101
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Cuevas-Olguin R, Esquivel-Rendon E, Vargas-Mireles J, Garcia-Oscos F, Miranda-Morales M, Salgado H, Rose-John S, Atzori M. Interleukin 6 trans-signaling regulates basal synaptic transmission and sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Synapse 2017; 71. [PMID: 28481031 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) interacts with the central nervous system in a largely unknown manner. We used a genetically modified mouse strain (GFAP-sgp130Fc, TG) and wild type (WT) mice to determine whether IL-6 trans-signaling contributes to basal properties of synaptic transmission. Postsynaptic currents (PSCs) were studied by patch-clamp recording in cortical layer 5 of a mouse prefrontal cortex brain slice preparation. TG and WT animals displayed differences mainly (but not exclusively) in excitatory synaptic responses. The frequency of both action potential-independent (miniature) and action potential-dependent (spontaneous) excitatory PSCs (EPSCs) were higher for TG vs. WT animals. No differences were observed in inhibitory miniature, spontaneous, or tonic inhibitory currents. The pair pulse ratio (PPR) of electrically evoked inhibitory as well as of excitatory PSCs were also larger in TG animals vs. WT ones, while no changes were detected in electrically evoked excitatory-inhibitory synaptic ratio (eEPSC/eIPSC), nor in the ratio between the amino-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated and N-methyl D aspartate-R (NMDAR)-mediated components of eEPSCs (IAMPA /INMDA ). Evoked IPSC rise times were shorter for TG vs. WT animals. We also compared the sensitivity of TG and WT animals to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures. We found that TG animals were more sensitive to PTZ injections, as they displayed longer and more severe seizures. We conclude that the absence of basal IL-6 trans-signaling contributes to increase the basal excitability of the central nervous system, at the system level as well at the synaptic level, at least in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cuevas-Olguin
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México
| | - Eric Esquivel-Rendon
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México
| | - Jorge Vargas-Mireles
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México
| | - Francisco Garcia-Oscos
- Department of Neuroscience, Southwestern University, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - Marcela Miranda-Morales
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México
| | - Humberto Salgado
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Avenida Itzáes número 490 por calle 59, colonia Centro, Mérida Yucatán, México. CP 97000
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Albrecht Universitet, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Marco Atzori
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México.,School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Dallas, Texas, 75080
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102
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Feyissa AM, López Chiriboga AS, Britton JW. Antiepileptic drug therapy in patients with autoimmune epilepsy. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 4:e353. [PMID: 28680914 PMCID: PMC5489139 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to report the pattern of usage and efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with autoimmune epilepsy (AE). Methods: We retrospectively studied the Mayo Clinic's electronic medical record of patients with AE in which seizures were the main presenting feature. Clinical data, including demographics, seizure characteristics, type of AED and immunotherapy used, presence of neural antibody, and treatment outcomes, were reviewed. Results: The medical records of 252 adult patients diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis and paraneoplastic disorders were reviewed. Seizure was the initial presentation in 50 patients (20%). Serum and/or CSF autoantibodies were detected in 41 (82%) patients, and 38 (76%) patients had neural autoantibodies. The majority (n = 43, 86%) received at least 1 form of immunotherapy in combination with AEDs, while the remainder received AEDs alone. Twenty-seven patients (54%) became seizure free: 18 (36%) with immunotherapy, 5 (10%) with AEDs alone, and 4 (8%) with AEDs after immunotherapy failure. Levetiracetam was the most commonly used (42/50); however, it was associated with 0% seizure-free response. AED seizure-free responses occurred with carbamazepine (n = 3) [3/16, 18.8%], lacosamide (n = 3) [3/18, 16.6%] with phenytoin (n = 1) [1/8, 12.5%], or oxcarbazepine (n = 2) [2/11, 18.1%]. Regardless of the type of therapy, voltage-gated potassium channel-complex antibody–positive patients were more likely to become seizure free compared with glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody–positive cases (12/17 vs 2/10, p = 0.0183). Conclusions: In select patients, AEDs alone were effective in controlling seizures. AEDs with sodium channel blocking properties resulted in seizure freedom in a few cases. Prospective studies are needed to clarify AED selection and to elucidate their immunomodulatory properties in AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh M Feyissa
- Department of Neurology (A.M.F., A.S.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.W.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - A Sebastian López Chiriboga
- Department of Neurology (A.M.F., A.S.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.W.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jeffrey W Britton
- Department of Neurology (A.M.F., A.S.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Neurology (J.W.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Intranasal MSC-derived A1-exosomes ease inflammation, and prevent abnormal neurogenesis and memory dysfunction after status epilepticus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3536-E3545. [PMID: 28396435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703920114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE), a medical emergency that is typically terminated through antiepileptic drug treatment, leads to hippocampus dysfunction typified by neurodegeneration, inflammation, altered neurogenesis, as well as cognitive and memory deficits. Here, we examined the effects of intranasal (IN) administration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on SE-induced adverse changes. The EVs used in this study are referred to as A1-exosomes because of their robust antiinflammatory properties. We subjected young mice to pilocarpine-induced SE for 2 h and then administered A1-exosomes or vehicle IN twice over 24 h. The A1-exosomes reached the hippocampus within 6 h of administration, and animals receiving them exhibited diminished loss of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and greatly reduced inflammation in the hippocampus. Moreover, the neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects of A1-exosomes were coupled with long-term preservation of normal hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive and memory function, in contrast to waned and abnormal neurogenesis, persistent inflammation, and functional deficits in animals receiving vehicle. These results provide evidence that IN administration of A1-exosomes is efficient for minimizing the adverse effects of SE in the hippocampus and preventing SE-induced cognitive and memory impairments.
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104
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Wang FX, Xiong XY, Zhong Q, Meng ZY, Yang H, Yang QW. Foxp3 exhibits antiepileptic effects in ictogenesis involved in TLR4 signaling. FASEB J 2017; 31:2948-2962. [PMID: 28386044 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600989r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes play critical roles in epileptogenesis, but the exact mechanisms that underlie these processes are still not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the role of forkhead transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), a transcription factor that is involved in T-cell differentiation, in epileptogenesis. In both human epileptic tissues and experimental seizure models, we found significant up-regulation of Foxp3 in neurons and glial cells. Of importance, Foxp3-/- mice were susceptible to kainic acid-induced seizures, whereas overexpression of Foxp3 reduced acute seizure occurrence and decreased chronic seizure recurrence. In addition, in vitro experiments revealed that Foxp3 inhibited neuronal excitability via glial cells and not neurons. The protective effects of Foxp3 were manifested as a reduction in glial cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production and increased neuronal survival. Moreover, we showed that beneficial effects of Foxp3 involved the attenuation of TLR4 signaling and inflammation, which led to the inactivation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. These results suggest that Foxp3 in glial cells may play an antiepileptic role in epileptogenesis and may act as a modulator of TLR4. Taken together, our results indicate that Foxp3 may represent a novel therapeutic target for achieving anticonvulsant effects in patients with epilepsy that is currently resistant to drugs.-Wang, F.-X., Xiong, X.-Y., Zhong, Q., Meng, Z.-Y., Yang, H., Yang, Q.-W. Foxp3 exhibits antiepileptic effects in ictogenesis involved in TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao-You Meng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China;
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Ferini-Strambi L, Lombardi GE, Marelli S, Galbiati A. Neurological Deficits in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2017; 19:16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11940-017-0451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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106
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The role of postictal laboratory blood analyses in the diagnosis and prognosis of seizures. Seizure 2017; 47:51-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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107
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Oztas B, Sahin D, Kir H, Eraldemir FC, Musul M, Kuskay S, Ates N. The effect of leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide-Y on serum Tnf-Α, Il-1β, Il-6, Fgf-2, galanin levels and oxidative stress in an experimental generalized convulsive seizure model. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:31-37. [PMID: 27522536 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the endogenous ligands leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) on seizure generation, the oxidant/antioxidant balance, and cytokine levels, which are a result of immune response in a convulsive seizure model. With this goal, Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups-Group 1: Saline, Group 2: Saline+PTZ (65mg/kg), Group 3: leptin (4mg/kg)+PTZ, Group 4: ghrelin (80μg/kg)+PTZ, and Group 5: NPY (60μg/kg)+PTZ. All injections were delivered intraperitoneally, and simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) records were obtained. Seizure activity was scored by observing seizure behavior, and the onset time, latency, and seizure duration were determined according to the EEG records. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were obtained in all groups to assess the serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, FGF-2, galanin, nitric oxide (NOֹ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels. The electrophysiological and biochemical findings (p<0.05) of this study show that all three peptides have anticonvulsant effects in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced generalized tonic-clonic convulsive seizure model. The reduction of the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 caused by leptin, ghrelin, and NPY shows that these peptides may have anti-inflammatory effects in epileptic seizures. Also, leptin significantly increases the serum levels of the endogenous anticonvulsive agent galanin. The fact that each one of these endogenous peptides reduces the levels of MDA and increases the serum levels of GSH leads to the belief that they may have protective effects against oxidative damage that is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Our study contributes to the clarification of the role of these peptides in the brain in seizure-induced oxidative stress and immune system physiology and also presents new approaches to the etiology and treatment of tendency to epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Oztas
- Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research and Training Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Sahin
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Hale Kir
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ceyla Eraldemir
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mert Musul
- Carsamba State Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sevinç Kuskay
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nurbay Ates
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kocaeli, Turkey
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108
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Chen YC, Zhu GY, Wang X, Shi L, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Zhang JG. Deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus reverses the gene expression of cytokines and their receptors as well as neuronal degeneration in epileptic rats. Brain Res 2016; 1657:304-311. [PMID: 28027874 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT-DBS) is effective in seizure control. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Sixty-four rats were randomly assigned to the control group, the kainic acid (KA) group, the sham-DBS group and the DBS group. Video-electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to monitor seizures. Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) was applied for detecting interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), IL-6, IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), gp130, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), TNF-receptor 1 (TNF-R1) and TNF-receptor 2 (TNF-R2) expression 12h after the establishment of an epileptic model. The neuronal structural degeneration in the hippocampus was evaluated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at this same time point. RESULTS The seizure frequency was 48.6% lower in the DBS group compared with the sham-DBS group (P<0.01). The expression of IL-1β, IL-1R, IL-6, IL-6R, gp130, TNF-α and TNF-R1 was elevated in both the KA and the sham group compared with the control group (all Ps<0.01). Additionally, ANT-DBS was able to reverse this gene expression pattern in the DBS group compared with the sham-DBS group (all Ps<0.01). There was no significant difference in TNF-R2 expression among the four groups. The neuronal structural degeneration in the KA group and the sham-DBS group was more severe than that in the control group (injury scores, all Ps<0.01). ANT-DBS was also capable of relieving the degeneration compared with the sham-DBS group (injury score, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that ANT-DBS can reduce seizure frequency in the early stage in epileptic rats as well as relieve the pro-inflammatory state and neuronal injury, which may be one of the most effective mechanisms of ANT-DBS against epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guan-Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yin Jiang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing 100050, China.
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109
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Chen L, Liu X, Wang H, Qu M. Gastrodin Attenuates Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures by Modulating the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Associated Inflammatory Responses in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:264-272. [PMID: 27909971 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrodin, the major component isolated from the rhizome of the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Gastrodia elata ("Tianma"), has a long history in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms are not clear. Here, we found that gastrodin ameliorated pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures with improvement of the electroencephalographic pattern in mice. Further studies demonstrated that gastrodin decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α while increasing interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine in the brain. Furthermore, gastrodin attenuated the PTZ-induced microglial activation along with inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases, cAMP response element binding protein, and NF-κB. Our data suggest that gastrodin attenuates seizures by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase-associated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Chen
- Neurology Department, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China
| | - Xinan Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Neurology Department, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Min Qu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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110
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Strauss KI, Elisevich KV. Brain region and epilepsy-associated differences in inflammatory mediator levels in medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:270. [PMID: 27737716 PMCID: PMC5064886 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy patients have distinct immune/inflammatory cell profiles and inflammatory mediator levels in the blood. Although the neural origin of inflammatory cells and mediators has been implied, few studies have measured these inflammatory components in the human brain itself. This study examines the brain levels of chemokines (8), cytokines (14), and vascular injury mediators (3) suspected of being altered in epilepsy. Methods Soluble protein extracts of fresh frozen resected hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and temporal cortex from 58 medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy subjects and 4 nonepileptic neurosurgical subjects were assayed for 25 inflammation-related mediators using ultrasensitive low-density arrays. Results Brain mediator levels were compared between regions and between epileptic and nonepileptic cases, showing a number of regional and possible epilepsy-associated differences. Eotaxin, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-12 p70, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 levels were highest in the hippocampus, the presumptive site of epileptogenesis. Surprisingly, IL-1β and IL-1α were lowest in the hippocampus, compared to cortical regions. In the temporal cortex, IL-1β, IL-8, and MIP-1α levels were highest, compared to the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus. The most pronounced epilepsy-associated differences were decreased levels of eotaxin, IL-1β, C-reactive protein, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and increased IL-12 p70 levels. Caution must be used in interpreting these results, however, because nonepileptic subjects were emergent neurosurgical cases, not a control group. Correlation analyses of each mediator in each brain region yielded valuable insights into the regulation of these mediator levels in the brain. Over 70 % of the associations identified were between different mediators in a single brain region, providing support for local control of mediator levels. Correlations of different mediators in different brain regions suggested more distributed control mechanisms, particularly in the hippocampus. Interestingly, only four mediators showed robust correlations between the brain regions, yet levels in three of these were significantly different between regions, indicating both global and local controls for these mediators. Conclusions Both brain region-specific and epilepsy-associated changes in inflammation-related mediators were detected. Correlations in mediator levels within and between brain regions indicated local and global regulation, respectively. The hippocampus showed the majority of interregional associations, suggesting a focus of inflammatory control between these regions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0727-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I Strauss
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Kost V Elisevich
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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111
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Lin Z, Si Q, Xiaoyi Z. Obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Sleep Breath 2016; 21:263-270. [PMID: 27473532 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-016-1391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to accurately determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in patients with epilepsy (PWE) and to evaluate the efficacy of seizure control after treating OSA. METHODS Articles were identified through a search of both MEDLINE and Embase. The articles were collected and data were extracted independently by two authors. OSA was described using the following terms: Apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) and respiratory disturbance index (RDI). The variables were calculated using DerSimonian and Laird's random-effects model and odds ratio (OR). RESULTS The prevalence of mild-to-severe OSA in PWE was determined to be 33.4 % (95 % CI 20.8-46.1 %), and PWE are more susceptible to OSA as compared to healthy controls (OR 2.36; 95 % CI 1.33-4.18). Males were shown to be more susceptible to OSA than females (OR 3.00; 95 % CI 2.25-3.99). The results also indicated that the prevalence of OSA in patients with refractory epilepsy is not higher than the prevalence of OSA in PWE overall (17.5 vs 33.4 %). The prevalence of OSA was not found to be significantly different for different seizure types or in the number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Patients that had been treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were shown to have better seizure control than those untreated (OR 5.26; 95 % CI 2.04-13.5). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of OSA in PWE is higher than in the general population. Additionally, the results of our study suggest that CPAP treatment results in a reduction of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Lin
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Si
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zou Xiaoyi
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Cavanagh C, Tse YC, Nguyen HB, Krantic S, Breitner JCS, Quirion R, Wong TP. Inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-α before amyloidosis prevents synaptic deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:41-49. [PMID: 27552480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in synaptic structure and function are likely to underlie cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease. While synaptic deficits are commonly found in animal models of amyloidosis, it is unclear how amyloid pathology may impair synaptic functions. In some amyloid mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, however, synaptic deficits are preceded by hyperexcitability of glutamate synapses. In the amyloid transgenic mouse model TgCRND8, we therefore investigated whether early enhancement of glutamatergic transmission was responsible for development of later synaptic deficits. Hippocampi from 1-month-old TgCRND8 mice revealed increased basal transmission and plasticity of glutamate synapses that was related to increased levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Treating these 1-month-old mice for 4 weeks with the TNFα inhibitor XPro1595 prevented synaptic deficits otherwise apparent at the age of 6 months. In this mouse model at least, reversing the hyperexcitability of glutamate synapses via TNFα blockade before the onset of amyloid plaque formation prevented later synaptic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Cavanagh
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yiu Chung Tse
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Huy-Binh Nguyen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ou CNRS) ERL 8228, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - John C S Breitner
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Remi Quirion
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tak Pan Wong
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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He JJ, Sun FJ, Wang Y, Luo XQ, Lei P, Zhou J, Zhu D, Li ZY, Yang H. Increased expression of interleukin 17 in the cortex and hippocampus from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 298:153-9. [PMID: 27609289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsies in adults and proinflammatory cytokines have long been thought to play an important role in pathogenesis and epileptogenicity. In the present study, we investigated the levels and expression patterns of the interleukin 17 (IL-17) system in temporal neocortex and hippocampus from 24 patients with MTLE and 8 control (Ctr) samples. We found that IL-17 and IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) were clearly upregulated in MTLE at both mRNA and protein levels, compared with Ctr. Immunostaining indicated that neurons, astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells of blood vessels are the major sources of IL-17. These findings suggest that IL-17 system may be involved in the pathogenesis and epileptogenicity of MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Fei-Ji Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Mianzhu People's Hospital, Sichuan 618200, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Özdemir HH, Akil E, Acar A, Tamam Y, Varol S, Cevik MU, Arikanoglu A. Changes in serum albumin levels and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with convulsive status epilepticus. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:417-420. [PMID: 27161531 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1187606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Inflammation may be involved in the ictogenesis and development of some partial epilepsies. Serum albumin levels and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are markers of inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of serum albumin levels and NLR to predict inflammation in patients with convulsive status epilepticus (CSE). METHODS This retrospective study was conducted on 58 patients who were diagnosed with CSE and control group comprised of 58 healthy individuals. Albumin levels and NLR were evaluated during both the acute and subacute periods of CSE. RESULTS The average serum albumin levels were 3.27 ± 0.62 g/dL during the acute period and 3.4 ± 0.67 g/dL in the subacute period in the patient group and 3.92 ± 0.52 g/dL in the control group. Neutrophil counts were higher in patients in the acute phase of CSE, but lymphocyte counts were lower compared to the control group and the subacute phase. The average NLR values were 4.83 ± 5.1 in the acute period, 3.07 ± 3.02 during the subacute period and 1.98 ± 0.42 in the control group. Serum albumin and NLR levels were significantly different between the patients in the subacute and acute periods of CSE and the control group (p < 0.05). There were significant negative correlational relationships between serum albumin and NLR levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We found serum albumin levels were significantly lower and the NLR was significantly higher in the acute period of CSE. Neutrophil-mediated inflammation may be important in the aetiopathogenesis of CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan H Özdemir
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Esref Akil
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Abdullah Acar
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tamam
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | - Sefer Varol
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
| | | | - Adalet Arikanoglu
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey
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Cattani AA, Allene C, Seifert V, Rosenow F, Henshall DC, Freiman TM. Involvement of microRNAs in epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 2016; 57:1015-26. [PMID: 27207608 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients who have sustained brain injury or had developmental brain lesions present a non-negligible risk for developing delayed epilepsy. Finding therapeutic strategies to prevent development of epilepsy in at-risk patients represents a crucial medical challenge. Noncoding microRNA molecules (miRNAs) are promising candidates in this area. Indeed, deregulation of diverse brain-specific miRNAs has been observed in animal models of epilepsy as well as in patients with epilepsy, mostly in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Herein we review deregulated miRNAs reported in epilepsy with potential roles in key molecular and cellular processes underlying epileptogenesis, namely neuroinflammation, cell proliferation and differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and synaptic remodeling. We provide an up-to-date listing of miRNAs altered in epileptogenesis and assess recent functional studies that have interrogated their role in epilepsy. Last, we discuss potential applications of these findings for the future development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for antiepileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker Seifert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Epileptology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David C Henshall
- Physiology & Medical Physics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Albenzio M, Santillo A, Ciliberti MG, Figliola L, Caroprese M, Marino R, Polito AN. Milk from different species: Relationship between protein fractions and inflammatory response in infants affected by generalized epilepsy. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5032-5038. [PMID: 27085400 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of protein fractions from bovine, caprine, and ovine milk on production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) from infants with generalized epilepsy. Bovine, caprine, and ovine bulk milks were pasteurized and analyzed for chemical composition. Then, PBMC were isolated from 10 patients with generalized epilepsy (5 males; mean age 33.6±5.4mo). Production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, IL-6, and IL-1β was studied in cultured PBMC (from infants with epilepsy and controls) stimulated by bovine, caprine, and ovine milk and casein and whey protein fractions, and levels of ROS and RNS were measured in the culture supernatant. The ability of PBMC to secrete cytokines in response to milk and protein fraction stimulation may predict the secretion of soluble factor TNF-α in the bloodstream of challenged patients. Bovine, caprine, and ovine bulk milks induced low-level production of IL-10 by cultured PBMC in at least 50% of cases; the same behavior was observed in both casein and whey protein fractions for all species studied. Bovine and ovine milk and their casein fractions induced production of lower levels of IL-1β in 80% of patients, whereas caprine milk and its casein fraction induced the highest levels in 80% of patients. The amount of IL-6 detected after stimulation of PBMC by milk and its fractions for all species was lower than that of other proinflammatory cytokines. In the bovine, total free radicals were higher in bulk milk and lower in the casein fraction, whereas the whey protein fraction showed an intermediate level; in caprine, ROS/RNS levels were not different among milk fractions, whereas ovine had higher levels for bulk milk and casein than the whey protein fraction. Lower levels of ROS/RNS detected in PBMC cultured with caprine milk fraction could be responsible for the lower levels of TNF-α cytokine in the corresponding fraction. Cytokines might be useful biomarkers to discriminate the effects of foods on the inflammatory response; dietary strategies could help in alleviating the negative effects of epilepsy in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albenzio
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
| | - A Santillo
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - M G Ciliberti
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - L Figliola
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - M Caroprese
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - R Marino
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - A N Polito
- Complex Structure of Neuropsychiatry Childhood-Adolescence of Ospedali Riuniti of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy
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Dey A, Kang X, Qiu J, Du Y, Jiang J. Anti-Inflammatory Small Molecules To Treat Seizures and Epilepsy: From Bench to Bedside. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:463-484. [PMID: 27062228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a crucial component of brain innate immunity, neuroinflammation initially contributes to neuronal tissue repair and maintenance. However, chronic inflammatory processes within the brain and associated blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment often cause neurotoxicity and hyperexcitability. Mounting evidence points to a mutual facilitation between inflammation and epilepsy, suggesting that blocking the undesired inflammatory signaling within the brain might provide novel strategies to treat seizures and epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is primarily characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators in epileptogenic foci, among which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been extensively studied. Small molecules that specifically target these key proinflammatory perpetrators have been evaluated for antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic effects in animal models. These important preclinical studies provide new insights into the regulation of inflammation in epileptic brains and guide drug discovery efforts aimed at developing novel anti-inflammatory therapies for seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dey
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Xu Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jiange Qiu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Yifeng Du
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
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Vieira ÉLM, de Oliveira GNM, Lessa JMK, Gonçalves AP, Oliveira ACP, Bauer ME, Sander JW, Cendes F, Teixeira AL. Peripheral leukocyte profile in people with temporal lobe epilepsy reflects the associated proinflammatory state. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 53:123-130. [PMID: 26640228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Markers of low-grade peripheral inflammation have been reported amongst people with epilepsy. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. We attempted to characterize peripheral immune cells and their activation status in people with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and healthy controls. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty people with TLE and 19 controls were recruited, and peripheral blood lymphocyte and monocyte subsets evaluated ex vivo by multi-color flow cytometry. People with TLE had higher expression of HLA-DR, CD69, CTLA-4, CD25, IL-23R, IFN-γ, TNF and IL-17 in CD4(+) lymphocytes than controls. Granzyme A, CTLA-4, IL-23R and IL-17 expression was also elevated in CD8(+) T cells from people with TLE. Frequency of HLA-DR in CD19(+) B cells and regulatory T cells CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) producing IL-10 was higher in TLE when compared with controls. A negative correlation between CD4(+) expressing co-stimulatory molecules (CD69, CD25 and CTLA-4) with age at onset of seizures was found. The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells was also positively correlated with age at onset of seizures. CONCLUSION Immune cells of people with TLE show an activation profile, mainly in effector T cells, in line with the low-grade peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Nogueira M de Oliveira
- Epilepsy Treatment Advanced Centre (NATE), Felício Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Medicine School, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo K Lessa
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Epilepsy Treatment Advanced Centre (NATE), Felício Rocho Hospital, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos P Oliveira
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Moises E Bauer
- Laboratório de Imunologia do Envelhecimento, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Josemir W Sander
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | | | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Neuroscience Division, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Apoptosis through Death Receptors in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy-Associated Hippocampal Sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8290562. [PMID: 27006531 PMCID: PMC4781997 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8290562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizure models have demonstrated that neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are preponderant characteristics of epilepsy. Considering the lack of clinical studies, our aim is to investigate the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) patients, TLE(HS). By a specific death receptor-mediated apoptosis array plate, 31 upregulated targets were revealed in the sclerotic hippocampus from TLE(HS) patients. Amongst them are the encoding genes for ligands (FASLG, TNF, and TNFSF10) and death receptors (FAS, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF10A, and TNFRSF10B). In addition, we evaluated the hippocampal relative mRNA expression of the two TNF receptors, TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B, in patients, being both upregulated (n = 14; P < 0.01 and P < 0.04, resp.) when compared to the post mortem control group (n = 4). Our results have clearly suggested that three different death receptor apoptotic systems may be associated with the maintenance and progression of TLE-associated HS: (1) TNF-TNFRSF1A, (2) FASLG-FAS, and (3) TNFSF10-TNFRSF10A/B. Their effects on epilepsy are still scarcely comprehended. Our study points out to TNF and TNF receptor superfamily pathways as important targets for pharmacological studies regarding the benefits of an anti-inflammatory therapy in these patients.
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120
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Shah RR, Gaedigk A, LLerena A, Eichelbaum M, Stingl J, Smith RL. CYP450 genotype and pharmacogenetic association studies: a critical appraisal. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:259-75. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite strong pharmacological support, association studies using genotype-predicted phenotype as a variable have yielded conflicting or inconclusive evidence to promote personalized pharmacotherapy. Unless the patient is a genotypic poor metabolizer, imputation of patient's metabolic capacity (or metabolic phenotype), a major factor in drug exposure-related clinical response, is a complex and highly challenging task because of limited number of alleles interrogated, population-specific differences in allele frequencies, allele-specific substrate-selectivity and importantly, phenoconversion mediated by co-medications and inflammatory co-morbidities that modulate the functional activity of drug metabolizing enzymes. Furthermore, metabolic phenotype and clinical outcomes are not binary functions; there is large intragenotypic and intraindividual variability. Therefore, the ability of association studies to identify relationships between genotype and clinical outcomes can be greatly enhanced by determining phenotype measures of study participants and/or by therapeutic drug monitoring to correlate drug concentrations with genotype and actual metabolic phenotype. To facilitate improved analysis and reporting of association studies, we propose acronyms with the prefixes ‘g’ (genotype-predicted phenotype) and ‘m’ (measured metabolic phenotype) to better describe this important variable of the study subjects. Inclusion of actually measured metabolic phenotype, and when appropriate therapeutic drug monitoring, promises to reveal relationships that may not be detected by using genotype alone as the variable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology &, Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy-Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Adrián LLerena
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital & Medical School, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Michel Eichelbaum
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch – Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, 70376 Stuttgart Auerbachstr., 112 Germany
| | - Julia Stingl
- Centre for Translational Medicine, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert L Smith
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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Wang C, Yang L, Zhang J, Lin Z, Qi J, Duan S. Higher expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and its receptor in brain tissue of intractable epilepsy patients. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 28:134-40. [PMID: 26810469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the pathogenesis of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) and CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in brain tissue of patients with intractable epilepsy (IE). Hippocampi or temporal lobe tissues were obtained from 40 patients with IE and five patients without IE who had undergone surgical decompression and debridement. The levels of MCP1 and CCR2 were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to evaluate the correlation between levels of MCP1 and CCR2 in IE with or without hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and the disease duration, along with age. Higher levels of MCP1 (11.68±4.68% versus 1.72±1.54%) and CCR2 (11.54±4.65% versus 1.52±1.29%; P<0.05) were observed in IE patients compared to controls. Expression levels of MCP1 (R=0.867) and CCR2 (R=0.835) in IE patients with HS were correlated with the disease duration. However, no correlation was found in IE patients without HS. There was also no correlation between levels of MCP1 and CCR2 in IE patients with age, either with HS or without HS. These results suggest that MCP1 and its receptor may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Cangzhou, Cangzhou, China
| | - Jiadong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiguo Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiping Qi
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shurong Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23, Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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Hernandez RV, Puro AC, Manos JC, Huitron-Resendiz S, Reyes KC, Liu K, Vo K, Roberts AJ, Gruol DL. Transgenic mice with increased astrocyte expression of IL-6 show altered effects of acute ethanol on synaptic function. Neuropharmacology 2015; 103:27-43. [PMID: 26707655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has revealed that resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and particularly the glial cells, comprise a neuroimmune system that serves a number of functions in the normal CNS and during adverse conditions. Cells of the neuroimmune system regulate CNS functions through the production of signaling factors, referred to as neuroimmune factors. Recent studies show that ethanol can activate cells of the neuroimmune system, resulting in the elevated production of neuroimmune factors, including the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). Here we analyzed the consequences of this CNS action of ethanol using transgenic mice that express elevated levels of IL-6 through increased astrocyte expression (IL-6-tg) to model the increased IL-6 expression that occurs with ethanol use. Results show that increased IL-6 expression induces neuroadaptive changes that alter the effects of ethanol. In hippocampal slices from non-transgenic (non-tg) littermate control mice, synaptically evoked dendritic field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) and somatic population spike (PS) at the Schaffer collateral to CA1 pyramidal neuron synapse were reduced by acute ethanol (20 or 60 mM). In contrast, acute ethanol enhanced the fEPSP and PS in hippocampal slices from IL-6 tg mice. Long-term synaptic plasticity of the fEPSP (i.e., LTP) showed the expected dose-dependent reduction by acute ethanol in non-tg hippocampal slices, whereas LTP in the IL-6 tg hippocampal slices was resistant to this depressive effect of acute ethanol. Consistent with altered effects of acute ethanol on synaptic function in the IL-6 tg mice, EEG recordings showed a higher level of CNS activity in the IL-6 tg mice than in the non-tg mice during the period of withdrawal from an acute high dose of ethanol. These results suggest a potential role for neuroadaptive effects of ethanol-induced astrocyte production of IL-6 as a mediator or modulator of the actions of ethanol on the CNS, including persistent changes in CNS function that contribute to cognitive dysfunction and the development of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alana C Puro
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica C Manos
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Salvador Huitron-Resendiz
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth C Reyes
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Khanh Vo
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donna L Gruol
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Alsharafi WA, Xiao B, Abuhamed MM, Bi FF, Luo ZH. Correlation Between IL-10 and microRNA-187 Expression in Epileptic Rat Hippocampus and Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:466. [PMID: 26696826 PMCID: PMC4667084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence is emerging that microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators in controlling neuroinflammatory responses that are known to play a potential role in the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The aim of the present study was to investigate the dynamic expression pattern of interleukin (IL)-10 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and miR-187 as a post-transcriptional inflammation-related miRNA in the hippocampus of a rat model of status epilepticus (SE) and patients with TLE. We performed a real-time quantitative PCR and western blot on rat hippocampus 2 h, 7 days, 21 days and 60 days following pilocarpine-induced SE, and on hippocampus obtained from TLE patients and normal controls. To detect the relationship between IL-10 and miR-187 on neurons, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-10-stimulated neurons were performed. Furthermore, we identified the effect of antagonizing miR-187 by its antagomir on IL-10 secretion. Here, we reported that IL-10 secretion and miR-187 expression levels are inversely correlated after SE. In patients with TLE, the expression of IL-10 was also significantly upregulated, whereas miR-187 expression was significantly downregulated. Moreover, miR-187 expression was significantly reduced following IL-10 stimulation in an IL-10-dependent manner. On the other hand, antagonizing miR-187 promoted the production of IL-10 in hippocampal tissues of rat model of SE. Our findings demonstrate a critical role of miR-187 in the physiological regulation of IL-10 anti-inflammatory responses and elucidate the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of TLE. Therefore, modulation of the IL-10 / miR-187 axis may be a new therapeutic approach for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid A Alsharafi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Fang-Fang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, Hunan, China
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Targeting of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Receptors as a Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antibodies (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/antib4040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Eslami M, Sayyah M, Soleimani M, Alizadeh L, Hadjighassem M. Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning prevents acceleration of kindling epileptogenesis induced by traumatic brain injury. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 289:143-51. [PMID: 26616884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
10-20% of symptomatic epilepsies are post-traumatic. We examined effect of LPS preconditioning on epileptogenesis after controlled cortical impact (CCI). LPS (0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) was injected i.p. to rats 5 days before induction of CCI to parieto-temporal cortex. Kindling started 24h after CCI by i.p. injection of 30 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazole every other day until manifestation of 3 consecutive generalized seizures. CCI injury accelerated the rate of kindled seizures acquisition. LPS (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) prevented the acceleration of kindling. LPS preconditioning significantly decreased IL-1β and TNF-α over-expression and the number of damaged neurons in the hippocampus of traumatic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Eslami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal cord injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ferro MA. Mediated moderation of the relation between maternal and adolescent depressive symptoms: role of adolescent physical health. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:1743-51. [PMID: 26260949 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the mediating effect of family functioning on the relation between maternal and adolescent depressive symptoms and determine whether the magnitude of the mediating effect is different for adolescents with and without chronic physical health conditions. METHODS Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. A representative survey of 11,813 adolescents and their mothers was included. Maternal and adolescent depressive symptoms were measured using the 12-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Family functioning was measured using the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Multilevel multiple-group path analysis was used to examine potential mediating and moderating effects. RESULTS Family functioning measured when adolescents were 14-15 years mediated the relation between maternal depressive symptoms (measured at 10-13 years) and adolescent depressive symptoms (measured at 16-19 years) for both adolescents with [αβ = 0.02 (0.02, 0.03)] and without chronic health conditions [αβ = 0.01 (0.00, 0.01)]. These findings provided evidence to suggest mediated moderation, Δαβ = 0.02 (0.01, 0.03), that is, the mediating effect of family functioning was significantly larger for adolescents with chronic health conditions. CONCLUSIONS The mediating effect of family functioning in the relation between maternal and adolescent depressive symptoms is larger for adolescents with chronic health conditions. Within the framework of family-centered care, maternal depressive symptoms and family functioning are suitable targets for preventive intervention for adolescents with chronic health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Ferro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster Innovation Park 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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127
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Srivastava A, Dixit AB, Banerjee J, Tripathi M, Sarat Chandra P. Role of inflammation and its miRNA based regulation in epilepsy: Implications for therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 452:1-9. [PMID: 26506013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to develop innovative therapeutic strategies to counteract epilepsy, a common disabling neurological disorder. Despite the recent advent of additional antiepileptic drugs and respective surgery, the treatment of epilepsy remains a major challenge. The available therapies are largely based on symptoms, and these approaches do not affect the underlying disease processes and are also associated frequently with severe side effects. This is mainly because of the lack of well-defined targets in epilepsy. The discovery that inflammatory mediators significantly contribute to the onset and recurrence of seizures in experimental seizure models, as well as the presence of inflammatory molecules in human epileptogenic tissue, highlights the possibility of targeting specific inflammation related pathways to control seizures that are otherwise resistant to the available AEDs. Emerging studies suggest that miRNAs have a significant role in regulating inflammatory pathways shown to be involved in epilepsy. These miRNAs can possibly be used as novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of epilepsy as well as serve as diagnostic biomarkers of epileptogenesis. This review highlights the immunological features underlying the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures and the possible miRNA mediated approaches for drug resistant epilepsies that modulate the immune-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpna Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Banerjee Dixit
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Banerjee
- Center of Excellence for Epilepsy, A joint NBRC-AIIMS collaboration, NBRC, Manesar, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P Sarat Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Kaur H, Patro I, Tikoo K, Sandhir R. Curcumin attenuates inflammatory response and cognitive deficits in experimental model of chronic epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
An abnormal interaction in the brain-gut axis is regarded as the cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We attempted to determine the association between IBS and subsequent development of epilepsy.A total of 32,122 patients diagnosed with IBS between 2000 and 2011 were identified from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database as the study cohort, and 63,295 controls were randomly selected from the insurants without IBS and frequency-matched according to age, sex, and index year as the comparison cohort. Both cohorts were followed up until the end of 2011 to measure the incidence of epilepsy. We analyzed the risks of epilepsy using Cox proportional hazards regression models.The IBS patients had greater cumulative incidence of epilepsy than the cohort without IBS (log-rank test, P < 0.001 and 2.54 versus 1.86 per 1000 person-years). The IBS cohort had a higher risk of epilepsy after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, head injury, depression, systemic lupus erythematosus, brain tumor, and antidepressants usage (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-1.45). Stratified by the presence of other risk factors, the relative risk was also greater for patients with (aHR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10-1.41) or without other risk factors (aHR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.35-2.10) in the IBS cohort than for those in the non-IBS cohort. The age-specific relative risk of epilepsy in the IBS cohort was greater than that in the non-IBS cohort for both 35 to 49 age group and 50 to 64 age group (age ≤ 34, aHR:1.31, 95% CI: 0.93-1.85; age 35-49, aHR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.12-1.83; age 50-64, aHR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.27-1.91). However, there was no difference between patients > 65 years with IBS and those without IBS (aHR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.94-1.31).This population-based cohort study revealed that IBS increases the risk of developing epilepsy. However, IBS may be less influential than other risk factors. Further study is necessary to clarify whether IBS is a risk factor or an epiphenomenon for epilepsy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hua Chen
- From the Digestive Disease Center, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan (C-HC); Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan (C-HC); Meiho University of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan (C-HC); Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (C-LL); College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (C-LL); Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (C-HK); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan(C-HK)
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Rodriguez RV, Dorce VAC, de Freitas LA, Dorce ALC, Lebrun I, Sobral ACM, Portaro FCV, Kuniyoshi AK, Carvalho DC, Nencioni ALA. Intrahippocampal injection of TsTX-I increases the levels of INF-γ in the cerebral tissue but not the levels of glutamate. Toxicon 2015; 103:155-9. [PMID: 26163314 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
TsTX-I, isolated from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom, causes epileptic-like discharges when injected into the central nervous system. The involvement of excitatory amino acids and cytokines in this activity was investigated. Our results have demonstrated that TsTX-I increases the release of IFN-γ but does not alter the intracerebral concentration of the excitatory amino acids in rats. Thus, this cytokine seems to be more important in the convulsive process than glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Volner Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Toxinology of Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ivo Lebrun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang B, Zou J, Rensing NR, Yang M, Wong M. Inflammatory mechanisms contribute to the neurological manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 80:70-9. [PMID: 26003087 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy and other neurological deficits are common, disabling manifestations of the genetic disorder, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Brain inflammation has been implicated in contributing to epileptogenesis in acquired epilepsy due to brain injury, but the potential role of inflammatory mechanisms in genetic epilepsies is relatively unexplored. In this study, we investigated activation of inflammatory mediators and tested the effects of anti-inflammatory treatment on epilepsy in the Tsc1-GFAP conditional knock-out mouse model of TSC (Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting demonstrated increased expression of specific cytokines and chemokines, particularly IL-1β and CXCL10, in the neocortex and hippocampus of Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice, which was reversed by treatment with a mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor. Double-labeling immunohistochemical studies indicated that the increased IL-1β was localized primarily to astrocytes. Importantly, the increase in inflammatory markers was also observed in astrocyte culture in vitro and at 2 weeks of age in Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice before the onset of epilepsy in vivo, indicating that the inflammatory changes were not secondary to seizures. Epicatechin-3-gallate, an inhibitor of IL-1β and CXCL10, at least partially reversed the elevated cytokine and chemokine levels, reduced seizure frequency, and prolonged survival of Tsc1(GFAP)CKO mice. These findings suggest that mTOR-mediated inflammatory mechanisms may be involved in epileptogenesis in the genetic epilepsy, TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jia Zou
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rensing
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meihua Yang
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Kong H, Yin F, He F, Omran A, Li L, Wu T, Wang Y, Peng J. The Effect of miR-132, miR-146a, and miR-155 on MRP8/TLR4-Induced Astrocyte-Related Inflammation. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:28-37. [PMID: 25957996 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation, associated with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), is a hallmark of multiple brain diseases, including mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In recent years, several microRNAs have emerged as important controllers of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In this study, we investigated the effect of miR-132, miR-146a, and miR-155 on myeloid-related protein-8 (MRP8) induced astrocyte-related inflammation. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot, we found clear upregulation of TLR4 and downstream inflammatory cytokines, along with dysregulation of miR-132, miR-146a, and miR-155 in in vitro astrocytes after exposing them to different concentrations of MRP8. In addition, we focused on the effect of miR-132 on astrocyte-related inflammation induced by MRP8 via lentiviral infection then evaluated the expression of its possible target genes: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK4). Our results show that miR-132 is a negative feedback regulator of IL-1β and IL-6, but not TNF-α, by targeting IRAK4. Together, our findings demonstrate the novel role of TLR4-related microRNAs, especially miR-132, in the regulation of MRP8-induced astrocyte activation and highlight the importance of miR-132 in the modulation of innate immune response induced by endogenous ligands in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
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133
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Wistar Audiogenic Rats (WAR) exhibit altered levels of cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor following audiogenic seizures. Neurosci Lett 2015; 597:154-8. [PMID: 25936592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory and neurotrophic factors might be important for epileptogenesis. Most animal studies demonstrated altered levels of these mediators in drug-induced models of seizures and epilepsy. In the present study, we investigated the production of cytokines and a neurotrophin in the brain of Wistar Audiogenic Rats (WAR), a genetic model of epilepsy, stimulated with high-intensity sound. Four hours after stimulation, animals were decapitated and the hippocampus, inferior colliculus, striatum and cortex were removed for evaluation of the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). All the cytokines and BDNF levels were increased in the cortex. Increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were also observed in the striatum. Finally, TNF-α also increased in the inferior colliculus after the seizures induced by high-intensity sound. Although different studies have demonstrated that the levels of cytokines and BDNF increase in animal models of epilepsy induced by chemical stimuli, we provided here evidence that these mediators are also increased in WAR, a genetic model of epilepsy. Thus, the observed increase in these mediators might be involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy.
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134
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Tian N, Shaw EC, Zack M, Kobau R, Dykstra H, Covington TM. Cause-specific mortality among children and young adults with epilepsy: Results from the U.S. National Child Death Review Case Reporting System. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 45:31-4. [PMID: 25794682 PMCID: PMC4556267 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated causes of death in children and young adults with epilepsy by using data from the U.S. National Child Death Review Case Reporting System (NCDR-CRS), a passive surveillance system composed of comprehensive information related to deaths reviewed by local child death review teams. Information on a total of 48,697 deaths in children and young adults 28days to 24years of age, including 551 deaths with epilepsy and 48,146 deaths without epilepsy, was collected from 2004 through 2012 in 32 states. In a proportionate mortality analysis by official manner of death, decedents with epilepsy had a significantly higher percentage of natural deaths but significantly lower percentages of deaths due to accidents, homicide, and undetermined causes compared with persons without epilepsy. With respect to underlying causes of death, decedents with epilepsy had significantly higher percentages of deaths due to drowning and most medical conditions including pneumonia and congenital anomalies but lower percentages of deaths due to asphyxia, weapon use, and unknown causes compared with decedents without epilepsy. The increased percentages of deaths due to pneumonia and drowning in children and young adults with epilepsy suggest preventive interventions including immunization and better instruction and monitoring before or during swimming. State-specific and national population-based mortality studies of children and young adults with epilepsy are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Tian
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health, Epilepsy Program, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F-78, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Esther C. Shaw
- Michigan Public Health Institute, National Center for the Review & Prevention of Child Deaths, Okemos, MI 48864, USA
| | - Matthew Zack
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health, Epilepsy Program, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F-78, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Rosemarie Kobau
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health, Epilepsy Program, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F-78, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Heather Dykstra
- Michigan Public Health Institute, National Center for the Review & Prevention of Child Deaths, Okemos, MI 48864, USA
| | - Theresa M. Covington
- Michigan Public Health Institute, National Center for the Review & Prevention of Child Deaths, Okemos, MI 48864, USA
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Socała K, Nieoczym D, Pieróg M, Wlaź P. α-Spinasterol, a TRPV1 receptor antagonist, elevates the seizure threshold in three acute seizure tests in mice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1239-47. [PMID: 25764210 PMCID: PMC4540766 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Spinasterol is a plant-derived compound which was reported to act as a selective antagonist for the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor. Several studies revealed that the TRPV1 receptors might modulate seizure activity in animal models of seizures and epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of α-spinasterol on the seizure threshold in three acute models of seizures, i.e., in the intravenous (i.v.) pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizure test, in the maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) test and in the model of psychomotor seizures induced by 6 Hz stimulation in mice. Our results revealed significant anticonvulsant effect of α-spinasterol in all the used seizure tests. In the i.v. PTZ test, statistically significant elevation was noted in case of the threshold for myoclonic twitches (doses of 0.1–1 mg/kg) and generalized clonus seizures (doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) but not for tonic seizures. The studied TRPV1 antagonist also increased the threshold for tonic hindlimb extension in the MEST (doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and 6 Hz psychomotor seizure (doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) tests in mice. Furthermore, α-spinasterol did not produce any significant impairment of motor coordination (assessed in the chimney test) and muscular strength (investigated in the grip-strength test) and it did not provoke significant changes in body temperature in mice. Based on the results of our study and the fact that α-spinasterol is characterized by good blood–brain permeability, we postulate further investigation of this compound to precisely evaluate mechanism of its anticonvulsant action and opportunity of its usage in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033, Lublin, Poland,
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Role for pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulating expression of GABA transporter type 1 and 3 in specific brain regions of kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:621-7. [PMID: 25708016 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In general, pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) contribute to regulation of epilepsy-associated pathophysiological processes in the central nerve system. In this report, we examined the specific activation of PICs, namely IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in rat brain after kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE). Also, we examined the role played by PICs in regulating expression of GABA transporter type 1 and 3 (GAT-1 and GAT-3, respectively), which are the two important subtypes of GATs responsible for the regulation of extracellular GABA levels in the brain. Our results show that IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased in the parietal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala of KA-rats as compared with sham control animals (P < 0.05, KA rats vs. control rats). KA-induced SE also significantly increased (P < 0.05 vs. controls) the protein expression of GAT-1 and GAT-3 in those brain regions. In addition, central administration of antagonists to IL-1β and TNF-α receptors significantly attenuated amplified GAT-1 and GAT-3 (P < 0.05 vs. vehicle control for each antagonist group). However, antagonist to IL-6 receptor failed to attenuate enhancement in expression of GAT-1 and GAT-3 induced by KA-induced SE. Overall, our data demonstrate that PIC pathways are activated in the specific brain regions during SE which thereby selectively leads to upregulation of GABA transporters. As a result, it is likely that de-inhibition of GABA system is increased in the brain. This support a role for PICs in engagement of the adaptive mechanisms associated with epileptic activity, and has pharmacological implications to target specific PICs for neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability related to epilepsy.
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137
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Increased interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in pediatric epilepsy patients with frequent, refractory generalized motor seizures. Seizure 2015; 25:136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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138
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Gruol DL. IL-6 regulation of synaptic function in the CNS. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:42-54. [PMID: 25445486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports a role for glial-produced neuroimmune factors, including the cytokine IL-6, in CNS physiology and pathology. CNS expression of IL-6 has been documented in the normal CNS at low levels and at elevated levels in several neurodegenerative or psychiatric disease states as well as in CNS infection and injury. The altered CNS function associated with these conditions raises the possibility that IL-6 has neuronal or synaptic actions. Studies in in vitro and in vivo models confirmed this possibility and showed that IL-6 can regulate a number of important neuronal and synaptic functions including synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity, an important cellular mechanism of memory and learning. Behavioral studies in animal models provided further evidence of an important role for IL-6 as a regulator of CNS pathways that are critical to cognitive function. This review summarizes studies that have lead to our current state of knowledge. In spite of the progress that has been made, there is a need for a greater understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of IL-6 in the CNS, the mechanisms underlying these actions, conditions that induce production of IL-6 in the CNS and therapeutic strategies that could ameliorate or promote IL-6 actions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Gruol
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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139
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Moynes DM, Vanner SJ, Lomax AE. Participation of interleukin 17A in neuroimmune interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:1-9. [PMID: 24642072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation involving the helper T cell 17 (Th17) subset of lymphocytes has been implicated in a number of diseases that affect the nervous system. As the canonical cytokine of Th17 cells, interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is thought to contribute to these neuroimmune interactions. The main receptor for IL-17A is expressed in many neural tissues. IL-17A has direct effects on neurons but can also impact neural function via signaling to satellite cells and immune cells. In the central nervous system, IL-17A has been associated with neuropathology in multiple sclerosis, epilepsy syndromes and ischemic brain injury. Effects of IL-17A at the level of dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord may contribute to enhanced nociception during neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Finally, IL-17A plays a role in sympathetic axon growth and regeneration of damaged axons that innervate the cornea. Given the widespread effects of IL-17A on neural tissues, it will be important to determine whether selectively mitigating the damaging effects of this cytokine while augmenting its beneficial effects is a possible strategy to treat inflammatory damage to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Moynes
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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140
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Amini E, Rezaei M, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Golpich M, Ghasemi R, Mohamed Z, Raymond AA, Dargahi L, Ahmadiani A. A Molecular Approach to Epilepsy Management: from Current Therapeutic Methods to Preconditioning Efforts. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:492-513. [PMID: 25195699 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common and chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. The key aim in treating patients with epilepsy is the suppression of seizures. An understanding of focal changes that are involved in epileptogenesis may therefore provide novel approaches for optimal treatment of the seizure. Although the actual pathogenesis of epilepsy is still uncertain, recently growing lines of evidence declare that microglia and astrocyte activation, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondria dysfunction, and damage of blood-brain barrier (BBB) are involved in its pathogenesis. Impaired GABAergic function in the brain is probably the most accepted hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Clinical neuroimaging of patients and experimental modeling have demonstrated that seizures may induce neuronal apoptosis. Apoptosis signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of several types of epilepsy such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The quality of life of patients is seriously affected by treatment-related problems and also by unpredictability of epileptic seizures. Moreover, the available antiepileptic drugs (AED) are not significantly effective to prevent epileptogenesis. Thus, novel therapies that are proficient to control seizure in people who are suffering from epilepsy are needed. The preconditioning method promises to serve as an alternative therapeutic approach because this strategy has demonstrated the capability to curtail epileptogenesis. For this reason, understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying brain tolerance induced by preconditioning is crucial to delineate new neuroprotective ways against seizure damage and epileptogenesis. In this review, we summarize the work to date on the pathogenesis of epilepsy and discuss recent therapeutic strategies in the treatment of epilepsy. We will highlight that novel therapy targeting such as preconditioning process holds great promise. In addition, we will also highlight the role of gene reprogramming and mitochondrial biogenesis in the preconditioning-mediated neuroprotective events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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141
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Holzer FJ, Seeck M, Korff CM. Autoimmunity and inflammation in status epilepticus: from concepts to therapies. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1181-202. [PMID: 25201402 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.956457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of immunological mechanisms underlying some forms of epilepsy and encephalitis has rapidly increased for the last 10 years leading to the concept of status epilepticus of autoimmune origin. Actual treatment recommendations regarding autoimmune status epilepticus are based on retrospective case studies, pathophysiological considerations and experts' opinion. In addition, there are no clear indicators to predict outcome. In situations where autoimmune mechanisms are suspected in patients with status epilepticus, there is evidence that earlier treatment is related to better outcome. Increased awareness is mandatory to decrease the number of patients with major neurological problems or fatal outcome, which is overall about 50%. We here summarize findings of all pediatric and adult patients reported to date, and review the current state of knowledge in the field of immune therapeutic approaches of status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Josef Holzer
- EEG and Epileptology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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142
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[New aspects in the field of epilepsy]. DER NERVENARZT 2014; 85:955-64. [PMID: 25022893 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-014-4039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Regarding epilepsy several new developments can be reported. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has suggested a new definition of epilepsy, for the first time including a definition of epilepsy resolution. Progress in the diagnosis relates to new genetic findings, improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the increasing use of stereo electroencephalograms (sEEG). Regarding treatment there are new clinically relevant data on the pathophysiology and prevention of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Zonisamide has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for monotherapy in adults with focal seizures and combination therapy in children aged ≥ 6 years. Retigabin and perampanel have been approved but are currently taken off the market in Germany (only) because the Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (GBA, Joint Federal Committee) did not find any additional therapeutic value as compared to lamotrigine due to a lack of data. A decision regarding a new application for perampanel is pending. Regarding surgical treatment novel ablation techniques (e.g. stereotactic radiofrequency and laser ablation as well as focussed ultrasound ablation) and brain stimulation paradigms are under investigation. Experimental studies, generously supported by the European Union (EU) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) are focusing on (opto-)genetic (e.g. using lentoviral transfection), epigenetic (e.g. micro-RNA-related) approaches and on the investigation of neuronal micronetworks.
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143
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Ho TY, Tang NY, Hsiang CY, Hsieh CL. Uncaria rhynchophylla and rhynchophylline improved kainic acid-induced epileptic seizures via IL-1β and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:893-900. [PMID: 24636743 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) has been used for the treatment of convulsions and epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine. This study reported the major anti-convulsive signaling pathways and effective targets of UR and rhynchophylline (RP) using genomic and immunohistochemical studies. Epileptic seizure model was established by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid (KA) in rats. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings indicated that UR and RP improved KA-induced epileptic seizures. Toll-like receptor (TLR) and neurotrophin signaling pathways were regulated by UR in both cortex and hippocampus of KA-treated rats. KA upregulated the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF), which were involved in TLR and neurotrophin signaling pathways, respectively. However, UR and RP downregulated the KA-induced IL-1β and BDNF gene expressions. Our findings suggested that UR and RP exhibited anti-convulsive effects in KA-induced rats via the regulation of TLR and neurotrophin signaling pathways, and the subsequent inhibition of IL-1β and BDNF gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Acupuncture Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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144
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The association between seizure predisposition and inflammation in a rat model of fatty liver disease. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1441-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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145
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Modulation of cytokine production by drugs with antiepileptic or mood stabilizer properties in anti-CD3- and anti-Cd40-stimulated blood in vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:806162. [PMID: 24757498 PMCID: PMC3976773 DOI: 10.1155/2014/806162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased cytokine production possibly due to oxidative stress has repeatedly been shown to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. Recent in vitro and animal studies of valproic acid (VPA) report antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and suppression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We tested the effect of drugs with antiepileptic or mood stabilizer properties, namely, primidone (PRM), carbamazepine (CBZ), levetiracetam (LEV), lamotrigine (LTG), VPA, oxcarbazepine (OXC), topiramate (TPM), phenobarbital (PB), and lithium on the production of the following cytokines in vitro: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, and TNF-α. We performed a whole blood assay with stimulated blood of 14 healthy female subjects. Anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3, combined with 5C3 antibody against CD40, was used as stimulant. We found a significant reduction of IL-1 and IL-2 levels with all tested drugs other than lithium in the CD3/5C3-stimulated blood; VPA led to a decrease in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α production, which substantiates and adds knowledge to current hypotheses on VPA's anti-inflammatory properties.
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146
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Expression and Cellular Distribution of the Interleukin 2 Signaling System in Cortical Lesions From Patients With Focal Cortical Dysplasia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:206-22. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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147
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Leal MMT, Costa-Ferro ZSM, Souza BSDF, Azevedo CM, Carvalho TM, Kaneto CM, Carvalho RH, Dos Santos RR, Soares MBP. Early transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells promotes neuroprotection and modulation of inflammation after status epilepticus in mice by paracrine mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:259-68. [PMID: 24343530 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe clinical manifestation of epilepsy associated with intense neuronal loss and inflammation, two key factors involved in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) attenuated the consequences of pilocarpine-induced SE, including neuronal loss, in addition to frequency and duration of seizures. Here we investigated the effects of BMMC transplanted early after the onset of SE in mice, as well as the involvement of soluble factors produced by BMMC in the effects of the cell therapy. Mice were injected with pilocarpine for SE induction and randomized into three groups: transplanted intravenously with 1 × 10(7) BMMC isolated from GFP transgenic mice, injected with BMMC lysate, and saline-treated controls. Cell tracking, neuronal counting in hippocampal subfields and cytokine analysis in the serum and brain were performed. BMMC were found in the brain 4 h following transplantation and their numbers progressively decreased until 24 h following transplantation. A reduction in hippocampal neuronal loss after SE was found in mice treated with live BMMC and BMMC lysate when compared to saline-treated, SE-induced mice. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 was decreased after injection of live BMMC and to a lesser extent, of BMMC lysate, when compared to SE-induced controls. In contrast, IL-10 expression was increased. Analysis of markers for microglia activation demonstrated a reduction of the expression of genes related to type 1-activation. BMMC transplantation promotes neuroprotection and mediates anti-inflammatory effects following SE in mice, possibly through the secretion of soluble factors.
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148
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Antiepileptic Effect of Uncaria rhynchophylla and Rhynchophylline Involved in the Initiation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Phosphorylation of MAPK Signal Pathways in Acute Seizures of Kainic Acid-Treated Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:961289. [PMID: 24381640 PMCID: PMC3867957 DOI: 10.1155/2013/961289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seizures cause inflammation of the central nervous system. The extent of the inflammation is related to the severity and recurrence of the seizures. Cell surface receptors are stimulated by stimulators such as kainic acid (KA), which causes intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway transmission to coordinate a response. It is known that Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) and rhynchophylline (RP) have anticonvulsive effects, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a novel strategy for treating epilepsy by investigating how UR and RP initiate their anticonvulsive mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered KA (12 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce seizure before being sacrificed. The brain was removed 3 h after KA administration. The results indicate that pretreatment with UR (1.0 g/kg), RP (0.25 mg/kg), and valproic acid (VA, 250 mg/kg) for 3 d could reduce epileptic seizures and could also reduce the expression of c-Jun aminoterminal kinase phosphorylation (JNKp) of MAPK signal pathways in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus brain tissues. Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α remain unchanged, indicating that the anticonvulsive effect of UR and RP is initially involved in the JNKp MAPK signal pathway during the KA-induced acute seizure period.
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149
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Dambach H, Hinkerohe D, Prochnow N, Stienen MN, Moinfar Z, Haase CG, Hufnagel A, Faustmann PM. Glia and epilepsy: Experimental investigation of antiepileptic drugs in an astroglia/microglia co-culture model of inflammation. Epilepsia 2013; 55:184-92. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Dambach
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Daniel Hinkerohe
- Department of Neurology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Knappschafts Hospital; Bochum Germany
| | - Nora Prochnow
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN); Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Martin N. Stienen
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Zahra Moinfar
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN); Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - Claus G. Haase
- Department of Neurology; Holy Spirit Hospital; Köln Germany
| | | | - Pedro M. Faustmann
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN); Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
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150
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Temp FR, Santos AC, Marafiga JR, Jesse AC, Lenz QF, Oliveira SM, Guerra GP, Scimonelli TN, Mello CF. Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) does not modify pentylenetetrazol- and pilocarpine-induced seizures. Life Sci 2013; 93:723-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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