101
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Kordaß T, Osen W, Eichmüller SB. Controlling the Immune Suppressor: Transcription Factors and MicroRNAs Regulating CD73/NT5E. Front Immunol 2018; 9:813. [PMID: 29720980 PMCID: PMC5915482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The NT5E (CD73) molecule represents an ecto-5′-nucleotidase expressed on the cell surface of various cell types. Hydrolyzing extracellular adenosine monophosphate into adenosine and inorganic phosphate, NT5E performs numerous homeostatic functions in healthy organs and tissues. Importantly, NT5E can act as inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule, since free adenosine generated by NT5E inhibits cellular immune responses, thereby promoting immune escape of tumor cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules regulating gene expression on posttranscriptional level through binding to mRNAs, resulting in translational repression or degradation of the targeted mRNA molecule. In tumor cells, miRNA expression patterns are often altered which in turn might affect NT5E surface expression and eventually influence the efficacy of antitumor immune responses. This review describes the diverse roles of NT5E, summarizes current knowledge about transcription factors controlling NT5E expression, and highlights the significance of miRNAs involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of NT5E expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kordaß
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan B Eichmüller
- GMP & T Cell Therapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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102
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Menzel S, Schwarz N, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobody-Based Biologics for Modulating Purinergic Signaling in Inflammation and Immunity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:266. [PMID: 29636685 PMCID: PMC5880931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) are released as danger signals from cells during infection and sterile inflammation. In the extracellular compartment ATP is converted by CD39, CD73, and other ecto-enzymes into metabolites that modulate the activity of T cells and macrophages. While ATP mediates pro-inflammatory signals via P2X7 and other P2 receptors, adenosine triggers anti-inflammatory signaling via the adenosine 2a receptor (Adora2a) and other P1 receptors. The latter also plays a role in maintaining an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. NAD+ is converted by CD38, CD203 and other ecto-enzymes to the Ca2+ mobilizing messengers cyclic ADP-ribose and ADP-ribose, and to adenosine. Recent findings on the roles of CD38, CD39, CD73, CD203, P2X7, and Adora2a in inflammation and immunity underscore the potential of these proteins as drug targets. However, available small molecule inhibitors often lack specificity and mediate unwanted off-target toxicity. Nanobodies – single domain antibodies derived from heavy chain antibodies that naturally occur in camelids – display a propensity to bind functional epitopes not accessible to conventional antibodies. Like conventional antibodies, nanobodies and nanobody-based biologics are highly specific and have well-understood, tunable in vivo pharmacodynamics with little if any toxicity. Nanobodies thus represent attractive alternatives to small molecule inhibitors for modulating purinergic signaling in inflammation and immunity. Here we review recent progress made in developing nanobodies against key targets of purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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103
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Adzic M, Nedeljkovic N. Unveiling the Role of Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase/CD73 in Astrocyte Migration by Using Pharmacological Tools. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:153. [PMID: 29545748 PMCID: PMC5837971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD73 is a bifunctional glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein which functions as ecto-5′-nucleotidase and a membrane receptor for extracellular matrix protein (ECM). A large body of evidence demonstrates a critical involvement of altered purine metabolism and particularly, increased expression of CD73 in a number of human disorders, including cancer and immunodeficiency. Massive up-regulation of CD73 was also found in reactive astrocytes in several experimental models of human neuropathologies. In all the pathological contexts studied so far, the increased expression of CD73 has been associated with the altered ability of cells to adhere and/or migrate. Thus, we hypothesized that increased expression of CD73 in reactive astrocytes has a role in the process of astrocyte adhesion and migration. In the present study, the involvement of CD73 in astrocyte migration was investigated in the scratch wound assay (SW), using primary astrocyte culture prepared from neonatal rat cortex. The cultures were treated with one of the following pharmacological inhibitors which preferentially target individual functions of CD73: (a) α,β-methylene ADP (APCP), which inhibits the catalytic activity of CD73 (b) polyclonal anti-CD73 antibodies, which bind to the internal epitope of CD73 molecule and mask their surface exposure and (c) small interfering CD73-RNA (siCD73), which silences the expression of CD73 gene. It was concluded that approaches that reduce surface expression of CD73 increase migration velocity and promote wound closure in the scratch wound assay, while inhibition of the enzyme activity by APCP induces redistribution of CD73 molecules at the cell surface, thus indirectly affecting cell adhesion and migration. Application of anti-CD73 antibodies induces a decrease in CD73 activity and membrane expression, through CD73 molecules shedding and their release to the culture media. In addition, all applied pharmacological inhibitors differentially affect other aspects of astrocyte function in vitro, including reduced cell proliferation, altered expression of adenosine receptors and increased expression of ERK1/2. Altogether these data imply that CD73 participates in cell adhesion/migration and transmits extracellular signals through interactions with ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Adzic
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Centre for Laser Microscopy, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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104
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Rahimova R, Fontanel S, Lionne C, Jordheim LP, Peyrottes S, Chaloin L. Identification of allosteric inhibitors of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) targeting the dimer interface. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005943. [PMID: 29377887 PMCID: PMC5805337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 plays an important role in the production of immune-suppressive adenosine in tumor micro-environment, and has become a validated drug target in oncology. Indeed, the anticancer immune response involves extracellular ATP to block cell proliferation through T-cell activation. However, in the tumor micro-environment, two extracellular membrane-bound enzymes (CD39 and CD73) are overexpressed and hydrolyze efficiently ATP into AMP then further into immune-suppressive adenosine. To circumvent the impact of CD73-generated adenosine, we applied an original bioinformatics approach to identify new allosteric inhibitors targeting the dimerization interface of CD73, which should impair the large dynamic motions required for its enzymatic function. Several hit compounds issued from virtual screening campaigns showed a potent inhibition of recombinant CD73 with inhibition constants in the low micromolar range and exhibited a non-competitive inhibition mode. The structure-activity relationships studies indicated that several amino acid residues (D366, H456, K471, Y484 and E543 for polar interactions and G453-454, I455, H456, L475, V542 and G544 for hydrophobic contacts) located at the dimerization interface are involved in the tight binding of hit compounds and likely contributed for their inhibitory activity. Overall, the gathered information will guide the upcoming lead optimization phase that may lead to potent and selective CD73 inhibitors, able to restore the anticancer immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahila Rahimova
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Fontanel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Lionne
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lars Peter Jordheim
- Centre Léon Bérard (CLB), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Univ. de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max-Mousseron (IBMM), CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Chaloin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), Montpellier, France
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105
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Miliutina M, Janke J, Hassan S, Zaib S, Iqbal J, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Villinger A, Friedrich A, Lochbrunner S, Langer P. A domino reaction of 3-chlorochromones with aminoheterocycles. Synthesis of pyrazolopyridines and benzofuropyridines and their optical and ecto-5′-nucleotidase inhibitory effects. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:717-732. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active fused pyridines were prepared by a new domino reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Janke
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Sidra Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | | | | | | | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V
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106
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Domino Reactions of Chromone-3-carboxylic Acids with Aminoheterocycles: Synthesis of Heteroannulated Pyrido[2,3-c
]coumarins and their Optical and Biological Activity. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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107
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Uemoto Y, Ohtake T, Sasago N, Takeda M, Abe T, Sakuma H, Kojima T, Sasaki S. Effect of two non-synonymous ecto-5'-nucleotidase variants on the genetic architecture of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) and its degradation products in Japanese Black beef. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:874. [PMID: 29132308 PMCID: PMC5683534 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Umami is a Japanese term for the fifth basic taste and is an important sensory property of beef palatability. Inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) contributes to umami taste in beef. Thus, the overall change in concentration of IMP and its degradation products can potentially affect the beef palatability. In this study, we investigated the genetic architecture of IMP and its degradation products in Japanese Black beef. First, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS), candidate gene analysis, and functional analysis to detect the causal variants that affect IMP, inosine, and hypoxanthine. Second, we evaluated the allele frequencies in the different breeds, the contribution of genetic variance, and the effect on other economical traits using the detected variants. Results A total of 574 Japanese Black cattle were genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip and were then used for GWAS. The results of GWAS showed that the genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on BTA9 were detected for IMP, inosine, and hypoxanthine. The ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E) gene, which encodes the enzyme NT5E for the extracellular degradation of IMP to inosine, was located near the significant region on BTA9. The results of candidate gene analysis and functional analysis showed that two non-synonymous SNPs (c.1318C > T and c.1475 T > A) in NT5E affected the amount of IMP and its degradation products in beef by regulating the enzymatic activity of NT5E. The Q haplotype showed a positive effect on IMP and a negative effect on the enzymatic activity of NT5E in IMP degradation. The two SNPs were under perfect linkage disequilibrium in five different breeds, and different haplotype frequencies were seen among breeds. The two SNPs contribute to about half of the total genetic variance in IMP, and the results of genetic relationship between IMP and its degradation products showed that NT5E affected the overall concentration balance of IMP and its degradation products. In addition, the SNPs in NT5E did not have an unfavorable effect on the other economical traits. Conclusion Based on all the above findings taken together, two non-synonymous SNPs in NT5E would be useful for improving IMP and its degradation products by marker-assisted selection in Japanese Black cattle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4275-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Uemoto
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan.,Present address: Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohtake
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Nanae Sasago
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeda
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Abe
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Hironori Sakuma
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kojima
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Shinji Sasaki
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan.
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108
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Yu J, Wang X, Lu Q, Wang J, Li L, Liao X, Zhu W, Lv L, Zhi X, Yu J, Jin Y, Zou Q, Ou Z, Liu X, Zhou P. Extracellular 5'-nucleotidase (CD73) promotes human breast cancer cells growth through AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin/cyclinD1 signaling pathway. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:959-967. [PMID: 29047106 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To identify the role and to explore the mechanism of extracellular 5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in human breast cancer growth, CD73 expression was measured firstly in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, and then interfered with or over-expressed by recombinant lentivirus in cell lines. Impacts of CD73 on breast cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle were investigated with colony formation assay, CCK-8 and flow cytometry. The relationship between CD73 and AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway was assessed with adenosine, adenosine 2A receptor antagonist (SCH-58261), adenosine 2A receptor agonist (NECA), CD73 enzyme inhibitor (APCP) and Akt inhibitor (MK-2206). Moreover, the effect of CD73 on breast cancer growth in vivo was examined with human breast cancer transplanting model of nude mice. The results showed that the expression of CD73 was high in breast cancer tissues and increased with advanced tumor grades and lympho-node status. CD73 expression was higher in more malignant cells, and CD73 overexpression promoted breast cancer cell proliferation in both in vivo and in vitro. It activated AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin/cyclinD1 signaling pathway through CD73 enzyme activity and other mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Luying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaohong Liao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jerry Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Yiting Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouluo Ou
- Breast Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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109
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Al-Rashida M, Qazi SU, Batool N, Hameed A, Iqbal J. Ectonucleotidase inhibitors: a patent review (2011-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:1291-1304. [PMID: 28870136 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1369958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ectonucleotidases are a broad family of metallo-ectoenzymes that are responsible for hydrolysing a variety of nucleotides to nucleosides, hence orchestrating the activation of P1 and P2 cell receptors via controlled release of nucleotides and nucleosides. Many disorders such as impaired calcification including aortic calcification, neurological and immunological disorders, platelet aggregation, cell proliferation and metastasis. are characterized by an increase in expression of these ectonucleotidases. Consequently, selective inhibitors of ectonucleotidases are required for therapeutic intervention. Area covered: Several classes of compounds such as purine, nucleotide derivatives (e.g., ARL67156) and monoclonal antibodies, have shown promising ectonucleotidase inhibitory potential. This review discusses chemistry and therapeutic applications of ectonucleotidase inhibitors patented from 2011 to 2016. Expert opinion: All eukaryotic cells express nucleotide and nucleoside receptors on their cell surface and are capable of releasing extracellular nucleotides. Ectonucleotidases are a broad family of metallo-ectoenzymes that hydrolyze a variety of nucleotides to nucleosides. These extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are important cell signalling molecules and mediate a variety of (patho)physiological processes by acting upon their respective P1 and/or P2 receptors. Discovery of molecules that can selectively inhibit or activate ectonucleotidases is crucial from therapeutic point of view, since it allows human intervention into purinergic cell signalling, thereby allowing us to modulate related (patho)physiological processes as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Al-Rashida
- a Department of Chemistry , Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Syeda Uroos Qazi
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Nayab Batool
- c Institute of Chemistry , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- b H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- d Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan
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110
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Kim BS, Shin SY, Ahn S, Koh D, Lee YH, Lim Y. Biological evaluation of 2-pyrazolinyl-1-carbothioamide derivatives against HCT116 human colorectal cancer cell lines and elucidation on QSAR and molecular binding modes. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5423-5432. [PMID: 28811071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the search of compounds exhibiting anticancer activity, 37 derivatives of 2-pyrazolinyl-1-carbothioamide were designed and synthesized. Clonogenic cell survival assays were adapted to measure the cytotoxicities of the synthetic derivatives against HCT116 human colon cancer cell lines. Half-maximal cell growth inhibitory concentrations (GI50) ranged from 0.49 to 41.22µM. The compound with the lowest GI50 value, 3-(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(naphthalen-1-yl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-pyrazolinyl-1-carbothioamide, was subjected to further biological studies, including cell viability and apoptosis assays to examine levels of annexin-V in the outer plasma membrane layer and poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage. Additionally, in vitro kinase assays were performed, and Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (Abl 1) tyrosine kinase demonstrated good inhibitory activity. The binding mode between the compound of interest and Abl 1 was elucidated using in silico docking. The pharmacophores derived for 2-pyrazolinyl-1-carbothioamides based on their quantitative structure-activity relationships will help us design novel chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Soo Kim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Young Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Ahn
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsoo Koh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Han Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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111
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Wennerberg E, Lhuillier C, Vanpouille-Box C, Pilones KA, García-Martínez E, Rudqvist NP, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Barriers to Radiation-Induced In Situ Tumor Vaccination. Front Immunol 2017; 8:229. [PMID: 28348554 PMCID: PMC5346586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunostimulatory properties of radiation therapy (RT) have recently generated widespread interest due to preclinical and clinical evidence that tumor-localized RT can sometimes induce antitumor immune responses mediating regression of non-irradiated metastases (abscopal effect). The ability of RT to activate antitumor T cells explains the synergy of RT with immune checkpoint inhibitors, which has been well documented in mouse tumor models and is supported by observations of more frequent abscopal responses in patients refractory to immunotherapy who receive RT during immunotherapy. However, abscopal responses following RT remain relatively rare in the clinic, and antitumor immune responses are not effectively induced by RT against poorly immunogenic mouse tumors. This suggests that in order to improve the pro-immunogenic effects of RT, it is necessary to identify and overcome the barriers that pre-exist and/or are induced by RT in the tumor microenvironment. On the one hand, RT induces an immunogenic death of cancer cells associated with release of powerful danger signals that are essential to recruit and activate dendritic cells (DCs) and initiate antitumor immune responses. On the other hand, RT can promote the generation of immunosuppressive mediators that hinder DCs activation and impair the function of effector T cells. In this review, we discuss current evidence that several inhibitory pathways are induced and modulated in irradiated tumors. In particular, we will focus on factors that regulate and limit radiation-induced immunogenicity and emphasize current research on actionable targets that could increase the effectiveness of radiation-induced in situ tumor vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wennerberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Claire Lhuillier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | | | - Karsten A Pilones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Elena García-Martínez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY , USA
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112
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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113
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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114
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:121-144. [PMID: 28258700 PMCID: PMC5338647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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115
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Leija C, Rijo-Ferreira F, Kinch LN, Grishin NV, Nischan N, Kohler JJ, Hu Z, Phillips MA. Pyrimidine Salvage Enzymes Are Essential for De Novo Biosynthesis of Deoxypyrimidine Nucleotides in Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006010. [PMID: 27820863 PMCID: PMC5098729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pathogenic parasite Trypanosoma brucei possess both de novo and salvage routes for the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Consequently, they do not require salvageable pyrimidines for growth. Thymidine kinase (TK) catalyzes the formation of dTMP and dUMP and is one of several salvage enzymes that appear redundant to the de novo pathway. Surprisingly, we show through analysis of TK conditional null and RNAi cells that TK is essential for growth and for infectivity in a mouse model, and that a catalytically active enzyme is required for its function. Unlike humans, T. brucei and all other kinetoplastids lack dCMP deaminase (DCTD), which provides an alternative route to dUMP formation. Ectopic expression of human DCTD resulted in full rescue of the RNAi growth phenotype and allowed for selection of viable TK null cells. Metabolite profiling by LC-MS/MS revealed a buildup of deoxypyrimidine nucleosides in TK depleted cells. Knockout of cytidine deaminase (CDA), which converts deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine led to thymidine/deoxyuridine auxotrophy. These unexpected results suggested that T. brucei encodes an unidentified 5'-nucleotidase that converts deoxypyrimidine nucleotides to their corresponding nucleosides, leading to their dead-end buildup in TK depleted cells at the expense of dTTP pools. Bioinformatics analysis identified several potential candidate genes that could encode 5'-nucleotidase activity including an HD-domain protein that we show catalyzes dephosphorylation of deoxyribonucleotide 5'-monophosphates. We conclude that TK is essential for synthesis of thymine nucleotides regardless of whether the nucleoside precursors originate from the de novo pathway or through salvage. Reliance on TK in the absence of DCTD may be a shared vulnerability among trypanosomatids and may provide a unique opportunity to selectively target a diverse group of pathogenic single-celled eukaryotes with a single drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Leija
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lisa N. Kinch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nick V. Grishin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicole Nischan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zeping Hu
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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116
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Channar PA, Shah SJA, Hassan S, Nisa ZU, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Bajorath J, Saeed A, Iqbal J. Isonicotinohydrazones as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:365-370. [PMID: 27589035 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of isonicotinohydrazide derivatives was synthesized and tested against recombinant human and rat ecto-5'-nucleotidases (h-e5'NT and r-e5'NT) and alkaline phosphatase isozymes including both bovine tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase (b-TNAP) and tissue-specific calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (c-IAP). These enzymes are implicated in vascular calcifications, hypophosphatasia, solid tumors, and cancers, such as colon, lung, breast, pancreas, and ovary. All tested compounds were active against both enzymes. The most potent inhibitor of h-e5'NT was derivative (E)-N'-(1-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (3j), whereas derivative (E)-N'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (3g) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against r-e5'NT. In addition, the derivative (E)-N'-(4'-chlorobenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (3a) was most potent inhibitor against calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase and the derivative (E)-N'-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (3g) was found to be most potent inhibitor of bovine tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, putative binding modes of potent compounds against e5'NT (human and rat e5'NT) and AP (including b-TNAP and c-IAP) were determined computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Jawad Ali Shah
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaib Un Nisa
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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117
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Buqué A, Bloy N, Aranda F, Cremer I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch-Small molecules targeting the immunological tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1149674. [PMID: 27471617 PMCID: PMC4938376 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1149674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressing malignancies establish robust immunosuppressive networks that operate both systemically and locally. In particular, as tumors escape immunosurveillance, they recruit increasing amounts of myeloid and lymphoid cells that exert pronounced immunosuppressive effects. These cells not only prevent the natural recognition of growing neoplasms by the immune system, but also inhibit anticancer immune responses elicited by chemo-, radio- and immuno therapeutic interventions. Throughout the past decade, multiple strategies have been devised to counteract the accumulation or activation of tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive cells for therapeutic purposes. Here, we review recent preclinical and clinical advances on the use of small molecules that target the immunological tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy. These agents include inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase 1 (IDO1), prostaglandin E2, and specific cytokine receptors, as well as modulators of intratumoral purinergic signaling and arginine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitziber Buqué
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U970, Paris, France
- Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, CICBT507, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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118
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Geoghegan JC, Diedrich G, Lu X, Rosenthal K, Sachsenmeier KF, Wu H, Dall'Acqua WF, Damschroder MM. Inhibition of CD73 AMP hydrolysis by a therapeutic antibody with a dual, non-competitive mechanism of action. MAbs 2016; 8:454-67. [PMID: 26854859 PMCID: PMC5037986 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1143182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD73 (ecto-5′-nucleotidase) has recently been established as a promising immuno-oncology target. Given its role in activating purinergic signaling pathways to elicit immune suppression, antagonizing CD73 (i.e., releasing the brake) offers a complimentary pathway to inducing anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we describe the mechanistic activity of a new clinical therapeutic, MEDI9447, a human monoclonal antibody that non-competitively inhibits CD73 activity. Epitope mapping, structural, and mechanistic studies revealed that MEDI9447 antagonizes CD73 through dual mechanisms of inter-CD73 dimer crosslinking and/or steric blocking that prevent CD73 from adopting a catalytically active conformation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an antibody that inhibits an enzyme's function through 2 distinct modes of action. These results provide a finely mapped epitope that can be targeted for selective, potent, and non-competitive inhibition of CD73, as well as establish a strategy for inhibiting enzymes that function in both membrane-bound and soluble states.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Geoghegan
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Gundo Diedrich
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xiaojun Lu
- b Department of Analytical Biotechnology , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Herren Wu
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - William F Dall'Acqua
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Melissa M Damschroder
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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119
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Elle IC, Karlsen KK, Terp MG, Larsen N, Nielsen R, Derbyshire N, Mandrup S, Ditzel HJ, Wengel J. Selection of LNA-containing DNA aptamers against recombinant human CD73. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:1260-70. [PMID: 25720604 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
LNA-containing DNA aptamers against CD73 (human ecto-5'-nucleotidase), a protein frequently overexpressed in solid tumours, were isolated by SELEX. A pre-defined stem-loop library, containing LNA in the forward primer region, was enriched with CD73 binding sequences through six rounds of SELEX with recombinant his-tagged CD73 immobilised on anti-his plates. Enriched pools isolated from rounds one, three and six were subjected to next-generation sequencing and analysed for enrichment using custom bioinformatics software. The software identified aptamer sequences via the primers and then performed several steps including sequence unification, clustering and alignment to identify enriched sequences. Three enriched sequences were synthesised for further analysis, two of which showed sequence similarities. These sequences exhibited binding to the recombinant CD73 with KD values of 10 nM and 3.5 nM when tested by surface plasmon resonance. Truncated variants of these aptamers and variants where the LNA nucleotides were substituted for the DNA equivalent also exhibited affinity for the recombinant CD73 in the low nanomolar range. In enzyme inhibition assays with recombinant CD73 the aptamer sequences were able to decrease the activity of the protein. However, the aptamers exhibited no binding to cellular CD73 by flow cytometry analysis likely since the epitope recognised by the aptamer was not available for binding on the cellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida C Elle
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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120
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Saeed A, Ejaz SA, Shehzad M, Hassan S, al-Rashida M, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. 3-(5-(Benzylideneamino)thiazol-3-yl)-2H-chromen-2-ones: a new class of alkaline phosphatase and ecto-5′-nucleotidase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plausible binding mode of 7h against h-TNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-I-Azam University
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad 22060
- Pakistan
| | | | - Sidra Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad 22060
- Pakistan
| | - Mariya al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry
- Forman Christian College (A Chartered University)
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad 22060
- Pakistan
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121
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Characterization of the Domain Orientations of E. coli 5'-Nucleotidase by Fitting an Ensemble of Conformers to DEER Distance Distributions. Structure 2015; 24:43-56. [PMID: 26724996 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli 5'-nucleotidase is a two-domain enzyme exhibiting a unique 96° domain motion that is required for catalysis. Here we present an integrated structural biology study that combines DEER distance distributions with structural information from X-ray crystallography and computational biology to describe the population of presumably almost isoenergetic open and closed states in solution. Ensembles of models that best represent the experimental distance distributions are determined by a Monte Carlo search algorithm. As a result, predominantly open conformations are observed in the unliganded state indicating that the majority of enzyme molecules await substrate binding for the catalytic cycle. The addition of a substrate analog yields ensembles with an almost equal mixture of open and closed states. Thus, in the presence of substrate, efficient catalysis is provided by the simultaneous appearance of open conformers (binding substrate or releasing product) and closed conformers (enabling the turnover of the substrate).
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122
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WU RUIMIN, CHEN YIJIA, LI FUYAN, LI WEI, ZHOU HONG, YANG YI, PEI ZHIJUN. Effects of CD73 on human colorectal cancer cell growth in vivo and in vitro. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1750-6. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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123
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Yegutkin GG. Enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides: functional implications and measurement of activities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 49:473-97. [PMID: 25418535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.953627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides mediate diverse signaling effects in virtually all organs and tissues. Most models of purinergic signaling depend on functional interactions between distinct processes, including (i) the release of endogenous ATP and other nucleotides, (ii) triggering of signaling events via a series of nucleotide-selective ligand-gated P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors as well as adenosine receptors and (iii) ectoenzymatic interconversion of purinergic agonists. The duration and magnitude of purinergic signaling is governed by a network of ectoenzymes, including the enzymes of the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) family, the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family, ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and other alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Along with "classical" inactivating ectoenzymes, recent data provide evidence for the co-existence of a counteracting ATP-regenerating pathway comprising the enzymes of the adenylate kinase (AK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK/NME/NM23) families and ATP synthase. This review describes recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on purine-converting ectoenzymes as a complex and integrated network regulating purinergic signaling in such (patho)physiological states as immunomodulation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, arterial calcification and other diseases. The second part of this review provides a comprehensive overview and basic principles of major approaches employed for studying purinergic activities, including spectrophotometric Pi-liberating assays, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses of purine substrates and metabolites, capillary electrophoresis, bioluminescent, fluorometric and electrochemical enzyme-coupled assays, histochemical staining, and further emphasizes their advantages, drawbacks and suitability for assaying a particular catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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124
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Abstract
The regulatory approval of ipilimumab (Yervoy) in 2011 ushered in a new era of cancer immunotherapies with durable clinical effects. Most of these breakthrough medicines are monoclonal antibodies that block protein-protein interactions between T cell checkpoint receptors and their cognate ligands. In addition, genetically engineered autologous T cell therapies have also recently demonstrated significant clinical responses in haematological cancers. Conspicuously missing from this class of therapies are traditional small-molecule drugs, which have previously served as the backbone of targeted cancer therapies. Modulating the immune system through a small-molecule approach offers several unique advantages that are complementary to, and potentially synergistic with, biologic modalities. This Review highlights immuno-oncology pathways and mechanisms that can be best or solely targeted by small-molecule medicines. Agents aimed at these mechanisms--modulation of the immune response, trafficking to the tumour microenvironment and cellular infiltration--are poised to significantly extend the scope of immuno-oncology applications and enhance the opportunities for combination with tumour-targeted agents and biologic immunotherapies.
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125
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Bhattarai S, Freundlieb M, Pippel J, Meyer A, Abdelrahman A, Fiene A, Lee SY, Zimmermann H, Yegutkin GG, Sträter N, El-Tayeb A, Müller CE. α,β-Methylene-ADP (AOPCP) Derivatives and Analogues: Development of Potent and Selective ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6248-63. [PMID: 26147331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (eN, CD73) catalyzes the hydrolysis of extracellular AMP to adenosine. eN inhibitors have potential for use as cancer therapeutics. The eN inhibitor α,β-methylene-ADP (AOPCP, adenosine-5'-O-[(phosphonomethyl)phosphonic acid]) was used as a lead structure, and derivatives modified in various positions were prepared. Products were tested at rat recombinant eN. 6-(Ar)alkylamino substitution led to the largest improvement in potency. N(6)-Monosubstitution was superior to symmetrical N(6),N(6)-disubstitution. The most potent inhibitors were N(6)-(4-chlorobenzyl)- (10l, PSB-12441, Ki 7.23 nM), N(6)-phenylethyl- (10h, PSB-12425, Ki 8.04 nM), and N(6)-benzyl-adenosine-5'-O-[(phosphonomethyl)phosphonic acid] (10g, PSB-12379, Ki 9.03 nM). Replacement of the 6-NH group in 10g by O (10q, PSB-12431) or S (10r, PSB-12553) yielded equally potent inhibitors (10q, 9.20 nM; 10r, 9.50 nM). Selected compounds investigated at the human enzyme did not show species differences; they displayed high selectivity versus other ecto-nucleotidases and ADP-activated P2Y receptors. Moreover, high metabolic stability was observed. These compounds represent the most potent eN inhibitors described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Bhattarai
- †PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Freundlieb
- †PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Pippel
- ‡Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Meyer
- †PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Aliaa Abdelrahman
- †PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Amelie Fiene
- †PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sang-Yong Lee
- †PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Herbert Zimmermann
- §Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- ∥MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Norbert Sträter
- ‡Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ali El-Tayeb
- †PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- †PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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126
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Diamond ML, Ritter AC, Jackson EK, Conley YP, Kochanek PM, Boison D, Wagner AK. Genetic variation in the adenosine regulatory cycle is associated with posttraumatic epilepsy development. Epilepsia 2015; 56:1198-206. [PMID: 26040919 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine if genetic variation in enzymes/transporters influencing extracellular adenosine homeostasis, including adenosine kinase (ADK), [ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73)], and equilibrative nucleoside transporter type-1 (ENT-1), is significantly associated with epileptogenesis and posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) risk, as indicated by time to first seizure analyses. METHODS Nine ADK, three CD73, and two ENT-1 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 162 white adults with moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and no history of premorbid seizures. Kaplan-Meier models were used to screen for genetic differences in time to first seizure occurring >1 week post-TBI. SNPs remaining significant after correction for multiple comparisons were examined using Cox proportional hazards analyses, adjusting for subdural hematoma, injury severity score, and isolated TBI status. SNPs significant in multivariate models were then entered simultaneously into an adjusted Cox model. RESULTS Comparing Kaplan-Meier curves, rs11001109 (ADK) rare allele homozygosity and rs9444348 (NT5E) heterozygosity were significantly associated with shorter time to first seizure and an increased seizure rate 3 years post-TBI. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models showed that these genotypes remained significantly associated with increased PTE hazard up to 3 years post-TBI after controlling for variables of interest (rs11001109: hazard ratio (HR) 4.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-15.77, p = 0.020; rs9444348: HR 2.95, 95% CI 1.19-7.31, p = 0.019) . SIGNIFICANCE Genetic variation in ADK and NT5E may help explain variability in time to first seizure and PTE risk, independent of previously identified risk factors, after TBI. Once validated, identifying genetic variation in adenosine regulatory pathways relating to epileptogenesis and PTE may facilitate exploration of therapeutic targets and pharmacotherapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Diamond
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Anne C Ritter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Yvette P Conley
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Detlev Boison
- RS Dow Neurobiology Labs, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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127
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Wu D, Du X, Shi J, Zhou J, Zhou N, Xu B. The first CD73-instructed supramolecular hydrogel. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 447:269-72. [PMID: 25524006 PMCID: PMC4369398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic supramolecular hydrogelation is a simple, controllable, and novel strategy for preparation of soft colloidal materials, which allows the integration of self-assembly with enzyme associated biological processes. The development of more enzymes involve in hydrogelation is a subject of developing useful soft colloids. In this work, an ectoenzyme, CD73, was found to trigger the formation of nanofibers as matrices of hydrogels. CD73 is an important cell surface enzyme which converts extracellular adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine. It is broadly expressed in many cancer cells and participates in tumor growth. The successful application of CD73 in self-assembly and hydrogelation may provide new strategies for CD73-guided materials and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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128
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Ngo TN, Ejaz SA, Hung TQ, Dang TT, Iqbal J, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Langer P. Efficient one-pot synthesis of 5-perfluoroalkylpyrazoles by cyclization of hydrazone dianions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8277-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective and efficient method for the synthesis of 5-trifluoromethylated and 5-perfluoroalkylated pyrazoles has been developed which relies on the cyclization of hydrazine dianions with ethyl perfluorocarboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Ngoc Ngo
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
| | - Tran Quang Hung
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Institute of chemistry
| | | | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology
- Faculty of Medicine
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology
- Faculty of Medicine
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e. V. (LIKAT)
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129
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Saeed A, Ejaz SA, Khurshid A, Hassan S, al-Rashida M, Latif M, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of N-(2,3-dimethyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)benzamides. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of active site residues of modelled h-GCAP with template h-PLAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-I-Azam University
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad 22060
- Pakistan
| | - Asma Khurshid
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-I-Azam University
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | - Sidra Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad 22060
- Pakistan
| | - Mariya al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry
- Forman Christian College (A Chartered University)
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Medicinal/Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Daejeon 305-600
- South Korea
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad 22060
- Pakistan
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130
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Hill SJ, May LT, Kellam B, Woolard J. Allosteric interactions at adenosine A(1) and A(3) receptors: new insights into the role of small molecules and receptor dimerization. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1102-13. [PMID: 24024783 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purine nucleoside adenosine is present in all cells in tightly regulated concentrations. It is released under a variety of physiological and pathophysiological conditions to facilitate protection and regeneration of tissues. Adenosine acts via specific GPCRs to either stimulate cyclic AMP formation, as exemplified by Gs -protein-coupled adenosine receptors (A2A and A2B ), or inhibit AC activity, in the case of Gi/o -coupled adenosine receptors (A1 and A3 ). Recent advances in our understanding of GPCR structure have provided insights into the conformational changes that occur during receptor activation following binding of agonists to orthosteric (i.e. at the same binding site as an endogenous modulator) and allosteric regulators to allosteric sites (i.e. at a site that is topographically distinct from the endogenous modulator). Binding of drugs to allosteric sites may lead to changes in affinity or efficacy, and affords considerable potential for increased selectivity in new drug development. Herein, we provide an overview of the properties of selective allosteric regulators of the adenosine A1 and A3 receptors, focusing on the impact of receptor dimerization, mechanistic approaches to single-cell ligand-binding kinetics and the effects of A1 - and A3 -receptor allosteric modulators on in vivo pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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131
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Jung Y, Shin SY, Yong Y, Jung H, Ahn S, Lee YH, Lim Y. Plant-Derived Flavones as Inhibitors of Aurora B Kinase and Their Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:574-85. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yearam Jung
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology; BMIC; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Soon Young Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Yeonjoong Yong
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology; BMIC; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Hyeryoung Jung
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology; BMIC; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Seunghyun Ahn
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology; BMIC; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Young Han Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology; BMIC; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
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132
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Snider NT, Altshuler PJ, Wan S, Welling TH, Cavalcoli J, Omary MB. Alternative splicing of human NT5E in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma produces a negative regulator of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:4024-33. [PMID: 25298403 PMCID: PMC4263446 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of human NT5E generates CD73S, an endoplasmic reticulum–associated and dimerization-deficient glycoprotein that lacks enzymatic activity. CD73S functions as a negative regulator of canonical CD73 by promoting its proteasomal degradation, which may have significance in chronic liver disease and liver cancer. Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73), encoded by NT5E, is the major enzymatic source of extracellular adenosine. CD73 controls numerous pathophysiological responses and is a potential disease target, but its regulation is poorly understood. We examined NT5E regulation by alternative splicing. Genomic database analysis of human transcripts led us to identify NT5E-2, a novel splice variant that was expressed at low abundance in normal human tissues but was significantly up-regulated in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NT5E-2 encodes a shorter CD73 isoform we named CD73S. The presence of CD73S protein, which lacks 50 amino acids, was detected in HCC using an isoform-specific antibody. A noncanonical mouse mRNA, similar to human CD73S, was observed, but the corresponding protein was undetectable. The two human isoforms exhibited functional differences, such that ectopic expression of canonical CD73 (CD73L) in human HepG2 cells was associated with decreased expression of the proliferation marker Ki67, whereas CD73S expression did not have an effect on Ki67 expression. CD73S was glycosylated, catalytically inactive, unable to dimerize, and complexed intracellularly with the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calnexin. Furthermore, CD73S complexed with CD73L and promoted proteasome-dependent CD73L degradation. The findings reveal species-specific CD73 regulation, with potential significance to cancer, fibrosis, and other diseases characterized by changes in CD73 expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T Snider
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Peter J Altshuler
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Shanshan Wan
- Departments of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - James Cavalcoli
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Departments of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Umansky V, Shevchenko I, Bazhin AV, Utikal J. Extracellular adenosine metabolism in immune cells in melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:1073-80. [PMID: 24756420 PMCID: PMC11029545 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is characterized by the development of chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment, which leads to a strong immunosuppression associated with a rapid tumor progression. Adenosine is considered as one of the main immunosuppressive factors in the tumor environment. It is produced via enzymatic hydrolysis of extracellular ATP by ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 localized on cell surface. Using the ret transgenic mouse melanoma model that closely mimics human melanoma, we demonstrated an increased frequency of ectonucleotidase-positive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in melanoma lesions and lymphoid organs. Furthermore, we observed that conventional CD4(+)FoxP3(-) and CD8(+) T cells infiltrating melanoma lesions of ret transgenic mice were distinctly enriched in the CD39(+)CD73(+) subpopulation that co-expressed also PD-1. Ectonucleotidase expression was also up-regulated in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells upon activation. In addition, these ectoenzymes were largely found to be expressed on memory T cell compartment (in particular, on effector memory cells). Our data suggest that extracellular adenosine produced by regulatory T cells (Tregs) and MDSCs can suppress T cell effector functions through paracrine signaling. Another mechanism involves its production also by effector T cells and an inhibition of their anti-tumor reactivity via autocrine signaling as a part of the negative feedback loop. This mode of adenosine signaling could be also used by Tregs and MDSCs to enhance their immunosuppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit (G300), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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134
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Navarrete LC, Barrera NP, Huidobro-Toro JP. Vas deferens neuro-effector junction: from kymographic tracings to structural biology principles. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:8-28. [PMID: 24956963 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vas deferens is a simple bioassay widely used to study the physiology of sympathetic neurotransmission and the pharmacodynamics of adrenergic drugs. The role of ATP as a sympathetic co-transmitter has gained increasing attention and furthered our understanding of its role in sympathetic reflexes. In addition, new information has emerged on the mechanisms underlying the storage and release of ATP. Both noradrenaline and ATP concur to elicit the tissue smooth muscle contractions following sympathetic reflexes or electrical field stimulation of the sympathetic nerve terminals. ATP and adenosine (its metabolic byproduct) are powerful presynaptic regulators of co-transmitter actions. In addition, neuropeptide Y, the third member of the sympathetic triad, is an endogenous modulator. The peptide plus ATP and/or adenosine play a significant role as sympathetic modulators of transmitter's release. This review focuses on the physiological principles that govern sympathetic co-transmitter activity, with special interest in defining the motor role of ATP. In addition, we intended to review the recent structural biology findings related to the topology of the P2X1R based on the crystallized P2X4 receptor from Danio rerio, or the crystallized adenosine A2A receptor as a member of the G protein coupled family of receptors as prototype neuro modulators. This review also covers structural elements of ectonucleotidases, since some members are found in the vas deferens neuro-effector junction. The allosteric principles that apply to purinoceptors are also reviewed highlighting concepts derived from receptor theory at the light of the current available structural elements. Finally, we discuss clinical applications of these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Camilo Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas de Membrana y Señalización, Núcleo Milenio de Biología Estructural, NuBEs, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Nelson P Barrera
- Laboratorio de Estructura de Proteínas de Membrana y Señalización, Núcleo Milenio de Biología Estructural, NuBEs, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - J Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Laboratorio de Nucleótidos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile.
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135
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Allard B, Turcotte M, Stagg J. Targeting CD73 and downstream adenosine receptor signaling in triple-negative breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:863-81. [PMID: 24798880 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.915315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite significant improvements in diagnosis and therapy over the past 20 years, breast cancer remains a worldwide public health issue. In particular, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subset of very aggressive breast tumors, is associated with a poor prognosis and has very few efficient therapeutic options. The ectonucleotidase CD73 has recently emerged as a promising new target for TNBC in preclinical models. Pharmacological targeting of CD73 and downstream adenosine A2A/A2B receptor signaling is currently an active field of research that could lead to the development of new cancer therapeutics, including options against TNBC. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the basic structural and molecular features of CD73 and its role in the development of cancer, with a particular focus on CD73's role in the biology of TNBC. EXPERT OPINION It was recently demonstrated that CD73 expression in TNBC is associated with worse clinical outcomes and increased resistance to anthracycline chemotherapy. Targeted blockade of the CD73/A2A axis has been shown to impair various aspects of tumorigenesis and displays synergism with other anti-cancer treatments in preclinical studies. Hence, we strongly argue for the development of CD73 inhibitors and for the repositioning of A2A antagonists in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal , 900 Rue Saint Denis, 10ième étage, Montréal H2X0X9, QC , Canada +514 890 8000 ext: 25170 ; +514 412 7661 ;
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136
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Monecke T, Buschmann J, Neumann P, Wahle E, Ficner R. Crystal structures of the novel cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase IIIB explain its preference for m7GMP. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90915. [PMID: 24603684 PMCID: PMC3946280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
5′-nucleotidases catalyze the hydrolytic dephosphorylation of nucleoside monophosphates. As catabolic enzymes they contribute significantly to the regulation of cellular nucleotide levels; misregulation of nucleotide metabolism and nucleotidase deficiencies are associated with a number of diseases. The seven human 5′-nucleotidases differ with respect to substrate specificity and cellular localization. Recently, the novel cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase III-like protein, or cN-IIIB, has been characterized in human and Drosophila. cN-IIIB exhibits a strong substrate preference for the modified nucleotide 7-methylguanosine monophosphate but the structural reason for this preference was unknown. Here, we present crystal structures of cN-IIIB from Drosophila melanogaster bound to the reaction products 7-methylguanosine or cytidine. The structural data reveal that the cytosine- and 7-methylguanine moieties of the products are stacked between two aromatic residues in a coplanar but off-centered position. 7-methylguanosine is specifically bound through π-π interactions and distinguished from unmodified guanosine by additional cation-π coulomb interactions between the aromatic side chains and the positively charged 7-methylguanine. Notably, the base is further stabilized by T-shaped edge-to-face stacking of an additional tryptophan packing perpendicularly against the purine ring and forming, together with the other aromates, an aromatic slot. The structural data in combination with site-directed mutagenesis experiments reveal the molecular basis for the broad substrate specificity of cN-IIIB but also explain the substrate preference for 7-methylguanosine monophosphate. Analyzing the substrate specificities of cN-IIIB and the main pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase cN-IIIA by mutagenesis studies, we show that cN-IIIA dephosphorylates the purine m7GMP as well, hence redefining its substrate spectrum. Docking calculations with cN-IIIA and m7GMP as well as biochemical data reveal that Asn69 does not generally exclude the turnover of purine substrates thus correcting previous suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Monecke
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliane Buschmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Piotr Neumann
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elmar Wahle
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ralf Ficner
- Abteilung für Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Göttinger Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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137
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Furtmann N, Bajorath J. Evaluation of molecular model-based discovery of ecto-5’-nucleotidase inhibitors on the basis of X-ray structures. J Cheminform 2014. [PMCID: PMC3980193 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2946-6-s1-p13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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138
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Crystal structure of NTPDase2 in complex with the sulfoanthraquinone inhibitor PSB-071. J Struct Biol 2014; 185:336-41. [PMID: 24462745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In many vertebrate tissues CD39-like ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) act in concert with ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e5NT, CD73) to convert extracellular ATP to adenosine. Extracellular ATP is a cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory signalling molecule whereas its product adenosine constitutes a universal and potent immune suppressor. Interference with these ectonucleotidases by use of small molecule inhibitors or inhibitory antibodies appears to be an effective strategy to enhance anti-tumour immunity and suppress neoangiogenesis. Here we present the first crystal structures of an NTPDase catalytic ectodomain in complex with the Reactive Blue 2 (RB2)-derived inhibitor PSB-071. In both of the two crystal forms presented the inhibitor binds as a sandwich of two molecules at the nucleoside binding site. One of the molecules is well defined in its orientation. Specific hydrogen bonds are formed between the sulfonyl group and the nucleoside binding loop. The methylphenyl side chain functionality that improved NTPDase2-specificity is sandwiched between R245 and R394, the latter of which is exclusively found in NTPDase2. The second molecule exhibits great in-plane rotational freedom and could not be modelled in a specific orientation. In addition to this structural insight into NTPDase inhibition, the observation of the putative membrane interaction loop (MIL) in two different conformations related by a 10° rotation identifies the MIL as a dynamic section of NTPDases that is potentially involved in regulation of catalysis.
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139
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Iqbal J, Saeed A, Raza R, Matin A, Hameed A, Furtmann N, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Bajorath J. Identification of sulfonic acids as efficient ecto-5′-nucleotidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:685-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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140
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Furtmann N, Bajorath J. Evaluation of molecular model-based discovery of ecto-5′-nucleotidase inhibitors on the basis of X-ray structures. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6616-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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141
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Snider NT, Griggs NW, Singla A, Moons DS, Weerasinghe SV, Lok AS, Ruan C, Burant CF, Conjeevaram HS, Omary MB. CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) hepatocyte levels differ across mouse strains and contribute to mallory-denk body formation. Hepatology 2013; 58:1790-800. [PMID: 23729294 PMCID: PMC3796030 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Formation of hepatocyte Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs), which are aggregates of keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18), ubiquitin, and the ubiquitin-binding protein, p62, has a genetic predisposition component in humans and mice. We tested the hypothesis that metabolomic profiling of MDB-susceptible C57BL and MDB-resistant C3H mouse strains can illuminate MDB-associated pathways. Using both targeted and unbiased metabolomic analyses, we demonstrated significant differences in intermediates of purine metabolism. Further analysis revealed that C3H and C57BL livers differ significantly in messenger RNA (mRNA) level, protein expression, and enzymatic activity of the adenosine-generating enzyme, ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), which was significantly lower in C57BL livers. CD73 mRNA levels were also dramatically decreased in human liver biopsies from hepatitis C and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Feeding mice with a diet containing the MDB-inducing agent, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), significantly decreased CD73 protein and activity in C57BL livers and resulted in loss of plasma membrane CD73 expression and activity in isolated mouse hepatocytes. To further examine the role of CD73 in MDB formation in vivo, we fed wild-type (WT) and CD73(-/-) mice a DDC-containing diet. Liver enlargement, p62 induction, and disappearance of the K8/K18 cytoskeleton were attenuated in CD73(-/-) , compared to WT livers. MDB formation, as assessed by biochemical and immunofluorescence detection of keratin and ubiquitin complexes, was nearly absent in CD73(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION Purine metabolism and CD73 expression are linked to susceptibility to MDB formation in livers of different mouse strains. Expression of the adenosine-generating enzyme, CD73, contributes to experimental MDB induction and is highly regulated in MDB-associated liver injury in mice and in chronic human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T. Snider
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicholas W. Griggs
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amika Singla
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David S. Moons
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sujith V.W. Weerasinghe
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anna S. Lok
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chunhai Ruan
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hari S. Conjeevaram
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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142
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Freundlieb M, Zimmermann H, Müller CE. A new, sensitive ecto-5'-nucleotidase assay for compound screening. Anal Biochem 2013; 446:53-8. [PMID: 24144488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN) is a membrane-bound enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular nucleoside-5'-monophosphates yielding the respective nucleoside and phosphate. Increased levels of eN expression have been observed in many cancer cells. By increasing extracellular adenosine concentrations, they contribute to their proliferative, angiogenic, metastatic, and immunosuppressive effects. Therefore, eN is of considerable interest as a novel drug target for the treatment of cancer as well as of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we developed, optimized, and applied a highly sensitive radiometric assay using [³H]adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) as a substrate. The reaction product [³H]adenosine was separated from [³H]AMP by precipitation of the latter with lanthanum chloride and subsequent filtration through glass fiber filters. Conditions were optimized to reproducibly collect the [³H]adenosine-containing filtrate used for quantitative determination. Validation of the assay yielded a mean Z' factor of 0.73, which demonstrates its suitability for high-throughput screening. The new assay shows a limit of detection that is at least 30-fold lower than those of common colorimetric methods (e.g., optimized malachite green assay and capillary electrophoresis-based assay procedures), and it is also superior to a recently developed luciferase-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Freundlieb
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical ChemistryI, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical ChemistryI, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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143
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al-Rashida M, Iqbal J. Therapeutic potentials of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, and alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:703-43. [PMID: 24115166 DOI: 10.1002/med.21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The modulatory role of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in relevance to purinergic cell signaling mechanisms has long been known and is an object of much research worldwide. These extracellular nucleotides are released by a variety of cell types either innately or as a response to patho-physiological stress or injury. A variety of surface-located ecto-nucleotidases (of four major types; nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases or NTPDases, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases or NPPs, alkaline phosphatases APs or ALPs, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase or e5NT) are responsible for meticulously controlling the availability of these important signaling molecules (at their respective receptors) in extracellular environment and are therefore crucial for maintaining the integrity of normal cell functioning. Overexpression of many of these ubiquitous ecto-enzymes has been implicated in a variety of disorders including cell adhesion, activation, proliferation, apoptosis, and degenerative neurological and immunological responses. Selective inhibition of these ecto-enzymes is an area that is currently being explored with great interest and hopes remain high that development of selective ecto-nucleotidase inhibitors will prove to have many beneficial therapeutic implications. The aim of this review is to emphasize and focus on recent developments made in the field of inhibitors of ecto-nucleotidases and to highlight their structure activity relationships wherever possible. Most recent and significant advances in field of NTPDase, NPP, AP, and e5NT inhibitors is being discussed in detail in anticipation of providing prolific leads and relevant background for research groups interested in synthesis of selective ecto-nucleotidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya al-Rashida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
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144
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Zebisch M, Krauss M, Schäfer P, Lauble P, Sträter N. Crystallographic snapshots along the reaction pathway of nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases. Structure 2013; 21:1460-75. [PMID: 23830739 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, membrane-bound ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) on the cell surface are responsible for signal conversion and termination in purinergic signaling by extracellular nucleotides. Here we present apo and complex structures of the rat NTPDase2 extracellular domain and Legionella pneumophila NTPDase1, including a high-resolution structure with a transition-state analog. Comparison of ATP and ADP binding modes shows how NTPDases engage the same catalytic site for hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. We find that this dual specificity is achieved at the expense of base specificity. Structural and mutational studies indicate that a conserved active-site water is replaced by the phosphate product immediately after phosphoryl transfer. Partial base specificity for purines in LpNTPDase1 is based on a different intersubunit base binding site for pyrimidine bases. A comparison of the bacterial enzyme in six independent crystal forms shows that NTPDases can undergo a domain closure motion of at least 17°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zebisch
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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145
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Antonioli L, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Haskó G. CD39 and CD73 in immunity and inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:355-67. [PMID: 23601906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic activities of CD39 and CD73 play strategic roles in calibrating the duration, magnitude, and chemical nature of purinergic signals delivered to immune cells through the conversion of ADP/ATP to AMP and AMP to adenosine, respectively. This drives a shift from an ATP-driven proinflammatory environment to an anti-inflammatory milieu induced by adenosine. The CD39/CD73 pathway changes dynamically with the pathophysiological context in which it is embedded. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that altering this catabolic machinery can change the course or dictate the outcome of several pathophysiological events, such as AIDS, autoimmune diseases, infections, atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer, suggesting these ectoenzymes are novel therapeutic targets for managing a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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146
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Deka RK, Brautigam CA, Liu WZ, Tomchick DR, Norgard MV. The TP0796 lipoprotein of Treponema pallidum is a bimetal-dependent FAD pyrophosphatase with a potential role in flavin homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11106-21. [PMID: 23447540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.449975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum, an obligate parasite of humans and the causative agent of syphilis, has evolved the capacity to exploit host-derived metabolites for its survival. Flavin-containing compounds are essential cofactors that are required for metabolic processes in all living organisms, and riboflavin is a direct precursor of the cofactors FMN and FAD. Unlike many pathogenic bacteria, Treponema pallidum cannot synthesize riboflavin; we recently described a flavin-uptake mechanism composed of an ABC-type transporter. However, there is a paucity of information about flavin utilization in bacterial periplasms. Using a discovery-driven approach, we have identified the TP0796 lipoprotein as a previously uncharacterized Mg(2+)-dependent FAD pyrophosphatase within the ApbE superfamily. TP0796 probably plays a central role in flavin turnover by hydrolyzing exogenously acquired FAD, yielding AMP and FMN. Biochemical and structural investigations revealed that the enzyme has a unique bimetal Mg(2+) catalytic center. Furthermore, the pyrophosphatase activity is product-inhibited by AMP, indicating a possible role for this molecule in modulating FMN and FAD levels in the treponemal periplasm. The ApbE superfamily was previously thought to be involved in thiamine biosynthesis, but our characterization of TP0796 prompts a renaming of this superfamily as a periplasmic flavin-trafficking protein (Ftp). TP0796 is the first structurally and biochemically characterized FAD pyrophosphate enzyme in bacteria. This new paradigm for a bacterial flavin utilization pathway may prove to be useful for future inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit K Deka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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