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Molina SJ, Buján GE, Rodriguez Gonzalez M, Capani F, Gómez-Casati ME, Guelman LR. Exposure of Developing Male Rats to One or Multiple Noise Sessions and Different Housing Conditions: Hippocampal Thioredoxin Changes and Behavioral Alterations. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:182. [PMID: 31456671 PMCID: PMC6700388 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of developing rats to noise has shown to induce hippocampal-related behavioral alterations that were prevented after a week of housing in an enriched environment. However, neither the effect of repeated exposures nor its impact on key endogenous antioxidants had been studied yet. Thus, the aim of the present work was to reveal novel data about hippocampal oxidative state through the measurement of possible age-related differences in the levels of hippocampal thioredoxins in rats exposed to noise at different developmental ages and subjected to different schemes and housing conditions. In addition, the possibility that oxidative changes could underlie hippocampal-related behavioral changes was also analyzed. Developing male Wistar rats were exposed to noise for 2 h, either once or for 5 days. Upon weaning, some animals were transferred to an enriched cage for 1 week, whereas others were kept in standard cages. One week later, auditory and behavioral assessments, as well as measurement of hippocampal thioredoxin, were performed. Whereas no changes in the auditory function were observed, significant behavioral differences were found, that varied according to the age, scheme of exposure and housing condition. In addition, a significant increase in Trx-1 levels was found in all noise-exposed groups housed in standard cages. Housing animals in an enriched environment for 1 week was effective in preventing most of these changes. These findings suggest that animals become less susceptible to undergo behavioral alterations after repeated exposure to an environmental challenge, probably due to the ability of adaptation to an unfavorable condition. Moreover, it could be hypothesized that damage to younger individuals could be more easily prevented by a housing manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jazmín Molina
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Ezequiel Buján
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Cátedra de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Francisco Capani
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (ININCA, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Laura Ruth Guelman
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Cátedra de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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102
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Antioxidant Effects of Satureja hortensis L. Attenuate the Anxiogenic Effect of Cisplatin in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8307196. [PMID: 31467638 PMCID: PMC6701305 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8307196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous adverse effects of cisplatin-based therapy are usually accompanied by enhanced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis in various tissues. Even neurotoxic manifestations of cisplatin administration, such as the anxiogenic effect, appear along with the increased oxidative stress and apoptotic indicators in certain brain regions. Thirty-five Wistar albino male rats were divided into seven groups: control, cisplatin (received a single dose of cisplatin: 7.5 mg/kg), three groups with oral administration of Satureja hortensis L. methanolic extract (SH) (low: 50 mg/kg, middle: 100 mg/kg, and high dose: 200 mg/kg) along with cisplatin application, a group with the extract in high dose alone, and a silymarin group (cisplatin and silymarin: 100 mg/kg), in order to evaluate the antioxidant effects of SH on cisplatin-induced increase in the anxiety level. After completing 10-day pretreatments, behavioral testing was performed in the open field and the elevated plus maze, followed by an investigation of oxidative stress and apoptosis parameters in hippocampal tissue samples. Cisplatin administration resulted in anxiogenic-like behavior, increased lipid peroxidation, and proapoptotic markers accompanied by the decline in antioxidant and antiapoptotic defense. The administration of extract alone did not significantly alter any of the estimated parameters. When applied along with cisplatin, SH in a dose of 100 mg/kg induced the significant anxiolytic effect with concomitant recovery of antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity indicators, while both lower and higher doses of the extract failed to improve the adverse effects of cisplatin administration. The beneficial effects of the middle dose of SH were equivalent to the same dose of silymarin, as a “golden standard.” Our results indicate that the antioxidant supplementation with SH in an optimal dose significantly improved the oxidative status and it had antiapoptotic effect in the rat hippocampus disturbed by cisplatin administration, which was accompanied with attenuation of cisplatin-induced anxiogenic effect.
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103
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Krebs R, Linnenbrink M, Guenther A. Validating standardised personality tests under semi‐natural conditions in wild house mice (
Mus musculus domesticus
). Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Krebs
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
| | | | - Anja Guenther
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
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104
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Chronic consumption of calabash chalk diet impairs locomotor activities and social behaviour in Swiss white Cd-1 mice. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01848. [PMID: 31194125 PMCID: PMC6551470 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There are safety concerns as regards the consumption of Calabash chalk which is common practice in some localities in Africa and Asia. Calabash chalk contains lead (Pb) and arsenic which are believed to be harmful to the brain and responsible for cognitive dysfunction. It is possible that calabash chalk consumption may affect other neuronal activities in the body such as locomotion and social behaviour. Hence, this present research study investigated the effects of consumption of this diet on locomotion and social behaviour in mice. Forty-five Swiss white mice of mixed sex were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 15 mice each. Group 1 served as control, while groups 2 and 3 received low and high doses of calabash chalk diets respectively. Feeding lasted for 30 days and thereafter their locomotor and social behaviors were assessed. Their locomotor behaviour was assessed using the open field maze while their social behaviour was studied with the aid of nesting behaviour test. Results showed that the calabash chalk diet-fed mice had significantly reduced (p < 0.05) line crossing frequency compared to control. The nesting score of the calabash chalk diet-fed mice was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to control. In conclusion, consumption of calabash chalk impairs locomotion and social behaviour in mice.
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105
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Salameh E, Meleine M, Gourcerol G, do Rego JC, do Rego JL, Legrand R, Breton J, Aziz M, Guérin C, Coëffier M, Savoye G, Marion-Letellier R. Chronic colitis-induced visceral pain is associated with increased anxiety during quiescent phase. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G692-G700. [PMID: 30735453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00248.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by repetition of flares and remission periods leading to chronic postinflammatory sequelae. Among postinflammatory sequelae, one-third of patients with IBD are suffering from functional symptoms or psychological comorbidities that persist during remission. The aim of our study was to assess functional and behavioral sequelae of chronic colitis in rats with quiescent intestinal inflammation. Chronic colitis was induced by a weekly intrarectal injection of increasing concentrations of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) for 3 wk (15-45 mg of TNBS) in 30 rats, whereas the control rats (n = 24) received the vehicle. At 50 days post-TNBS, visceral sensitivity was assessed by visceromotor response to colorectal distension, and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) expression was also quantified in the colon and dorsal root ganglia. Barrier function and inflammatory response were assessed by studying intestinal permeability, tight junction protein, myeloperoxidase activity, histological score, and cytokine production (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). Anxiety behavioral tests were performed from 50 to 64 days after the last TNBS injection. Chronic TNBS induced 1) a visceral hypersensitivity (P = 0.03), 2) an increased colon weight-to-length ratio (P = 0.01), 3) higher inflammatory and fibrosis scores (P = 0.0390 and P = 0.0016, respectively), and 4) a higher colonic IL-6 and IL-10 production (P = 0.008 and P = 0.005, respectively) compared with control rats. Intestinal permeability, colonic production of TNF-α, myeloperoxidase activity, and TRPV1 expression did not differ among groups. Chronic TNBS increased anxiety-related behavior in the open-field test and in the acoustic stress test. In conclusion, chronic colitis induced functional sequelae such as visceral hypersensitivity and increased anxiety with a low-grade intestinal inflammation. Development of a representative animal model will allow defining novel therapeutic approaches to achieve a better management of IBD-related sequelae. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases have impaired quality of life. Therapeutic progress to control mucosal inflammation provides us an opportunity to develop novel approaches to understand mechanisms behind postinflammatory sequelae. We used a chronic colitis model to study long-term sequelae on visceral pain, gut barrier function, and psychological impact. Chronic colitis induced functional symptoms and increased anxiety in the remission period. It might define novel therapeutic approaches to achieve a better inflammatory bowel disease-related sequelae management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline Salameh
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France
| | - Mathieu Meleine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France
| | - Guillaume Gourcerol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France.,Digestive Physiology Department, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France
| | - Jean-Claude do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France.,Behavioural Analysis Platform (Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen-Normandy , Normandy , France
| | - Jean-Luc do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France.,Behavioural Analysis Platform (Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen-Normandy , Normandy , France
| | - Romain Legrand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France
| | - Moutaz Aziz
- Department of Pathology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France
| | - Charlène Guérin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France.,Department of Nutrition, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France
| | - Guillaume Savoye
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France.,Gastroenterology Unit, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France
| | - Rachel Marion-Letellier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1073 "Digestive Tract Environment and Nutrition," Normandie University, UNIROUEN, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Union Nationale Inter-Universitaire Rouen , Rouen , France
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106
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The plus maze and scototaxis test are not valid behavioral assays for anxiety assessment in the South African clawed frog. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:567-582. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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107
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Schleicher EM, Ott FW, Müller M, Silcher B, Sichler ME, Löw MJ, Wagner JM, Bouter Y. Prolonged Cannabidiol Treatment Lacks on Detrimental Effects on Memory, Motor Performance and Anxiety in C57BL/6J Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:94. [PMID: 31133833 PMCID: PMC6513893 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cannabis plant contains more than 100 currently known phytocannabinoids. Regarding the rising consumption of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) in people's everyday life (e.g., beauty products, food and beverages), the importance of studies on the influence of CBD on healthy humans and rodents is evident. Therefore, the behavioral profile of CBD was investigated with a battery of behavioral tests, including motor, anxiety, and memory tests after prolonged CBD treatment. Adult C57Bl/6J wildtype (WT) mice were daily intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/kg CBD for 6 weeks starting at two different points of ages (3 months and 5 months) to compare the influence of prolonged CBD treatment with a washout period (former group) to the effects of long term CBD treatment (current group). Our results show that CBD treatment does not influence motor performance on an accelerating Rotarod test, while it also results in a lower locomotor activity in the open field (OF). No influence of CBD on spatial learning and long term memory in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) was observed. Memory in the Novel Object Recognition test (NORT) was unaffected by CBD treatment. Two different anxiety tests revealed that CBD does not affect anxiety behavior in the Dark-Light Box (DLB) and OF test. Although, anxiety is altered by current CBD treatment in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Moreover, CBD-treated C57Bl/6J mice showed an unaltered acoustic startle response (ASR) compared to vehicle-treated mice. However, current CBD treatment impairs prepulse inhibition (PPI), a test to analyze sensorimotor gating. Furthermore, prolonged CBD treatment did not affect the hippocampal neuron number. Our results demonstrate that prolonged CBD treatment has no negative effect on the behavior of adult C57Bl/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yvonne Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
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108
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Stajic D, Selakovic D, Jovicic N, Joksimovic J, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Rosic G. The role of galectin-3 in modulation of anxiety state level in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 78:177-187. [PMID: 30682502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of lectin family that binds to oligosaccharides, is involved in several biological processes, including maturation and function of nervous system. It had been reported that Gal-3 regulates oligodendrocytes differentiation and that Gal-3/Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) axis is involved in neuroinflammation. As both, central nervous system (CNS) maturation and neuroinflammation may affect behavior, the principle aim of this study was to examine the effects of Gal-3 gene deletion on behavior. Here we provide the evidence that Gal-3 deficiency shows clear anxiogenic effect in mature untreated animals (basal conditions). This was accompanied with lower interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) relative gene expression and hippocampal content, with no effect on TLR4 expression. Gal-3 deficiency was also accompanied with lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) relative gene expression and immunoreactivity in hippocampus (predominantly in CA1 region). Besides, the Gal-3 gene deletion resulted in attenuation of the hippocampal relative gene expression of GABA-A receptor subunits 2 and 5 (GABA-AR2S and GABA-AR5S), On the other hand, Gal-3 deficiency attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation. The anxiogenic effect of acute neuroinflammation was accompanied with increased hippocampal IL-6, TNF-α and TLR4 gene expression, as well as decreased gene and immunohistochemical BDNF expression in hippocampus, with significant decline in GABA-AR2S in wild type (WT) mice in comparison to basal conditions. Gal-3 gene deletion prevented the increase in IL-6, the decline in BDNF gene expression and immunoreactivity, and reduction in hippocampal GABA-AR2S, and therefore attenuated the anxiogenic effect of neuroinflammation. In summary, our data demonstrate that apparently opposite effects of Gal-3 deficiency on anxiety levels (anxiogenic effect under basal conditions and anxiolytic action during neuroinflammation) seem to be related to the shift in IL-6, TNF-α and hippocampal BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Stajic
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia; Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
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109
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Krug JT, Klein AK, Purvis EM, Ayala K, Mayes MS, Collins L, Fisher MP, Ettenberg A. Effects of chronic lithium exposure in a modified rodent ketamine-induced hyperactivity model of mania. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:150-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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110
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de Siqueira Mendes FDCC, da Paixão LTVB, Diniz CWP, Sosthenes MCK. Environmental Impoverishment, Aging, and Reduction in Mastication Affect Mouse Innate Repertoire to Explore Novel Environments and to Assess Risk. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:107. [PMID: 30930726 PMCID: PMC6427831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that inhibition of adequate masticatory function, due to soft diet, occlusal disharmony, or molar losses affects the cognitive behavior of rodents. However, no study has tested the effects on new environments exploration and risk assessment coupled with a combination of masticatory function rehabilitation and environmental enrichment. In the present report, we tested the hypothesis that age, environment, and masticatory changes may interact and alter exploratory patterns of locomotor activity and mice preferences in an open field (OF) arena. As OF arenas are widely used to measure anxiety-like behavior in rats and mice. We examined in an open arena, the exploratory and locomotor activities of mature (6-month-old; 6M), late mature (12-month-old; 12M), and aged (18-month-old; 18M) mice, subjected to distinct masticatory regimens and environments. Three different regimens of masticatory activity were used: continuous normal mastication with hard pellets (HD); normal mastication followed by reduced mastication with equal periods of pellets followed by soft powder – HD/SD; or rehabilitated masticatory activity with equal periods of HD, followed by powder, followed by pellets – HD/SD/HD). Under each diet regimen, half of the individuals were raised in standard cages [impoverished environment (IE)] and the other half in enriched cages [enriched environment (EE)]. Animals behavior on the open field (OF) task were recorded by webcam and analyzed with Any Maze software (Stöelting). The locomotor and exploratory activities in OF task declined with age, and this was particularly evident in 18M HD EE mice. Although all groups kept their preference by the peripheral zone, the outcomes were significantly influenced by interactions between environment, age, and diet. Independent of diet regime, 6M young mice maintained in an EE where voluntary exercise apparatus is available, revealed significant less body weight than all other groups. Although body weight differences were minimized as age progressed, 18M EE group revealed intragroup significant influence of diet regimens. We suggest that long life environmental enrichment reduces the tendency to avoid open/lit spaces (OF) and this is particularly influenced by masticatory activity. These measurements may be useful in discussions of anxiety-related tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola de Carvalho Chaves de Siqueira Mendes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luisa Taynah Vasconcelos Barbosa da Paixão
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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111
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Roughan JV, Sevenoaks T. Welfare and Scientific Considerations of Tattooing and Ear Tagging for Mouse Identification. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:142-153. [PMID: 30813985 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ear tagging is perceived as less painful or stressful than tattooing and therefore is generally considered less harmful or costly to welfare. However, ear tags are more difficult to read than tattoos and can fall out, and mice usually require restraint for the tag numbers to be read accurately. We assessed the welfare and scientific implications of tattooing by using a commercial device compared with restraint in a device versus ear tagging. Male and female BALB/c mice (n = 32) underwent procedures after 1 wk of tail or nonaversive (tunnel) handling to determine whether tunnel handling reduced anxiety. Pain was evaluated using both the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) and manual and automated behavior analyses; light-dark preference testing and voluntary interaction with the handler's hand were used to assess anxiety. Tail inflammation after tattooing was quantified using bioluminescent imaging, and ear tag and tattoo misidentification rates were estimated from volunteer staff records. Tunnel handling reduced anxiety compared with tail handling. According to the MGS, tattooing was not more painful than ear tagging but caused significant tail inflammation and more agitation and anxiety. However, all tattoos were read correctly without handling, whereas all ear tagged mice needed restraint, and at least 25% of the tag codes were misread. Handling stress together with identification errors at this rate represent potentially serious concerns regarding the scientific integrity of data from studies using ear tagging. These concerns are unlikely to arise with tattooing. Although tattooing was stressful, so were restraint and ear tagging. However, considering the other major advantages of tattooing, the total costs associated with tattooing were not substantially greater than for ear tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny V Roughan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK.
| | - Tatum Sevenoaks
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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112
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Chen SF, Chuang CY, Chao CC, Yang YH, Chu CY, Yao CY, Su YC, Huang YH, Liao RM. Task-Dependent Differences in Operant Behaviors of Rats With Acute Exposure to High Ambient Temperature: A Potential Role of Hippocampal Dopamine Reuptake Transporters. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:15. [PMID: 30778291 PMCID: PMC6369190 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral or cognitive functions are known to be influenced by thermal stress from the change in ambient temperature (Ta). However, little is known about how increased Ta (i.e., when the weather becomes warm or hot) may affect operant conditioned behavior and the neural substrates involved. The present study thus investigated the effects of high Ta on operant behaviors maintained on a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) and a differential reinforcement for low-rate responding 10 s (DRL 10-s) schedule of reinforcement. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups receiving acute exposure to Ta of 23°C, 28°C, and 35°C, respectively, for evaluating the effects of high Ta exposure on four behavioral tests. Behavioral responses in an elevated T-maze and locomotor activity were not affected by Ta treatment. Regarding operant tests, while the total responses of FR1 behavior were decreased only under 35°C when compared with the control group of 23°C, those of DRL 10-s behavior were significantly reduced in both groups of 28°C and 35°C. Distinct patterns of inter-response time (IRT) distribution of DRL behavior appeared among the three groups; between-group differences of behavioral changes produced by high Ta exposure were confirmed by quantitative analyses of IRT data. Western blot assays of dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptor, DA transporter (DAT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were conducted for the sample tissues collected in six brain areas from all the subjects after acute high Ta exposure. Significant Ta-related effects were only revealed in the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP). In which, the DAT levels were increased in a Ta-dependent fashion that was associated with operant behavior changes under high Ta exposure. And, there as an increased level of D1 receptors in the 28°C group. In summary, these data indicate that the performance of operant behavior affected by the present high Ta exposure is task-dependent, and these changes of operant behaviors cannot be attributed to gross motor function or anxiety being affected. The regulation of dHIP DAT may be involved in this operant behavioral change under high Ta exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Fu Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Yu Chuang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Chao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yun Chu
- Affiliated High School, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Yao
- Affiliated High School, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Su
- Affiliated High School, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Huei Huang
- Affiliated High School, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Ming Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
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113
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Chronic corticosterone increases ΔFOSB and CRFR1 immunoreactivity in brain regions that modulate aversive conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2019; 356:107-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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114
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Ke X, Fu Q, Majnik A, Cohen S, Liu Q, Lane R. Adverse early life environment induces anxiety-like behavior and increases expression of FKBP5 mRNA splice variants in mouse brain. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:973-981. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00054.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse early life environment (AELE) predisposes adult offspring toward anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are associated with prenatal injuries in key regions of the brain including prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HP), and hypothalamus (HT). Injuries in these brain regions result in an impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and stress response. An important regulator of the stress response is FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5). FKBP5 is a cochaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and inhibits GR-mediated regulatory feed-back on the HPA axis in response to stress. Human studies have shown that polymorphisms of FKBP5 are associated with higher FKBP5 levels. Increased FKBP5 leads to GR resistance and impaired negative feedback, which is associated with anxiety disorders. FKBP5 and its mRNA splice variants in the aforementioned brain regions have not been reported. We hypothesized that AELE will increase expression of FKBP5 and its mRNA splice variants in PFC, HP, and HT as well as increase anxiety in adult mice. AELE increased expression of FKBP5 and its mRNA variants in PFC, HP and HT at postnatal day 21. Additionally, AELE caused anxiety and increased GR abundance in association with these changes in FKBP5 expression. We speculate that these changes in FKBP5 mRNA variants affect HPA axis function and contributes to subsequent anxiety-like behavior later in life in AELE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrao Ke
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Qi Fu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Amber Majnik
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Susan Cohen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Qiuli Liu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Lane
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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115
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Makhathini KB, Mabandla MV, Daniels WMU. Rosmarinic acid reverses the deleterious effects of repetitive stress and tat protein. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:203-209. [PMID: 30029998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) has infected more than 40 million people worldwide and is associated with central nervous system (CNS) disruption in at least 30% of these persons. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly reduced the systemic immunopathology associated with HIV, but the occurrence of neurological disorders continues to be reported in notable numbers. The present study evaluated the potential of rosmarinic acid to reverse the detrimental effects of an intracerebral injection of the viral protein tat. Control and tat-injected rats were also subjected to repetitive restrain stress (RRS) for 28 days, 6 h per day, to investigate whether subsequent stress exposure would worsen the effects of tat. 14 days after the initiation of RRS, animals were treated with rosmarinic acid (10 mg/kg given intraperitoneally) daily until the end of the stress exposure period. We assessed locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavioral changes. We also measured plasma corticosterone levels and quantified the expression of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Rosmarinic acid attenuated anxiety-like behavior induced by tat and stress, reduced plasma corticosterone levels and increased the expression of hippocampal GR, MR and BDNF when compared to controls. These results suggest that rosmarinic acid may reverse the anxiogenic effect of HIV-1 viral protein tat and related stress through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and hippocampal neurotrophic factor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khayelihle B Makhathini
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - William M U Daniels
- School of Phyisiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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116
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Methcathinone and 3-Fluoromethcathinone Stimulate Spontaneous Horizontal Locomotor Activity in Mice and Elevate Extracellular Dopamine and Serotonin Levels in the Mouse Striatum. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:594-605. [PMID: 30377956 PMCID: PMC6420425 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methcathinone (MC) and 3-fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC) are well-known members of the synthetic cathinone derivatives, the second most abused group of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). They are considered as methamphetamine-like cathinones, as they elicit their psychostimulatory effects via inhibition of monoamine uptake and enhanced release. The present study examines the effects of MC and 3-FMC on the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice and extracellular levels of dopamine and serotonin in the mouse striatum. Both MC and 3-FMC produced a dose-dependent increase of horizontal locomotor activity, but no significant changes in rearing behavior were observed. The locomotor stimulation induced by MC and 3-FMC is mediated by activation of dopaminergic neurotransmission, as selective D1-dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, abolished the effects of both drugs. In line with pharmacological data obtained by previous in vitro studies, MC and 3-FMC produced potent increases of extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in the mouse striatum. Taken together, results presented within this study confirm previous findings and expand our knowledge on the pharmacology of MC and 3-FMC along with their behavioral effects.
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117
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Dorofeikova MV, Filatova EV, Orlov AA, Egorov AY. Effect of Early Sucrose Diet on Ethanol Preference and Behavior in Male and Female Wistar Rats. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093018040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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118
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Luo Q, Ding L, Zhang N, Jiang Z, Gao C, Xue L, Peng B, Wang G. A stable and easily reproducible model of focal white matter demyelination. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 307:230-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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119
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Sturman O, Germain PL, Bohacek J. Exploratory rearing: a context- and stress-sensitive behavior recorded in the open-field test. Stress 2018; 21:443-452. [PMID: 29451062 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1438405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful experiences are linked to anxiety disorders in humans. Similar effects are observed in rodent models, where anxiety is often measured in classic conflict tests such as the open-field test. Spontaneous rearing behavior, in which rodents stand on their hind legs to explore, can also be observed in this test yet is often ignored. We define two forms of rearing, supported rearing (in which the animal rears against the walls of the arena) and unsupported rearing (in which the animal rears without contacting the walls of the arena). Using an automated open-field test, we show that both rearing behaviors appear to be strongly context dependent and show clear sex differences, with females rearing less than males. We show that unsupported rearing is sensitive to acute stress, and is reduced under more averse testing conditions. Repeated testing and handling procedures lead to changes in several parameters over varying test sessions, yet unsupported rearing appears to be rather stable within a given animal. Rearing behaviors could therefore provide an additional measure of anxiety in rodents relevant for behavioral studies, as they appear to be highly sensitive to context and may be used in repeated testing designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sturman
- a Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Lab of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience , ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Luc Germain
- b Brain Research Institute , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Johannes Bohacek
- a Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Lab of Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience , ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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120
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Chao OY, Yunger R, Yang YM. Behavioral assessments of BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J mice by tests of object attention and elevated open platform: Implications for an animal model of psychiatric comorbidity in autism. Behav Brain Res 2018; 347:140-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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121
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Wild Norway Rats Do Not Avoid Predator Scents When Collecting Food in a Familiar Habitat: A Field Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9475. [PMID: 29930280 PMCID: PMC6013492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to avoid predators is crucial to wild prey animals’ survival. Potential danger is signalled, among others, by the presence of predator scents. These odors are used in research both to trigger and to study fear reactions in laboratory animals; they are also employed as repellents against pest rodent species. In our study, we assessed nine predator-derived odors for their effectiveness in eliciting avoidance responses in a free-living colony of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). The rats were studied in a field setting. Food was put in two compartments inside the experimental pen: in one of them, predator scent was introduced on experimental days. The rats did not avoid boxes with predator odor and did not display an increased latency of food-carrying behavior or any other fear-related behavior, such as freezing or increased grooming. The results confirm the hypothesis that the foraging of rodents in a well-known territory and in relative proximity to burrows and other shelters is not affected by indirect cues of predation risk, such as the presence of predator urine or feces. We have also concluded that in a well-established colony living in a familiar territory, predator scent holds little promise as rodent repellent.
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122
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Psychophysiological and Behavioral Responses to a Novel Intruder Threat Task for Children on the Autism Spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord 2018. [PMID: 28646372 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We measured skin conductance response (SCR) to escalating levels of a direct social threat from a novel, ecologically-relevant experimental paradigm, the Intruder Threat Task. We simultaneously evaluated the contribution of social symptom severity and behavioral movement. Children with AS group showed less psychophysiological reactivity to social threat than controls across all three phases of the experiment. In the AS group, greater social impairment was significantly associated with reduced SCR. However, movement activity predicted SCR while diagnosis did not. Research and treatment need to account for the complex interplay of emotional reactivity and social behavior in AS. Psychophysiology studies of AS should consider the impact of possible confounds such as movement.
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123
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Xu W, Hawkey AB, Li H, Dai L, Brim HH, Frank JA, Luo J, Barron S, Chen G. Neonatal Ethanol Exposure Causes Behavioral Deficits in Young Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:743-750. [PMID: 29336488 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal ethanol (EtOH) exposure can damage the developing central nervous system and lead to cognitive and behavioral deficits, known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). EtOH exposure to mouse pups during early neonatal development was used as a model of EtOH exposure that overlaps the human third-trimester "brain growth spurt"-a model that has been widely used to study FASD in rats. METHODS C57BL/6 male and female mice were exposed to EtOH (4 g/kg/d) on postnatal days (PD) 4 to 10 by oral intubation. Intubated and nontreated controls were also included. Behavioral testing of the offspring, including open field, elevated plus maze, and Morris water maze, was performed on PD 20 to 45. RESULTS EtOH exposure during PD 4 to 10 resulted in hyperactivity and deficits in learning and memory in young mice with no apparent sex differences. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, this neonatal intubation mouse model may be useful for future mechanistic and genetic studies of FASD and for screening of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Andrew B Hawkey
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Art & Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Howard H Brim
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jacqueline A Frank
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Susan Barron
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Art & Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
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124
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Abstinence following toluene exposure increases anxiety-like behavior in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 65:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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125
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Liu Z, Liu F, Liu X, Ma C, Zhao J. Surgical incision induces learning impairment in mice partially through inhibition of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway in the hippocampus and amygdala. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918805902. [PMID: 30232930 PMCID: PMC6194924 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918805902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical incision-induced nociception contributes to the occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. However, the exact mechanisms involved remain unclear. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been demonstrated to improve fear learning ability. In addition, BDNF expression is influenced by the peripheral nociceptive stimulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that surgical incision-induced nociception may cause learning impairment by inhibiting the BDNF/tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) signaling pathway. The fear conditioning test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot analyses were used to confirm our hypothesis and determine the effect of a plantar incision on the fear learning and the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in the hippocampus and amygdala. The freezing times in the context test and the tone test were decreased after the plantar incision. A eutectic mixture of local anesthetics attenuated plantar incision-induced postoperative pain and fear learning impairment. ANA-12, a selective TrkB antagonist, abolished the improvement in fear learning and the activation of the BDNF signaling pathway induced by eutectic mixture of local anesthetics. Based on these results, surgical incision-induced postoperative pain, which was attenuated by postoperative analgesia, caused learning impairment in mice partially by inhibiting the BDNF signaling pathway. These findings provide insights into the mechanism underlying surgical incision-induced postoperative cognitive function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, School of Basic Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, School of Basic Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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126
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Abstract
The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) aims to uncover the processes and consequences of nervous, immune, and endocrine system relationships. Behavior is a consequence of such interactions and manifests from a complex interweave of factors including immune-to-neural and neural-to-immune communication. Often the signaling molecules involved during a particular episode of neuroimmune activation are not known but behavioral response provides evidence that bioactives such as neurotransmitters and cytokines are perturbed. Immunobehavioral phenotyping is a first-line approach when examining the neuroimmune system and its reaction to immune stimulation or suppression. Behavioral response is significantly more sensitive than direct measurement of a single specific bioactive and can quickly and efficiently rule in or out relevance of a particular immune challenge or therapeutic to neuroimmunity. Classically, immunobehavioral research was focused on sickness symptoms related to bacterial infection but neuroimmune activation is now a recognized complication of diseases and disorders ranging from cancer to diabesity to Alzheimer's. Immunobehaviors include lethargy, loss of appetite, and disinterest in social activity/surrounding environment. In addition, neuroimmune activation can diminish physical activity, precipitate feelings of depression and anxiety, and impair cognitive and executive function. Provided is a detailed overview of behavioral tests frequently used to examine neuroimmune activation in mice with a special emphasis on pre-experimental conditions that can confound or prevent successful immunobehavioral experimentation.
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127
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Protective effect of aspirin treatment on mouse behavior in the acute phase of experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:189-200. [PMID: 29196837 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a potentially fatal disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which can in some cases affect the central nervous system. The objective was to evaluate the effect of aspirin (ASA) in the behavior of mice infected with T. cruzi during the acute phase. This was an experimental study with random assignation. Twenty four BALB/c mice were divided into four groups of six animals each as follows: only ASA (OA), ASA before infection (BI), ASA after infection (AI) and only infection (OI). The strain used for infection was M/HOM/Bra/53/Y. An ASA dose of 100 mg/kg per day was administered 72 h before infection to BI group and the same dose 48 h after infection to AI group. Mice behavior in the open field test, mortality, and brain histopathology was evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, chi square test, and Kaplan-Meier with long-rank for survival analysis. In the open field test, the OA group has similar results with the BI group, in the variables of immobility and escape. Also, the OA group displayed significantly higher rates of micturition (p < 0.001) and defecation (p < 0.001) compared to infected groups. Mortality was higher in BI group (p = 0.02). The presence of T. cruzi amastigotes were higher in brain tissues of the AI and OI groups (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the administration of ASA before infection seemed to prevent behavioral changes induced by the acute infection, but it led to accelerated mortality. The study highlighted the potential importance of the pathways inhibited by ASA in the early hours of acute infection with T. cruzi.
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128
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Ahmed M, Azmat A. Decreased brain serotonin turnover rate following administration of Sharbat-e-Ahmed Shah produces antidepressant and anxiolytic effect in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1785-1790. [PMID: 28687902 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sharbat-e-Ahmed Shah (SAS) has usually been used in Traditional Unani Medicine (TUM) for depression and insomnia but still not evaluated for its anti-depressant and Neuropharmacological activity. In the present study, a Human dose of SAS (0.6 ml/kg/d) was administered orally to the rats for 15 consecutive days. Antidepressant and anxiolytic were screened scientifically in rats by using Forced swim test and light and dark box test. At the end of study high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with electrochemical (EC) detector was used for the measurement of blood and brain tryptophan and brain serotonin levels. The present reported results are according to what is known in TUM, where is prescribed as an antidepressant agent. After the administration, SAS (at a human dose for 15 days) reduced the immobility time in rats analogous to Imipramine (positive control) indicating the antidepressant effect of SAS. In the present study, Diazepam or SAS (0.6 ml/kg/day) treated rats stayed in the illuminated side of the light-dark box, as compare to control rats (Veh, 134.62 ± 4.430 s; SAS 0.6 ml/kg, 192.2 ± 8.11 s; DZP 1.0 mg/kg, 205.21.20 ± 10.26 s, p < 0.05). It was also observed that SAS increased the availability of tryptophan in blood and brain and hence increases 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin: 5HT) in the brain. At the end, it was concluded that SAS contains some active principles which increase the availability of neurochemical (tryptophan and 5HT) and decrease the 5HT turnover rate thus causes antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aisha Azmat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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129
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Mijailovic N, Selakovic D, Joksimovic J, Jakovljevic V, Nikolic T, Rosic G. The Effects of Methionine-Enriched and Vitamins (Folate, Pyridoxine and Cobalamine)-Deficient Diet on Exploratory Activity in Rats - A Brief Report. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2017; 18:307-312. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of increased homocysteine levels induced by methionine nutritional overload (twice as standard) and deficiency of the vitamins folate, pyridoxine and cobalamine, which plays an important role in homocysteine metabolism in anxiety-related behaviour, expressed by means of exploratory activity in rats. Twenty-three male Wistar albino rats (4 weeks old, 100±15 g body weight) were divided into three groups: control (n=8), methionine-enriched (Meth+, 7.7 g of methionine/kg chow, n=7) and methionine-enriched vitamin-deficient (Meth+Vit-, 7.7 g of methionine/ kg chow, deficient in folate, pyridoxine and cobalamine - 0.08, 0.01 and 0.01 mg/kg, n=8). All animals had free access to food and water for 30 days. Behavioural testing was performed using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Standard parameters for vertical exploratory activity, the number of rearings and the number of head-dippings, as well as the total exploratory activity (summarizing overall exploratory activity in the EPM) were significantly reduced following 30 days of methionine nutritional overload (p<0.05, p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). A methionine-enriched diet coupled with a reduction in some B vitamins resulted in a more pronounced decline in exploratory drive observed in the EPM test compared to the control (p<0.01). The decline in total exploratory activity associated with vitamin deficiency was significant compared to the Meth+ group (p<0.05). The results of this study highlight the important role of homocysteine in the modulation of exploratory activity in rats. Decreased exploratory drive induced by both a methionine-enriched and vitamin-deficient diet could be attributed to an anxiogenic effect of hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Mijailovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Tamara Nikolic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Serbia
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130
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Ramos-Hryb AB, Pazini FL, Kaster MP, Rodrigues ALS. Therapeutic Potential of Ursolic Acid to Manage Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:1029-1041. [PMID: 29098660 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in several plants. Despite its initial use as a pharmacologically inactive emulsifier in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, several biological activities have been reported for this compound so far, including anti-tumoural, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties. The biological effects of ursolic acid have been evaluated in vitro, in different cell types and against several toxic insults (i.e. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, amyloid-β peptides, kainic acid and others); in animal models of brain-related disorders (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, depression, traumatic brain injury) and ageing; and in clinical studies with cancer patients and for muscle atrophy. Most of the protective effects of ursolic acid are related to its ability to prevent oxidative damage and excessive inflammation, common mechanisms associated with multiple brain disorders. Additionally, ursolic acid is capable of modulating the monoaminergic system, an effect that might be involved in its ability to prevent mood and cognitive dysfunctions associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. This review presents and discusses the available evidence of the possible beneficial effects of ursolic acid for the management of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. We also discuss the chemical features, major sources and potential limitations of the use of ursolic acid as a pharmacological treatment for brain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Ramos-Hryb
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Francis L Pazini
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Manuella P Kaster
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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131
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Miceli M, Molina SJ, Forcada A, Acosta GB, Guelman LR. Voluntary alcohol intake after noise exposure in adolescent rats: Hippocampal-related behavioral alterations. Brain Res 2017; 1679:10-18. [PMID: 29113737 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different physical or chemical agents, such as noise or alcohol, can induce diverse behavioral and biochemical alterations. Considering the high probability of young people to undergo consecutive or simultaneous exposures, the aim of the present work was to investigate in an animal model if noise exposure at early adolescence could induce hippocampal-related behavioral changes that might be modified after alcohol intake. Male Wistar rats (28-days-old) were exposed to noise (95-97 dB, 2 h). Afterwards, animals were allowed to voluntarily drink alcohol (10% ethanol in tap water) for three consecutive days, using the two-bottle free choice paradigm. After that, hippocampal-related memory and anxiety-like behavior tests were performed. Results show that whereas noise-exposed rats presented deficits in habituation memory, those who drank alcohol exhibited impairments in associative memory and anxiety-like behaviors. In contrast, exposure to noise followed by alcohol intake showed increases in exploratory and locomotor activities as well as in anxiety-like behaviors, unlike what was observed using each agent separately. Finally, lower levels of alcohol intake were measured in these animals when compared with those that drank alcohol and were not exposed to noise. Present findings demonstrate that exposure to physical and chemical challenges during early adolescence might induce behavioral alterations that could differ depending on the schedule used, suggesting a high vulnerability of rat developing brain to these socially relevant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miceli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S J Molina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Forcada
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G B Acosta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L R Guelman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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132
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Zewde AM, Yu F, Nayak S, Tallarida C, Reitz AB, Kirby LG, Rawls SM. PLDT (planarian light/dark test): an invertebrate assay to quantify defensive responding and study anxiety-like effects. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 293:284-288. [PMID: 29042260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Planarians, like rodents, instinctively spend more time in dark versus light environments when given a choice. This behavioral phenomenon is called negative phototaxis, which may reflect defensive responding related to an anxiety-like phenotype. NEW METHOD We propose a planarian light/dark test, designated PLDT, to predict anxiogenic- or anxiolytic-like effects. Experimentally, we placed a planarian at the midline of a Petri dish, containing test compound or water, that was split evenly into light and dark compartments and determined time spent in the light over 10min. RESULTS A clinically-approved benzodiazepine agonist (clorazepate; 10μM) increased time spent in the light whereas an inverse benzodiazepine agonist (FG-7142; 1, 10μM) produced the opposite response. Fluoxetine (1μM) or ethanol (1%), as well as the 'bath salt' cathinone S-mephedrone (300μM), enhanced time spent in the light. Planarians exposed to predator (frog) odor spent more time in the dark. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The light/dark box (LDB) test in rodents is used to screen putative medications for possible anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects. Our results showing that time spent in the light by planarians is enhanced by common anxiety-relieving drugs (e.g. benzodiazepine agonist, ethanol, fluoxetine) and decreased by anxiogenic substances (e.g. predator odor, benzodiazepine inverse agonist) reveal directionally similar effects in the established (LDB) and new (PLDT) assays. CONCLUSION Our data identify the PLDT as a cost-effective, invertebrate assay for quantifying the effects of practically any water-soluble substance on defensive responding and for studying and teaching anxiety-like responses in a living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Mebratu Zewde
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frances Yu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allen B Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Lynn G Kirby
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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133
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Donley MP, Rosen JB. Novelty and fear conditioning induced gene expression in high and low states of anxiety. Learn Mem 2017; 24:449-461. [PMID: 28814471 PMCID: PMC5580523 DOI: 10.1101/lm.044289.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emotional states influence how stimuli are interpreted. High anxiety states in humans lead to more negative, threatening interpretations of novel information, typically accompanied by activation of the amygdala. We developed a handling protocol that induces long-lasting high and low anxiety-like states in rats to explore the role of state anxiety on brain activation during exposure to a novel environment and fear conditioning. In situ hybridization of the inducible transcription factor Egr-1 found increased gene expression in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) following exposure to a novel environment and contextual fear conditioning in high anxiety-like rats. In contrast, low state anxiety-like rats did not generate Egr-1 increases in LA when placed in a novel chamber. Egr-1 expression was also examined in the dorsal hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In CA1 of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), Egr-1 expression increased in response to novel context exposure and fear conditioning, independent of state anxiety level. Furthermore, in mPFC, Egr-1 in low anxiety-like rats was increased more with fear conditioning than novel exposure. The current series of experiments show that brain areas involved in fear and anxiety-like states do not respond uniformly to novelty during high and low states of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Donley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Rosen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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134
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Kyriakou EI, Nguyen HP, Homberg JR, Van der Harst JE. Home-cage anxiety levels in a transgenic rat model for Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 measured by an approach-avoidance task: The light spot test. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 300:48-58. [PMID: 28823507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring anxiety in a reliable manner is essential for behavioural phenotyping of rodent models such as the rat model for Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) where anxiety is reported in patients. An automated tool for assessing anxiety within the home cage can minimize human intervention, stress of handling, transportation and novelty. NEW METHOD We applied the anxiety test "light spot" (LS) (white led directed at the food-hopper) to our transgenic SCA17 rat model in the PhenoTyper 4500® to extend the knowledge of this automated tool for behavioural phenotyping and to verify an anxiety-like phenotype at three different disease stages for use in future therapeutic studies. RESULTS Locomotor activity was increased in SCA17 rats at 6 and 9 months during the first 15min of the LS, potentially reflecting increased risk assessment. Both genotypes responded to the test with lower duration in the LS zone and higher time spent inside the shelter compared to baseline. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS We present the first data of a rat model subjected to the LS. The LS can be considered more biologically relevant than a traditional test as it measures anxiety in a familiar situation. CONCLUSIONS The LS successfully evoked avoidance and shelter-seeking in rats. SCA17 rats showed a stronger approach-avoidance conflict reflected by increased activity in the area outside the LS. This home cage test, continuously monitoring pre- and post-effects, provides the opportunity for in-depth analysis, making it a potentially useful tool for detecting subtle or complex anxiety-related traits in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet I Kyriakou
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Noldus Information Technology BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanneke E Van der Harst
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Noldus Information Technology BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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135
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Diamantopoulou A, Sun Z, Mukai J, Xu B, Fenelon K, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA. Loss-of-function mutation in Mirta22/Emc10 rescues specific schizophrenia-related phenotypes in a mouse model of the 22q11.2 deletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6127-E6136. [PMID: 28696314 PMCID: PMC5544257 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615719114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of protective loss-of-function (LoF) mutations holds great promise for devising novel therapeutic interventions, although it faces challenges due to the scarcity of protective LoF alleles in the human genome. Exploiting the detailed mechanistic characterization of animal models of validated disease mutations offers an alternative. Here, we provide insights into protective-variant biology based on our characterization of a model of the 22q11.2 deletion, a strong genetic risk factor for schizophrenia (SCZ). Postnatal brain up-regulation of Mirta22/Emc10, an inhibitor of neuronal maturation, represents the major transcriptional effect of the 22q11.2-associated microRNA dysregulation. Here, we demonstrate that mice in which the Df(16)A deficiency is combined with a LoF Mirta22 allele show rescue of key SCZ-related deficits, namely prepulse inhibition decrease, working memory impairment, and social memory deficits, as well as synaptic and structural plasticity abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex. Additional analysis of homozygous Mirta22 knockout mice, in which no alteration is observed in the above-mentioned SCZ-related phenotypes, highlights the deleterious effects of Mirta22 up-regulation. Our results support a causal link between dysregulation of a miRNA target and SCZ-related deficits and provide key insights into beneficial LoF mutations and potential new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Diamantopoulou
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Ziyi Sun
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jun Mukai
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Karine Fenelon
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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136
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Perepelkina OV, Tarassova AY, Surina NM, Lilp IG, Golibrodo VA, Poletaeva II. Intermale aggression in mice, selected for the cognitive trait. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2017; 475:151-153. [PMID: 28861872 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661704010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The data are presented on intermale aggression in mice which were selected for high scores of cognitive trait (the ability for extrapolation of movement direction) in comparison to the data of control mice performance. The changes in aggression level in the course of selection are presumably connected with anxiety level which also changed during selection generations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N M Surina
- Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - I G Lilp
- Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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137
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Joshi N, Leslie RA, Perrot TS. Analyzing the experiences of adolescent control rats: Effects of the absence of physical or social stimulation on anxiety-like behaviour are dependent on the test. Physiol Behav 2017; 179:30-41. [PMID: 28527682 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to systematically assess the control experience routinely used in our laboratory as part of studies on predator odour stress. Specifically, we examined effects of the physical and social components of this control experience on measures of anxiety-like behaviour in adolescent rats. Adolescent animals are at increased susceptibility to environmental perturbations and have been used for such studies much less often. Long-Evans rats of both sexes were subjected to physical stimulation (Exposed or Unexposed) and social stimulation (Single-Housed or Pair-Housed), resulting in four groups. Exposed rats received six 30-min exposures to an enclosed arena containing an unscented piece of cat collar occurring between adolescence and early adulthood, while Unexposed remained in the home cage. Groups of Exposed and Unexposed animals were housed singly (Single-Housed) from early adolescence to early adulthood or Pair-Housed during this time. Experimental procedures began in adolescence and involved repeated assessment of startle amplitude (measure of anxiety-like behaviour) and prepulse inhibition (PPI; a measure of sensorimotor gating) to gauge the short-term impact of social and/or physical stimulation. All animals were re-paired in adulthood prior to a final startle/PPI session to assess if isolation limited to adolescence could impose long-term effects that were not reversible. We also measured anxiety-like behaviour in adulthood using an extended open field test (EOFT; addition of novel objects to the open field on later days), and the elevated plus maze task (EPM), as well as a sucrose preference test (SPT) to measure anhedonia. An absence of social or physical stimulation resulted in increased startle amplitude and some measures of anxiety-like behaviour in the EOFT, but a reduction in such anxiety-like behaviour in the EPM task. These results suggest common neural substrates for the physical and social experiences. Performance in the SPT was unaltered by any experimental treatments. Sensorimotor gating, as measured by PPI, was increased in the absence of physical stimulation with no short-term effect of isolation, or of re-pairing. These results indicate the importance of considering individual components of the rearing environment of rats, while showing the need to use multiple assays of anxiety-like behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Joshi
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Ronald A Leslie
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tara S Perrot
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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138
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Nguyen L, Bohlen J, Stricker J, Chahal I, Zhang H, Pistilli EE. Hippocampus-specific deficiency of IL-15Rα contributes to greater anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:297-302. [PMID: 27837366 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A hippocampus-specific IL15RαKO mouse (hipIl15ra fl/fl /Cre+) was generated to test the hypothesis that the targeted deletion of interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) in the hippocampus contributes to altered behavior, including greater levels of anxiety and ambulatory activity. Using Cre-loxP, exons 2 and 3 of the IL-15Rα gene were excised within the hippocampus, while normal expression was maintained within the rest of the brain. In the open field test (OFT), hipIl15ra fl/fl /Cre+ spent a greater amount of time in the periphery and less time in the central portions of the chamber, and there was also a noticeable trend for decreased rearing activity; these behaviors are consistent with greater levels of anxiety-like behavior in these mice. However, there were no differences in the overall locomotor counts in the OFT when comparing hipIl15ra fl/fl /Cre+ mice to their littermate controls. These data implicate IL-15-related signaling within the hippocampus has a role in anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nguyen
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Joseph Bohlen
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Janelle Stricker
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ikttesh Chahal
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Hanting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Emidio E Pistilli
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Human Performance and Applied Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9227, USA.
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139
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Loxton D, Canales JJ. Long-term cognitive, emotional and neurogenic alterations induced by alcohol and methamphetamine exposure in adolescent rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 74:1-8. [PMID: 27865801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A high proportion of young methamphetamine (MA) users simultaneously consume alcohol. However, the potential neurological and behavioural alterations induced by such a drug combination have not been systematically examined. We studied in adolescent rats the long-term effects of alcohol, MA, and alcohol and MA combined on anxiety-like behaviour, memory, and neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Rats received saline, ethanol (ETOH, 1.5g/kg), MA (MA, 2mg/kg), or ethanol and MA combined (ETHOH-MA, 1.5g/kg ethanol plus 2mg/kg MA) via oral gavage, once daily for 5 consecutive days. Open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and radial arm maze (RAM) tests were conducted following a 15-day withdrawal period. The results showed alterations in exploratory behaviour in the OF in the MA and ETOH-MA groups, and anxiety-like effects in the EPM in all three drug treatment groups. All three drug groups exhibited reference memory deficits in the RAM, but only the combination treatment group displayed alterations in working memory. Both MA and ETOH-MA treatments increased the length of doublecortin (DCX)-void gaps in the dentate gyrus but only ETOH-MA treatment increased the number of such gaps. An increased number and length of DCX-void gaps correlated with decreased exploratory activity in the OF, and impaired working memory in the RAM was associated with an augmented number of gaps. These findings suggest that alterations in adult hippocampal neurogenesis are linked to the persistent cognitive and behavioural deficits produced by alcohol and MA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Loxton
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Juan J Canales
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, Medical Science Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
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140
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Pieniążek A, Boguszewski PM, Meronka RA. The Impact of Urban Noise on the Behavior of Two Mouse Species Belonging to the Genus <i>Apodemus</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/nr.2017.82004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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141
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Speight A, Davey WG, McKenna E, Voigt JW. Exposure to a maternal cafeteria diet changes open‐field behaviour in the developing offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 57:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Speight
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of NottinghamSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - William G. Davey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of NottinghamSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Emily McKenna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of NottinghamSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Jörg‐Peter W. Voigt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of NottinghamSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
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142
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Meagher RK, von Keyserlingk MA, Atkinson D, Weary DM. Inconsistency in dairy calves’ responses to tests of fearfulness. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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143
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Abuhamdah R, Hussain M, Chazot P, Ennaceur A. Pre-training in a radial arm maze abolished anxiety and impaired habituation in C57BL6/J mice treated with dizocilpine. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:353-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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144
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Tsai Cabal A, Ioanas HI, Seifritz E, Saab BJ. Selective amotivation deficits following chronic psychosocial stress in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:424-433. [PMID: 27693850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amotivation is a major symptom of several psychiatric disorders. However, which specific motivations are most affected in various illnesses is not well understood. In major depressive disorder (MDD), anecdotal evidence suggests the motivation to explore may be especially affected, but direct evidence from either patients or animal models is lacking. To investigate the potential for, and nature of, exploratory drive deficits in MDD, we subjected mice to a chronic social defeat (CSD) manipulation that gives rise to a MDD-like behavioural ensemble, and performed a behavioural battery to examine bodyweight homeostasis, ambulation, anxiety, exploratory behaviour motivated by either novelty or fear, and short-term memory. Consistent with previous reports, we found a disruption of bodyweight homeostasis and reduced ambulation following CSD treatment, but we found no evidence for anxiogenic effects or impairments in short-term memory. Surprisingly, we also observed profoundly delayed and diminished exploration of novel, safe space following CSD, while exploration motivated by fear remained intact. These results extend our knowledge of the behavioural phenotypes in mice resulting from CSD by homing in on specific motivational drives. In MDD patients, reduced exploration could compound disease symptomatology by preventing engagement in what could be rewarding exploration experiences, and targeting deficits in the motivation to explore may represent a novel avenue for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Tsai Cabal
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, DPPP, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, August-Forel-Strasse 7, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Horea-Ioan Ioanas
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, DPPP, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, August-Forel-Strasse 7, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, DPPP, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, August-Forel-Strasse 7, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Pesychosomatics (DPPP), Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Lengstrasse 31, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bechara J Saab
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, DPPP, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, August-Forel-Strasse 7, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Pesychosomatics (DPPP), Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Lengstrasse 31, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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145
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Slope climbing challenges, fear of heights, anxiety and time of the day. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:169-182. [PMID: 27609646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to an unfamiliar open space, animals experience fear and attempt to find an escape route. Anxiety emerges when animals are confronted with a challenging obstacle to this fear motivated escape. High anxiety animals do not take risks; they avoid the challenge. The present experiments investigated this risk avoidant behavior in mice. In experiment 1, BALB/c, C57BL/6J and CD-1 mice were exposed to a large platform with downward inclined steep slopes attached on two opposite sides. The platform was elevated 75 and 100cm from the ground, in a standard (SPDS) and in a raised (RPDS) configuration, respectively. In experiment 2, the platform was elevated 75cm from the ground. Mice had to climb onto a stand at the top of upward inclined slopes (SPUS). In experiment 3, BALB/c mice were exposed to SPDS with steep or shallow slopes either in early morning or in late afternoon. In all 3 test configurations, mice spent more time in the areas adjacent to the slopes than in the areas adjacent to void, however only C57BL/6J and CD-1 crossed onto the slopes in SPDS, and crossed onto the stands in SPUS whereas BALB/c remained on the platform in SPDS and explored the slopes in SPUS. Elevation of the platform from the ground reduced the crossings onto the slopes in C57BL/6J and CD-1, and no differences were observed between BALB/c and C57BL/6J. BALB/c mice demonstrated no difference in anxiety when tested early morning or late afternoon; they crossed onto shallow slopes and avoided the steep one.
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146
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Roelofs S, Boleij H, Nordquist RE, van der Staay FJ. Making Decisions under Ambiguity: Judgment Bias Tasks for Assessing Emotional State in Animals. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:119. [PMID: 27375454 PMCID: PMC4899464 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Judgment bias tasks (JBTs) are considered as a family of promising tools in the assessment of emotional states of animals. JBTs provide a cognitive measure of optimism and/or pessimism by recording behavioral responses to ambiguous stimuli. For instance, a negative emotional state is expected to produce a negative or pessimistic judgment of an ambiguous stimulus, whereas a positive emotional state produces a positive or optimistic judgment of the same ambiguous stimulus. Measuring an animal's emotional state or mood is relevant in both animal welfare research and biomedical research. This is reflected in the increasing use of JBTs in both research areas. We discuss the different implementations of JBTs with animals, with a focus on their potential as an accurate measure of emotional state. JBTs have been successfully applied to a very broad range of species, using many different types of testing equipment and experimental protocols. However, further validation of this test is deemed necessary. For example, the often extensive training period required for successful judgment bias testing remains a possible factor confounding results. Also, the issue of ambiguous stimuli losing their ambiguity with repeated testing requires additional attention. Possible improvements are suggested to further develop the JBTs in both animal welfare and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Roelofs
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Behavior and Welfare Group (Formerly Emotion and Cognition Group), Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hetty Boleij
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E Nordquist
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Behavior and Welfare Group (Formerly Emotion and Cognition Group), Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Behavior and Welfare Group (Formerly Emotion and Cognition Group), Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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147
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Ennaceur A, Chazot PL. Preclinical animal anxiety research - flaws and prejudices. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00223. [PMID: 27069634 PMCID: PMC4804324 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current tests of anxiety in mice and rats used in preclinical research include the elevated plus-maze (EPM) or zero-maze (EZM), the light/dark box (LDB), and the open-field (OF). They are currently very popular, and despite their poor achievements, they continue to exert considerable constraints on the development of novel approaches. Hence, a novel anxiety test needs to be compared with these traditional tests, and assessed against various factors that were identified as a source of their inconsistent and contradictory results. These constraints are very costly, and they are in most cases useless as they originate from flawed methodologies. In the present report, we argue that the EPM or EZM, LDB, and OF do not provide unequivocal measures of anxiety; that there is no evidence of motivation conflict involved in these tests. They can be considered at best, tests of natural preference for unlit and/or enclosed spaces. We also argued that pharmacological validation of a behavioral test is an inappropriate approach; it stems from the confusion of animal models of human behavior with animal models of pathophysiology. A behavioral test is developed to detect not to produce symptoms, and a drug is used to validate an identified physiological target. In order to overcome the major methodological flaws in animal anxiety studies, we proposed an open space anxiety test, a 3D maze, which is described here with highlights of its various advantages over to the traditional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul L. Chazot
- School of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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148
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Lecorps B, Rödel HG, Féron C. Assessment of anxiety in open field and elevated plus maze using infrared thermography. Physiol Behav 2016; 157:209-16. [PMID: 26884121 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to their direct inaccessibility, affective states are classically assessed by gathering concomitant physiological and behavioral measures. Although such a dual approach to assess emotional states is frequently used in different species including humans, the invasiveness of procedures for physiological recordings particularly in smaller-sized animals strongly restricts their application. We used infrared thermography, a non-invasive method, to assess physiological arousal during open field and elevated plus maze tests in mice. By measuring changes in surface temperature indicative of the animals' emotional response, we aimed to improve the inherently limited and still controversial information provided by behavioral parameters commonly used in these tests. Our results showed significant and consistent thermal responses during both tests, in accordance with classical physiological responses occurring in stressful situations. Besides, we found correlations between these thermal responses and the occurrence of anxiety-related behaviors. Furthermore, initial temperatures measured at the start of each procedure (open field, elevated plus maze), which can be interpreted as a measure of the animals' initial physiological arousal, predicted the levels of activity and of anxiety-related behaviors displayed during the tests. Our results stress the strong link between physiological correlates of emotions and behaviors expressed during unconditioned fear tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lecorps
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée E.A. 4443 (LEEC), Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Heiko G Rödel
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée E.A. 4443 (LEEC), Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Christophe Féron
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée E.A. 4443 (LEEC), Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
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149
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Gordon C, Phillips P, Johnstone A. Impact of genetic strain on body fat loss, food consumption, metabolism, ventilation, and motor activity in free running female rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 153:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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150
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Krupina NA, Khlebnikova NN. Neonatal Exposure to the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors Diprotin A and Sitagliptin Induces Depression-Like Behavior, Anxiety, and Latent Aggression in Adolescent and Adult Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2016.64018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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