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Benichou G, Tocco G. The road to transplant tolerance is paved with good dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:584-8. [PMID: 23412714 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After transplantation, recipient T cells can recognize donor antigens either by interacting with MHC class II on donor bone marrow-derived cells (direct allorecognition), or by recognizing allogeneic peptides bound to self-MHC class II molecules on recipient antigen presenting cells (indirect allorecognition). The activation of pro-inflammatory T cells via either of these pathways leads to allograft rejection, so the suppression of both of these pathways is needed to achieve transplantation tolerance. A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 734-746] shows that allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs) modified to either lack expression of CD80/86 or over-express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) are able to inhibit direct and/or indirect alloresponses in vitro and in vivo in mice. Notably, both allorecognition pathways were suppressed by the coexpression of self- and allo-MHC molecules on semi-allogeneic DCs. This Commentary discusses the challenges and potential of using genetically-modified DCs to suppress alloreactivity in the context of transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Benichou
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss the use of tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDCs) as a therapeutic tool in solid organ transplantation, with particular emphasis on recent experimental and preclinical data supporting the clinical translation of TolDC therapy. RECENT FINDINGS TolDC have been successfully used in rodents to promote long-term allograft survival. Although most studies have focused on donor dendritic cells or donor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells, our group investigated a strategy based on the administration of autologous dendritic cells (not pulsed with donor antigens). We discuss the therapeutic efficacy, mechanisms, and potential risks and advantages of each strategy. We also highlight recent findings on the generation of clinical grade human TolDC from blood monocytes. Finally, we discuss preliminary experience with dendritic cells in humans and critical issues regarding the implementation of TolDC therapy to clinical organ transplantation. SUMMARY TolDC hold therapeutic promise for the treatment of transplanted patients. Cell therapy with unpulsed, autologous dendritic cells appears as a well tolerated, clinically relevant approach that might help in improving long-term allograft survival and limit the harmful effects of immunosuppressive treatments.
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Yuan Q, Hong S, Shi B, Kers J, Li Z, Pei X, Xu L, Wei X, Cai M. CD4(+)CD25(-)Nrp1(+) T cells synergize with rapamycin to prevent murine cardiac allorejection in immunocompetent recipients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61151. [PMID: 23577203 PMCID: PMC3618334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), other immunosuppressive T cells also participated in the regulation of immune tolerance. Reportedly, neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) might be one of the molecules by which regulatory cells exert their suppressive effects. Indeed, CD4+CD25−Nrp1+ T cells exhibit potent suppressive function in autoimmune inflammatory responses. Here we investigated the specific role of CD4+CD25−Nrp1+ T cells in the setting of the transplant immune response. Through MLR assays, we found that CD4+CD25−Nrp1+ T cells suppressed the proliferation of naive CD4+CD25− T cells activated by allogeneic antigen-stimulation. Adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25−Nrp1+ T cells synergized with rapamycin to induce long-term graft survival in fully MHC-mismatched murine heart transplantation, which was associated with decreased IFN-γ, IL-17 and increased IL-10, TGF-β, Foxp3 and Nrp1 expression in the grafts. Importantly, our data indicated that CD4+CD25−Nrp1+ T cell transfer augments the accumulation of Tregs in the recipient, and creates conditions that favored induction of hyporesponsiveness of the T effector cells. In conclusion, this translational study indicates the possible therapeutic potential of CD4+CD25−Nrp1+ T cells in preventing allorejection. CD4+Nrp1+ T cells might therefore be used in bulk as a population of immunosuppressive cells with more beneficial properties concerning ex vivo isolation as compared to Foxp3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yuan
- Organ Transplant Center, Organ Transplant Institution of PLA, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shanjuan Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingyi Shi
- Organ Transplant Center, Organ Transplant Institution of PLA, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jesper Kers
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhouli Li
- Organ Transplant Center, Organ Transplant Institution of PLA, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangke Pei
- Organ Transplant Center, The 281th Hospital of PLA, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Organ Transplant Center, Organ Transplant Institution of PLA, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Organ Transplant Center, Organ Transplant Institution of PLA, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Organ Transplant Center, Organ Transplant Institution of PLA, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Forrester JV, Steptoe RJ, Klaska IP, Martin-Granados C, Dua HS, Degli-Esposti MA, Wikstrom ME. Cell-based therapies for ocular inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 35:82-101. [PMID: 23542232 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the plasticity and the potential for re-programming cells has become widely accepted, there has been great interest in cell-based therapies. These are being applied to a range of diseases, not least ocular diseases, where it is assumed that there is a reduced risk of immune rejection although this may be more perceived than real. There are two broad classes of cell-based therapies: those aimed at restoring structure and function of specific tissues and cells; and those directed towards restoring immunological homeostasis by controlling the damaging effects of inflammatory disease. Stem cells of all types represent the first group and prototypically have been used with the aim of regenerating failing cells. In contrast, immune cells have been suggested as potential modulators of inflammation. However, there is functional overlap in these two applications, with some types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, demonstrating a potent immunomodulatory effect. This review summarises recent information on cell based therapies for ocular disease, with special emphasis on ocular inflammatory disease, and explores current uses, potential and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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105
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Ye Y, Yan S, Jiang G, Zhou L, Xie H, Xie X, Yu X, Ding Y, Tian J, Dai Y, Zheng S. Galectin-1 prolongs survival of mouse liver allografts from Flt3L-pretreated donors. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:569-79. [PMID: 23356407 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Liver allografts are spontaneously accepted across MHC barriers in mice. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Galectin-1, an endogenous lectin expressed in lymphoid organs, plays a vital role in maintaining central and peripheral tolerance. This study was to investigate the role of galectin-1 in spontaneous tolerance of liver allografts in mice, and to evaluate the therapeutic effects of galectin-1 on liver allograft rejection induced by donor Flt3L pretreatment. Blockade of the galectin-1 pathway via neutralizing antigalectin-1 mAb did not affect survival of the liver allografts from B6 donors into C3H recipients. Administration of rGal-1 significantly prolonged survival of liver allografts from Flt3L-pretreated donors and ameliorated Flt3L-triggered liver allograft rejection. This effect was associated with increased apoptosis of T cells in both allografts and spleens, decreased frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells, decreased expression of Th1-associated cytokines (IL-12, IL-2 and IFN-γ), Th17-associated cytokines (IL-23 and IL-17) and granzyme B, in parallel with selectively increased IL-10 expression in liver allografts. In vitro, galectin-1 inhibited Flt3L-differentiated DC-mediated proliferation of allo-CD4(+) T cells and production of IFN-γ and IL-17. These data provide new evidence of the potential regulatory effects of galectin-1 in alloimmune responses in a murine model of liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ye
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Dai FZ, Yang J, Chen XB, Xu MQ. Zinc finger protein A20 inhibits maturation of dendritic cells resident in rat liver allograft. J Surg Res 2013; 183:885-93. [PMID: 23481562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In organ transplant field, although viewed traditionally as instigators of organ allograft rejection, donor-derived interstitial dendritic cells (DCs), including those resident in liver, or host DCs have also been implicated in transplant tolerance in experimental models. This functional dichotomy of DC is governed by various factors, the most important of which appears to be their stage of maturation. This study was designed to examine the effect of zinc finger protein A20 on maturation of DCs resident in rat liver allograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allogeneic (Dark Agouti [DA] rat to Lewis rat) liver transplantation was performed. Adenovirus carrying the full length of A20 was introduced into liver allografts by ex vivo perfusion via the portal vein during preservation (group A20), physiological saline (group PS), and empty Ad vector rAdEasy (group rAdEasy) that served as controls. Acute liver allograft rejection was assessed, and DCs resident in liver allografts were isolated on day 7 after transplantation. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-binding activities, surface expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86), expression of interleukin (IL) 12 messenger RNA (mRNA), and allocostimulatory capacity of DCs were measured with electrophoretic mobility shift assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), respectively. RESULTS Ex vivo transfer of A20 adenovirus by portal vein infusion resulted in overexpression of A20 protein in liver allograft after transplantation. On day 7 after transplantation, histologic examination revealed a mild rejection in group A20 but a more severe rejection in group PS and group rAdEasy. DCs from group A20 liver allografts exhibited features of immature DC with detectable but very low level of NF-κB activity, IL-12 mRNA expression, and surface expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86), whereas DCs from group rAdEasy and group PS liver allograft displayed features of mature DC with high level of NF-κB activity, IL-12 mRNA expression, and surface expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86). DCs from group PS and group rAdEasy liver allograft were potent inducers of DNA synthesis and interferon γ production in MLR, and DCs from group A20 liver allografts induced only minimal levels of cell proliferation and interferon γ production in MLR. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that A20 overexpression could effectively inhibit maturation of DCs resident in liver allograft and consequently suppress acute liver allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Zhen Dai
- Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Liver and Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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107
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Tsoulfas G. The long and winding road to immune tolerance. J Surg Res 2013; 185:e17-8. [PMID: 23321521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsoulfas
- Department of Surgery, Aristoteleion University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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108
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Minimization of Immunosuppression and Tolerance Induction in Reconstructive Transplantation. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-012-0008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sun G, Shan J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Guo Y, Wu W, Yang T, Xia M, Feng L. Adoptive infusion of tolerogenic dendritic cells prolongs the survival of pancreatic islet allografts: a systematic review of 13 mouse and rat studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52096. [PMID: 23272217 PMCID: PMC3525535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The first Phase I study of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol-DCs) in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients was recently completed. Pancreatic islet transplantation is an effective therapy for T1D, and infusion of Tol-DCs can control diabetes development while promoting graft survival. In this study, we aim to systematically review islet allograft survival following infusion of Tol-DCs induced by different methods, to better understand the mechanisms that mediate this process. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase (from inception to February 29th, 2012) for relevant publications. Data were extracted and quality was assessed by two independent reviewers. We semiquantitatively analyzed the effects of Tol-DCs on islet allograft survival using mixed leukocyte reaction, Th1/Th2 differentiation, Treg induction, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity as mechanisms related-outcomes. We discussed the results with respect to possible mechanisms that promote survival. Results Thirteen articles were included. The effects of Tol-DCs induced by five methods on allograft survival were different. Survival by each method was prolonged as follows: allopeptide-pulsed Tol-DCs (42.14±44 days), drug intervention (39 days), mesenchymal stem cell induction (23 days), genetic modification (8.99±4.75 days), and other derivation (2.61±6.98 days). The results indicate that Tol-DC dose and injection influenced graft survival. Single-dose injections of 104 Tol-DCs were the most effective for allograft survival, and multiple injections were not superior. Tol-DCs were also synergistic with immunosuppressive drugs or costimulation inhibitors. Possible mechanisms include donor specific T cell hyporesponsiveness, Th2 differentiation, Treg induction, cytotoxicity against allograft reduction, and chimerism induction. Conclusions Tol-DCs induced by five methods prolong MHC mismatched islet allograft survival to different degrees, but allopeptide-pulsed host DCs perform the best. Immunosuppressive or costimulatory blockade are synergistic with Tol-DC on graft survival. Multiple injections are not superior to single injection. Yet more rigorously designed studies with larger sample sizes are still needed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Youping Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Cochrane Centre, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yanni Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Health Ministry of China, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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Burrell BE, Nakayama Y, Xu J, Brinkman CC, Bromberg JS. Regulatory T cell induction, migration, and function in transplantation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:4705-11. [PMID: 23125426 PMCID: PMC3490202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are important in maintaining immune homeostasis and in regulating a variety of immune responses, making them attractive targets for modulating immune-related diseases. Success in using induction or transfer of Treg in mice to mediate transplant tolerance suggests Treg-based therapies as mechanisms of long-term drug-free transplant tolerance in human patients. Although more work is needed, critical analyses suggest that key factors in Treg induction, migration, and function are important areas to concentrate investigative efforts and therapeutic development. Elucidation of basic biology will aid in translating data gleaned from mice to humans so that Treg therapies become a reality for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna E Burrell
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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111
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Li L, Huang L, Ye H, Song SP, Bajwa A, Lee SJ, Moser EK, Jaworska K, Kinsey GR, Day YJ, Linden J, Lobo PI, Rosin DL, Okusa MD. Dendritic cells tolerized with adenosine A₂AR agonist attenuate acute kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3931-42. [PMID: 23093781 DOI: 10.1172/jci63170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DC-mediated NKT cell activation is critical in initiating the immune response following kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), which mimics human acute kidney injury (AKI). Adenosine is an important antiinflammatory molecule in tissue inflammation, and adenosine 2A receptor (A₂AR) agonists protect kidneys from IRI through their actions on leukocytes. In this study, we showed that mice with A₂AR-deficient DCs are more susceptible to kidney IRI and are not protected from injury by A₂AR agonists. In addition, administration of DCs treated ex vivo with an A₂AR agonist protected the kidneys of WT mice from IRI by suppressing NKT production of IFN-γ and by regulating DC costimulatory molecules that are important for NKT cell activation. A₂AR agonists had no effect on DC antigen presentation or on Tregs. We conclude that ex vivo A₂AR-induced tolerized DCs suppress NKT cell activation in vivo and provide a unique and potent cell-based strategy to attenuate organ IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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112
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Yu B, Ueta H, Kitazawa Y, Tanaka T, Adachi K, Kimura H, Morita M, Sawanobori Y, Qian HX, Kodama T, Matsuno K. Two immunogenic passenger dendritic cell subsets in the rat liver have distinct trafficking patterns and radiosensitivities. Hepatology 2012; 56:1532-45. [PMID: 22511480 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to investigate the trafficking patterns, radiation sensitivities, and functions of conventional dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the rat liver in an allotransplantation setting. We examined DCs in the liver, hepatic lymph, and graft tissues and recipient secondary lymphoid organs after liver transplantation from rats treated or untreated by sublethal irradiation. We identified two distinct immunogenic DC subsets. One was a previously reported population that underwent blood-borne migration to the recipient's secondary lymphoid organs, inducing systemic CD8(+) T-cell responses; these DCs are a radiosensitive class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII)(+) CD103(+) CD172a(+) CD11b(-) CD86(+) subset. Another was a relatively radioresistant MHCII(+) CD103(+) CD172a(+) CD11b(+) CD86(+) subset that steadily appeared in the hepatic lymph. After transplantation, the second subset migrated to the parathymic lymph nodes (LNs), regional peritoneal cavity nodes, or persisted in the graft. Irradiation completely eliminated the migration and immunogenicity of the first subset, but only partly suppressed the migration of the second subset and the CD8(+) T-cell response in the parathymic LNs. The grafts were acutely rejected, and intragraft CD8(+) T-cell and FoxP3(+) regulatory T-cell responses were unchanged. The radioresistant second subset up-regulated CD25 and had high allostimulating activity in the mixed leukocyte reaction, suggesting that this subset induced CD8(+) T-cell responses in the parathymic LNs and in the graft by the direct allorecognition pathway, leading to the rejection. CONCLUSION Conventional rat liver DCs contain at least two distinct immunogenic passenger subsets: a radiosensitive blood-borne migrant and a relatively radioresistant lymph-borne migrant. LNs draining the peritoneal cavity should be recognized as a major site of the intrahost T-cell response by the lymph-borne migrant. This study provides key insights into liver graft rejection and highlights the clinical implications of immunogenic DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Department of Anatomy (Macro), Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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113
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Macedo C, Turquist H, Metes D, Thomson AW. Immunoregulatory properties of rapamycin-conditioned monocyte-derived dendritic cells and their role in transplantation. Transplant Res 2012; 1:16. [PMID: 23369601 PMCID: PMC3560974 DOI: 10.1186/2047-1440-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In efforts to minimize the chronic administration of immunosuppression (IS) drugs in transplantation and autoimmune disease, various cell-based tolerogenic therapies, including the use of regulatory or tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) have been developed. These DC-based therapies aim to harness the inherent immunoregulatory potential of these professional antigen-presenting cells. In this short review, we describe both the demonstrated tolerogenic properties, and current limitations of rapamycin-conditioned DC (RAPA-DC). RAPA-DC are generated through inhibition of the integrative kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by the immunosuppressive macrolide rapamycin during propagation of monocyte-derived DC. Consistent with the characteristics of tolDC, murine RAPA-DC display resistance to phenotypic maturation induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli; exhibit the ability to migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue (important for 'cross-presentation' of antigen to T cells), and enrich for naturally-occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells. In rodent models, delivery of recipient-derived RAPA-DC pulsed with donor antigen prior to organ transplantation can prolong allogeneic heart-graft survival indefinitely, especially when combined with a short course of IS. These encouraging data support ongoing efforts to develop RAPA-DC for clinical testing. When compared to murine RAPA-DC however, human RAPA-DC have proven only partially resistant to maturation triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines, and display heterogeneity in their impact on effector T-cell expansion and function. In total, the evidence suggests the need for more in-depth studies to better understand the mechanisms by which mTOR controls human DC function. These studies may facilitate the development of RAPA-DC therapy alone or together with agents that preserve/enhance their tolerogenic properties as clinical immunoregulatory vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Macedo
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hēth Turquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Diana Metes
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Moreau A, Varey E, Bériou G, Hill M, Bouchet-Delbos L, Segovia M, Cuturi MC. Tolerogenic dendritic cells and negative vaccination in transplantation: from rodents to clinical trials. Front Immunol 2012; 3:218. [PMID: 22908013 PMCID: PMC3414843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of immunosuppressive (IS) drugs to treat transplant recipients has markedly reduced the incidence of acute rejection and early graft loss. However, such treatments have numerous adverse side effects and fail to prevent chronic allograft dysfunction. In this context, therapies based on the adoptive transfer of regulatory cells are promising strategies to induce indefinite transplant survival. The use of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC) has shown great potential, as preliminary experiments in rodents have demonstrated that administration of tolerogenic DC prolongs graft survival. Recipient DC, Donor DC, or Donor Ag-pulsed recipient DC have been used in preclinical studies and administration of these cells with suboptimal immunosuppression increases their tolerogenic potential. We have demonstrated that autologous unpulsed tolerogenic DC injected in the presence of suboptimal immunosuppression are able to induce Ag-specific allograft tolerance. We derived similar tolerogenic DC in different animal models (mice and non-human primates) and confirmed their protective abilities in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms involved in the tolerance induced by autologous tolerogenic DC were also investigated. With the aim of using autologous DC in kidney transplant patients, we have developed and characterized tolerogenic monocyte-derived DC in humans. In this review, we will discuss the preclinical studies and describe our recent results from the generation and characterization of tolerogenic monocyte-derived DC in humans for a clinical application. We will also discuss the limits and difficulties in translating preclinical experiments to theclinic.
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115
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Qian C, Cao X. Naturally occurring CD1c+ human regulatory dendritic cells: Immunoregulators that are expanded in response to E. coli infection. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1388-92. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai; China
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116
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Hua C, Yang Y, Sun L, Dou H, Tan R, Hou Y. Chaetoglobosin F, a small molecule compound, possesses immunomodulatory properties on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells via TLR9 signaling pathway. Immunobiology 2012; 218:292-302. [PMID: 22739238 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chaetoglobosin F (Cha F), a cytochalasan-based alkaloid, was obtained from the EtOAc extract of a solid culture of Chaetomium globosum IFB-E019. Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen presenting cells, are considered as the major target in the modulation of excessive immune responses. Recognition of CpG-DNA by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) on DCs is an important step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the effect of Cha F on the maturation and immunostimulatory function of CpG-stimulated DCs remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of Cha F on bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs. We found that Cha F inhibits the CpG-induced DCs maturation and function by suppressing the expression of surface molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC-II), reducing the production of cytokines and chemokines (IL-12 and CXCL-10), inhibiting the CpG-induced DCs-elicited allogeneic T-cell proliferation, and impairing the migration ability to chemokines. The Cha F-treated DCs were highly efficient at Ag capture, via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Additionally, Cha F was also demonstrated to inhibit CpG-induced activation of MAPKs (p38 and JNK, but not ERK) and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and STAT1. Furthermore, we confirmed that Cha F was able to suppress TLR9 expression of CpG-induced DCs. Collectively, these findings provide novel insight into the immunopharmacological functions of Cha F, especially with regard to their impact on CpG-induced DCs. These immunosuppressive properties of Cha F may prove useful in controlling DCs-associated autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Hua
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Abstract
Immunotherapy with dendritic cells (DCs), which have been manipulated ex vivo to become immunogenic or tolerogenic, has been tested in clinical trials for disease therapy. DCs are sentinels of the immune system, which after exposure to antigenic or inflammatory signals and crosstalk with effector CD4(+) T cells express high levels of costimulatory molecules and cytokines. Upregulation of either costimulatory molecules or cytokines promotes immunologic DCs, whereas their downregulation generates tolerogenic DCs (TDCs), which induce T regulatory cells (Tregs) and a state of tolerance. Immunogenic DCs are used for the therapy of infectious diseases such as HIV-1 and cancer, whereas tolerogenic DCs are used in treating various autoimmune diseases and in transplantation. DC vaccination is still at an early stage, and improvements are mainly needed in quality control of monitoring assays to generate clinical-grade DC products and to assess the effect of DC vaccination in future clinical trials. Here, we review the recent work in DC generation and monitoring approaches for DC-based trials with immunogenic or tolerogenic DCs.
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Sun X, Gong ZJ, Wang ZW, Li T, Zhang JY, Sun HC, Liu S, Huang L, Huang C, Peng ZH. IDO-competent-DCs induced by IFN-γ attenuate acute rejection in rat liver transplantation. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:837-47. [PMID: 22454246 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We established a stable rat model of liver transplantation using Sprague-Dawley rats and Wistar rats in order to investigate the role of the IDO gene in acute rejection after rat liver transplantation. METHODS IDO gene expression and IDO enzyme activity were quantified in liver syngeneic grafts and allografts using microdialysis-HPLC. Liver allografts were evaluated for IDO expression by histopathology. We measured liver function-related biomarkers in liver allografts which were re-infused with untreated or IFN-γ-treated dendritic cells (DCs). RESULTS We found a significant increase in IDO gene expression and IDO enzyme activity in liver allografts compared the sham and syngeneic graft groups. There was a significant correlation between the number of IDO-positive cells and severity of acute rejection. IDO gene expression and enzyme activity was upregulated in the IFN-γ-treated DC group within 7 days after transplantation compared to the untreated DC group and survival rates were significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that IDO gene expression correlates with the severity of acute rejection and that IFN-γ-induced IDO-positive DCs may attenuate acute rejection and catalyze local tryptophan metabolism via IDO enzyme expression, leading to immune tolerance after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Sun
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
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Benson HL, Suzuki H, Lott J, Fisher AJ, Walline C, Heidler KM, Brutkiewicz R, Blum JS, Wilkes DS. Donor lung derived myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells differentially regulate T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Respir Res 2012; 13:25. [PMID: 22433165 PMCID: PMC3352265 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct allorecognition, i.e., donor lung-derived dendritic cells (DCs) stimulating recipient-derived T lymphocytes, is believed to be the key mechanism of lung allograft rejection. Myeloid (cDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs) are believed to have differential effects on T cell activation. However, the roles of each DC type on T cell activation and rejection pathology post lung transplantation are unknown. Methods Using transgenic mice and antibody depletion techniques, either or both cell types were depleted in lungs of donor BALB/c mice (H-2d) prior to transplanting into C57BL/6 mice (H-2b), followed by an assessment of rejection pathology, and pDC or cDC-induced proliferation and cytokine production in C57BL/6-derived mediastinal lymph node T cells (CD3+). Results Depleting either DC type had modest effect on rejection pathology and T cell proliferation. In contrast, T cells from mice that received grafts depleted of both DCs did not proliferate and this was associated with significantly reduced acute rejection scores compared to all other groups. cDCs were potent inducers of IFNγ, whereas both cDCs and pDCs induced IL-10. Both cell types had variable effects on IL-17A production. Conclusion Collectively, the data show that direct allorecognition by donor lung pDCs and cDCs have differential effects on T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Depletion of both donor lung cDC and pDC could prevent the severity of acute rejection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Benson
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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