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Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure, particularly prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), incurs great public and scientific interest because of its associated neurodevelopmental consequences. However, the neural underpinnings of PCE remain essentially uncharted, and existing studies in school-aged children and adolescents are confounded greatly by postnatal environmental factors. In this study, leveraging a large neonate sample (N = 152) and non-invasive resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared human infants with PCE comorbid with other drugs (such as nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, and antidepressant) with infants with similar non-cocaine poly drug exposure and drug-free controls. We aimed to characterize the neural correlates of PCE based on functional connectivity measurements of the amygdala and insula at the earliest stage of development. Our results revealed common drug exposure-related connectivity disruptions within the amygdala-frontal, insula-frontal, and insula-sensorimotor circuits. Moreover, a cocaine-specific effect was detected within a subregion of the amygdala-frontal network. This pathway is thought to play an important role in arousal regulation, which has been shown to be irregular in PCE infants and adolescents. These novel results provide the earliest human-based functional delineations of the neural-developmental consequences of prenatal drug exposure and thus open a new window for the advancement of effective strategies aimed at early risk identification and intervention.
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102
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Iowa Gambling Task Performance and Executive Function Predict Low-income Urban Preadolescents' Risky Behaviors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015; 79:1-6. [PMID: 26412918 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examines preadolescents' reports of risk-taking as predicted by two different, but related inhibitory control systems involving sensitivity to reward and loss on the one hand, and higher order processing in the context of cognitive conflict, known as executive functioning (EF), on the other. Importantly, this study examines these processes with a sample of inner-city, low-income preadolescents and as such examines the ways in which these processes may be related to risky behaviors as a function of children's levels of both concurrent and chronic exposure to household poverty. As part of a larger longitudinal study, 382 children (ages 9 -11) provided a self-report of risky behaviors and participated in the Iowa Gambling task, assessing bias for infrequent loss (preference for infrequent, high magnitude versus frequent, low magnitude loss) and the Hearts and Flowers task assessing executive functioning. Results demonstrated that a higher bias for infrequent loss was associated with higher risky behaviors for children who demonstrated lower EF. Furthermore, bias for infrequent loss was most strongly associated with higher risk-taking for children facing highest levels of poverty. Implications for early identification and prevention of risk-taking in inner-city preadolescents are discussed.
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103
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Henje Blom E, Connolly CG, Ho TC, LeWinn KZ, Mobayed N, Han L, Paulus MP, Wu J, Simmons AN, Yang TT. Altered insular activation and increased insular functional connectivity during sad and happy face processing in adolescent major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 178:215-23. [PMID: 25827506 PMCID: PMC4412607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide and occurs commonly first during adolescence. The insular cortex (IC) plays an important role in integrating emotion processing with interoception and has been implicated recently in the pathophysiology of adult and adolescent MDD. However, no studies have yet specifically examined the IC in adolescent MDD during processing of faces in the sad-happy continuum. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the IC during sad and happy face processing in adolescents with MDD compared to healthy controls (HCL). METHODS Thirty-one adolescents (22 female) with MDD and 36 (23 female) HCL underwent a well-validated emotional processing fMRI paradigm that included sad and happy face stimuli. RESULTS The MDD group showed significantly less differential activation of the anterior/middle insular cortex (AMIC) in response to sad versus happy faces compared to the HCL group. AMIC also showed greater functional connectivity with right fusiform gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, and right amygdala/parahippocampal gyrus in the MDD compared to HCL group. Moreover, differential activation to sad and happy faces in AMIC correlated negatively with depression severity within the MDD group. LIMITATIONS Small age-range and cross-sectional nature precluded assessment of development of the AMIC in adolescent depression. CONCLUSIONS Given the role of the IC in integrating bodily stimuli with conscious cognitive and emotional processes, our findings of aberrant AMIC function in adolescent MDD provide a neuroscientific rationale for targeting the AMIC in the development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Henje Blom
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nisreen Mobayed
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alan N Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; The Veterans Affairs Health Care System of San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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104
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van Duijvenvoorde ACK, Achterberg M, Braams BR, Peters S, Crone EA. Testing a dual-systems model of adolescent brain development using resting-state connectivity analyses. Neuroimage 2015; 124:409-420. [PMID: 25969399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to test a dual-systems model of adolescent brain development by studying changes in intrinsic functional connectivity within and across networks typically associated with cognitive-control and affective-motivational processes. To this end, resting-state and task-related fMRI data were collected of 269 participants (ages 8-25). Resting-state analyses focused on seeds derived from task-related neural activation in the same participants: the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) from a cognitive rule-learning paradigm and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) from a reward-paradigm. Whole-brain seed-based resting-state analyses showed an age-related increase in dlPFC connectivity with the caudate and thalamus, and an age-related decrease in connectivity with the (pre)motor cortex. nAcc connectivity showed a strengthening of connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and subcortical structures such as the hippocampus, and a specific age-related decrease in connectivity with the ventral medial PFC (vmPFC). Behavioral measures from both functional paradigms correlated with resting-state connectivity strength with their respective seed. That is, age-related change in learning performance was mediated by connectivity between the dlPFC and thalamus, and age-related change in winning pleasure was mediated by connectivity between the nAcc and vmPFC. These patterns indicate (i) strengthening of connectivity between regions that support control and learning, (ii) more independent functioning of regions that support motor and control networks, and (iii) more independent functioning of regions that support motivation and valuation networks with age. These results are interpreted vis-à-vis a dual-systems model of adolescent brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C K van Duijvenvoorde
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, and The Netherlands Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - M Achterberg
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, and The Netherlands Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B R Braams
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, and The Netherlands Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Peters
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, and The Netherlands Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E A Crone
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, and The Netherlands Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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105
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Goldenberg D, Galván A. The use of functional and effective connectivity techniques to understand the developing brain. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 12:155-64. [PMID: 25770766 PMCID: PMC6989787 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuroscience, the study of the processes that shape and reshape the maturing brain, is a growing field still in its nascent stages. The developmental application of functional and effective connectivity techniques, which are tools that measure the interactions between elements of the brain, has revealed insight to the developing brain as a complex system. However, this insight is granted in discrete windows of consecutive time. The current review uses dynamic systems theory as a conceptual framework to understand how functional and effective connectivity tools may be used in conjunction to capture the dynamic process of change that occurs with development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Goldenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 695 Charles Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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106
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Hu J, Qi S, Becker B, Luo L, Gao S, Gong Q, Hurlemann R, Kendrick KM. Oxytocin selectively facilitates learning with social feedback and increases activity and functional connectivity in emotional memory and reward processing regions. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2132-46. [PMID: 25664702 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In male Caucasian subjects, learning is facilitated by receipt of social compared with non-social feedback, and the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) facilitates this effect. In this study, we have first shown a cultural difference in that male Chinese subjects actually perform significantly worse in the same reinforcement associated learning task with social (emotional faces) compared with non-social feedback. Nevertheless, in two independent double-blind placebo (PLC) controlled between-subject design experiments we found OXT still selectively facilitated learning with social feedback. Similar to Caucasian subjects this OXT effect was strongest with feedback using female rather than male faces. One experiment performed in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that during the response, but not feedback phase of the task, OXT selectively increased activity in the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and putamen during the social feedback condition, and functional connectivity between the amygdala and insula and caudate. Therefore, OXT may be increasing the salience and reward value of anticipated social feedback. In the PLC group, response times and state anxiety scores during social feedback were associated with signal changes in these same regions but not in the OXT group. OXT may therefore have also facilitated learning by reducing anxiety in the social feedback condition. Overall our results provide the first evidence for cultural differences in social facilitation of learning per se, but a similar selective enhancement of learning with social feedback under OXT. This effect of OXT may be associated with enhanced responses and functional connectivity in emotional memory and reward processing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehui Hu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
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107
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan B. Floresco
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada;
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108
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Henderson SE, Vallejo AI, Ely BA, Kang G, Krain Roy A, Pine DS, Stern ER, Gabbay V. The neural correlates of emotional face-processing in adolescent depression: a dimensional approach focusing on anhedonia and illness severity. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:234-41. [PMID: 25448398 PMCID: PMC4254639 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in emotion processing, a known clinical feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), have been widely investigated using emotional face paradigms and neuroimaging. However, most studies have not accounted for the high inter-subject variability of symptom severity. Similarly, only sparse research has focused on MDD in adolescence, early in the course of the illness. Here we sought to investigate neural responses to emotional faces using both categorical and dimensional analyses with a focus on anhedonia, a core symptom of MDD associated with poor outcomes. Nineteen medication-free depressed adolescents and 18 healthy controls (HC) were scanned during presentation of happy, sad, fearful, and neutral faces. ANCOVAs and regressions assessed group differences and relationships with illness and anhedonia severity, respectively. Findings included a group by valence interaction with depressed adolescents exhibiting decreased activity in the superior temporal gyrus (STG), putamen and premotor cortex. Post-hoc analyses confirmed decreased STG activity in MDD adolescents. Dimensional analyses revealed associations between illness severity and altered responses to negative faces in prefrontal, cingulate, striatal, and limbic regions. However, anhedonia severity was uniquely correlated with responses to happy faces in the prefrontal, cingulate, and insular regions. Our work highlights the need for studying specific symptoms dimensionally in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana I Vallejo
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin A Ely
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guoxin Kang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Krain Roy
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily R Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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109
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Heitzeg MM, Villafuerte S, Weiland BJ, Enoch MA, Burmeister M, Zubieta JK, Zucker RA. Effect of GABRA2 genotype on development of incentive-motivation circuitry in a sample enriched for alcoholism risk. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:3077-86. [PMID: 24975023 PMCID: PMC4229579 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heightened reactivity of the incentive-motivation system has been proposed to underlie adolescent-typical risky behaviors, including problem alcohol involvement. However, even in adolescence considerable individual variation in these behaviors exists, which may have genetic underpinnings and be related to variations in risk for later alcohol use disorder (AUD). Variants in GABRA2 have been associated with adult alcohol dependence as well as phenotypic precursors, including impulsiveness and externalizing behaviors. We investigated the impact of GABRA2 on the developmental trajectory of nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation during anticipation of monetary reward from childhood to young adulthood. Functional MRI during a monetary incentive delay task was collected in 175 participants, with the majority (n = 151) undergoing repeated scanning at 1- to 2-year intervals. One group entered the study at age 8-13 years (n = 76) and another entered at age 18-23 years (n = 99). Most participants were children of alcoholics (79%) and thus at heightened risk for AUD. A total of 473 sessions were completed, covering ages 8-27 years. NAcc activation was heightened during adolescence compared with childhood and young adulthood. GABRA2 genotype (SNP rs279858) was associated with individual differences in NAcc activation specifically during adolescence, with the minor allele (G) associated with greater activation. Furthermore, NAcc activation mediated an effect of genotype on alcohol problems (n = 104). This work demonstrates an impact of GABRA2 genotype on incentive-motivation neurocircuitry in adolescence, with implications for vulnerability to alcoholism. These findings represent an important step toward understanding the genetic and neural basis of individual differences in how risk for addiction unfolds across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2700, USA, Tel: +734 232 0267, Fax: +734 998 7992, E-mail:
| | - Sandra Villafuerte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barbara J Weiland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mary-Anne Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert A Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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110
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Porter JN, Roy AK, Benson B, Carlisi C, Collins PF, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Luciana M, Ernst M. Age-related changes in the intrinsic functional connectivity of the human ventral vs. dorsal striatum from childhood to middle age. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 11:83-95. [PMID: 25257972 PMCID: PMC6310902 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal resting state iFC in 106 healthy individuals ranging from 9 to 44 years. Findings cohere with a dorsal–ventral functional dissociation of the striatum. Ventral striatal (VS) iFC with insula and anterior cingulate decreased with age. Dorsal striatal (DS) iFC with posterior cingulate increased with age.
The striatum codes motivated behavior. Delineating age-related differences within striatal circuitry can provide insights into neural mechanisms underlying ontogenic behavioral changes and vulnerabilities to mental disorders. To this end, a dual ventral/dorsal model of striatal function was examined using resting state intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) imaging in 106 healthy individuals, ages 9–44. Broadly, the dorsal striatum (DS) is connected to prefrontal and parietal cortices and contributes to cognitive processes; the ventral striatum (VS) is connected to medial orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, and contributes to affective valuation and motivation. Findings revealed patterns of age-related changes that differed between VS and DS iFCs. We found an age-related increase in DS iFC with posterior cingulate cortex (pCC) that stabilized after the mid-twenties, but a decrease in VS iFC with anterior insula (aIns) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) that persisted into mid-adulthood. These distinct developmental trajectories of VS vs. DS iFC might underlie adolescents’ unique behavioral patterns and vulnerabilities to psychopathology, and also speaks to changes in motivational networks that extend well past 25 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Porter
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Department of Neurology, USA
| | - Amy K Roy
- Fordham University, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Brenda Benson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Christina Carlisi
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | | | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- University of Minnesota Department of Psychology, USA; University of Minnesota Center for Neurobehavioral Development, USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA.
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111
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Boecker R, Holz NE, Buchmann AF, Blomeyer D, Plichta MM, Wolf I, Baumeister S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Laucht M. Impact of early life adversity on reward processing in young adults: EEG-fMRI results from a prospective study over 25 years. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104185. [PMID: 25118701 PMCID: PMC4131910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have implicated the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway in altered brain function resulting from exposure to early adversity. The present study examined the impact of early life adversity on different stages of neuronal reward processing later in life and their association with a related behavioral phenotype, i.e. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 162 healthy young adults (mean age = 24.4 years; 58% female) from an epidemiological cohort study followed since birth participated in a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study using a monetary incentive delay task. Early life adversity according to an early family adversity index (EFA) and lifetime ADHD symptoms were assessed using standardized parent interviews conducted at the offspring's age of 3 months and between 2 and 15 years, respectively. fMRI region-of-interest analysis revealed a significant effect of EFA during reward anticipation in reward-related areas (i.e. ventral striatum, putamen, thalamus), indicating decreased activation when EFA increased. EEG analysis demonstrated a similar effect for the contingent negative variation (CNV), with the CNV decreasing with the level of EFA. In contrast, during reward delivery, activation of the bilateral insula, right pallidum and bilateral putamen increased with EFA. There was a significant association of lifetime ADHD symptoms with lower activation in the left ventral striatum during reward anticipation and higher activation in the right insula during reward delivery. The present findings indicate a differential long-term impact of early life adversity on reward processing, implicating hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation and hyperresponsiveness when receiving a reward. Moreover, a similar activation pattern related to lifetime ADHD suggests that the impact of early life stress on ADHD may possibly be mediated by a dysfunctional reward pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Boecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie E. Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arlette F. Buchmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael M. Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabella Wolf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Neuroimaging, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Germany
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Germany
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Germany
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CIMH Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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112
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Bjork JM, Pardini DA. Who are those "risk-taking adolescents"? Individual differences in developmental neuroimaging research. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 11:56-64. [PMID: 25176616 PMCID: PMC4324055 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of development differ across brain regions linked to reward and inhibition. Adolescent risk-taking has been attributed in part to normative neurodevelopment. Significant risky behavior in mid-adolescence is not characteristic of typical youth. Youth with behavior disorders show increased behavioral and brain responses to reward. Maturational theories of adolescent risk-taking can consider individual differences.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has illuminated the development of human brain function. Some of this work in typically-developing youth has ostensibly captured neural underpinnings of adolescent behavior which is characterized by risk-seeking propensity, according to psychometric questionnaires and a wealth of anecdote. Notably, cross-sectional comparisons have revealed age-dependent differences between adolescents and other age groups in regional brain responsiveness to prospective or experienced rewards (usually greater in adolescents) or penalties (usually diminished in adolescents). These differences have been interpreted as reflecting an imbalance between motivational drive and behavioral control mechanisms, especially in mid-adolescence, thus promoting greater risk-taking. While intriguing, we caution here that researchers should be more circumspect in attributing clinically significant adolescent risky behavior to age-group differences in task-elicited fMRI responses from neurotypical subjects. This is because actual mortality and morbidity from behavioral causes (e.g. substance abuse, violence) by mid-adolescence is heavily concentrated in individuals who are not neurotypical, who rather have shown a lifelong history of behavioral disinhibition that frequently meets criteria for a disruptive behavior disorder, such as conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These young people are at extreme risk of poor psychosocial outcomes, and should be a focus of future neurodevelopmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Bjork
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 East Cary Street, Suite 202, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Dustin A Pardini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA
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113
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Luciana M, Segalowitz SJ. Some challenges for the triadic model for the study of adolescent motivated behavior. Brain Cogn 2014; 89:118-21. [PMID: 24973152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Within this special issue, Ernst has provided a comprehensive overview of the triadic neural systems model and its explanatory power for the conceptualization of adolescent development. Within this commentary, we encourage further consideration of several issues as this valuable model is expanded and articulated. These issues include the extent of functional distinctions among the three proposed neural nodes that comprise the triadic framework, the proposed dichotomy between motivation and emotion as linked to approach versus avoidance, the extent to which approach and avoidance can be dissociated on behavioral and neural levels during adolescent development, and how individual difference factors mechanistically interact with broader age-based developmental trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, United States.
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114
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Benjamin P, Lawrence AJ, Lambert C, Patel B, Chung AW, MacKinnon AD, Morris RG, Barrick TR, Markus HS. Strategic lacunes and their relationship to cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 4:828-37. [PMID: 24936433 PMCID: PMC4055894 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Lacunes are an important disease feature of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) but their relationship to cognitive impairment is not fully understood. To investigate this we determined (1) the relationship between lacune count and total lacune volume with cognition, (2) the spatial distribution of lacunes and the cognitive impact of lacune location, and (3) the whole brain anatomical covariance associated with these strategically located regions of lacune damage. Methods One hundred and twenty one patients with symptomatic lacunar stroke and radiological leukoaraiosis were recruited and multimodal MRI and neuropsychological data acquired. Lacunes were mapped semi-automatically and their volume calculated. Lacune location was automatically determined by projection onto atlases, including an atlas which segments the thalamus based on its connectivity to the cortex. Lacune locations were correlated with neuropsychological results. Voxel based morphometry was used to create anatomical covariance maps for these ‘strategic’ regions. Results Lacune number and lacune volume were positively associated with worse executive function (number p < 0.001; volume p < 0.001) and processing speed (number p < 0.001; volume p < 0.001). Thalamic lacunes, particularly those in regions with connectivity to the prefrontal cortex, were associated with impaired processing speed (Bonferroni corrected p = 0.016). Regions of associated anatomical covariance included the medial prefrontal, orbitofrontal, anterior insular cortex and the striatum. Conclusion Lacunes are important predictors of cognitive impairment in SVD. We highlight the importance of spatial distribution, particularly of anteromedial thalamic lacunes which are associated with impaired information processing speed and may mediate cognitive impairment via disruption of connectivity to the prefrontal cortex. Lacunes are a predictor of cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease Lacunes in the anteromedial thalamus are associated with impaired processing speed This region was identified to have connectivity to the prefrontal cortex We validate this finding with the help of a structural covariance analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Benjamin
- Neurosciences Research Centre, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Bhavini Patel
- Neurosciences Research Centre, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Ai Wern Chung
- Neurosciences Research Centre, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Andrew D MacKinnon
- Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St George's NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Thomas R Barrick
- Neurosciences Research Centre, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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115
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Smith AR, Steinberg L, Chein J. The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:196-209. [PMID: 24853135 PMCID: PMC5544351 DOI: 10.1159/000358918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much recent research on adolescent decision making has sought to characterize the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the proclivity of adolescents to engage in risky behavior. One class of influential neurodevelopmental models focuses on the asynchronous development of neural systems, particularly those responsible for self-regulation and reward seeking. While this work has largely focused on the development of prefrontal (self-regulation) and striatal (reward processing) circuitry, the present article explores the significance of a different region, the anterior insular cortex (AIC), in adolescent decision making. Although the AIC is known for its role as a cognitive-emotional hub, and is included in some models of adult self-regulation and reward seeking, the importance of the AIC and its maturation in adolescent risk taking has not been extensively explored. In this article we discuss evidence on AIC development, and consider how age-related differences in AIC engagement may contribute to heightened risk taking during adolescence. Based on this review, we propose a model in which the engagement of adolescents in risk taking may be linked in part to the maturation of the AIC and its connectivity to the broader brain networks in which it participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Smith
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
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116
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Lorenz RC, Gleich T, Beck A, Pöhland L, Raufelder D, Sommer W, Rapp MA, Kühn S, Gallinat J. Reward anticipation in the adolescent and aging brain. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5153-65. [PMID: 24801222 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of reward is the basis of adaptive behavior of the human being. Neural correlates of reward processing seem to be influenced by developmental changes from adolescence to late adulthood. The aim of this study is to uncover these neural correlates during a slot machine gambling task across the lifespan. Therefore, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate 102 volunteers in three different age groups: 34 adolescents, 34 younger adults, and 34 older adults. We focused on the core reward areas ventral striatum (VS) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), the valence processing associated areas, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insula, as well as information integration associated areas, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Results showed that VS and VMPFC were characterized by a hyperactivation in adolescents compared with younger adults. Furthermore, the ACC and insula were characterized by a U-shape pattern (hypoactivation in younger adults compared with adolescents and older adults), whereas the DLPFC and IPL were characterized by a J-shaped form (hyperactivation in older adults compared with younger groups). Furthermore, a functional connectivity analysis revealed an elevated negative functional coupling between the inhibition-related area rIFG and VS in younger adults compared with adolescents. Results indicate that lifespan-related changes during reward anticipation are characterized by different trajectories in different reward network modules and support the hypothesis of an imbalance in maturation of striatal and prefrontal cortex in adolescents. Furthermore, these results suggest compensatory age-specific effects in fronto-parietal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Lorenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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117
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P300 amplitude variation is related to ventral striatum BOLD response during gain and loss anticipation: an EEG and fMRI experiment. Neuroimage 2014; 96:12-21. [PMID: 24718288 PMCID: PMC4075343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticipation of favourable or unfavourable events is a key component in our daily life. However, the temporal dynamics of anticipation processes in relation to brain activation are still not fully understood. A modified version of the monetary incentive delay task was administered during separate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) sessions in the same 25 participants to assess anticipatory processes with a multi-modal neuroimaging set-up. During fMRI, gain and loss anticipation were both associated with heightened activation in ventral striatum and reward-related areas. EEG revealed most pronounced P300 amplitudes for gain anticipation, whereas CNV amplitudes distinguished neutral from gain and loss anticipation. Importantly, P300, but not CNV amplitudes, were correlated to neural activation in the ventral striatum for both gain and loss anticipation. Larger P300 amplitudes indicated higher ventral striatum blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response. Early stimulus evaluation processes indexed by EEG seem to be positively related to higher activation levels in the ventral striatum, indexed by fMRI, which are usually associated with reward processing. The current results, however, point towards a more general motivational mechanism processing salient stimuli during anticipation.
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118
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Altered regional homogeneity and efficient response inhibition in restrained eaters. Neuroscience 2014; 266:116-26. [PMID: 24513387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Restrained eaters (REs) characterized by less efficient response inhibition are at risk for future onset of binge eating and bulimic pathology. Previous imaging studies investigating REs have been based on task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and little is known about resting-state neural activity underlying restrained eating. To illuminate this issue, we investigated resting-state fMRI differences between REs (n=22) and unrestrained eaters (UREs) (n=30) using regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis, which measures the temporal synchronization of spontaneous fluctuations. Samples were equated on body mass index (BMI) and caloric deprivation levels (i.e., 14±2.1h since last evening meal) before undergoing fMRI. Correlation analyses were performed between the ReHo index of identified regions and response inhibition based on stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) within each sample. Compared with UREs, REs showed more ReHo in brain regions associated with food reward (i.e., orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)), attention (i.e., lingual gyrus, cuneus, inferior parietal lobule) and somatosensory functioning (i.e., paracentral lobule, anterior insula). In addition, ReHo values for the left dlPFC and left anterior insula, respectively, were negatively and positively correlated with SSRT among REs but not UREs. In concert with previous studies, these results suggest altered local synchronization may help to explain why dieting to maintain or lose weight often fails or increases risk for binge eating among REs.
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119
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Longitudinal study of striatal activation to reward and loss anticipation from mid-adolescence into late adolescence/early adulthood. Brain Cogn 2014; 89:51-60. [PMID: 24485273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent risk-taking behavior has been associated with age-related changes in striatal activation to incentives. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown both increased and decreased striatal activation to incentives for adolescents compared to adults. The monetary incentive delay (MID) task, designed to assess functional brain activation in anticipation of reward, has been used extensively to examine striatal activation in both adult and adolescent populations. The current study used this task with a longitudinal approach across mid-adolescence and late adolescence/early adulthood. Twenty-two participants (13 male) were studied using the MID task at two time-points, once in mid-adolescence (mean age=16.11; SD=1.44) and a second time in late adolescence/early adulthood (mean age=20.14; SD=.67). Results revealed greater striatal activation with increased age in high- compared to low-incentive contexts (incentive magnitude), for gain as well as for loss trials (incentive valence). Results extend cross-sectional findings and show reduced striatal engagement in adolescence compared to adulthood during preparation for action in an incentive context.
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120
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Abstract
Since this journal's inception, the field of adolescent brain development has flourished, as researchers have investigated the underpinnings of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Explanations based on translational models initially attributed such behaviors to executive control deficiencies and poor frontal lobe function. This conclusion was bolstered by evidence that the prefrontal cortex and its interconnections are among the last brain regions to structurally and functionally mature. As substantial heterogeneity of prefrontal function was revealed, applications of neuroeconomic theory to adolescent development led to dual systems models of behavior. Current epidemiological trends, behavioral observations, and functional magnetic resonance imaging based brain activity patterns suggest a quadratic increase in limbically mediated incentive motivation from childhood to adolescence and a decline thereafter. This elevation occurs in the context of immature prefrontal function, so motivational strivings may be difficult to regulate. Theoretical models explain this patterning through brain-based accounts of subcortical-cortical integration, puberty-based models of adolescent sensation seeking, and neurochemical dynamics. Empirically sound tests of these mechanisms, as well as investigations of biology-context interactions, represent the field's most challenging future goals, so that applications to psychopathology can be refined and so that developmental cascades that incorporate neurobiological variables can be modeled.
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121
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Ward LM. The thalamus: gateway to the mind. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2013; 4:609-622. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Ward
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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122
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Interoception and drug addiction. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:342-50. [PMID: 23855999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of interoception and its neural basis with relevance to drug addiction is reviewed. Interoception consists of the receiving, processing, and integrating body-relevant signals with external stimuli to affect ongoing motivated behavior. The insular cortex is the central nervous system hub to process and integrate these signals. Interoception is an important component of several addiction relevant constructs including arousal, attention, stress, reward, and conditioning. Imaging studies with drug-addicted individuals show that the insular cortex is hypo-active during cognitive control processes but hyperactive during cue reactivity and drug-specific, reward-related processes. It is proposed that interoception contributes to drug addiction by incorporating an "embodied" experience of drug uses together with the individual's predicted versus actual internal state to modulate approach or avoidance behavior, i.e. whether to take or not to take drugs. This opens the possibility of two types of interventions. First, one may be able to modulate the embodied experience by enhancing insula reactivity where necessary, e.g. when engaging in drug seeking behavior, or attenuating insula when exposed to drug-relevant cues. Second, one may be able to reduce the urge to act by increasing the frontal control network, i.e. inhibiting the urge to use by employing cognitive training. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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123
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Carlisi C, Pavletic N, Ernst M. New perspectives on neural systems models of adolescent behavior: Functional brain connectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurenf.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Richards JM, Plate RC, Ernst M. A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: the impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:976-91. [PMID: 23518270 PMCID: PMC3809756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The neural systems underlying reward-related behaviors across development have recently generated a great amount of interest. Yet, the neurodevelopmental literature on reward processing is marked by inconsistencies due to the heterogeneity of the reward paradigms used, the complexity of the behaviors being studied, and the developing brain itself as a moving target. The present review will examine task design as one source of variability across findings by compiling this literature along three dimensions: (1) task structures, (2) cognitive processes, and (3) neural systems. We start with the presentation of a heuristic neural systems model, the Triadic Model, as a way to provide a theoretical framework for the neuroscience research on motivated behaviors. We then discuss the principles guiding reward task development. Finally, we review the extant developmental neuroimaging literature on reward-related processing, organized by reward task type. We hope that this approach will help to clarify the literature on the functional neurodevelopment of reward-related neural systems, and to identify the role of the experimental parameters that significantly influence these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, 2103R Cole Field House, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20741, USA
| | - Rista C. Plate
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Waisman Center, Room 387, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH-Building 15-K, Room 110, MSC-2670, Bethesda, MD 20817-2670, USA
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125
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Henderson SE, Johnson AR, Vallejo AI, Katz L, Wong E, Gabbay V. A preliminary study of white matter in adolescent depression: relationships with illness severity, anhedonia, and irritability. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:152. [PMID: 24324445 PMCID: PMC3839092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) during adolescence is a common and disabling psychiatric condition; yet, little is known about its neurobiological underpinning. Evidence indicates that MDD in adults involves alterations in white and gray matter; however, sparse research has focused on adolescent MDD. Similarly, little research has accounted for the wide variability of symptom severity among depressed teens. Here, we aimed to investigate white matter (WM) microstructure between 17 adolescents with MDD and 16 matched healthy controls (HC) using diffusion tensor imaging. We further assessed within the MDD group relationships between WM integrity and depression severity, as well as anhedonia and irritability - two core symptoms of adolescent MDD. As expected, adolescents with MDD manifested decreased WM integrity compared to HC in the anterior cingulum and anterior corona radiata. Within the MDD group, greater depression severity was correlated with reduced WM integrity in the genu of corpus callosum, anterior thalamic radiation, anterior cingulum, and sagittal stratum. However, anhedonia and irritability were associated with alterations in distinct WM tracts. Specifically, anhedonia was associated with disturbances in tracts related to reward processing, including the anterior limb of the internal capsule and projection fibers to the orbitofrontal cortex. Irritability was associated with decreased integrity in the sagittal stratum, anterior corona radiata, and tracts leading to prefrontal and temporal cortices. Overall, these preliminary findings provide further support for the hypotheses that there is a disconnect between prefrontal and limbic emotional regions in depression, and that specific clinical symptoms involve distinct alterations in WM tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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