Evaluation of neuronal activity was performed by analysis of calcium imaging dynamics at six days in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tomassoni-Ardori
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| | - Zhenyi Hong
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| | - Gianluca Fulgenzi
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nebie O, Devos D, Vingtdeux V, Barro L, Devedjian JC, Jonneaux A, Chou ML, Bordet R, Buée L, Knutson F, Blum D, Burnouf T. The neuroprotective activity of heat-treated human platelet lysate biomaterials manufactured from outdated pathogen-reduced (amotosalen/UVA) platelet concentrates. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:89. [PMID: 31666073 PMCID: PMC6822406 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective neurorestorative therapies of neurodegenerative diseases must be developed. There is increasing interest in using human platelet lysates, rich in neurotrophic factors, as novel disease-modifying strategy of neurodegeneration. To ensure virus safety, pathogen reduction treatments should be incorporated in the preparation process of the platelet concentrates used as source material. We therefore investigated whether platelet concentrates (PC) pathogen-inactivated using a licensed photo-inactivation treatment combining photosensitive psoralen (amotosalen) and UVA irradiation (Intercept) can serve as source material to prepare platelet lysates with preserved neuroprotective activity in Parkinson’s disease models. Methods Intercept treated-PCs were centrifuged, when reaching expiry day (7 days after collection), to remove plasma and platelet additive solution. The platelet pellet was re-suspended and concentrated in phosphate buffer saline, subjected to 3 freeze-thaw cycles (− 80 °C/37 °C) then centrifuged to remove cell debris. The supernatant was recovered and further purified, or not, by heat-treatment as in our previous investigations. The content in proteins and neurotrophic factors was determined and the toxicity and neuroprotective activity of the platelet lysates towards LUHMES cells or primary cortical/hippocampal neurons were assessed using ELISA, flow cytometry, cell viability and cytotoxicity assays and proteins analysis by Western blot. Results Platelet lysates contained the expected level of total proteins (ca. 7–14 mg/mL) and neurotrophic factors. Virally inactivated and heat-treated platelet lysates did not exert detectable toxic effects on neither Lund human mesencephalic dopaminergic LUHMES cell line nor primary neurons. When used at doses of 5 and 0.5%, they enhanced the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuron-specific enolase in LUHMES cells and did not significantly impact synaptic protein expression in primary neurons, respectively. Furthermore, virally-inactivated platelet lysates tested were found to exert very strong neuroprotection effects on both LUHMES and primary neurons exposed to erastin, an inducer of ferroptosis cell death. Conclusion Outdated Intercept pathogen-reduced platelet concentrates can be used to prepare safe and highly neuroprotective human heat-treated platelet pellet lysates. These data open reassuring perspectives in the possibility to develop an effective biotherapy using virally-inactivated platelet lysates rich in functional neurotrophins for neuroregenerative medicine, and for further bio-industrial development. However, the data should be confirmed in animal models. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ouada Nebie
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - David Devos
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1171. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Vingtdeux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Lassina Barro
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Christophe Devedjian
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1171. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Aurélie Jonneaux
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1171. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ming-Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Present address: INSERM UMRS 938, CdR Saint-Antoine, Laboratory Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1171. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Folke Knutson
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine IGP, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Blum
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Eddings CR, Arbez N, Akimov S, Geva M, Hayden MR, Ross CA. Pridopidine protects neurons from mutant-huntingtin toxicity via the sigma-1 receptor. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:118-129. [PMID: 31108174 PMCID: PMC6996243 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene (HTT), translated into a Huntingtin protein with a polyglutamine expansion. There is preferential loss of medium spiny neurons within the striatum and cortical pyramidal neurons. Pridopidine is a small molecule showing therapeutic potential in HD preclinical and clinical studies. Pridopidine has nanomolar affinity to the sigma-1 receptor (sigma-1R), which is located predominantly at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial associated ER membrane, and activates neuroprotective pathways. Here we evaluate the neuroprotective effects of pridopidine against mutant Huntingtin toxicity in mouse and human derived in vitro cell models. We also investigate the involvement of the sigma-1 receptor in the mechanism of pridopidine. Pridopidine protects mutant Huntingtin transfected mouse primary striatal and cortical neurons, with an EC50 in the mid nanomolar range, as well as HD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This protection by pridopidine is blocked by NE-100, a purported sigma-1 receptor antagonist, and not blocked by ANA-12, a reported TrkB receptor antagonist. 3PPP, a documented sigma-1 receptor agonist, shows similar neuroprotective effects. Genetic knock out of the sigma-1 receptor dramatically decreases protection from pridopidine and 3PPP, but not protection via brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The neuroprotection afforded by pridopidine in our HD cell models is robust and sigma-1 receptor dependent. These studies support the further development of pridopidine, and other sigma-1 receptor agonists as neuroprotective agents for HD and perhaps for other disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsy R Eddings
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Arbez
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - Sergey Akimov
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - Michal Geva
- Prilenia Therapeutics Development LTD, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Prilenia Therapeutics Development LTD, Herzliya, Israel; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Poddar S, Parasa MK, Vajanthri KY, Chaudhary A, Pancholi UV, Sarkar A, Singh AK, Mahto SK. Low density culture of mammalian primary neurons in compartmentalized microfluidic devices. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:67. [PMID: 31273556 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the fabrication of a compartmentalized microfluidic device with docking sites to position a single neuron or a cluster of 5-6 neurons along with varying length of microgrooves and the optimization process for culturing primary mammalian neurons at low densities. The principle of centrifugation was employed to situate cells in desired locations followed by the application of a fluid flow to remove the extra or unwanted cells lying in the vicinity of the located neurons. The neuronal cell density was optimized by seeding 103 cells and 104 cells/microfluidic device. The speed of centrifugation was optimized as 1500 rpm for 1 min and a cell density of greater than or equal to 104 cells/microfluidic device was found to be suitable for loading maximum number of docking sites. The outcomes of the simulated experiments was found to be in compliance with the experimemtal verifications. Furthermore, the cells cultured within the microfluidic device were assessed for immunocytochemical staining and the axonal growth was quantified with the help of an Axofluidic software. Although, several in vitro microfluidic platforms have been developed that facilitate the investigations where communication between neurons or between neurons and other cell types is concerned, none of the partitioned devices so far has reported the presence of docking sites along with an array of grooves of varying lengths. These physically connected but fluidically isolated compartmentalized microfluidic devices may serve us in analysing the activity of a low density of neurons and the influence of axonal length in setting up a communication with other cell type.This platform is useful to gain insights into the processes of synapse formation, axonal guidance, cell-cell interaction, to name a few.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Poddar
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Mrugesh Krishna Parasa
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kiran Yellappa Vajanthri
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Anjali Chaudhary
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Utkarsh Vinodchandra Pancholi
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
- Tissue Engineering and Biomicrofluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India. .,Centre for Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Volpicelli-Daley LA. Assays for Neuronal Defects Caused by Early Formation of α-Synuclein Inclusions in Primary Cultured Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1948:1-14. [PMID: 30771165 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9124-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are characterized by intracellular inclusions composed mostly of α-synuclein (Baba et al., Am J Pathol 152:879-884, 1998). How inclusion formation impacts neuronal function prior to death is key to understanding disease progression and identifying therapeutic windows. In the α-synuclein fibril model, exposure of primary neurons to α-synuclein fibrils induces endogenously expressed α-synuclein to form inclusions which closely resembles pathologic mechanisms in humans with PD and DLB (Volpicelli-Daley et al., Neuron 72, 57-71, 2011). In this model, at 7 days after exposure of neurons to fibrils, when there is no neuron death, inclusions in the axon selectively impair axonal transport of endosomes carrying the TrkB receptor and LC3-positive autophagosomes (Volpicelli-Daley et al., Mol Biol Cell 25:4010-4023, 2014). In addition, the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous Ca2+ transients are reduced in neurons 7 days after fibril exposure. Here we discuss protocols for plating primary hippocampal neurons, generating fibrils and measuring axonal transport and Ca2+ transients. These assays provide additional assays of neurotoxicity allowing researchers to determine if a therapeutic intervention can prevent neuronal defects before intractable neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu ZC, Gao JH, Du TF, Tang DH, Chen NH, Yuan YH, Ma KL. Alpha-synuclein is highly prone to distribution in the hippocampus and midbrain in tree shrews, and its fibrils seed Lewy body-like pathology in primary neurons. Exp Gerontol 2018; 116:37-45. [PMID: 30553024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese tree shrew (TS) has many unique advantages that make it suitable for use as an experimental animal model for human disease including moderate body size, low cost of feeding, short reproductive cycle and lifespan, and close phylogenetic relationship to primates. Our previous studies have shown that TS treated with the mitochondrial inhibitor MPTP displayed classic Parkinsonian symptoms. Additionally, the structure of TS alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is highly homologous to that found in humans. Previous studies have concluded that misfolded, fibrillar α-syn is a hallmark of α-synucleinopathies. In this study, we examined the distribution and expression levels of α-syn in different TS brain regions. We also obtained recombinant TS α-syn protein to study its aggregation and cytotoxic properties in primary neurons. Our results showed that α-syn was expressed in numerous different brain regions in TS but was most abundant in the hippocampus and midbrain. The recombinant α-syn of TS displayed straight fibrils when incubated for 72 h in vitro, which is very similar to human α-syn. When exposed to primary neurons, the TS and human α-syn fibrils led to cytotoxicity and Lewy-like pathology. Our findings indicated that TS could be a potential animal model to study the pathology of α-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Cun Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China; Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China; Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ting-Fu Du
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China; Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Dong-Hong Tang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medic, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medic, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai-Li Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China; Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
High content, phenotypic screens offer a powerful approach to systems biology at the cellular level. The approach employs cells carrying fluorescently labeled molecules or organelles in 384- or 1536-well microplates, and an automated confocal screening microscope for capturing images from each well. Although some specifics vary according to the assay type, each will apply some degree of image processing and feature extraction followed by a data analysis pipeline to identify the perturbations (small molecules, etc.) of interest. We describe and discuss the advantages and limitations of high content assays and screens using the specific example of assaying mitochondrial dynamics in primary neurons. We provide a detailed description of our culturing methods, imaging and data analysis techniques and provide an open source, ready to use CellProfiler pipeline for high-throughput image segmentation and quantification tool for mitochondrial parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Kepiro
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Boglarka H Varkuti
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Drombosky KW, Rode S, Kodali R, Jacob TC, Palladino MJ, Wetzel R. Mutational analysis implicates the amyloid fibril as the toxic entity in Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:126-138. [PMID: 30171891 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Huntington disease (HD), an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ > 37) sequence within huntingtin (htt) exon1 leads to enhanced disease risk. It has proved difficult, however, to determine whether the toxic form generated by polyQ expansion is a misfolded or avid-binding monomer, an α-helix-rich oligomer, or a β-sheet-rich amyloid fibril. Here we describe an engineered htt exon1 analog featuring a short polyQ sequence that nonetheless quickly forms amyloid fibrils and causes HD-like toxicity in rat neurons and Drosophila. Additional modifications within the polyQ segment produce htt exon1 analogs that populate only spherical oligomers and are non-toxic in cells and flies. Furthermore, in mixture with expanded-polyQ htt exon1, the latter analogs in vitro suppress amyloid formation and promote oligomer formation, and in vivo rescue neurons and flies expressing mhtt exon1 from dysfunction and death. Thus, in our experiments, while htt exon1 toxicity tracks with aggregation propensity, it does so in spite of the toxic construct's possessing polyQ tracts well below those normally considered to be disease-associated. That is, aggregation propensity proves to be a more accurate surrogate for toxicity than is polyQ repeat length itself, strongly supporting a major toxic role for htt exon1 aggregation in HD. In addition, the results suggest that the aggregates that are most toxic in these model systems are amyloid-related. These engineered analogs are novel tools for mapping properties of polyQ self-assembly intermediates and products that should similarly be useful in the analysis of other expanded polyQ diseases. Small molecules with similar amyloid inhibitory properties might be developed into effective therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Drombosky
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sascha Rode
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ravi Kodali
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tija C Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald Wetzel
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kajta M, Wnuk A, Rzemieniec J, Lason W, Mackowiak M, Chwastek E, Staniszewska M, Nehring I, Wojtowicz AK. Triclocarban Disrupts the Epigenetic Status of Neuronal Cells and Induces AHR/CAR-Mediated Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3113-3131. [PMID: 30097849 PMCID: PMC6476872 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triclocarban is a phenyl ether that has recently been classified as a contaminant of emerging concern. Evidence shows that triclocarban is present in human tissues, but little is known about the impact of triclocarban on the nervous system, particularly at early developmental stages. This study demonstrated that triclocarban that was used at environmentally relevant concentrations induced apoptosis in mouse embryonic neurons, inhibited sumoylation, and changed the epigenetic status, as evidenced by impaired activities of HDAC, sirtuins, and DNMT, global DNA hypomethylation, and alterations of methylation levels of bax, bcl2, Ahr, and Car genes. The use of selective antagonists and specific siRNAs, which was followed by the co-localization of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in mouse neurons, points to the involvement of AHR and CAR in triclocarban-induced neurotoxicity. A 24-h treatment with triclocarban enhanced protein levels of the receptors which was paralleled by Car hypomethylation and Ahr hypermethylation. Car hypomethylation is in line with global DNA hypomethylation and explains the increased mRNA and protein levels of CAR in response to triclocarban. Ahr hypermethylation could reflect reduced Ahr mRNA expression and corresponds to lowered protein levels after 3- and 6-h exposures to triclocarban that is likely related to proteasomal degradation of activated AHR. We hypothesize that the triclocarban-induced apoptosis in mouse neurons and the disruption of epigenetic status involve both AHR- and CAR-mediated effects, which may substantiate a fetal basis of the adult onset of neurological diseases; however, the expression of the receptors is regulated in different ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kajta
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Wnuk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - J Rzemieniec
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - W Lason
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Mackowiak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Brain Biostructure, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - E Chwastek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa Street 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Staniszewska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - I Nehring
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - A K Wojtowicz
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Redzina Street 1B, 30-248, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Willis A, Pratt JA, Morris BJ. Distortion of protein analysis in primary neuronal cultures by serum albumin from culture medium: A methodological approach to improve target protein quantification. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:1-5. [PMID: 30033387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary neuronal cultures underpin diverse neuroscience experiments, including various protein analysis techniques, such as Western blotting, whereby protein extraction from cultured neurons is required. During immunoblotting experiments, we encountered problems due to a highly-abundant protein of 65-70 KDa present in the cell extracts, that interfered with total protein estimation, and immunodetection of target proteins of similar size. Previous research has suggested that serum proteins, specifically albumin, contained within commonly-used culture media, can bind to, or be adsorbed by, generic cell culture plasticware. This residual albumin may then be extracted along with cell proteins. NEW METHOD We made simple modifications to wash steps of traditional cell lysis/extraction protocols. RESULTS We report that a substantial amount of albumin, accumulated from the standard culture media, is extracted from primary neuronal cultures along with the cellular contents. This contamination can be reduced, without changing the culture conditions, by modifying wash procedures. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Accumulated albumin from neuronal culture media, in amounts equivalent to cellular contents, can distort data from total protein assays and from the immunoreactive signal from nearby bands on Western blots. By altering wash protocols during protein extraction, these problems can be ameliorated. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the standard extended culture periods for primary neuronal cultures, coupled with the requirement for successive medium changes, may leave them particularly susceptible to cumulative albumin contamination from the culture media used. Finally, we propose the implementation of simple alterations to wash steps in protein extraction protocols which can ameliorate this interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Willis
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Judith A Pratt
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Limongi T, Rocchi A, Cesca F, Tan H, Miele E, Giugni A, Orlando M, Perrone Donnorso M, Perozziello G, Benfenati F, Di Fabrizio E. Delivery of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by 3D Biocompatible Polymeric Scaffolds for Neural Tissue Engineering and Neuronal Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8788-8798. [PMID: 29600349 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are increasingly employed for neuroscience applications as scaffolds to drive and promote neural regrowth, thanks to their ability to mediate the upload and subsequent release of active molecules and drugs. Synthetic degradable polymers are characterized by different responses ranging from tunable distension or shrinkage to total dissolution, depending on the function they are designed for. In this paper we present a biocompatible microfabricated poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) scaffold for primary neuron growth and maturation that has been optimized for the in vitro controlled release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We demonstrate that the designed morphology confers to these devices an enhanced drug delivery capability with respect to monolithic unstructured supports. After incubation with BDNF, micropillared PCL devices progressively release the neurotrophin over 21 days in vitro. Moreover, the bioactivity of released BDNF is confirmed using primary neuronal cultures, where it mediates a consistent activation of BDNF signaling cascades, increased synaptic density, and neuronal survival. These results provide the proof-of-principle on the fabrication process of micropatterned PCL devices, which represent a promising therapeutic option to enhance neuronal regeneration after lesion and for neural tissue engineering and prosthetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Limongi
- SMILEs Lab, Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Divisions, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A Rocchi
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - H Tan
- Analytical Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - E Miele
- Nanostructures Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy.,Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - A Giugni
- SMILEs Lab, Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Divisions, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M Orlando
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurophysiology, NeuroCure Excellence Cluster, Charité Universitäts Medizin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Perrone Donnorso
- Nanostructures Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Perozziello
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology BioNEM Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- SMILEs Lab, Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Divisions, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kreir M, Van Deuren B, Versweyveld S, De Bondt A, Van den Wyngaert I, Van der Linde H, Lu HR, Teuns G, Gallacher DJ. Do in vitro assays in rat primary neurons predict drug-induced seizure liability in humans? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 346:45-57. [PMID: 29596924 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced seizures contribute to the high attrition rate of pharmaceutical compounds in development. The assessment of drug-induced seizure liability generally occurs in later phases of development using low throughput and intensive in vivo assays. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of an in vitro assay for detecting drug-induced seizure risk compared to evaluation in rats in vivo. We investigated the effects of 8 reference drugs with a known seizurogenic risk using micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings from freshly-dissociated rat primary neurons cultured on 48-well dishes for 28 days, compared to their effects on the EEG in anesthetized rats. In addition, we evaluated functional responses and mRNA expression levels of different receptors in vitro to understand the potential mechanisms of drug-induced seizure risk. Combining the functional MEA in vitro data with concomitant gene expression allowed us to identify several potential molecular targets that might explain the drug-induced seizures occurring in both rats and humans. Our data 1) demonstrate the utility of a group of MEA parameters for detecting potential drug-induced seizure risk in vitro; 2) suggest that an in vitro MEA assay with rat primary neurons may have advantages over an in vivo rat model; and 3) identify potential mechanisms for the discordance between rat assays and human seizure risk for certain seizurogenic drugs.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang L, Trushin S, Christensen TA, Tripathi U, Hong C, Geroux RE, Howell KG, Poduslo JF, Trushina E. Differential effect of amyloid beta peptides on mitochondrial axonal trafficking depends on their state of aggregation and binding to the plasma membrane. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:1-16. [PMID: 29477640 PMCID: PMC5926207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of mitochondrial axonal trafficking by amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides has been implicated in early pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Yet, it remains unclear whether the loss of motility inevitably induces the loss of mitochondrial function, and whether restoration of axonal trafficking represents a valid therapeutic target. Moreover, while some investigations identify Aβ oligomers as the culprit of trafficking inhibition, others propose that fibrils play the detrimental role. We have examined the effect of a panel of Aβ peptides with different mutations found in familial AD on mitochondrial motility in primary cortical mouse neurons. Peptides with higher propensity to aggregate inhibit mitochondrial trafficking to a greater extent with fibrils inducing the strongest inhibition. Binding of Aβ peptides to the plasma membrane was sufficient to induce trafficking inhibition where peptides with reduced plasma membrane binding and internalization had lesser effect on mitochondrial motility. We also found that Aβ peptide with Icelandic mutation A673T affects axonal trafficking of mitochondria but has very low rates of plasma membrane binding and internalization in neurons, which could explain its relatively low toxicity. Inhibition of mitochondrial dynamics caused by Aβ peptides or fibrils did not instantly affect mitochondrial bioenergetic and function. Our results support a mechanism where inhibition of axonal trafficking is initiated at the plasma membrane by soluble low molecular weight Aβ species and is exacerbated by fibrils. Since trafficking inhibition does not coincide with the loss of mitochondrial function, restoration of axonal transport could be beneficial at early stages of AD progression. However, strategies designed to block Aβ aggregation or fibril formation alone without ensuring the efficient clearance of soluble Aβ may not be sufficient to alleviate the trafficking phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Sergey Trushin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Trace A Christensen
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Utkarsh Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Courtney Hong
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachel E Geroux
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Kyle G Howell
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth, one of the underlying cellular processes that defines the development and functionality of the mammalian nervous system, is also a sensitive indicator of neuronal cell health. From screening libraries of putative neurotherapeutic compounds to analyzing the millions of environmental pollutants for which we have inadequate neurotoxicity safety data, the large volume of chemical compounds that require evaluation is a major obstacle for manual imaging and analysis methods. In this context, high-content analysis (HCA) has emerged as a sensitive and accurate method for detecting changes in neuronal cell morphology within a format applicable to screening large chemical libraries. Advances in HCA technologies have enabled the automated imaging and quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth morphology within a 96-well plate in less than 5 min. Traditionally, neurite outgrowth assessment has been conducted on immortalized cell lines such as pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells that differentiate into neuron-like cells upon culture with nerve growth factor. Unfortunately, they do not retain all the in vivo characteristics of physiological neuronal tissue, including lack of synapse formation. As researchers refine neurite outgrowth quantitative analysis using HCA, an emerging question is how to quantify this biology in more complex models that more faithfully recapitulate in vivo environments. Primary neurons provide several benefits relative to neuronal cell lines, including the elaboration of axons from secondary dendrites and formation of both pre- and postsynaptic junctions. This chapter reviews techniques for evaluating neurite outgrowth using the ArrayScan HCA platform within a model system of primary cultures of rodent cerebellar granule cells.
Collapse
|
36
|
Freyer D, Harms C. Kinetic Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay for Detection of Cell Damage in Primary Neuronal Cell Cultures. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2308. [PMID: 34541076 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of many in vitro models of acute or chronic degenerative disorders in the neurobiology field is the assessment of survival or damage of neuronal cells. Damage of cells is associated with loss of outer cell membrane integrity and leakage of cytoplasmic cellular proteins. Therefore, activity assays of cytoplasmic enzymes in supernatants of cell cultures serve as a practicable tool for quantification of cellular injury (Koh and Choi, 1987; Bruer et al., 1997 ). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is such a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic enzyme, which is very stable due to a very long protein half-life (Hsieh and Blumenthal, 1956; Koh and Cotman, 1992; Koh et al., 1995 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorette Freyer
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Harms
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Baldassarro VA, Marchesini A, Giardino L, Calzà L. Vulnerability of primary neurons derived from Tg2576 Alzheimer mice to oxygen and glucose deprivation: role of intraneuronal amyloid-β accumulation and astrocytes. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:671-678. [PMID: 28237964 PMCID: PMC5451168 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction is considered an integral part of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis, but the possible relationship between amyloid pathology, microvascular dysfunction and cell death is still unclear. In order to investigate the influence of intraneuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation on vulnerability to hypoxia, we isolated primary cortical neurons from Tg2576 (carrying the amyloid precursor protein APPSwe mutation) and wild-type fetal mice. We first demonstrated that neurons isolated from Tg2576 newborn mice show an increase in VEGFa mRNA expression and a decrease in the expression of the two VEGF receptors, Flt1 and Kdr, compared with wild-type cells. Moreover, APPSwe primary neurons displayed higher spontaneous and glutamate-induced cell death. We then deprived the cultures of oxygen and glucose (OGD) as an in vitro model of hypoxia. After OGD, APPSwe neurons display higher levels of cell death in terms of percentage of pyknotic/fragmented nuclei and mitochondrial depolarization, accompanied by an increase in the intraneuronal Aβ content. To explore the influence of intraneuronal Aβ peptide accumulation, we used the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139, which showed that the reduction of the intracellular amyloid fully protects APPSwe neurons from OGD-induced degeneration. Conditioned medium from OGD-exposed APPSwe or wild-type astrocytes protected APPswe neurons but not wild-type neurons, during OGD. In conclusion, the presence of the mutated human APP gene, leading to the intracellular accumulation of APP and Aβ fragments, worsens OGD toxicity. Protection of APPSwe neurons can be obtained either using a γ-secretase inhibitor or astrocyte conditioned medium. Summary:In vitro systems derived from AD mice can be used to investigate the vulnerability of AD neurons to different neurotoxic challenges, including oxygen glucose deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Antonio Baldassarro
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Health Science and Technologies (ICIR - HST), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Luciana Giardino
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Health Science and Technologies (ICIR - HST), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical Veterinary Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.,Fondazione IRET, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Health Science and Technologies (ICIR - HST), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy .,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.,Fondazione IRET, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Al-Ali H, Lemmon VP, Bixby JL. Phenotypic Screening of Small-Molecule Inhibitors: Implications for Therapeutic Discovery and Drug Target Development in Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1462:677-688. [PMID: 27604745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The inability of central nervous system (CNS) neurons to regenerate damaged axons and dendrites following traumatic brain injury (TBI) creates a substantial obstacle for functional recovery. Apoptotic cell death, deposition of scar tissue, and growth-repressive molecules produced by glia further complicate the problem and make it challenging for re-growing axons to extend across injury sites. To date, there are no approved drugs for the treatment of TBI, accentuating the need for relevant leads. Cell-based and organotypic bioassays can better mimic outcomes within the native CNS microenvironment than target-based screening methods and thus should speed the discovery of therapeutic agents that induce axon or dendrite regeneration. Additionally, when used to screen focused chemical libraries such as small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors, these assays can help elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in neurite outgrowth and regeneration as well as identify novel drug targets. Here, we describe a phenotypic cellular (high content) screening assay that utilizes brain-derived primary neurons for screening small-molecule chemical libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Al-Ali
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 331365, USA
| | - Vance P Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 331365, USA
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 331365, USA
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 331365, USA
| | - John L Bixby
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 331365, USA.
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 331365, USA.
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 331365, USA.
- Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave., DT 1205, Miami, FL, 331365, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
In order to characterize genetically encoded tools under the most relevant conditions, the constructs need to be expressed in the cell type in which they will be used. This is a major hurdle in developing optogenetic tools for neuronal cells, due to the difficulty of gene transfer to these cells. Several protocols have been developed for transfecting neurons, focusing on improved transfection efficiency. However, obtaining healthy cells is as important. We monitored transfected cell health by measuring electrophysiological parameters, and used them as a guideline to optimize transfection. Here we describe an optimized transfection protocol that achieves reasonably high efficiency (10-20 %) with no discernable impact on cell health, as characterized by electrophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yong Ku Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Martano G, Murru L, Moretto E, Gerosa L, Garrone G, Krogh V, Passafaro M. Biosynthesis of glycerol phosphate is associated with long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons. Metabolomics 2016; 12:133. [PMID: 27499721 PMCID: PMC4958395 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurons have a very high energy requirement, and their metabolism is tightly regulated to ensure delivery of adequate substrate to sustain neuronal activity and neuroplastic changes. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of neuronal metabolism, however, are not completely clear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the central carbon metabolism in neurons, in order to identify the regulatory pathways governing neuronal anabolism and catabolism. METHODS Here we first have applied MS-based endometabolomics to elucidate the metabolic dynamics in cultured hippocampal primary neurons. Using nanoLC-ESI-LTQ Orbitrap MS approach followed by statistical analysis, we measure the dynamics of uniformly labeled 13C-glucose entering neurons. We adapted the method by coupling offline patch-clamp setup with MS to confirm findings in vivo. RESULTS According to non-parametric statistical analysis of metabolic dynamics, in cultured hippocampal neurons, the glycerol phosphate shuttle is active and correlates with the metabolic flux in the pentose phosphate pathway. In the hippocampus, glycerol-3-phosphate biosynthesis was activated in response to long-term potentiation together with the upregulation of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, but was inactive or silenced in basal conditions. CONCLUSIONS We identified the biosynthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate as a key regulator in mechanisms implicated in learning and memory. Notably, defects in enzymes linked with the glycerol phosphate shuttle have been implicated in neurological disorders and intellectual disability. These results could improve our understanding of the general mechanisms of learning and memory and facilitate the development of novel therapies for metabolic disorders linked with intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Martano
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Murru
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Moretto
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Gerosa
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Garrone
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim H, Heckman CJ. Data for spatial characterization of AC signal propagation over primary neuron dendrites. Data Brief 2015; 6:341-4. [PMID: 26862580 PMCID: PMC4706615 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Action potentials generated near the soma propagate not only into the axonal nerve connecting to the adjacent neurons but also into the dendrites interacting with a diversity of synaptic inputs as well as voltage gated ion channels. Measuring voltage attenuation factors between the soma and all single points of the dendrites in the anatomically reconstructed primary neurons with the same cable properties, we report the signal propagation data showing how the alternating current (AC) signal such as action potentials back-propagates over the dendrites among different types of primary neurons. Fitting equations and their parameter values for the data are also presented to quantitatively capture the spatial profile of AC signal propagation from the soma to the dendrites in primary neurons. Our data is supplemental to our original study for the dependency of dendritic signal propagation and excitability, and their relationship on the cell type-specific structure in primary neurons (DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.017 [1]).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojeong Kim
- Division of IoT·Robotics Convergence Research, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - C J Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim H, Heckman CJ. Foundational dendritic processing that is independent of the cell type-specific structure in model primary neurons. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:203-9. [PMID: 26463670 PMCID: PMC4679609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that primary neurons in the brain and spinal cord exhibit very distinctive dendritic structures. However, it remains unclear whether dendritic processing for signal propagation and channel activation over dendrites is a function of the cell type-specific dendritic structure. By applying an extended analysis of signal attenuation for the physiological distributions of synaptic inputs and active channels on dendritic branches, we first demonstrate that regardless of their specific structure, all anatomically reconstructed models of primary neurons display a similar pattern of directional signal attenuation and locational channel activation over their dendrites. Then, using a novel modeling approach that allows direct comparison of the anatomically reconstructed primary neurons with their reduced models that exclusively retain anatomical dendritic signaling without being associated with structural specificity, we show that the reduced model can accurately predict dendritic excitability of the anatomical model in both passive and active mode. These results indicate that the directional signaling, locational excitability and their relationship are foundational features of dendritic processing that are independent of the cell type-specific structure across primary neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hojeong Kim
- Division of IoT·Robotics Convergence Research, DGIST, 50-1, Sang, Hyeonpung, Dalseong, Daegu, Gyeongbuk 711-873, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, Northwestern University of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
| | - C J Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University of Medicine, Chicago, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Endosomes play critical roles on regulating surface receptor levels as well as signaling cascades in all cell types, including neurons. Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking is routinely studied after fixation, but live imaging is increasingly being used to capture the dynamic nature of endosomes and is allowing increasingly sophisticated glimpses into trafficking processes in live neurons. In this chapter, we describe the basics of neuronal primary cultures, methods for expressing fluorescent proteins, and live imaging of cargos and endosomal regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Leong SY, Kaplan A, Wang LC, Almazan G, Fournier AE, Antel J. Properties of human central nervous system neurons in a glia-depleted (isolated) culture system. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 253:142-50. [PMID: 26093165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods for studying human neurons depend on a feeder layer of astroglia supplemented with animal serum to support the growing neurons. These requirements undermine many of the advantages provided by in vitro cell culture approaches when compared with more complex in vivo techniques. NEW METHOD Here, we identified a reliable marker (MHCI) that allows for direct isolation of primary neurons from fetal human brain. We utilized a magnetic labeling and isolation technique to separate neurons from other neural cells. We established a defined condition, omitting the astroglial supports that could maintain the human neurons for varying amounts of time. RESULTS We showed that the new method significantly improved the purity of human neurons in culture without the need for further chemical/mechanical enrichment. We demonstrated the suitability of these neurons for functional studies including Rho-kinase dependent regulation of neurite outgrowth and ensheathment in co-cultures with oligodendrocyte progenitor cells derived from fetal human brain. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The accountability for neuron-only seeding and the controllable density allows for better neuronal maturation and better visualization of the different neuronal compartments. The higher purity culture constitutes an effective system to study and screen for compounds that impact neuron biology without potential confounding effects from glial crowding. CONCLUSIONS High purity human neurons generated using the improved method will enable enhanced reliability in the discovery and development of drugs with neuroregenerative and neuroprotective activity.
Collapse
|
45
|
Yu Z, Zhang Y, Liu N, Yuan J, Lin L, Zhuge Q, Xiao J, Wang X. Roles of Neuroglobin Binding to Mitochondrial Complex III Subunit Cytochrome c1 in Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Neurotoxicity in Primary Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3249-3257. [PMID: 26050086 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a tissue globin specifically expressed in brain neurons. Recent studies by our laboratory and others have demonstrated that Ngb is protective against stroke and related neurological disorders, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. We previously identified cytochrome c1 (Cyc1) as an Ngb-interacting molecule by yeast two-hybrid screening. Cyc1 is a subunit of mitochondria complex III, which is a component of mitochondrial respiratory chain and a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under both physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, we for the first time defined Ngb-Cyc1 binding, and investigated its roles in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation-induced neurotoxicity and ROS production in primary neurons. Immunocytochemistry and co-immunoprecipitation validated Ngb-Cyc1 binding, which was significantly increased by OGD and Ngb overexpression. We found 4 h OGD with/without 4 h reoxygenation significantly increased complex III activity, but this activity elevation was significantly attenuated in three groups of neurons: Ngb overexpression, specific complex III inhibitor stigmatellin, or stigmatellin plus Ngb overexpression, whereas there was no significant differences between these three groups, suggesting Ngb-Cyc1 binding may function in suppressing OGD-mediated complex III activity elevation. Importantly, these three groups of neurons also showed significant decreases in OGD-induced superoxide anion generation and neurotoxicity. These results suggest that Ngb can bind to mitochondrial complex III subunit Cyc1, leading to suppression of OGD-mediated complex III activity and subsequent ROS production elevation, and eventually reduction of OGD-induced neurotoxicity. This molecular signaling cascade may be at least part of the mechanisms of Ngb neuroprotection against OGD-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2411A, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Developmental Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Developmental Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2411A, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Room 2411A, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lundstrom K. Semliki forest virus-based expression of recombinant GPCRs. Methods Enzymol 2015; 556:331-50. [PMID: 25857789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Due to their importance as targets for drug development, rapid and consistent high-level production of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has become an essential part of drug discovery. Alphaviruses, particularly recombinant Semliki Forest virus (SFV) particles, have provided the means for expression of a number of GPCRs in a broad range of mammalian host cell lines for pharmacological characterization by determination of receptor binding activity and functional coupling to G proteins. The rapid high-titer virus particle production has made it possible to study a large number of GPCRs in parallel. Moreover, large-scale production in adherent and suspension cultures of mammalian cells has provided sufficient amounts of GPCRs for purification and subsequent structural studies. Furthermore, the high preference for neuronal delivery of SFV particles has allowed functional and localization studies of recombinant proteins in hippocampal slice cultures, in primary neurons, and in vivo.
Collapse
|
47
|
Warnock A, Tan L, Li C, An Haack K, Narayan SB, Bennett MJ. Amlodipine prevents apoptotic cell death by correction of elevated intracellular calcium in a primary neuronal model of Batten disease (CLN3 disease). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:645-9. [PMID: 23769828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CLN3 disease (Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjogren-Batten disease) is a severe pediatric neurodegenerative disorder for which there is currently no effective treatment. The disease is characterized by progressive neuronal death, which may be triggered by abnormal intracellular calcium levels leading to neuronal apoptosis. Previously, we demonstrated reversal of the calcium effect in a neuroblastoma cell line using amlodipine and other calcium channel antagonists. In the present studies, we developed a CLN3 siRNA-inhibited primary rat neuron model to further study etoposide-induced calcium changes and apoptosis in CLN3 disease followed by recovery experiments with amlodipine. Our results show that intracellular calcium is significantly elevated in siRNA-inhibited cortical neurons after potassium chloride-induced depolarization. We were also able to show that amlodipine, a predominantly L-type dihydropyrimidine calcium channel antagonist can reverse the aberrant calcium elevations in this model of the disease. We performed an in situ TUNEL assay following etoposide-exposure to siRNA inhibited primary neurons, and apoptotic nuclei were detected providing additional evidence that increased neuronal apoptosis is associated with increased calcium levels. Amlodipine also reduced the absolute number of apoptotic cells in this experimental model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Warnock
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|