101
|
Jankovic J, Goodman I, Safirstein B, Marmon TK, Schenk DB, Koller M, Zago W, Ness DK, Griffith SG, Grundman M, Soto J, Ostrowitzki S, Boess FG, Martin-Facklam M, Quinn JF, Isaacson SH, Omidvar O, Ellenbogen A, Kinney GG. Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Ascending Doses of PRX002/RG7935, an Anti-α-Synuclein Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1206-1214. [PMID: 29913017 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Importance Aggregated α-synuclein is believed to be central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). PRX002/RG7935 (PRX002) is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to target aggregated forms of α-synuclein, thereby inhibiting neuron-to-neuron transfer of presumed pathogenic forms of α-synuclein, potentially resulting in neuronal protection and slowing disease progression. Objective To evaluate the safety and tolerability of multiple intravenous infusions of PRX002 in patients with idiopathic PD. Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending-dose trial at 8 US study centers from July 2014 to September 2016. Eligible participants were aged 40 to 80 years with mild to moderate idiopathic PD (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3). Interventions Participants were enrolled into 6 ascending-dose cohorts and randomly assigned to receive PRX002 (0.3 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, or 60 mg/kg) or placebo. Participants received 3 intravenous infusions every 4 weeks of PRX002 or placebo and were monitored during a 24-week observational period. Main Outcomes and Measures Safety and tolerability assessments included physical and neurological examinations, laboratory tests, vital signs, and adverse events. Pharmacokinetic parameters included maximum PRX002 concentration, area under the curve, and half-life. Results Of the 80 participants, most were white (97.5%; n = 78) and male (80%; n = 64); median (SD) age was 58 (8.4) years. PRX002 was generally safe and well tolerated; no serious or severe PRX002-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported. The TEAEs experienced by at least 5% of patients receiving PRX002, irrespective of relatedness to study drug, were constipation (9.1%; n = 5), infusion reaction (7.3%; n = 4), diarrhea (5.5%; n = 3), headache (5.5%; n = 3), peripheral edema (5.5%; n = 3), post-lumbar puncture syndrome (5.5%; n = 3), and upper respiratory tract infection (5.5%; n = 3). No antidrug antibodies were detected. Serum PRX002 levels increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner; mean terminal elimination half-life was similar across all doses (10.2 days). Rapid dose- and time-dependent mean reductions from baseline vs placebo in free serum α-synuclein levels of up to 97% were seen after a single infusion at the highest dose (F78,284 = 1.66; P = .002), with similar reductions after 2 additional infusions. Mean cerebrospinal fluid PRX002 concentration increased with PRX002 dose and was approximately 0.3% relative to serum across all dose cohorts. Conclusions and Relevance Single and multiple doses of PRX002 were generally safe and well tolerated and resulted in robust binding of peripheral α-synuclein and dose-dependent increases of PRX002 in cerebrospinal fluid, reaching cerebrospinal fluid concentrations that may be expected to engage extracellular aggregated α-synuclein in the brain. Findings support the design of an ongoing phase 2 clinical study (NCT03100149). Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02157714.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Tonya K Marmon
- Prothena Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Dale B Schenk
- Prothena Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Koller
- Prothena Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Wagner Zago
- Prothena Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel K Ness
- Prothena Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Michael Grundman
- University of California, San Diego.,Global R&D Partners, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - Jay Soto
- Prothena Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Susanne Ostrowitzki
- Genentech Inc, Product Development, Neuroscience, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Joseph F Quinn
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Stuart H Isaacson
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center of Boca Raton, Boca Raton, Florida
| | - Omid Omidvar
- Collaborative Neuroscience Network LLC, Long Beach, California
| | | | - Gene G Kinney
- Prothena Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Pei Y, Maitta RW. Alpha synuclein in hematopoiesis and immunity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02590. [PMID: 31692680 PMCID: PMC6806402 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and intracellular deposition of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra (SN), which can cause dopaminergic neuronal death, is the hallmark of this syndrome. α-synuclein (syn) is a small protein expressed mainly in neurons but can also be found in a number of tissues. It can be present as a soluble monomer under normal physiological conditions, but can be toxic in its oligomeric or fibrillary forms. Most of the available literature has focused on the effects of α-syn pathology in the mechanisms leading to PD. However, the normal functions of α-syn still remain to be fully elucidated. Notably, α-syn in the hematopoietic system seems to mediate important functions as indicated by anemia and incomplete cell maturation when this protein is absent. This review will summarize basic genetic and structural findings, and critical information that suggests an essential role of α-syn in the development and activation of the hematopoietic system and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pei
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert W. Maitta
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Abstract
The discovery that repeat expansions in the C9orf72 gene are a frequent cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has revolutionized our understanding of these diseases. Substantial headway has been made in characterizing C9orf72-mediated disease and unravelling its underlying aetiopathogenesis. Three main disease mechanisms have been proposed: loss of function of the C9orf72 protein and toxic gain of function from C9orf72 repeat RNA or from dipeptide repeat proteins produced by repeat-associated non-ATG translation. Several downstream processes across a range of cellular functions have also been implicated. In this article, we review the pathological and mechanistic features of C9orf72-associated FTD and ALS (collectively termed C9FTD/ALS), the model systems used to study these conditions, and the probable initiators of downstream disease mechanisms. We suggest that a combination of upstream mechanisms involving both loss and gain of function and downstream cellular pathways involving both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects contributes to disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubika Balendra
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, UCL, London, UK
| | - Adrian M Isaacs
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Owen MC, Gnutt D, Gao M, Wärmländer SKTS, Jarvet J, Gräslund A, Winter R, Ebbinghaus S, Strodel B. Effects of in vivo conditions on amyloid aggregation. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:3946-3996. [PMID: 31192324 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00034d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the grand challenges of biophysical chemistry is to understand the principles that govern protein misfolding and aggregation, which is a highly complex process that is sensitive to initial conditions, operates on a huge range of length- and timescales, and has products that range from protein dimers to macroscopic amyloid fibrils. Aberrant aggregation is associated with more than 25 diseases, which include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and type II diabetes. Amyloid aggregation has been extensively studied in the test tube, therefore under conditions that are far from physiological relevance. Hence, there is dire need to extend these investigations to in vivo conditions where amyloid formation is affected by a myriad of biochemical interactions. As a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, these interactions need to be understood in detail to develop novel therapeutic interventions, as millions of people globally suffer from neurodegenerative disorders and type II diabetes. The aim of this review is to document the progress in the research on amyloid formation from a physicochemical perspective with a special focus on the physiological factors influencing the aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide, the islet amyloid polypeptide, α-synuclein, and the hungingtin protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Owen
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - David Gnutt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany and Lead Discovery Wuppertal, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mimi Gao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany and Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jüri Jarvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Winter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simon Ebbinghaus
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 42525 Jülich, Germany. and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Ren X, Zhao Y, Xue F, Zheng Y, Huang H, Wang W, Chang Y, Yang H, Zhang J. Exosomal DNA Aptamer Targeting α-Synuclein Aggregates Reduced Neuropathological Deficits in a Mouse Parkinson's Disease Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:726-740. [PMID: 31437653 PMCID: PMC6709346 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The α-synuclein aggregates are the main component of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease (PD) brain, and they showed immunotherapy could be employed to alleviate α-synuclein aggregate pathology in PD. Recently we have generated DNA aptamers that specifically recognize α-synuclein. In this study, we further investigated the in vivo effect of these aptamers on the neuropathological deficits associated with PD. For efficient delivery of the aptamers into the mouse brain, we employed modified exosomes with the neuron-specific rabies viral glycoprotein (RVG) peptide on the membrane surface. We demonstrated that the aptamers were efficiently packaged into the RVG-exosomes and delivered into neurons in vitro and in vivo. Functionally, the aptamer-loaded RVG-exosomes significantly reduced the α-synuclein preformed fibril (PFF)-induced pathological aggregates, and rescued synaptic protein loss and neuronal death. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration of these exosomes into the mice with intra-striatally injected α-synuclein PFF reduced the pathological α-synuclein aggregates and improved motor impairments. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the aptamers targeting α-synuclein aggregates could be effectively delivered into the mouse brain by the RVG-exosomes and reduce the neuropathological and behavioral deficits in the mouse PD model. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of the RVG-exosome delivery of aptamer to alleviate the brain α-synuclein pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Ren
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fenqin Xue
- Core Facilities Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Haixia Huang
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Vaikath NN, Hmila I, Gupta V, Erskine D, Ingelsson M, El-Agnaf OMA. Antibodies against alpha-synuclein: tools and therapies. J Neurochem 2019; 150:612-625. [PMID: 31055836 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology in the central and peripheral nervous system as Lewy bodies or glial cytoplasmic inclusions. Several antibodies against α-syn have been developed since it was first detected as the major component of Lewy bodies and glial cytoplasmic inclusions. Over the years, researchers have generated specific antibodies that alleviate the accumulation of intracellular aggregated α-syn and associated pathology in cellular and preclinical models of synucleinopathies. So far, antibodies have been the first choice as tools for research and diagnosis and currently, a wide variety of antibody fragments have been developed as an alternative to full-length antibodies for increasing its therapeutic usefulness. Recently, conformation specific antibody-based approaches have been found to be promising as therapeutic strategies, both to block α-syn aggregation and ameliorate the resultant cytotoxicity, and as diagnostic tools. In this review, we summarize different α-syn specific antibodies and provide their usefulness in tackling synucleinopathies. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant N Vaikath
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Issam Hmila
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
|
108
|
Gerez JA, Prymaczok NC, Rockenstein E, Herrmann US, Schwarz P, Adame A, Enchev RI, Courtheoux T, Boersema PJ, Riek R, Peter M, Aguzzi A, Masliah E, Picotti P. A cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase targets exogenous α-synuclein and inhibits Lewy body-like pathology. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaau6722. [PMID: 31167929 PMCID: PMC10697662 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of neuronal α-synuclein (αSyn) inclusions called Lewy bodies. It is believed that Lewy bodies spread throughout the nervous system due to the cell-to-cell propagation of αSyn via cycles of secretion and uptake. Here, we investigated the internalization and intracellular accumulation of exogenous αSyn, two key steps of Lewy body pathogenesis, amplification and spreading. We found that stable αSyn fibrils substantially accumulate in different cell lines upon internalization, whereas αSyn monomers, oligomers, and dissociable fibrils do not. Our data indicate that the uptake-mediated accumulation of αSyn in a human-derived neuroblastoma cell line triggered an adaptive response that involved proteins linked to ubiquitin ligases of the S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1), cullin-1 (Cul1), and F-box domain-containing protein (SCF) family. We found that SKP1, Cul1, and the F-box/LRR repeat protein 5 (FBXL5) colocalized and physically interacted with internalized αSyn in cultured cells. Moreover, the SCF containing the F-box protein FBXL5 (SCFFBXL5) catalyzed αSyn ubiquitination in reconstitution experiments in vitro using recombinant proteins and in cultured cells. In the human brain, SKP1 and Cul1 were recruited into Lewy bodies from brainstem and neocortex of patients with PD and related neurological disorders. In both transgenic and nontransgenic mice, intracerebral administration of exogenous αSyn fibrils triggered a Lewy body-like pathology, which was amplified by SKP1 or FBXL5 loss of function. Our data thus indicate that SCFFXBL5 regulates αSyn in vivo and that SCF ligases may constitute targets for the treatment of PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Gerez
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia C Prymaczok
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Uli S Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Radoslav I Enchev
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Courtheoux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Boersema
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
α-Synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease and related α-synucleinopathies. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134316. [PMID: 31170426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over 20 years ago, the synaptic protein α-synuclein was identified as the primary component of the Lewy bodies (LBs) that are a sine qua non of Parkinson's disease (PD). Since that time, extensive research has demonstrated that α-synuclein pathology is not only a hallmark of PD, but can also cause neuronal dysfunction and death. Detailed staging of α-synuclein pathology in the brains of patients has revealed a progressive pattern of pathology that correlates with the symptoms of disease. Early in the disease course, PD patients exhibit motor dysfunction, and α-synuclein pathology at this stage is primarily found in regions controlling motor function. At later stages of disease as patients' cognitive function deteriorates, α-synuclein pathology can be found in cortical structures responsible for higher cognitive processing. The stereotypical progression of α-synuclein pathology through the brain over time suggests that there may be a physical transmission of pathological α-synuclein from one area of the brain to another. The transmission hypothesis posits that an initial seed of pathological α-synuclein in one neuron may be released and taken up by another vulnerable neuron and thereby initiate pathological misfolding of α-synuclein in the recipient neuron. In recent years, convergent evidence from various studies has indicated that pathological protein transmission can occur in the human brain. Cell and animal models based on the transmission hypothesis have shown not only that pathological α-synuclein can be transmitted from cell-to-cell, but that this pathology can lead to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. The α-synuclein transmission hypothesis has profound implications for treatment of what is currently an intractable neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we explore the evidence for cell-to-cell transmission of pathological α-synuclein, the current understanding of how pathological α-synuclein can move to a new cell and template misfolding, and the therapeutic implications of α-synuclein transmission.
Collapse
|
110
|
Katsinelos T, Tuck BJ, Mukadam AS, McEwan WA. The Role of Antibodies and Their Receptors in Protection Against Ordered Protein Assembly in Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1139. [PMID: 31214163 PMCID: PMC6554282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ordered assemblies of proteins are found in the postmortem brains of sufferers of several neurodegenerative diseases. The cytoplasmic microtubule associated protein tau and alpha-synuclein (αS) are found in an assembled state in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, respectively. An accumulating body of evidence suggests a "prion-like" mechanism of spread of these assemblies through the diseased brain. Under this hypothesis, assembled variants of these proteins promote the conversion of native proteins to the assembled state. This likely inflicts pathology on cells of the brain through a toxic gain-of-function mechanism. Experiments in animal models of tau and αS pathology have demonstrated that the passive transfer of anti-tau or anti-αS antibodies induces a reduction in the levels of assembled proteins. This is further accompanied by improvements in neurological function and preservation of brain volume. Immunotherapy is therefore considered one of the brightest hopes as a therapeutic avenue in an area currently without disease-modifying therapy. Following a series of disappointing clinical trials targeting beta-amyloid, a peptide that accumulates in the extracellular spaces of the AD brain, attention is turning to active and passive immunotherapies that target tau and αS. However, there are several remaining uncertainties concerning the mechanism by which antibodies afford protection against self-propagating protein conformations. This review will discuss current understanding of how antibodies and their receptors can be brought to bear on proteins involved in neurodegeneration. Parallels will be made to antibody-mediated protection against classical viral infections. Common mechanisms that may contribute to protection against self-propagating protein conformations include blocking the entry of protein "seeds" to cells, clearance of immune complexes by microglia, and the intracellular protein degradation pathway initiated by cytoplasmic antibodies via the Fc receptor TRIM21. As with anti-viral immunity, protective mechanisms may be accompanied by the activation of immune signaling pathways and we will discuss the suitability of such activation in the neurological setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William A. McEwan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Amido-bridged nucleic acid (AmNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotides targeting α-synuclein as a novel therapy for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7567. [PMID: 31110191 PMCID: PMC6527855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. A characteristic pathological feature of PD is cytoplasmic accumulation of α-synuclein (SNCA) protein. Multiplication of the SNCA gene in familial PD and pathological accumulation of SNCA protein during progression of sporadic PD suggest that increased SNCA protein levels increase the risk of PD. Thus, reducing SNCA expression levels could delay PD onset or modify the disease course. For efficient knock down, we designed and synthesized an amido-bridged nucleic acids (AmNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that targeted SNCA with improved stability and cellular uptake in vivo. AmNA-ASO efficiently downregulated SNCA at both the mRNA and protein level in vitro and in vivo. Notably, AmNA-ASO was efficiently delivered into the mouse brain by intracerebroventricular injection without the aid of additional chemicals. Furthermore, administration of AmNA-ASO ameliorated neurological defects in PD model mice expressing human wild type SNCA. Taken together, these findings suggest that AmNA-ASO is a promising therapeutic strategy for SNCA-associated pathology in PD.
Collapse
|
112
|
Shen N, Song G, Yang H, Lin X, Brown B, Hong Y, Cai J, Cao C. Identifying the Pathological Domain of Alpha- Synuclein as a Therapeutic for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2338. [PMID: 31083520 PMCID: PMC6539124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is considered the major pathological protein associated with Parkinson's disease, but there is still no effective immunotherapy which targets alpha-synuclein. In order to create a safer and more effective therapy against PD, we are targeting an epitope of alpha-synuclein rather than full-length alpha-synuclein. We have selected several antigenic domains (B-cell epitope) through antigenicity prediction, and also made several recombinant protein fragments from alpha-synuclein upon antigenicity prediction in an E. coli system. We then tested the function of each of the peptides and recombinant fragments in aggregation, their toxicity and antigenicity. We have discovered that the full-length recombinant (aa1-140) can aggregate into oligomers or even fibrils, and fragment aa15-65 can promote the aggregation of aa1-140. It is worth noting that it not only promotes whole protein aggregation, but also self-aggregates as seen by western blotting and silver staining assays. We have tested all candidates on primary neurons for their toxicity and discovered that aa15-65 is the most toxic domain compared to all other fragments. The antibody targeting this domain also showed both anti-aggregation activity and some therapeutic effect. Therefore, we believe that we have identified the most potent therapeutic domain of alpha synuclein as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Surgery of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Haiqiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Breanna Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Yuzhu Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Stefanis L, Emmanouilidou E, Pantazopoulou M, Kirik D, Vekrellis K, Tofaris GK. How is alpha-synuclein cleared from the cell? J Neurochem 2019; 150:577-590. [PMID: 31069800 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The levels and conformers of alpha-synuclein are critical in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease and related synucleinopathies. Homeostatic mechanisms in protein degradation and secretion have been identified as regulators of alpha-synuclein at different stages of its intracellular trafficking and transcellular propagation. Here we review pathways involved in the removal of various forms of alpha-synuclein from both the intracellular and extracellular environment. Proteasomes and lysosomes are likely to play complementary roles in the removal of intracellular alpha-synuclein species, in a manner that depends on alpha-synuclein post-translational modifications. Extracellular alpha-synuclein is cleared by extracellular proteolytic enzymes, or taken up by neighboring cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, and degraded within lysosomes. Exosomes, on the other hand, represent a vehicle for egress of excess burden of the intracellular protein, potentially contributing to the transfer of alpha-synuclein between cells. Dysfunction in any one of these clearance mechanisms, or a combination thereof, may be involved in the initiation or progression of Parkinson's disease, whereas targeting these pathways may offer an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Stefanis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Deniz Kirik
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Kharrazian D, Herbert M, Vojdani A. The Associations between Immunological Reactivity to the Haptenation of Unconjugated Bisphenol A to Albumin and Protein Disulfide Isomerase with Alpha-Synuclein Antibodies. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020026. [PMID: 31064082 PMCID: PMC6630361 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have increased susceptibility to bisphenol A (BPA) exposure since they have an impaired biotransformation capacity to metabolize BPA. PD subjects have reduced levels of conjugated BPA compared to controls. Reduced ability to conjugate BPA provides increased opportunity for unconjugated BPA to bind to albumin in human serum and protein disulfide isomerase on neurons. Once unconjugated BPA binds to proteins, it changes the allosteric structure of the newly configured protein leading to protein misfolding and the ability of the newly configured protein to act as a neoantigen. Once this neoantigen is formed, the immune system produces antibodies against it. The goal of our research was to investigate associations between unconjugated BPA bound to human serum albumin (BPA–HSA) antibodies and alpha-synuclein antibodies and between Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) antibodies and alpha-synuclein antibodies. Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the occurrences of alpha-synuclein antibodies, antibodies to BPA–HSA adducts, and PDI antibodies in the sera of blood donors. Subjects that exhibited high levels of unconjugated BPA–HSA antibodies or PDI antibodies had correlations and substantial risk for also exhibiting high levels of alpha-synuclein antibodies (p < 0.0001). We conclude that there are significant associations and risks between antibodies to BPA–HSA adducts and PDI antibodies for developing alpha-synuclein antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Datis Kharrazian
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- TRANSCEND Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 24785 Stewart Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Martha Herbert
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- TRANSCEND Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 24785 Stewart Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., 822 S. Robertson Boulevard, Suite 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Wang Z, Gao G, Duan C, Yang H. Progress of immunotherapy of anti-α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108843. [PMID: 31055236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive loss of neurons and abnormal protein accumulation, including amyloid (A)β and tau in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy bodies and α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidence suggests that adaptive immunity plays an important role in PD, and that anti-α-syn antibodies can be used as therapy in neurodegenerative diseases; monoclonal antibodies were shown to inhibit α-syn propagation and aggregation in PD models and patients. In this review, we summarize the different pathological states of α-syn, including gene mutations, truncation, phosphorylation, and the high molecular weight form, and describe the specific antibodies that recognize the α-syn monomer or oligomer, some of which have been tested in clinic trials. We also discuss future research directions and potential targets in PD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory for Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory for Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chunli Duan
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory for Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center of Parkinson Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory for Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Li X, Koudstaal W, Fletcher L, Costa M, van Winsen M, Siregar B, Inganäs H, Kim J, Keogh E, Macedo J, Holland T, Perry S, Bard F, Hoozemans JJ, Goudsmit J, Apetri A, Pascual G. Naturally occurring antibodies isolated from PD patients inhibit synuclein seeding in vitro and recognize Lewy pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:825-836. [PMID: 30805666 PMCID: PMC6482120 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is the hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is hypothesized that α-synuclein pathology spreads by a “prion-like” mechanism (i.e., by seeded aggregation or templated misfolding). Therefore, various extracellular α-synuclein conformers and/or posttranslational modifications may serve as biomarkers of disease or potential targets for novel interventions. To explore whether the antibody repertoires of PD patients contain anti-α-synuclein antibodies that can potentially be used as markers or immunotherapy, we interrogated peripheral IgG+ memory B cells from PD patients for reactivity to α-synuclein. In total, ten somatically mutated antibodies were recovered, suggesting the presence of an ongoing antigen-driven immune response. The three antibodies that had the highest affinity to recombinant full-length α-synuclein, aSyn-323.1, aSyn-336.1 and aSyn-338.1, were characterized further and shown to recognize epitopes in the C terminus of α-synuclein with binding affinities between 0.3 and 2.8 μM. Furthermore, all three antibodies were able to neutralize the “seeding” of intracellular synuclein aggregates in an in vitro α-synuclein seeding assay. Finally, differential reactivities were observed for all three human anti-α-synuclein antibodies across tissue treatment conditions by immunohistochemistry. Our results suggest that the memory B-cell repertoire of PD patients might represent a potential source of biomarkers and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Wouter Koudstaal
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Lucidity Biomedical Consulting, Calle Emir 11, 18006 Granada, Spain
| | - Lauren Fletcher
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Martha Costa
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Margot van Winsen
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berdien Siregar
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Inganäs
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Kim
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Elissa Keogh
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Jeremy Macedo
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Trevin Holland
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Stuart Perry
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Frederique Bard
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Jeroen J. Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, Meidreefberg 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Apetri
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Archimedesweg 6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Pascual
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Chen C, Wei YZ, He XM, Li DD, Wang GQ, Li JJ, Zhang F. Naringenin Produces Neuroprotection Against LPS-Induced Dopamine Neurotoxicity via the Inhibition of Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:936. [PMID: 31118933 PMCID: PMC6504827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent central nervous system (CNS) degenerative disease and characterized by slow and progressive loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been considered as the major central event in the process of DA neuronal loss. Thus, inhibition of neuroinflammation could possess a more viable strategy for PD treatment. Naringenin (NAR), a natural flavanoid contained in citrus fruit and grapefruits, possesses amounts of pharmacological activities. Recent studies indicated that NAR produced neuroprotection against several neurological disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying NAR-generated neuroprotection are not fully illuminated. Methods: In the present study, rat nigral stereotaxic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced DA neuronal loss was performed to investigate NAR-mediated neuroprotection. In addition, BV-2 and MN9D cell lines were applied to explore the underlying mechanisms. Results: NAR protected DA neurons against LPS-induced neurotoxicity. Also, NAR suppressed microglial nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling activation and the subsequent pro-inflammatory factors release. In addition, NAR-mediated DA neuroprotection was dependent on the inhibition of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as evidenced by the observations that NAR-reduced pro-inflammatory factors production and further NAR-exerted DA neuroprotection against LPS-induced neuronal damage was not discerned after microglial NLRP3 siRNA treatment. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that NAR targeted microglial NLRP3 inflammasome to protect DA neurons against LPS-induced neurotoxicity. These findings suggest NAR might hold a promising therapeutic potential for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ce Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi-Zheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xue-Mei He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dai-Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Guo-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Effect of naturally occurring α-synuclein-antibodies on toxic α-synuclein-fragments. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:181-188. [PMID: 30954607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a soluble protein primarily expressed in presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system (CNS). Aggregates of fibrillated α-Syn are the major component of Lewy bodies (LB), a pathologic hallmark of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, naturally occurring autoantibodies against human α-Syn (nAbs α-Syn) were detected in the peripheral blood of PD patients and controls. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of nAbs α-Syn on distinct α-Syn fragments, as well as inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity evoked by nAbs α-Syn in primary microglia. All α-Syn fragments induced the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from microglia in primary culture. Cotreatment with nAbs α-Syn alleviated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by α-Syn fragments α-Syn 1-95, α-Syn 61-140, α-Syn 96-140 and α-Syn 112. Treatment with the α-Syn fragments α-Syn 1-95, α-Syn 61-140 and α-Syn 112 impaired the viability of primary microglia. This effect could not be counteracted by cotreatment with nAbs α-Syn. Data suggest an important role of nAbs α-Syn in the α-Syn-induced inflammation cascade, and indicate the potential importance of nAbs in the pathogenesis of PD. This could provide an experimental therapeutic target for patients with PD.
Collapse
|
119
|
Weihofen A, Liu Y, Arndt JW, Huy C, Quan C, Smith BA, Baeriswyl JL, Cavegn N, Senn L, Su L, Marsh G, Auluck PK, Montrasio F, Nitsch RM, Hirst WD, Cedarbaum JM, Pepinsky RB, Grimm J, Weinreb PH. Development of an aggregate-selective, human-derived α-synuclein antibody BIIB054 that ameliorates disease phenotypes in Parkinson's disease models. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:276-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
120
|
Abstract
Most common neurodegenerative diseases feature deposition of protein amyloids and degeneration of brain networks. Amyloids are ordered protein assemblies that can act as templates for their own replication through monomer addition. Evidence suggests that this characteristic may underlie the progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Many different amyloid proteins, including Aβ, tau, and α-synuclein, exhibit properties similar to those of infectious prion protein in experimental systems: discrete and self-replicating amyloid structures, transcellular propagation of aggregation, and transmissible neuropathology. This review discusses the contribution of prion phenomena and transcellular propagation to the progression of pathology in common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. It reviews fundamental events such as cell entry, amplification, and transcellular movement. It also discusses amyloid strains, which produce distinct patterns of neuropathology and spread through the nervous system. These concepts may impact the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Vaquer-Alicea
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Marc I Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Overk C, Masliah E. Dale Schenk One Year Anniversary: Fighting to Preserve the Memories. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1-13. [PMID: 29439357 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been a year since we lost Dale Schenk on September 30, 2016. Dale's visionary work resulted in the remarkable discovery in 1999 that an experimental amyloid-β (Aβ) vaccine reduced the neurodegeneration in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Following Dale's seminal work, several active and passive immunotherapies have since been developed and tested in the clinic for AD, Parkinson's disease (PD), and other neurodegenerative disorders. Here we provide a brief overview of the current state of development of immunotherapy for AD, PD, and other neurodegenerative disorders in the context of this anniversary. The next steps in the development of immunotherapies will require combinatorial approaches mixing antibodies against various targets (e.g., Aβ, α-syn, Tau, and TDP43) with small molecules that block toxicity, aggregation, inflammation, and promote cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Neurosciences and Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Congdon EE, Chukwu JE, Shamir DB, Deng J, Ujla D, Sait HBR, Neubert TA, Kong XP, Sigurdsson EM. Tau antibody chimerization alters its charge and binding, thereby reducing its cellular uptake and efficacy. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:157-173. [PMID: 30910484 PMCID: PMC6492224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bringing antibodies from pre-clinical studies to human trials requires humanization, but this process may alter properties that are crucial for efficacy. Since pathological tau protein is primarily intraneuronal in Alzheimer's disease, the most efficacious antibodies should work both intra- and extracellularly. Thus, changes which impact uptake or antibody binding will affect antibody efficacy. Methods Initially, we examined four tau mouse monoclonal antibodies with naturally differing charges. We quantified their neuronal uptake, and efficacy in preventing toxicity and pathological seeding induced by human-derived pathological tau. Later, we generated a human chimeric 4E6 (h4E6), an antibody with well documented efficacy in multiple tauopathy models. We compared the uptake and efficacy of unmodified and chimeric antibodies in neuronal and differentiated neuroblastoma cultures. Further, we analyzed tau binding using ELISA assays. Findings Neuronal uptake of tau antibodies and their efficacy strongly depends on antibody charge. Additionally, their ability to prevent tau toxicity and seeding of tau pathology does not necessarily go together. Particularly, chimerization of 4E6 increased its charge from 6.5 to 9.6, which blocked its uptake into human and mouse cells. Furthermore, h4E6 had altered binding characteristics despite intact binding sites, compared to the mouse antibody. Importantly, these changes in uptake and binding substantially decreased its efficacy in preventing tau toxicity, although under certain conditions it did prevent pathological seeding of tau. Conclusions These results indicate that efficacy of chimeric/humanized tau antibodies should be thoroughly characterized prior to clinical trials, which may require further engineering to maintain or improve their therapeutic potential. Fund National Institutes of Health (NS077239, AG032611, R24OD18340, R24OD018339 and RR027990, Alzheimer's Association (2016-NIRG-397228) and Blas Frangione Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Jessica E Chukwu
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Ave, MSB 398, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Dov B Shamir
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Jingjing Deng
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, 540 First Avenue, Skirball Institute Lab 5-18, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Devyani Ujla
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Hameetha B R Sait
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, 540 First Avenue, Skirball Institute Lab 5-18, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 550 First Ave, MSB 398, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, and The Neuroscience Institute, 435 E 30th St. SB1123, New York, NY 10016, United States of America; New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 435 E 30th St. Science Building SB1115, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
α-Synuclein misfolding and aggregation: Implications in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:890-908. [PMID: 30853581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) has been extensively studied for its structural and biophysical properties owing to its pathophysiological role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are the pathological hallmarks of PD and contain α-Syn aggregates as their major component. It was therefore hypothesized that α-Syn aggregation is actively associated with PD pathogenesis. The central role of α-Syn aggregation in PD is further supported by the identification of point mutations in α-Syn protein associated with rare familial forms of PD. However, the correlation between aggregation propensities of α-Syn mutants and their association with PD phenotype is not straightforward. Recent evidence suggested that oligomers, formed during the initial stages of aggregation, are the potent neurotoxic species causing cell death in PD. However, the heterogeneous and unstable nature of these oligomers limit their detailed characterization. α-Syn fibrils, on the contrary, are shown to be the infectious agents and propagate in a prion-like manner. Although α-Syn is an intrinsically disordered protein, it exhibits remarkable conformational plasticity by adopting a range of structural conformations under different environmental conditions. In this review, we focus on the structural and functional aspects of α-Syn and role of potential factors that may contribute to the underlying mechanism of synucleinopathies. This information will help to identify novel targets and develop specific therapeutic strategies to combat Parkinson's and other protein aggregation related neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
124
|
Vargas JY, Grudina C, Zurzolo C. The prion-like spreading of α-synuclein: From in vitro to in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:89-101. [PMID: 30690184 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, primarily in brain regions that control motor functions, thereby leading to motor impairments in the patients. Pathological aggregated forms of the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), are involved in the generation and progression of PD. In PD brains, α-syn accumulates inside neurons and propagates from cell-to-cell in a prion-like manner. In this review, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo models used to study the prion-like properties of α-syn and related findings. In particular, we focus on the different mechanisms of α-syn spreading, which could be relevant for the development of alternative therapeutic approaches for PD treatment.
Collapse
|
125
|
Daniels MJ, Nourse JB, Kim H, Sainati V, Schiavina M, Murrali MG, Pan B, Ferrie JJ, Haney CM, Moons R, Gould NS, Natalello A, Grandori R, Sobott F, Petersson EJ, Rhoades E, Pierattelli R, Felli I, Uversky VN, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Krol ES, Ischiropoulos H. Cyclized NDGA modifies dynamic α-synuclein monomers preventing aggregation and toxicity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2937. [PMID: 30814575 PMCID: PMC6393491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates α-synuclein aggregation as a key driver of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, the molecular and structural mechanisms of inhibiting α-synuclein aggregation by novel analogs of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a phenolic dibenzenediol lignan, were explored using an array of biochemical and biophysical methodologies. NDGA analogs induced modest, progressive compaction of monomeric α-synuclein, preventing aggregation into amyloid-like fibrils. This conformational remodeling preserved the dynamic adoption of α-helical conformations, which are essential for physiological membrane interactions. Oxidation-dependent NDGA cyclization was required for the interaction with monomeric α-synuclein. NDGA analog-pretreated α-synuclein did not aggregate even without NDGA-analogs in the aggregation mixture. Strikingly, NDGA-pretreated α-synuclein suppressed aggregation of naïve untreated aggregation-competent monomeric α-synuclein. Further, cyclized NDGA reduced α-synuclein-driven neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. The cyclized NDGA analogs may serve as a platform for the development of small molecules that stabilize aggregation-resistant α-synuclein monomers without interfering with functional conformations yielding potential therapies for PD and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Daniels
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Brucker Nourse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Hanna Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Valerio Sainati
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Marco Schiavina
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Murrali
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Buyan Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John J Ferrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Conor M Haney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rani Moons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Neal S Gould
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Frank Sobott
- Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Roberta Pierattelli
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Isabella Felli
- CERM and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142292, Russian Federation
| | - Kim A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Guy A Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Edward S Krol
- College of Pharmacy & Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Nasrolahi A, Safari F, Farhoudi M, Khosravi A, Farajdokht F, Bastaminejad S, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Mahmoudi J. Immune system and new avenues in Parkinson’s disease research and treatment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:709-727. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, although 200 years have now passed since the primary clinical description of PD by James Parkinson, the etiology and mechanisms of neuronal loss in this disease are still not fully understood. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, activation of immunologic responses seems to have a crucial role in PD pathology. Intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), as the main pathological hallmark of PD, potentially mediates initiation of the autoimmune and inflammatory events through, possibly, auto-reactive T cells. While current therapeutic regimens are mainly used to symptomatically suppress PD signs, application of the disease-modifying therapies including immunomodulatory strategies may slow down the progressive neurodegeneration process of PD. The aim of this review is to summarize knowledge regarding previous studies on the relationships between autoimmune reactions and PD pathology as well as to discuss current opportunities for immunomodulatory therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Departmant of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Afra Khosravi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Saiyad Bastaminejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , P.O. 51666-14756, Tabriz , Iran , e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Forloni G, Roiter I, Tagliavini F. Clinical trials of prion disease therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 44:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
128
|
Abstract
Symptomatic treatment options for Parkinson disease have steadily improved, and individualized therapeutic approaches are becoming established for every stage of the disease. However, disease-modifying therapy with a causal approach is still unavailable. The central causative role of alpha-synuclein pathology, including its progressive spread to most areas of the CNS, has been widely recognized, and a strong involvement of immune responses has recently been discovered. New immunologic technologies have been shown to effectively prevent the progression of alpha-synuclein pathology in animal models. These approaches have recently been translated into the first human clinical trials, representing a novel starting point for the causal therapy of Parkinson disease. In this review, the pathomechanistic role of alpha-synuclein and its influence on the surrounding cellular environment are analyzed with a strong focus on immune responses and neuroinflammation. The potential of novel immunotherapeutic approaches that reduce the burden of alpha-synuclein pathology in the CNS is critically evaluated, and currently ongoing human clinical trials are presented. The clinical development of these new immunotherapies is progressing rapidly and gives reason to hope that a causal therapy of Parkinson disease could be possible in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
|
129
|
The Cellular Environment Affects Monomeric α-Synuclein Structure. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 44:453-466. [PMID: 30527975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The presynaptic protein α-synuclein (aSyn) is an 'intrinsically disordered protein' that is highly dynamic in conformation. Transient intramolecular interactions between its charged N and C termini, and between its hydrophobic region and the C terminus, prevent self-association. These interactions inhibit the formation of insoluble inclusions, which are the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease and many other synucleinopathies. This review discusses how these intramolecular interactions are influenced by the specific environment aSyn is in. We discuss how charge, pH, calcium, and salt affect the physiological structure of monomeric aSyn, and how they may favour the formation of toxic structures. The more we understand the dynamic conformations of aSyn, the better we can design desperately needed therapeutics to prevent disease progression.
Collapse
|
130
|
Huang YR, Xie XX, Ji M, Yu XL, Zhu J, Zhang LX, Liu XG, Wei C, Li G, Liu RT. Naturally occurring autoantibodies against α-synuclein rescues memory and motor deficits and attenuates α-synuclein pathology in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:202-217. [PMID: 30481547 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into oligomers leads to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD), but intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) which contains antibodies against α-syn monomers and oligomers fails to treat PD mouse model. The reason may be because IVIG contains much low level of antibodies against α-syn, and of which only a small part can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, resulting in an extremely low level of effective antibodies in the brain, and limiting the beneficial effect of IVIG on PD mice. Here, we first isolated naturally occurring autoantibodies against α-syn (NAbs-α-syn) from IVIG. Our further investigation results showed that NAbs-α-syn inhibited α-syn aggregation and attenuated α-syn-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Compared with vehicles, NAbs-α-syn significantly attenuated the memory and motor deficits by reducing the levels of soluble α-syn, total human α-syn and α-syn oligomers, decreasing the intracellular p-α-synser129 deposits and axonal pathology, inhibiting the microgliosis and astrogliosis, as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines, increasing the levels of PSD95, synaptophysin and TH in the brain of A53T transgenic mice. These findings suggest that NAbs-α-syn overcomes the deficiency of IVIG and exhibits a promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi-Xiu Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mei Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Ge Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Wei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Rui-Tian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Scott KM, Kouli A, Yeoh SL, Clatworthy MR, Williams-Gray CH. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alpha Synuclein Auto-Antibodies in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:815. [PMID: 30333787 PMCID: PMC6176114 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and its progression. Antibodies play an important role in both innate and adaptive responses, acting as powerful effector molecules that can propagate inflammation by activating innate immune cells. Alpha synuclein binding antibodies have been described in PD patients with conflicting associations. In this article, we consider the potential mechanistic basis of alpha synuclein auto-antibody development and function in PD. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis of antibody studies in PD cohorts showing that there is weak evidence for an increase in alpha synuclein auto-antibodies in PD patients particularly in early disease. The confidence with which this conclusion can be drawn is limited by the heterogeneity of the clinical cohorts used, inclusion of unmatched controls, inadequate power and assay related variability. We have therefore made some recommendations for the design of future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M. Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonina Kouli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Su L. Yeoh
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H. Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Wu Q, Lin Y, Gu J, Sigurdsson EM. Dynamic assessment of tau immunotherapies in the brains of live animals by two-photon imaging. EBioMedicine 2018; 35:270-278. [PMID: 30146345 PMCID: PMC6158769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our original findings, showing the effectiveness of active and passive tau immunizations in mouse models, have now been confirmed and extended by many groups, with several clinical trials underway in Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Here, we report on a unique and sensitive two-photon imaging approach to concurrently study the dynamics of brain and neuronal uptake and clearance of tau antibodies as well as the acute removal of their pathological target in live animals. This in vivo technique is more sensitive to detect clearance of pathological tau protein than western blot tau analysis of brain tissue. In addition to providing an insight into the mechanisms involved, it allows for an efficient in vivo assessment of the therapeutic potential of tau antibodies, and may be applied to related protein misfolding diseases. Two-photon imaging approach to study uptake and clearance of tau antibodies, and removal of their target in live animals. This technique is more sensitive to detect clearance of pathological tau protein than western blot analysis of brain tissue. It allows for an acute in vivo determination of the therapeutic potential of tau antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jiaping Gu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Chen Z, Chen S, Liu J. The role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:1-23. [PMID: 30114440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, different components of the brain's immune system may exert diverse effects on neuroinflammatory events in PD. The adaptive immune response, especially the T cell response, can trigger type 1 pro-inflammatory activities and suppress type 2 anti-inflammatory activities, eventually resulting in deregulated neuroinflammation and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Additionally, studies have increasingly shown that therapies targeting T cells can alleviate neurodegeneration and motor behavior impairment in animal models of PD. Therefore, we conclude that abnormal T cell-mediated immunity is a fundamental pathological process that may be a promising translational therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Kim C, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Yamakado H, Mante M, Adame A, Fields JA, Masliah D, Iba M, Lee HJ, Rissman RA, Lee SJ, Masliah E. Immunotherapy targeting toll-like receptor 2 alleviates neurodegeneration in models of synucleinopathy by modulating α-synuclein transmission and neuroinflammation. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:43. [PMID: 30092810 PMCID: PMC6085656 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synucleinopathies of the aging population are an heterogeneous group of neurological disorders that includes Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and are characterized by the progressive accumulation of α-synuclein in neuronal and glial cells. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition immune receptor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies because TLR2 is elevated in the brains of patients with PD and TLR2 is a mediator of the neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of extracellular α-synuclein aggregates. Therefore, blocking TLR2 might alleviate α-synuclein pathological and functional effects. For this purpose, herein, we targeted TLR2 using a functional inhibitory antibody (anti-TLR2). METHODS Two different human α-synuclein overexpressing transgenic mice were used in this study. α-synuclein low expresser mouse (α-syn-tg, under the PDGFβ promoter, D line) was stereotaxically injected with TLR2 overexpressing lentivirus to demonstrate that increment of TLR2 expression triggers neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. α-synuclein high expresser mouse (α-Syn-tg; under mThy1 promoter, Line 61) was administrated with anti-TLR2 to examine that functional inhibition of TLR2 ameliorates neuropathology and behavioral defect in the synucleinopathy animal model. In vitro α-synuclein transmission live cell monitoring system was used to evaluate the role of TLR2 in α-synuclein cell-to-cell transmission. RESULTS We demonstrated that administration of anti-TLR2 alleviated α-synuclein accumulation in neuronal and astroglial cells, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and behavioral deficits in an α-synuclein tg mouse model of PD/DLB. Moreover, in vitro studies with neuronal and astroglial cells showed that the neuroprotective effects of anti-TLR2 antibody were mediated by blocking the neuron-to-neuron and neuron-to-astrocyte α-synuclein transmission which otherwise promotes NFκB dependent pro-inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION This study proposes TLR2 immunotherapy as a novel therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies of the aging population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Deborah Masliah
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Olanow CW, Kordower JH. Targeting α-Synuclein as a therapy for Parkinson's disease: The battle begins. Mov Disord 2018; 32:203-207. [PMID: 28218461 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Warren Olanow
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, New York, USA.,Clintrex LLC
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciencs, Rush University Schoolf of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Van Andel Research Institute, Grands Rapids Michigan 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Davis AA, Leyns CEG, Holtzman DM. Intercellular Spread of Protein Aggregates in Neurodegenerative Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:545-568. [PMID: 30044648 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates, some of which are toxic to cells. Mounting evidence demonstrates that in several diseases, protein aggregates can pass from neuron to neuron along connected networks, although the role of this spreading phenomenon in disease pathogenesis is not completely understood. Here we briefly review the molecular and histopathological features of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disease, we summarize the evidence for release of proteins from donor cells into the extracellular space, and we highlight some other mechanisms by which protein aggregates might be transmitted to recipient cells. We also discuss the evidence that supports a role for spreading of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis and some limitations of this model. Finally, we consider potential therapeutic strategies to target spreading of protein aggregates in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Cheryl E G Leyns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA; .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Pankiewicz JE, Sanchez S, Kirshenbaum K, Kascsak RB, Kascsak RJ, Sadowski MJ. Anti-prion Protein Antibody 6D11 Restores Cellular Proteostasis of Prion Protein Through Disrupting Recycling Propagation of PrP Sc and Targeting PrP Sc for Lysosomal Degradation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2073-2091. [PMID: 29987703 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PrPSc is an infectious and disease-specific conformer of the prion protein, which accumulation in the CNS underlies the pathology of prion diseases. PrPSc replicates by binding to the cellular conformer of the prion protein (PrPC) expressed by host cells and rendering its secondary structure a likeness of itself. PrPC is a plasma membrane anchored protein, which constitutively recirculates between the cell surface and the endocytic compartment. Since PrPSc engages PrPC along this trafficking pathway, its replication process is often referred to as "recycling propagation." Certain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against prion protein can abrogate the presence of PrPSc from prion-infected cells. However, the precise mechanism(s) underlying their therapeutic propensities remains obscure. Using N2A murine neuroblastoma cell line stably infected with 22L mouse-adapted scrapie strain (N2A/22L), we investigated here the modus operandi of the 6D11 clone, which was raised against the PrPSc conformer and has been shown to permanently clear prion-infected cells from PrPSc presence. We determined that 6D11 mAb engages and sequesters PrPC and PrPSc at the cell surface. PrPC/6D11 and PrPSc/6D11 complexes are then endocytosed from the plasma membrane and are directed to lysosomes, therefore precluding recirculation of nascent PrPSc back to the cell surface. Targeting PrPSc by 6D11 mAb to the lysosomal compartment facilitates its proteolysis and eventually shifts the balance between PrPSc formation and degradation. Ongoing translation of PrPC allows maintaining the steady-state level of prion protein within the cells, which was not depleted under 6D11 mAb treatment. Our findings demonstrate that through disrupting recycling propagation of PrPSc and promoting its degradation, 6D11 mAb restores cellular proteostasis of prion protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Pankiewicz
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Science Building, Room 1007, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sandrine Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Science Building, Room 1007, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kent Kirshenbaum
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Regina B Kascsak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Richard J Kascsak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Martin J Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Science Building, Room 1007, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Akhtar RS, Licata JP, Luk KC, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Measurements of auto-antibodies to α-synuclein in the serum and cerebral spinal fluids of patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 145:489-503. [PMID: 29500813 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers for α-synuclein are needed for diagnosis and prognosis in Parkinson's disease (PD). Endogenous auto-antibodies to α-synuclein could serve as biomarkers for underlying synucleinopathy, but previous assessments of auto-antibodies have shown variability and inconsistent clinical correlations. We hypothesized that auto-antibodies to α-synuclein could be diagnostic for PD and explain its clinical heterogeneity. To test this hypothesis, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring α-synuclein auto-antibodies in human samples. We evaluated 69 serum samples (16 healthy controls (HC) and 53 PD patients) and 145 CSF samples (52 HC and 93 PD patients) from our Institution. Both serum and CSF were available for 24 participants. Males had higher auto-antibody levels than females in both fluids. CSF auto-antibody levels were significantly higher in PD patients as compared with HC, whereas serum levels were not significantly different. CSF auto-antibody levels did not associate with amyloid-β1-42 , total tau, or phosphorylated tau. CSF auto-antibody levels correlated with performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, even when controlled for CSF amyloidβ1-42 . CSF hemoglobin levels, as a proxy for contamination of CSF by blood during lumbar puncture, did not influence these observations. Using recombinant α-synuclein with N- and C-terminal truncations, we found that CSF auto-antibodies target amino acids 100 through 120 of α-synuclein. We conclude that endogenous CSF auto-antibodies are significantly higher in PD patients as compared with HC, suggesting that they could indicate the presence of underlying synucleinopathy. These auto-antibodies associate with poor cognition, independently of CSF amyloidβ1-42 , and target a select C-terminal region of α-synuclein. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 433.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan S Akhtar
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph P Licata
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Bach JP, Falkenburger BH. What autoantibodies tell us about the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 145:433-435. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Philipp Bach
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Björn H. Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
- JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Linking Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4784268. [PMID: 29850629 PMCID: PMC5926497 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4784268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) impose a pressing burden on our developed and consequently aging society. Misfolded protein aggregates are a critical aspect of several neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, several questions remain unanswered regarding the role of misfolded protein aggregates and the cause of neuronal cell death. Recently, it has been postulated that neuroinflammatory processes might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD. Numerous postmortem, brain imaging, epidemiological, and animal studies have documented the involvement of the innate and adaptive immunity in neurodegeneration. Whether these inflammatory processes are directly involved in the etiology of PD or represent secondary consequences of nigrostriatal pathway injury is the subject of intensive research. Immune alterations in response to extracellular α-synuclein may play a critical role in modulating Parkinson's disease progression. In this review, we address the current concept of neuroinflammation and its involvement in PD-associated neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
141
|
Post MR, Lieberman OJ, Mosharov EV. Can Interactions Between α-Synuclein, Dopamine and Calcium Explain Selective Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:161. [PMID: 29593491 PMCID: PMC5861202 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence place alpha-synuclein (aSyn) at the center of Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology, but it is still unclear why overexpression or mutated forms of this protein affect some neuronal populations more than others. Susceptible neuronal populations in PD, dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the locus coeruleus (LC), are distinguished by relatively high cytoplasmic concentrations of dopamine and calcium ions. Here we review the evidence for the multi-hit hypothesis of neurodegeneration, including recent papers that demonstrate synergistic interactions between aSyn, calcium ions and dopamine that may lead to imbalanced protein turnover and selective susceptibility of these neurons. We conclude that decreasing the levels of any one of these toxicity mediators can be beneficial for the survival of SNpc and LC neurons, providing multiple opportunities for targeted drug interventions aimed at modifying the course of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Post
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ori J Lieberman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Coder B, Wang W, Wang L, Wu Z, Zhuge Q, Su DM. Friend or foe: the dichotomous impact of T cells on neuro-de/re-generation during aging. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7116-7137. [PMID: 27738345 PMCID: PMC5351694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between T cells and the central nervous system (CNS) in homeostasis and injury has been recognized being both pathogenic (CD4+ T-helper 1 - Th1, Th17 and γδT) and ameliorative (Th2 and regulatory T cells - Tregs). However, in-depth studies aimed to elucidate the precise in the aged microenvironment and the dichotomous role of Tregs have just begun and many aspects remain unclear. This is due, not only to a mutual dependency and reciprocal causation of alterations and diseases between the nervous and T cell immune systems, but also to an inconsistent aging of the two systems, which dynamically changes with CNS injury/recovery and/or aging process. Cellular immune system aging, particularly immunosenescence and T cell aging initiated by thymic involution - sources of chronic inflammation in the elderly (termed inflammaging), potentially induces an acceleration of brain aging and memory loss. In turn, aging of the brain via neuro-endocrine-immune network drives total body systemic aging, including that of the immune system. Therefore, immunotherapeutics including vaccination and “protective autoimmunity” provide promising means to rejuvenate neuro-inflammatory disorders and repair CNS acute injury and chronic neuro-degeneration. We review the current understanding and recent discoveries linking the aging immune system with CNS injury and neuro-degeneration. Additionally, we discuss potential recovery and rejuvenation strategies, focusing on targeting the aging T cell immune system in an effort to alleviate acute brain injury and chronic neuro-degeneration during aging, via the “thymus-inflammaging-neurodegeneration axis”.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Coder
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Weikan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liefeng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Rockenstein E, Ostroff G, Dikengil F, Rus F, Mante M, Florio J, Adame A, Trinh I, Kim C, Overk C, Masliah E, Rissman RA. Combined Active Humoral and Cellular Immunization Approaches for the Treatment of Synucleinopathies. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1000-1014. [PMID: 29246926 PMCID: PMC5783958 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1170-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple System Atrophy are age-related neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and jointly termed synucleinopathies. Currently, no disease-modifying treatments are available for these disorders. Previous preclinical studies demonstrate that active and passive immunizations targeting α-syn partially ameliorate behavioral deficits and α-syn accumulation; however, it is unknown whether combining humoral and cellular immunization might act synergistically to reduce inflammation and improve microglial-mediated α-syn clearance. Since combined delivery of antigen plus rapamycin (RAP) in nanoparticles is known to induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs), we adapted this approach to α-syn using the antigen-presenting cell-targeting glucan microparticle (GP) vaccine delivery system. PDGF-α-syn transgenic (tg) male and female mice were immunized with GP-alone, GP-α-syn (active humoral immunization), GP+RAP, or GP+RAP/α-syn (combined active humoral and Treg) and analyzed using neuropathological and biochemical markers. Active immunization resulted in higher serological total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a anti-α-syn levels. Compared with mice immunized with GP-alone or GP-α-syn, mice vaccinated with GP+RAP or GP+RAP/α-syn displayed increased numbers of CD25-, FoxP3-, and CD4-positive cells in the CNS. GP-α-syn or GP+RAP/α-syn immunizations resulted in a 30-45% reduction in α-syn accumulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Mice immunized with GP+RAP/α-syn further rescued neurons and reduced neuroinflammation. Levels of TGF-β1 were increased with GP+RAP/α-syn immunization, while levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced. We conclude that the observed effects of GP+RAP/α-syn immunization support the hypothesis that cellular immunization may enhance the effects of active immunotherapy for the treatment of synucleinopathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that a novel vaccination modality combining an antigen-presenting cell-targeting glucan particle (GP) vaccine delivery system with encapsulated antigen (α-synuclein) + rapamycin (RAP) induced both strong anti-α-synuclein antibody titers and regulatory T cells (Tregs). This vaccine, collectively termed GP+RAP/α-syn, is capable of triggering neuroprotective Treg responses in synucleinopathy models, and the combined vaccine is more effective than the humoral or cellular immunization alone. Together, these results support the further development of this multifunctional vaccine approach for the treatment of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple systems atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Gary Ostroff
- University of Mass Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Fusun Dikengil
- University of Mass Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Florentina Rus
- University of Mass Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Jazmin Florio
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Ivy Trinh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624,
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California 92161
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Mochizuki H, Choong CJ, Masliah E. A refined concept: α-synuclein dysregulation disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:84-96. [PMID: 29305061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein (αSyn) still remains a mysterious protein even two decades after SNCA encoding it was identified as the first causative gene of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulation of αSyn causes α-synucleinopathies including PD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Recent advances in therapeutic approaches offer new antibody-, vaccine-, antisense-oligonucleotide- and small molecule-based options to reduce αSyn protein levels and aggregates in patient's brain. Gathering research information of other neurological disease particularly Alzheimer's disease, recent disappointment of an experimental amyloid plaques busting antibody in clinical trials underscores the difficulty of treating people who show even mild dementia as damage in their brain may already be too extensive. Prodromal intervention to inhibit the accumulation of pathogenic protein may advantageously provide a better outcome. However, treatment prior to onset is not ethically justified as standard practice at present. In this review, we initiate a refined concept to define early pathogenic state of αSyn accumulation before occurrence of brain damage as a disease criterion for αSyn dysregulation disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Chi-Jing Choong
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Lassen LB, Reimer L, Ferreira N, Betzer C, Jensen PH. Protein Partners of α-Synuclein in Health and Disease. Brain Pathol 2018; 26:389-97. [PMID: 26940507 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein is normally situated in the nerve terminal but it accumulates and aggregates in axons and cell bodies in synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease. The conformational changes occurring during α-synucleins aggregation process affects its interactions with other proteins and its subcellular localization. This review focuses on interaction partners of α-synuclein within different compartments of the cell with a focus on those preferentially binding aggregated α-synuclein. The aggregation state of α-synuclein also affects its catabolism and we hypothesize impaired macroautophagy is involved neuronal excretion of α-synuclein species responsible for the prion-like spreading of α-synuclein pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Berkhoudt Lassen
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience & Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lasse Reimer
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience & Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nelson Ferreira
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience & Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cristine Betzer
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience & Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- DANDRITE-Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience & Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Volpicelli-Daley L, Brundin P. Prion-like propagation of pathology in Parkinson disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 153:321-335. [PMID: 29887143 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63945-5.00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 years ago, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites were defined as a pathologic hallmark of Parkinson disease. Eighty years later, α-synuclein was found to be the primary component of these inclusions. Emerging evidence suggests that α-synuclein pathology propagates across interconnected networks throughout the nervous system in a prion-like manner. Pathologic α-synuclein seeds aggregation of native α-synuclein, resulting in the formation of insoluble inclusions. These seeds can propagate within the neuron and to interconnected neurons, resulting in the spread of pathology throughout the brain. Here, we discuss how the findings that α-synuclein pathology spreads throughout the nervous system has revolutionized our understanding about Parkinson disease pathogenesis and resulted in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to halt disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Gustafsson G, Lindström V, Rostami J, Nordström E, Lannfelt L, Bergström J, Ingelsson M, Erlandsson A. Alpha-synuclein oligomer-selective antibodies reduce intracellular accumulation and mitochondrial impairment in alpha-synuclein exposed astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:241. [PMID: 29228971 PMCID: PMC5725978 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to its neurotoxic properties, oligomeric alpha-synuclein (α-syn) has been suggested as an attractive target for passive immunization against Parkinson’s disease (PD). In mouse models of PD, antibody treatment has been shown to lower the levels of pathogenic α-syn species, including oligomers, although the mechanisms of action remain unknown. We have previously shown that astrocytes rapidly engulf α-syn oligomers that are intracellularly stored, rather than degraded, resulting in impaired mitochondria. Methods The aim of the present study was to investigate if the accumulation of α-syn in astrocytes can be affected by α-syn oligomer-selective antibodies. Co-cultures of astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes were derived from embryonic mouse cortex and exposed to α-syn oligomers or oligomers pre-incubated with oligomer-selective antibodies. Results In the presence of antibodies, the astrocytes displayed an increased clearance of the exogenously added α-syn, and consequently, the α-syn accumulation in the culture was markedly reduced. Moreover, the addition of antibodies rescued the astrocytes from the oligomer-induced mitochondrial impairment. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that oligomer-selective antibodies can prevent α-syn accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gustafsson
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronica Lindström
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinar Rostami
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Nordström
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, 112 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergström
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Molecular Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Bengoa-Vergniory N, Roberts RF, Wade-Martins R, Alegre-Abarrategui J. Alpha-synuclein oligomers: a new hope. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:819-838. [PMID: 28803412 PMCID: PMC5663814 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is a protein implicated in Parkinson’s disease and thought to be one of the main pathological drivers in the disease, although it remains unclear how this protein elicits its neurotoxic effects. Recent findings indicate that the assembly of toxic oligomeric species of alpha-synuclein may be one of the key processes for the pathology and spread of the disease. The absence of a sensitive in situ detection method has hindered the study of these oligomeric species and the role they play in the human brain until recently. In this review, we assess the evidence for the toxicity and prion-like activity of oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein and discuss the advances in our understanding of the role of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease that may be brought about by the specific and sensitive detection of distinct oligomeric species in post-mortem patient brain. Finally, we discuss current approaches being taken to therapeutically target alpha-synuclein oligomers and their implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Rosalind F Roberts
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 Rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Javier Alegre-Abarrategui
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Ke PC, Sani MA, Ding F, Kakinen A, Javed I, Separovic F, Davis TP, Mezzenga R. Implications of peptide assemblies in amyloid diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:6492-6531. [PMID: 28702523 PMCID: PMC5902192 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00372b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders and type 2 diabetes are global epidemics compromising the quality of life of millions worldwide, with profound social and economic implications. Despite the significant differences in pathology - much of which are poorly understood - these diseases are commonly characterized by the presence of cross-β amyloid fibrils as well as the loss of neuronal or pancreatic β-cells. In this review, we document research progress on the molecular and mesoscopic self-assembly of amyloid-beta, alpha synuclein, human islet amyloid polypeptide and prions, the peptides and proteins associated with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, type 2 diabetes and prion diseases. In addition, we discuss the toxicities of these amyloid proteins based on their self-assembly as well as their interactions with membranes, metal ions, small molecules and engineered nanoparticles. Through this presentation we show the remarkable similarities and differences in the structural transitions of the amyloid proteins through primary and secondary nucleation, the common evolution from disordered monomers to alpha-helices and then to β-sheets when the proteins encounter the cell membrane, and, the consensus (with a few exceptions) that off-pathway oligomers, rather than amyloid fibrils, are the toxic species regardless of the pathogenic protein sequence or physicochemical properties. In addition, we highlight the crucial role of molecular self-assembly in eliciting the biological and pathological consequences of the amyloid proteins within the context of their cellular environments and their spreading between cells and organs. Exploiting such structure-function-toxicity relationship may prove pivotal for the detection and mitigation of amyloid diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chun Ke
- ARC Center of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marc-Antonie Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - Aleksandr Kakinen
- ARC Center of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ibrahim Javed
- ARC Center of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Center of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Science & Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, LFO, E23, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatments. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:28. [PMID: 29090092 PMCID: PMC5655877 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradual degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta and subsequent reduction of dopamine levels in striatum are associated with motor deficits that characterize Parkinson’s disease (PD). In addition, half of the PD patients also exhibit frontostriatal-mediated executive dysfunction, including deficits in attention, short-term working memory, speed of mental processing, and impulsivity. The most commonly used treatments for PD are only partially or transiently effective and are available or applicable to a minority of patients. Because, these therapies neither restore the lost or degenerated dopaminergic neurons, nor prevent or delay the disease progression, the need for more effective therapeutics is critical. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in PD, particularly within the context of how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the initiation and progression of this disease. The involvement of molecular chaperones, autophagy-lysosomal pathways, and proteasome systems in PD are also highlighted. In addition, emerging therapies, including pharmacological manipulations, surgical procedures, stem cell transplantation, gene therapy, as well as complementary, supportive and rehabilitation therapies to prevent or delay the progression of this complex disease are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panchanan Maiti
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA.,Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA
| | - Jayeeta Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA
| |
Collapse
|