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Keller TCS, Butcher JT, Broseghini-Filho GB, Marziano C, DeLalio LJ, Rogers S, Ning B, Martin JN, Chechova S, Cabot M, Shu X, Best AK, Good ME, Simão Padilha A, Purdy M, Yeager M, Peirce SM, Hu S, Doctor A, Barrett E, Le TH, Columbus L, Isakson BE. Modulating Vascular Hemodynamics With an Alpha Globin Mimetic Peptide (HbαX). Hypertension 2016; 68:1494-1503. [PMID: 27802421 PMCID: PMC5159279 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of hemoglobin to scavenge the potent vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) in the blood has been well established as a mechanism of vascular tone homeostasis. In endothelial cells, the alpha chain of hemoglobin (hereafter, alpha globin) and endothelial NO synthase form a macromolecular complex, providing a sink for NO directly adjacent to the production source. We have developed an alpha globin mimetic peptide (named HbαX) that displaces endogenous alpha globin and increases bioavailable NO for vasodilation. Here we show that, in vivo, HbαX administration increases capillary oxygenation and blood flow in arterioles acutely and produces a sustained decrease in systolic blood pressure in normal and angiotensin II-induced hypertensive states. HbαX acts with high specificity and affinity to endothelial NO synthase, without toxicity to liver and kidney and no effect on p50 of O2 binding in red blood cells. In human vasculature, HbαX blunts vasoconstrictive response to cumulative doses of phenylephrine, a potent constricting agent. By binding to endothelial NO synthase and displacing endogenous alpha globin, HbαX modulates important metrics of vascular function, increasing vasodilation and flow in the resistance vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Stevenson Keller
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Joshua T Butcher
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Gilson Brás Broseghini-Filho
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Corina Marziano
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Leon J DeLalio
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Stephen Rogers
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Bo Ning
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Jennifer N Martin
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Sylvia Chechova
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Maya Cabot
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Xiahong Shu
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Angela K Best
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Miranda E Good
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Alessandra Simão Padilha
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Michael Purdy
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Mark Yeager
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Song Hu
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Allan Doctor
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Eugene Barrett
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Thu H Le
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Linda Columbus
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.)
| | - Brant E Isakson
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (T.C.S.K., C.M., M.C., M.P., M.Y., B.E.I.), Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (T.C.S.K., J.T.B., G.B.B.-F., C.M., L.J.D., X.S., A.K.B., M.E.G., B.E.I.), Department of Pharmacology (L.J.D.), Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.C., T.H.L.), and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (E.B.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santa, Brazil (G.B.B.-F., A.S.P.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO (S.R., A.D.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N., S.M.P., S.H.) and Department of Chemistry (J.N.M., L.C.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; and College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (X.S.).
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