101
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Ansari AA, Aldalbahi A, Labis JP, El-Toni AM, Ahamed M, Manthrammel M. Highly biocompatible, monodispersed and mesoporous La(OH)3:Eu@mSiO2 core-shell nanospheres: Synthesis and luminescent properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 163:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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102
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Khan A, Khan TH, Ahamed M, El-Toni AM, Aldalbahi A, Alam J, Ahamad T. Temperature-Responsive Polymer Microgel-Gold Nanorods Composite Particles: Physicochemical Characterization and Cytocompatibility. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E99. [PMID: 30966134 PMCID: PMC6414914 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report an easy route for preparing new metal nanorod-polymer composites consisting of gold nanorods, Au NRs, and temperature responsive copolymer "microgel" particles. The microgel particles of ~200 nm in size, which contain carboxylic acid groups, were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of a selected mixture made of N-isopropylacylamide and acrylic acid in the presence of a cross-linker N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. The electrostatic interactions between the cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) stabilized Au NRs and anionic microgel particles were expected to occur in order to prepare stable Au NRs-microgel composite particles. The optical and structural characterization of the composite was achieved using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). TEM image shows that Au NRs are attached on the surface of the microgel particles. Dynamic light scattering measurements prove that the composite particles are temperature responsive, which means the particles undergo a decrease in size as the temperature increases above its phase transition temperature. In vitro cytotoxicity of the composite materials were tested by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and hemolysis assay, which showed non-toxicity (biocompatibility).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-T.); (A.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Tajdar Husain Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-T.); (A.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Ahmed Mohamed El-Toni
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-T.); (A.A.); (J.A.)
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, CMRDI, Helwan 11421, Egypt
| | - Ali Aldalbahi
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-T.); (A.A.); (J.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Javed Alam
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.M.E.-T.); (A.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Tansir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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103
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Talkar S, Dhoble S, Majumdar A, Patravale V. Transmucosal Nanoparticles: Toxicological Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1048:37-57. [PMID: 29453531 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72041-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have specific physicochemical properties different to bulk materials of the same composition and such properties make them very attractive for commercial and medical applications. Mucoadhesive nanoparticulate dosage forms are designed to enable prolonged retention of these nanoparticles at the site of application, providing a controlled drug release for improved therapeutic outcome. Moreover, drug delivery across the mucosa bypasses the first-pass hepatic metabolism and avoids the degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes. However, like most new technologies, there is a rising debate concerning the possible transmucosal side effects resulting from the use of particles at the nano level. In fact, these nanoparticles on entering the body, deposit in several organs and may cause adverse biological reactions by modifying the physiochemical properties of living matter. Several investigators have found nanoparticles responsible for toxicity in different organs. In addition, the toxicity of nanoparticles also depends on whether they are persistent or cleared from the different organs of entry and whether the host can raise an effective response to sequester or dispose of the particles. In contrast to many efforts aimed at exploiting desirable properties of nanoparticles for medicine, there are limited attempts to evaluate potentially undesirable effects of these particles when administered intentionally for medical purposes. This chapter focuses on the overview of the mucosal systems, fate of nanoparticles, mechanism of nanoparticle's toxicity and the various toxicity issues associated with nanoparticles through mucosal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Talkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sagar Dhoble
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.
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104
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Xu C, Yu S, Liu L, Wu X, Dai H. Magnetically targeted co-delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs with hollow mesoporous ferrite nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15326-15335. [PMID: 35539487 PMCID: PMC9080009 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A magnetically targeted drug delivery system (DDS) is developed to solve the delivery problem of hydrophobic drugs by using hollow mesoporous ferrite nanoparticles (HMFNs). The HMFNs are synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method based on the Ostwald ripening process. The biocompatibility of the synthesized HMFNs was determined by MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay and hemolyticity against rabbit red blood cells. Moreover, Prussian blue staining and bio-TEM observations showed that the cell uptake of nanocarriers was in a dose and time-dependent manner, and the nanoparticles accumulate mostly in the cytoplasm. A typical highly hydrophobic anti-tuberculosis drug, rifampin (RFP) was loaded into HMFNs using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) impregnation, and the drug loading amount reached as high as 18.25 wt%. In addition, HMFNs could co-encapsulate and co-deliver hydrophobic (RFP) and hydrophilic (isoniazide, INH) drugs simultaneously. The in vitro release tests demonstrated extra sustained co-release profiles of rifampicin and isoniazide from HMFNs. Based on this novel design strategy, the co-delivery of drugs in the same carrier enables a drug delivery system with efficient enhanced chemotherapeutic effect. A magnetically targeted drug delivery system (DDS) is developed to solve the delivery problem of hydrophobic drugs by using hollow mesoporous ferrite nanoparticles (HMFNs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Suchun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Langlang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaopei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Honglian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
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105
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Mirzaei S, Hadadi Z, Attar F, Mousavi SE, Zargar SS, Tajik A, Saboury AA, Rezayat SM, Falahati M. ROS-mediated heme degradation and cytotoxicity induced by iron nanoparticles: hemoglobin and lymphocyte cells as targets. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:4235-4245. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1411832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advance Science and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zari Hadadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advance Science and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Seyyedeh Elaheh Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahaboddin Zargar
- Department of Toxicology–Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Tajik
- Department of Toxicology–Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Rezayat
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advance Science and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
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106
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Ahamed M, Khan MAM, Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A. Ag-doping regulates the cytotoxicity of TiO 2 nanoparticles via oxidative stress in human cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17662. [PMID: 29247182 PMCID: PMC5732217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the anticancer potential of Ag-doped (0.5-5%) anatase TiO2 NPs. Characterization study showed that dopant Ag was well-distributed on the surface of host TiO2 NPs. Size (15 nm to 9 nm) and band gap energy (3.32 eV to 3.15 eV) of TiO2 NPs were decreases with increasing the concentration of Ag dopant. Biological studies demonstrated that Ag-doped TiO2 NP-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human liver cancer (HepG2) cells. The toxic intensity of TiO2 NPs was increases with increasing the amount of Ag-doping. The Ag-doped TiO2 NPs further found to provoke reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidants depletion. Toxicity induced by Ag-doped TiO2 NPs in HepG2 cells was efficiently abrogated by antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (ROS scavenger). We also found that Ag-doped TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. Interestingly, Ag-doped TiO2 NPs did not cause much toxicity to normal cells such as primary rat hepatocytes and human lung fibroblasts. Overall, we found that Ag-doped TiO2 NPs have potential to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. This study warranted further research on anticancer potential of Ag-doped TiO2 NPs in various types of cancer cells and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M A Majeed Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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107
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Cui J, Wang J, Huang S, Jiang X, Li Y, Wu W, Zhang X. Sterigmatocystin induced apoptosis in human pulmonary cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:695-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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108
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Concu R, Kleandrova VV, Speck-Planche A, Cordeiro MNDS. Probing the toxicity of nanoparticles: a unified in silico machine learning model based on perturbation theory. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:891-906. [PMID: 28937298 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1379567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are part of our daily life, having a wide range of applications in engineering, physics, chemistry, and biomedicine. However, there are serious concerns regarding the harmful effects that NPs can cause to the different biological systems and their ecosystems. Toxicity testing is an essential step for assessing the potential risks of the NPs, but the experimental assays are often very expensive and usually too slow to flag the number of NPs that may cause adverse effects. In silico models centered on quantitative structure-activity/toxicity relationships (QSAR/QSTR) are alternative tools that have become valuable supports to risk assessment, rationalizing the search for safer NPs. In this work, we develop a unified QSTR-perturbation model based on artificial neural networks, aimed at simultaneously predicting general toxicity profiles of NPs under diverse experimental conditions. The model is derived from 54,371 NP-NP pair cases generated by applying the perturbation theory to a set of 260 unique NPs, and showed an accuracy higher than 97% in both training and validation sets. Physicochemical interpretation of the different descriptors in the model are additionally provided. The QSTR-perturbation model is then employed to predict the toxic effects of several NPs not included in the original dataset. The theoretical results obtained for this independent set are strongly consistent with the experimental evidence found in the literature, suggesting that the present QSTR-perturbation model can be viewed as a promising and reliable computational tool for probing the toxicity of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Concu
- a LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Valeria V Kleandrova
- b Faculty of Technology and Production Management , Moscow State University of Food Production , Moscow , Russia
| | - Alejandro Speck-Planche
- a LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - M Natália D S Cordeiro
- a LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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109
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Mangalampalli B, Dumala N, Grover P. Acute oral toxicity study of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and microparticles in female albino Wistar rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:170-184. [PMID: 28899817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of the nanomedicine, which involves nanodevices for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A key requirement for the successful use of the nanoparticles (NPs) in biomedical applications is their good dispensability, colloidal stability in biological media, internalization efficiency, and low toxicity. Therefore, toxicological profiling is necessary to understand the mechanism of NPs and microparticles (MPs). MgO NPs have attracted wide scientific interest due to ease of synthesis, chemical stability and unique properties. However, their toxic effects on humans should also be of concern with the increased applications of nano MgO. The present study was aimed to assess the toxicological potential of MgO NPs in comparison to their micron counterparts in female Wistar rats. Toxicity was evaluated using genotoxicity, histological, biochemical, antioxidant and biodistribution parameters post administration of MgO particles to rats through oral route. The results obtained from the investigation revealed that the acute exposure to the high doses of MgO NPs produced significant (p < 0.01) DNA damage and biochemical alterations. Antioxidant assays revealed prominent oxidative stress at the high dose level for both the particles. Toxicokinetic analysis showed significant levels of Mg accumulation in the liver and kidney tissues apart from urine and feces. Further, mechanistic investigational reports are warranted to document safe exposure levels and health implications post exposure to high levels of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanuramya Mangalampalli
- Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Naresh Dumala
- Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Paramjit Grover
- Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India.
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110
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Zhu S, Luo F, Zhu B, Wang GX. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress mediated apoptosis induced by α-Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:719-728. [PMID: 30090539 PMCID: PMC6062213 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the potential toxicity of α-Fe2O3-NPs was investigated using a unicellular eukaryote model, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). The results showed that cell viability and proliferation were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) following exposure to 100-600 mg L-1 for 24 h. The IC50 and LC50 values were 352 and 541 mg L-1, respectively. Toxic effects were attributed to α-Fe2O3-NPs rather than iron ions released from the NPs. α-Fe2O3-NPs were accumulated in the vacuole and cytoplasm, and the maximum accumulation (3.95 mg g-1) was reached at 12 h. About 48.6% of cells underwent late apoptosis/necrosis at 600 mg L-1, and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) at 50-600 mg L-1. Biomarkers of oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and the expression of apoptosis-related genes (Yca1, Nma111, Nuc1 and SOD) were significantly changed after exposure. These combined results indicated that α-Fe2O3-NPs were rapidly internalized in S. cerevisiae, and the accumulated NPs induced cell apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 29 87092102
| | - Fei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 29 87092102
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 29 87092102
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 29 87092102
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111
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Khan MM, Alhadlaq HA, Aldalbahi A. Nanocubes of indium oxide induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis through oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:157-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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112
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Ahmad J, Siddiqui MA, Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A, Khan ST, Wahab R, Al-Khedhairy AA, Al-Salim A, Musarrat J, Saquib Q, Fareed M, Ahamed M. Copper doping enhanced the oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity of TiO 2 nanoparticles in A549 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28621211 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117714040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) can be tuned by doping with metals or nonmetals. Copper (Cu) doping improved the photocatalytic behavior of TiO2 NPs that can be applied in various fields such as environmental remediation and nanomedicine. However, interaction of Cu-doped TiO2 NPs with human cells is scarce. This study was designed to explore the role of Cu doping in cytotoxic response of TiO2 NPs in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Characterization data demonstrated the presence of both TiO2 and Cu in Cu-doped TiO2 NPs with high-quality lattice fringes without any distortion. The size of Cu-doped TiO2 NPs (24 nm) was lower than pure TiO2 NPs (30 nm). Biological results showed that both pure and Cu-doped TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Low mitochondrial membrane potential and higher caspase-3 enzyme (apoptotic markers) activity were also observed in A549 cells exposed to pure and Cu-doped TiO2 NPs. We further observed that cytotoxicity caused by Cu-doped TiO2 NPs was higher than pure TiO2 NPs. Moreover, antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine effectively prevented the reactive oxygen species generation, glutathione depletion, and cell viability reduction caused by Cu-doped TiO2 NPs. This is the first report showing that Cu-doped TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in A549 cells. This study warranted further research to explore the role of Cu doping in toxicity mechanisms of TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahmad
- 1 Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,2 Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Siddiqui
- 1 Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,2 Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M J Akhtar
- 3 King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H A Alhadlaq
- 3 King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Alshamsan
- 3 King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,5 Department of Pharmaceutics, Nanomedicine Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S T Khan
- 1 Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,2 Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Wahab
- 1 Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,2 Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Al-Khedhairy
- 1 Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Al-Salim
- 1 Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Musarrat
- 6 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Q Saquib
- 1 Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,2 Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Fareed
- 7 College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Ahamed
- 3 King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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113
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Baskar G, Ravi M, Panda JJ, Khatri A, Dev B, Santosham R, Sathiya S, Babu CS, Chauhan VS, Rayala SK, Venkatraman G. Efficacy of Dipeptide-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Models Under Pulsed Electromagnetic Field. Cancer Invest 2017; 35:431-442. [PMID: 28537455 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1318894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths and the overall 5-year survival rate is less than 17%. Hyperthermia is an alternative approach for the treatment of lung cancer and is associated with fewer side effects. We employed ironoxide nanoparticles in inducing localized hyperthermia in lung cancer cells using a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). We synthesized, characterized and determined the uptake of dipeptide-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Further, their ability in inducing localized hyperthermia in PEMF on lung cancer cells was assessed. Results showed nanoparticles are non-cytotoxic and showed enhanced cellular uptake in lung cancer cells. In vivo studies in nude mice lung tumor xenografts confirmed the presence in the tumors. Lung cancer cells pretreated with dipeptide-coated magnetic nanoparticles upon PEMF exposure induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga Baskar
- a Department of Human Genetics , Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai , India
| | - Mathangi Ravi
- a Department of Human Genetics , Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai , India
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- b International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India.,c Institute of Nano Science and Technology , Mohali , Punjab , India
| | - Anjali Khatri
- b International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
| | - Bhawna Dev
- d Department of Radiology , Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai , India
| | - Roy Santosham
- d Department of Radiology , Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai , India
| | - Sekar Sathiya
- e Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research , Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai , India
| | | | | | - Suresh K Rayala
- f Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology , Madras, Chennai , India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- a Department of Human Genetics , Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai , India.,g Centre for Biomedical Nanotechnology , Sri Ramachandra University , Chennai , India
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114
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Chung IM, Abdul Rahuman A, Marimuthu S, Kirthi AV, Anbarasan K, Padmini P, Rajakumar G. Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Eclipta prostrata leaves extract and their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:18-24. [PMID: 28672888 PMCID: PMC5488509 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study outlines the development of a method to synthesize copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by mixing copper acetate solution with leaf extract of Eclipta prostrata without using any surfactant or external energy. E. prostrata leaf extract function as an excellent reducing agent of copper ions, and the biosynthesized CuNPs are safer for the environment. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern provided evidence for the formation of face-centered cubic structure ranging from 23 to 57 nm, with an average size of 31±1.2 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify the biomolecules and capping reagents in the E. prostrata leaf extract that may be responsible for the reduction of copper ions and the stability of the bioreduced nanoparticles. The biosynthesized CuNPs displayed considerable antioxidant capacity. Similarly, in vitro anticancer studies demonstrated the cytotoxicity value of synthesized CuNPs against tested HepG2 cells. The findings of the present study suggested that biosynthesized CuNPs that utilize extracts of E. prostrata may be used for therapeutic application, and thus are a promising nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdul Abdul Rahuman
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 509, India
| | - Sampath Marimuthu
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 509, India
| | - Arivarasan Vishnu Kirthi
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 509, India
| | - Karunanithi Anbarasan
- Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 509, India
| | - Parthasarathy Padmini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, North Dunedin, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, Republic of Korea
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Ahmad F, Zhou Y. Pitfalls and Challenges in Nanotoxicology: A Case of Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe 2O 4) Nanocomposites. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:492-507. [PMID: 28118545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is developing at a rapid pace with promises of a brilliant socio-economic future. The apprehensions of vivid future involvement with nanotechnology make nanoobjects ubiquitous in the macroscopic world of humans. Nanotechnology helps us to visualize the new mysterious horizons in engineering, sophisticated electronics, environmental remediation, biosensing, and nanomedicine. In all these hotspots, cobalt ferrite (CoFe) nanoparticles (NPs) are outstanding contestants because of their astonishing controllable physicochemical and magnetic properties with ease of synthesis methods. The extensive use of CoFe NPs may result in CoFe NPs easily penetrating the human body unintentionally by ingestion, inhalation, adsorption, etc. and intentionally being instilled into the human body during biomedical diagnostics and treatment. After being housed in the human body, it might induce oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, inflammation, apoptosis, and developmental, metabolic and hormonal abnormalities. In this review, we compiled the toxicity knowledge of CoFe NPs aimed to provide the safe usage of this breed of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Ahmad
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310032, China.,Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology , 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310032, China
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Zhen X, Ng WC, Tong YW, Dai Y, Neoh KG, Wang CH. Toxicity assessment of carbon black waste: A by-product from oil refineries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:600-610. [PMID: 27694024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Singapore, approximately 30t/day of carbon-based solid waste are produced from petrochemical processes. This carbon black waste has been shown to possess physical properties that are characteristic of a good adsorbent such as high external surface area. Therefore, there is a growing interest to reutilize and process this carbon black waste into secondary materials such as adsorbents. However, the carbon black waste obtained from petrochemical industries may contain heavy metals that are hazardous to human health and the environment, hence restricting its full potential for re-utilization. Therefore, it is important to examine the possible toxicity effects and toxicity mechanism of carbon black waste on human health. In this study, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis showed that the heavy metals, vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni), were present in the carbon black waste in high concentrations. Three human cell lines (HepG2 cells, MRC-5 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells) were used to investigate the toxicity of carbon black waste extract in a variety of in vitro assays. Results from MTS assays indicated that carbon black waste extract decreased the viability of all three cell lines in a dose and time-dependent manner. Observations from confocal microscopy further confirmed this phenomenon. Flow cytometry assay also showed that carbon black waste extract induced apoptosis of human cell lines, and the level of apoptosis increased with increasing waste concentration. Results from reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay indicated that carbon black waste extract induced oxidative stress by increasing intracellular ROS generation in these three human cell lines. Moreover, induction of oxidative damage in these cells was also observed through the alteration of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Last but not least, by treating the cells with V-spiked solution of concentration equivalent to that found in the carbon black waste extract, V was identified as the main culprit for the high toxicity of carbon black waste extract. These findings could potentially provide insight into the hazards of carbon black waste extract and its toxicity mechanism on human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, 138602, Singapore
| | - Wei Cheng Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, 138602, Singapore
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yanjun Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Koon Gee Neoh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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117
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Yin S, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Wang X, Wu B, Guo H. Toxic effect of NiCl2 on development of the bursa of Fabricius in broiler chickens. Oncotarget 2016; 7:125-39. [PMID: 26683707 PMCID: PMC4807987 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted with objective of evaluating the toxic effects of nickel chloride (NiCl2) on development of bursa of Fabricius in broilers fed on diets supplemented with 0, 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg of NiCl2 for 42 days by using the methods of experimental pathology, flow cytometry (FCM), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that dietary NiCl2 in 300 mg/kg and over induced toxic suppression in the bursal development, which was characterized by decreasing lymphocytes histopathologically and relative weight, increasing G0/G1 phase (a prolonged nondividing state), reducing S phase (DNA replication) and proliferating index, and increasing percentages of apoptotic cells. Concurrently, the mRNA expression levels of bax, cytochrome c (cyt c), apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (Apaf-1), caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7 and caspase-9 were increased and the bcl-2 mRNA expression levels were decreased. The toxic suppression of bursal development finally impaired humoral immunity duo to the reduction of B lymphocyte population and B lymphocyte activity in the broiler chicken. This study provides new evidences for further studying the effect mechanism of Ni and Ni compoundson B-cell or bursa of Fabricius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Bangyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Khan MAM, Alhadlaq HA, Alrokayan SA. Cytotoxic response of platinum-coated gold nanorods in human breast cancer cells at very low exposure levels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1344-1356. [PMID: 25846798 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of unique optical behavior gold nanorods (GNRs) have attracted attention for the application in biomedical field such as bio-sensing, bio-imaging and hyperthermia. However, toxicological response of GNRs is controversial due to their different surface coating. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge about toxicological profile of GNRs is necessary before their biomedical applications. First time, we investigated the toxic response of GNRs coated with platinum (GNRs-Pt) in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Platinum coating further improves the optical and catalytic properties of GNRs. Assays such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydroganase (LDH) assays have shown that GNRs-Pt induced cytotoxicity at very low exposure levels (0.1-0.8 μg mL-1 ). Accumulation of cells in SubG1 phase and low mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 probe) in treated cells suggest that GNRs-Pt induced cell death via apoptotic pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR data demonstrated that mRNA expression of apoptotic genes (bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9) were up-regulated while anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 was down-regulated in cells exposed to GNRs-Pt. We further observed the higher activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 enzymes in GNRs-Pt treated cells supporting mRNA data. Moreover, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated the ROS generation and cytotoxicity induced by GNRs-Pt in MCF-7 cells suggesting that ROS might plays a crucial role in GNRs-Pt induced toxicity. This study warns of possible toxicity of GNRs even at very low exposure levels. Further investigations needed to explore potential mechanisms of this low dose toxicity phenomenon. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1344-1356, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Majeed Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman A Alrokayan
- Research Chair in Drug Targeting and Treatment of Cancer Using Nanoparticles, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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119
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Guo C, Yang M, Jing L, Wang J, Yu Y, Li Y, Duan J, Zhou X, Li Y, Sun Z. Amorphous silica nanoparticles trigger vascular endothelial cell injury through apoptosis and autophagy via reactive oxygen species-mediated MAPK/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5257-5276. [PMID: 27785026 PMCID: PMC5066858 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) is inevitable due to their widespread application in industrial, commercial, and biomedical fields. In recent years, most investigators focus on the evaluation of cardiovascular effects of SiNPs in vivo and in vitro. Endothelial injury and dysfunction is now hypothesized to be a dominant mechanism in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to explore interaction of SiNPs with endothelial cells, and extensively investigate the exact effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the signaling molecules and cytotoxicity involved in SiNPs-induced endothelial injury. Significant induction of cytotoxicity as well as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy was observed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells following the SiNPs exposure (P<0.05). The oxidative stress was induced by ROS generation, leading to redox imbalance and lipid peroxidation. SiNPs induced mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by membrane potential collapse, and elevated Bax and declined bcl-2 expression, ultimately leading to apoptosis, and also increased number of autophagosomes and autophagy marker proteins, such as LC3 and p62. Phosphorylated ERK, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR were significantly decreased, but phosphorylated JNK and p38 MAPK were increased in SiNPs-exposed endothelial cells. In contrast, all of these stimulation phenomena were effectively inhibited by N-acetylcysteine. The N-acetylcysteine supplement attenuated SiNPs-induced endothelial toxicity through inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy via MAPK/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, as well as suppression of intracellular ROS property via activating antioxidant enzyme and Nrf2 signaling. In summary, the results demonstrated that SiNPs triggered autophagy and apoptosis via ROS-mediated MAPK/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in endothelial cells, and subsequently disturbed the endothelial homeostasis and impaired endothelium. Our findings may provide experimental evidence and explanation for cardiovascular diseases triggered by SiNPs. Furthermore, results hint that the application of antioxidant may provide a novel way for safer use of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
| | - Man Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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120
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Khan MAM, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A. Cobalt iron oxide nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity and regulate the apoptotic genes through ROS in human liver cells (HepG2). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:665-673. [PMID: 27701048 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (CIO NPs) have been one of the most widely explored magnetic NPs because of their excellent chemical stability, mechanical hardness and heat generating potential. However, there is limited information concerning the interaction of CIO NPs with biological systems. In this study, we investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated cytotoxicity and apoptotic response of CIO NPs in human liver cells (HepG2). Diameter of crystalline CIO NPs was found to be 23nm with a band gap of 1.97eV. CIO NPs induced cell viability reduction and membrane damage, and degree of induction was dose- and time-dependent. CIO NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress revealed by induction of ROS, depletion of glutathione and lower activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme. Real-time PCR data has shown that mRNA level of tumor suppressor gene p53 and apoptotic genes (bax, CASP3 and CASP9) were higher, while the expression level of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 was lower in cells following exposure to CIO NPs. Activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 enzymes was also higher in CIO NPs exposed cells. Furthermore, co-exposure of N-acetyl-cysteine (ROS scavenger) efficiently abrogated the modulation of apoptotic genes along with the prevention of cytotoxicity caused by CIO NPs. Overall, we observed that CIO NPs induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS via p53 pathway. This study suggests that toxicity mechanisms of CIO NPs should be further investigated in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Majeed Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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121
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An X, Zhou A, Yang Y, Wang Y, Xin R, Tian C, Wu Y. Protective Effects of Gallic Acid Against NiSO4-Induced Toxicity Through Down-Regulation of the Ras/ERK Signaling Pathway in Beas-2B Cells. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3446-3454. [PMID: 27676106 PMCID: PMC5042120 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the preventive effects of gallic acid (GA) on the toxicity induced by NiSO4 in Beas-2B cells. Material/Methods Beas-2B cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The degree of oxidative stress was detected by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxide (LPO). The rate of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. Ras/ERK-related protein levels were analyzed by Western blot analysis, which including Ras, ERK, c-Myc, PARP, and PARP cleavage. Results MTT assay showed that NiSO4 induced cytotoxicity, while GA had a protective role against toxicity. Additionally, GA could reduce the apoptotic cell number and the level of ROS in Beas-2B cells induced by NiSO4. Western blot analysis demonstrated that NiSO4 could up-regulate the related protein in the Ras/ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we observed that GA could alleviate the toxicity of NiSO4 through regulating protein changes in the Ras/ERK signaling pathway. Conclusions Preventive effects of GA on NiSO4-induced cytotoxicity in Beas-2B cells may be through the Ras/ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun An
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Aijia Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Rui Xin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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Memantine, a Low-Affinity NMDA Receptor Antagonist, Protects against Methylmercury-Induced Cytotoxicity of Rat Primary Cultured Cortical Neurons, Involvement of Ca2+ Dyshomeostasis Antagonism, and Indirect Antioxidation Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5034-5050. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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123
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Badry MD, Wahba MA, Khaled R, Ali MM, Farghali AA. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro anticancer evaluation of iron oxide/chitosan nanocomposites. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15533174.2016.1186064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dawy Badry
- Department of Physical Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Rabab Khaled
- Department of Physical Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Moawad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali Farghali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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Role of Zn doping in oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30196. [PMID: 27444578 PMCID: PMC4957127 DOI: 10.1038/srep30196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of Zn-doping on structural and optical properties as well as cellular response of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. A library of Zn-doped (1-10 at wt%) TiO2 NPs was prepared. Characterization data indicated that dopant Zn was incorporated into the lattice of host TiO2. The average particle size of TiO2 NPs was decreases (38 to 28 nm) while the band gap energy was increases (3.35 eV-3.85 eV) with increasing the amount of Zn-doping. Cellular data demonstrated that Zn-doped TiO2 NPs induced cytotoxicity (cell viability reduction, membrane damage and cell cycle arrest) and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species generation &glutathione depletion) in MCF-7 cells and toxic intensity was increases with increasing the concentration of Zn-doping. Molecular data revealed that Zn-doped TiO2 NPs induced the down-regulation of super oxide dismutase gene while the up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 gene in MCF-7 cells. Cytotoxicity induced by Zn-doped TiO2 NPs was efficiently prevented by N-acetyl-cysteine suggesting that oxidative stress might be the primarily cause of toxicity. In conclusion, our data indicated that Zn-doping decreases the particle size and increases the band gap energy as well the oxidative stress-mediated toxicity of TiO2 NPs in MCF-7 cells.
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Chandrasekaran M, Pandurangan M. In Vitro Selective Anti-Proliferative Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Co-Cultured C2C12 Myoblastoma Cancer and 3T3-L1 Normal Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:148-154. [PMID: 26563419 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle has been widely used in biomedical applications and cancer therapy and has been reported to induce a selective cytotoxic effect on cancer cell proliferation. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles against co-cultured C2C12 myoblastoma cancer cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results showed that the ZnO nanoparticles could be cytotoxic to C2C12 myoblastoma cancer cells than 3T3-L1 cells. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of p53 and bax were significantly increased 114.3 and 118.2 % in the C2C12 cells, whereas 42.5 and 40 % were increased in 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. The mRNA expression of bcl-2 was reduced 38.2 and 28.5 % in the C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, whereas the mRNA expression of caspase-3 was increased 80.7 and 51.6 % in the C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. The protein expressions of p53, bax, and caspase-3 were significantly increased 40, 81.8, and 80 % in C2C12 cells, whereas 20.3, 28.2, and 37.9 % were increased in 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. The mRNA expression of bcl-2 was significantly reduced 32.2 and 22.7 % in C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. Caspase-3 enzyme activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in co-cultured C2C12 cells compared to 3T3-L1 cells. Taking all these data together, it may suggest that ZnO nanoparticles severely induce apoptosis in C2C12 myoblastoma cancer cells than 3T3-L1 cells.
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Liu W, Xu Z, Yang T, Deng Y, Xu B, Feng S. Tea Polyphenols Protect Against Methylmercury-Induced Cell Injury in Rat Primary Cultured Astrocytes, Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Glutamate Uptake/Metabolism Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:2995-3009. [PMID: 25952541 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an extremely dangerous environmental contaminant, accumulating preferentially in CNS and causing a series of cytotoxic effects. However, the precise mechanisms are still incompletely understood. The current study explored the mechanisms that contribute to MeHg-induced cell injury focusing on the oxidative stress and Glu uptake/metabolism disorders in rat primary cultured astrocytes. Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of tea polyphenols (TP), a natural antioxidant, against MeHg cytotoxicity were also investigated. Astrocytes were exposed to 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μM MeHgCl for 6-30 h, or pretreated with 50, 100, 200, and 400 μM TP for 1-12 h; cell viability and LDH release were then determined. For further experiments, 50, 100, and 200 μM of TP pretreatment for 6 h followed by 10 μM MeHgCl for 24 h were performed for the examination of the responses of astrocytes, specifically addressing NPSH levels, ROS generation, ATPase activity, the expressions of Nrf2 pathway as well as Glu metabolism enzyme GS and Glu transporters (GLAST and GLT-1). Exposure of MeHg resulted in damages of astrocytes, which were shown by a loss of cell viability, and supported by high levels of LDH release, morphological changes, apoptosis rates, and NPSH depletion. In addition, astrocytes were sensitive to MeHg-mediated oxidative stress, a finding that is consistent with ROS overproduction; Nrf2 as well as its downstream genes HO-1 and γ-GCSh were markedly upregulated. Moreover, MeHg significantly inhibited GS activity, as well as expressions of GS, GLAST, and GLT-1. On the contrary, pretreatment with TP presented a concentration-dependent prevention against MeHg-mediated cytotoxic effects of astrocytes. In conclusion, the findings clearly indicated that MeHg aggravated oxidative stress and Glu uptake/metabolism dysfunction in astrocytes. TP possesses some abilities to prevent MeHg cytotoxicity through its antioxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, China
| | - Zhaofa Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, China.
| | - Tianyao Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, China
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127
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Nickel-Refining Fumes Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis of NIH/3T3 Cells via Oxidative Stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070629. [PMID: 27347984 PMCID: PMC4962170 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been numerous studies examining the toxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel compounds in humans and animals, its molecular mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated. In our research, NIH/3T3 cells were exposed to nickel-refining fumes at the concentrations of 0, 6.25, 12.50, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL for 24 h. Cell viability, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, the level of glutathione (GSH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were detected. The exposure of NIH/3T3 cells to nickel-refining fumes significantly reduced cell viability and induced cell apoptotic death in a dose-dependent manner. Nickel-refining fumes significantly increased ROS levels and induced DNA damage. Nickel-refining fumes may induce the changes in the state of ROS, which may eventually initiate oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis of NIH/3T3 cells.
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128
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A. Copper ferrite nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 142:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Liu R, Dai H, Zhou Q, Zhang Q, Zhang P. Synthesis and characterization of shape-memory poly carbonate urethane microspheres for future vascular embolization. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 27:1248-61. [PMID: 27193120 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1189379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two types of shape memory poly carbonate urethanes (PCUs) microspheres were synthesized by pre-polymerization and suspension polymerization, based on Polycarbonate diol (PCDL) as the soft segment, Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the hard segments and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the chain expanding agent. The structure, crystallinity, and thermal property of the two synthesized PCUs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), respectively. The results showed that the two types of PCUs exhibited high thermal stability with phase separation and semi-crystallinity. Also, the results of the compression test displayed that the shape fixity and the shape recovery of two PCUs were more than 90% compared to the originals, indicating their similar bio-applicability and shape-memory properties. The tensile strength, elongation at break was enhanced by introducing and increasing content of HDI. The water contact angles of PCUs decreased and their surface tension increased by surface modified with Bovine serum albumin (BSA). Furthermore, the biological study results of two types of PCUs from the platelet adhesion test and the cell proliferation inhibition test indicated they had some biocompatibilites. Hence, the PCU microspheres might represent a smart and shape-memory embolic agent for vascular embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Honglian Dai
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China.,b Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province , Wuhan , China
| | - Qian Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qian Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ping Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , China
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Zuo D, Duan Z, Jia Y, Chu T, He Q, Yuan J, Dai W, Li Z, Xing L, Wu Y. Amphipathic silica nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity through oxidative stress mediated and p53 dependent apoptosis pathway in human liver cell line HL-7702 and rat liver cell line BRL-3A. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:232-240. [PMID: 27187187 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential cytotoxicity and the underlying mechanism of amphipathic silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) exposure to human normal liver HL-7702 cells and rat normal liver BRL-3A cells. Prior to the cellular studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize SiO2 NPs, which proved the amorphous nature of SiO2 NPs with TEM diameter of 19.8±2.7nm. Further studies proved that exposure to SiO2 NPs dose-dependently induced cytotoxicity as revealed by cell counting kit (CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, with more severe cytotoxicity in HL-7702 cells than BRL-3A cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) assays showed elevated oxidative stress in both cells. Morphological studies by microscopic observation, Hochest 33258 and AO/EB staining indicated significant apoptotic changes after the cells being exposed to SiO2 NPs. Further studies by western blot indicated that SiO2 NPs exposure to both cells up-regulated p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression and down-regulated Bcl-2 and caspase-3 levels. Activated caspase-3 activity detected by colorimetric assay kit and caspase-3/7 activity detected by fluorescent real-time detection kit were significantly increased by SiO2 NPs exposure. In addition, antioxidant vitamin C significantly attenuated SiO2 NPs-induced caspase-3 activation, which indicated that SiO2 NPs-induced oxidative stress was involved in the process of HL-7702 and BRL-3A cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggested that SiO2 NPs-induced cytotoxicity in HL-7702 and BRL-3A cells was through oxidative stress mediated and p53, caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 dependent pathway and HL-7702 cells were more sensitive to SiO2 NPs-induced cytotoxicity than BRL-3A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiying Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Zhenfang Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Ltd., Shenyang 110021, PR China
| | - Tianxue Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Qiong He
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Juan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Liguo Xing
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Ltd., Shenyang 110021, PR China.
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Ltd., Shenyang 110021, PR China.
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131
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Srikanth K, Pereira E, Duarte AC, Rao JV. Evaluation of cytotoxicity, morphological alterations and oxidative stress in Chinook salmon cells exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:873-884. [PMID: 26115719 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The current study is aimed to study cytotoxicity and oxidative stress mediated changes induced by copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in Chinook salmon cells (CHSE-214). To this end, a number of biochemical responses are evaluated in CHSE-214 cells which are as follows [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] MTT, neutral red uptake (NRU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein carbonyl (PC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), oxidised glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione sulfo-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of CuO NPs to CHSE-214 cells after 24 h exposure was found to be 19.026 μg ml(-1). Viability of cells was reduced by CuO NPs, and the decrease was dose dependent as revealed by the MTT and NRU assay. CHSE-214 cells exposed to CuO NPs induced morphological changes. Initially, cells started to detach from the surface (12 h), followed by polyhedric, fusiform appearance (19 h) and finally the cells started to shrink. Later, the cells started losing their cellular contents leading to their death only after 24 h. LDH, PC, LPO, GSH, GPx, GST, SOD, CAT, 8-OHdG and ROS responses were seen significantly increased with the increase in the concentration of CuO NPs when compared to their respective controls. However, significant decrease in GSSG was perceptible in CHSE-214 cells exposed to CuO NPs in a dose-dependent manner. Our data demonstrated that CuO NPs induced cytotoxicity in CHSE-214 cells through the mediation of oxidative stress. The current study provides a baseline for the CuO NPs-mediated cytotoxic assessment in CHSE-214 cells for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koigoora Srikanth
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Janapala Venkateswara Rao
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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132
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Magaye R, Gu Y, Wang Y, Su H, Zhou Q, Mao G, Shi H, Yue X, Zou B, Xu J, Zhao J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the toxicities induced by metallic nickel nano and fine particles. J Mol Histol 2016. [PMID: 27010930 DOI: 10.1007/s10735‐016‐9671‐6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) have been applied in various fields along with the rapid development of nanotechnology. However, the potential adverse health effects of the Ni NPs are unclear. To investigate the cyto- and genotoxicity and compare the differences between the Ni NPs and the nickel fine particles (Ni FPs), Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and A549 cells were treated with different doses of Ni NPs or FPs. Intra-tracheal instillation of Ni NPs and FPs caused acute toxicity in the lungs, liver and kidneys of the SD rats. Even though the histology of the lungs showed hyperplastic changes and the protein expression of HO-1 and Nrf2 detected by western blot showed lung burden overload, no significant increase was observed to the expression level of oncoprotein C-myc. The results from cell titer-Glo assay and comet assay indicated that Ni NPs were more potent in causing cell toxicity and genotoxicity in vitro than Ni FPs. In addition, Ni NPs increased the expression of C-myc in vitro, but these increases may not have been due to oxidative stress since no significant dose-dependent changes were seen in HO-1 and Nrf2 expressions. Although Ni NPs have the potential to cause DNA damage in A549 cells in vitro, the molecular mechanisms that led to these changes and their tumorigenic potential is still debatable. In short, Ni NPs were more potent in causing cell toxicity and genotoxicity in vitro than Ni FPs, and intra-tracheal instillation of Ni NPs and FPs caused toxicity in organs of the SD rats, while it showed similar to the effects for both particle types. These results suggested that both Ni NPs and FPs have the potential to be harmful to human health, and Ni NPs may have higher cyto- and genotoxic effects than Ni FPs under the same treatment dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Magaye
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guochuan Mao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hongbo Shi
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xia Yue
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Baobo Zou
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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133
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Magaye R, Gu Y, Wang Y, Su H, Zhou Q, Mao G, Shi H, Yue X, Zou B, Xu J, Zhao J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the toxicities induced by metallic nickel nano and fine particles. J Mol Histol 2016; 47:273-86. [PMID: 27010930 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-016-9671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) have been applied in various fields along with the rapid development of nanotechnology. However, the potential adverse health effects of the Ni NPs are unclear. To investigate the cyto- and genotoxicity and compare the differences between the Ni NPs and the nickel fine particles (Ni FPs), Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and A549 cells were treated with different doses of Ni NPs or FPs. Intra-tracheal instillation of Ni NPs and FPs caused acute toxicity in the lungs, liver and kidneys of the SD rats. Even though the histology of the lungs showed hyperplastic changes and the protein expression of HO-1 and Nrf2 detected by western blot showed lung burden overload, no significant increase was observed to the expression level of oncoprotein C-myc. The results from cell titer-Glo assay and comet assay indicated that Ni NPs were more potent in causing cell toxicity and genotoxicity in vitro than Ni FPs. In addition, Ni NPs increased the expression of C-myc in vitro, but these increases may not have been due to oxidative stress since no significant dose-dependent changes were seen in HO-1 and Nrf2 expressions. Although Ni NPs have the potential to cause DNA damage in A549 cells in vitro, the molecular mechanisms that led to these changes and their tumorigenic potential is still debatable. In short, Ni NPs were more potent in causing cell toxicity and genotoxicity in vitro than Ni FPs, and intra-tracheal instillation of Ni NPs and FPs caused toxicity in organs of the SD rats, while it showed similar to the effects for both particle types. These results suggested that both Ni NPs and FPs have the potential to be harmful to human health, and Ni NPs may have higher cyto- and genotoxic effects than Ni FPs under the same treatment dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Magaye
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guochuan Mao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hongbo Shi
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xia Yue
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Baobo Zou
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Ahmad J, Alhadlaq HA, Alshamsan A, Siddiqui MA, Saquib Q, Khan ST, Wahab R, Al-Khedhairy AA, Musarrat J, Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M. Differential cytotoxicity of copper ferrite nanoparticles in different human cells. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1284-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A. Alhadlaq
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A. Siddiqui
- Department of Zoology, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Quaiser Saquib
- Department of Zoology, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams T. Khan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Wahab
- Department of Zoology, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Al-Jeraisy Chair for DNA Research; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Javed Musarrat
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh India
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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135
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Sulforaphane Prevents Methylmercury-Induced Oxidative Damage and Excitotoxicity Through Activation of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:375-391. [PMID: 26742517 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a prominent environmental neurotoxicant, which induces oxidative damage and an indirect excitotoxicity caused by altered glutamate (Glu) metabolism. However, the interaction between oxidative damage and excitotoxicity in MeHg-exposed rats has not been fully recognized. Here, we explored the interaction between oxidative damage and excitotoxicity and evaluated the preventive effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on MeHg-induced neurotoxicity in rat cerebral cortex. Seventy-two rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control group, MeHg-treated groups (4 and 12 μmol/kg), and SFN pretreatment group. After treatment (28 days), the rats were killed and the cerebral cortex was analyzed. Then, Hg, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein sulfhydryl, protein carbonyl, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis were examined. Glu and glutamine (Gln) levels, glutamine synthetase (GS), phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities, intracellular Ca2+ levels, and the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2, Nrf2-regulated gene products, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) were investigated in rat cerebral cortex. In our study, MeHg exposure not only induced Hg accumulation, apoptosis, ROS formation, GSH depletion, inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities, and activation of Nrf2-ARE pathway signaling but also caused lipid, protein, and DNA peroxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner in rat cerebral cortex. Moreover, MeHg treatment significantly altered Gln/Glu cycling and NMDAR expression and resulted in calcium overloading. Furthermore, the present study also indicated that SFN pretreatment significantly reinforced the activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, which could prevent the toxic effects of MeHg exposure. Collectively, MeHg initiates multiple additive or synergistic disruptive mechanisms that lead to oxidative damage and excitotoxicity in rat cerebral cortex; pretreatment with SFN might prevent the MeHg-induced neurotoxicity by reinforcing the activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway and then downregulating the interaction between oxidative damage and excitotoxicity pathways.
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136
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Wahab R, Khan F, Yang YB, Hwang IH, Shin HS, Ahmad J, Dwivedi S, Khan ST, Siddiqui MA, Saquib Q, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy AA, Mishra YK, Ali BA. Zinc oxide quantum dots: multifunctional candidates for arresting C2C12 cancer cells and their role towards caspase 3 and 7 genes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25668b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanoscale (<100 nm) inorganic materials, especially spherical shaped zinc oxide (ZnO-QDs), have received a lot of attention from the broad community because of their potential utilization in various technologies.
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137
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Kwon YS, Sim K, Seo T, Lee JK, Kwon Y, Yoon TJ. Optimization of magnetic hyperthermia effect for breast cancer stem cell therapy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22382f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For breast cancer stem cell therapy using magnetic hyperthermia, the size of the particles and the alternating magnetic field conditions such as frequency and field strength should be optimized to increase the heating ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Su Kwon
- Nanopharmacy Lab
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST)
- Ajou University
- Suwon
- South Korea
| | - Kyunjong Sim
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Taeyoon Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Institute of New Media and Communications
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Youngwoo Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Institute of New Media and Communications
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Yoon
- Nanopharmacy Lab
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST)
- Ajou University
- Suwon
- South Korea
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138
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Photothermal cancer therapy by gold-ferrite nanocomposite and near-infrared laser in animal model. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 31:221-7. [PMID: 26694488 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance effect of gold nanostructures makes them good candidates for photothermal therapy (PTT) application. Herein, gold-ferrite nanocomposite (GFNC) was synthesized and characterized as a photothermal agent in PTT. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GFNC upon laser irradiation on treatment of cancer in mice bearing melanoma cancer. Thirty mice received 1.5 × 10(6) B16/F10 cells subcutaneously. After 1 week, the mice bearing solid tumor were divided into four groups: control group (without any treatment), laser group (received laser irradiation without GFNC injection), GFNC group (only received intratumorally GFNC), and GFNC + laser group (received intratumorally GFNC upon laser irradiation). In GFNC + laser group, 200 μL of fluid, 1.3 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) gold nanoparticles, was injected intratumorally and immediately the site of tumor was exposed to continuous wave diode laser beam (808 nm, 1.6 W cm(-2)) for 15 min. All mice but four were euthanized 24 h after treatment to compare the necrotic surface area histologically by using measuring graticule. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in necrosis extent for GFNC + laser group, compared to other groups. Four subjects (control group and GFNC + laser group, two mice each) were kept for longitudinal study. Histological analyses and tumor volume measurements of the four subjects indicated that tumor in GFNC + laser group was controlled appropriately. It was concluded that combining an 808-nm laser at a power density of 1.6 W cm(-2) with GFNC has a destruction effect in melanoma cancer cells in an animal model.
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139
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Wu B, Guo H, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Wang X, Huang J. Pathway underlying small intestine apoptosis by dietary nickel chloride in broiler chickens. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 243:91-106. [PMID: 26585591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the pathways which dietary nickel chloride (NiCl2) affects small intestine apoptosis in broiler chickens by observing the ultrastructure, and bcl-2, bax, and caspase-3 protein expression and mRNA expression, and cytochrome C, bak and caspase-9 mRNA expression of the small intestine. A total of 240 one-day-old avian broilers were divided into four groups and fed a corn-soybean basal diet as the control diet or three experimental diets supplemented with 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg of NiCl2 for 42 days. Ultrastructurally, the microvilli were apparently exfoliated, and the mitochondria were swollen and the number of lysosomes increased in the intestinal cells of three experimental groups. As measured by TUNEL and flow cytometry (FCM), the percentage of apoptotic cells in the small intestine and the lymphocytes in the ileum were significantly increased in three experimental groups when compared with those of the control group. Meanwhile, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) tests showed that the protein expression, mRNA expression levels were decreased in the bcl-2, whereas those of bax and caspase-3, and the cytochrome C, bak and caspase-9 mRNA expression levels were increased in three experimental groups. The abovementioned results show that pathway of dietary NiCl2-induced small intestine apoptosis is related to the mitochondrial damage and promotion of the cytochrome C release from mitochondria, which activates the mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
| | - Xi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
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140
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Landgraf L, Christner C, Storck W, Schick I, Krumbein I, Dähring H, Haedicke K, Heinz-Herrmann K, Teichgräber U, Reichenbach JR, Tremel W, Tenzer S, Hilger I. A plasma protein corona enhances the biocompatibility of Au@Fe3O4 Janus particles. Biomaterials 2015; 68:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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141
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Alhadlaq HA, Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M. Zinc ferrite nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in different human cells. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:55. [PMID: 26388990 PMCID: PMC4574116 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) have shown potential to be used in biomedical field such as magnetic resonance imaging and hyperthermia. However, there is limited information concerning the biological response of zinc ferrite NPs. This study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of zinc ferrite NPs in three widely used in vitro cell culture models: human lung epithelial (A549), skin epithelial (A431) and liver (HepG2) cells. Zinc ferrite NPs were characterized by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Cell viability, cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), transcriptional level of apoptotic genes were determined in zinc ferrite NPs exposed cells. Results Zinc ferrite NPs were almost spherical shaped with an average size of 44 nm. Zinc ferrite NPs induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity (MTT and LDH) and oxidative stress (ROS and GSH) in all three types of cells in the dosage range of 10–40 µg/ml. Transcriptional level of tumor suppressor gene p53 and apoptotic genes (bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9) were up-regulated while the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 was down-regulated in cells after zinc ferrite NPs exposure. Furthermore, higher activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 enzymes was also observed in zinc ferrite NPs treated cells. ROS generation, MMP loss and cell death in all three types of cells were abrogated by N-acetyl cysteine (ROS scavenger), which suggests that oxidative stress might be one of the plausible mechanisms of zinc ferrite NPs cytotoxicity. It is worth mentioning that there was marginally difference in the sensitivity of three cell lines against zinc ferrite NPs exposure. Cytotoxicity of zinc ferrite NPs were in following order; A549 > HepG2 > A431. Conclusion Altogether, zinc ferrite NPs induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in A549, A431 and HepG2 cells, which is likely to be mediated through ROS generation. This study warrants further investigation to explore the potential mechanisms of toxicity of zinc ferrite NPs in normal cells as well as in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham A Alhadlaq
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
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142
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Azhdarzadeh M, Saei AA, Sharifi S, Hajipour MJ, Alkilany AM, Sharifzadeh M, Ramazani F, Laurent S, Mashaghi A, Mahmoudi M. Nanotoxicology: advances and pitfalls in research methodology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2931-52. [PMID: 26370561 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As research progresses, nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming increasingly promising tools for medical diagnostics and therapeutics. Despite this rise, their potential risks to human health, together with environmental issues, has led to increasing concerns regarding their use. As such, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions that occur at the nano-bio interface is required in order to design safe, reliable and efficient NPs for biomedical applications. To this end, extensive studies have been dedicated to probing the factors that define various properties of the nano-bio interface. However, the literature remains unclear and contains conflicting reports on cytotoxicity and biological fates, even for seemingly identical NPs. This uncertainty reveals that we frequently fail to identify and control relevant parameters that unambiguously and reproducibly determine the toxicity of nanoparticles, both in vitro and in vivo. An effective understanding of the toxicological impact of NPs requires the consideration of relevant factors, including the temperature of the target tissue, plasma gradient, cell shape, interfacial effects and personalized protein corona. In this review, we discuss the factors that play a critical role in nano-bio interface processes and nanotoxicity. A proper combinatorial assessment of these factors substantially changes our insight into the cytotoxicity, distribution and biological fate of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Azhdarzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Biomaterials Science & Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Hajipour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alaaldin M Alkilany
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramazani
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, T6G 2R3, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic & Biomedical Chemistry, NMR & Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center & Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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143
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Aluminum doping tunes band gap energy level as well as oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in MCF-7 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13876. [PMID: 26347142 PMCID: PMC4561961 DOI: 10.1038/srep13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether Aluminum (Al) doping tunes band gap energy level as well as selective cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Pure and Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by a simple sol-gel method. Characterization study confirmed the formation of single phase of AlxZn1-xO nanocrystals with the size range of 33–55 nm. Al-doping increased the band gap energy of ZnO nanoparticles (from 3.51 eV for pure to 3.87 eV for Al-doped ZnO). Al-doping also enhanced the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress response of ZnO nanoparticles in MCF-7 cells. The IC50 for undoped ZnO nanoparticles was 44 μg/ml while for the Al-doped ZnO counterparts was 31 μg/ml. Up-regulation of apoptotic genes (e.g. p53, bax/bcl2 ratio, caspase-3 & caspase-9) along with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential suggested that Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through mitochondrial pathway. Importantly, Al-doping did not change the benign nature of ZnO nanoparticles towards normal cells suggesting that Al-doping improves the selective cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles toward MCF-7 cells without affecting the normal cells. Our results indicated a novel approach through which the inherent selective cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles against cancer cells can be further improved.
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144
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA, Khan MAM, Alrokayan SA. Comparative cytotoxic response of nickel ferrite nanoparticles in human liver HepG2 and breast MFC-7 cancer cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:278-288. [PMID: 25966046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention for their potential applications in biomedical fields such as magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery and cancer hyperthermia. However, little is known about the toxicity of nickel ferrite NPs at the cellular and molecular levels. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic responses of nickel ferrite NPs in two different types of human cells (i.e., liver HepG2 and breast MCF-7). Nickel ferrite NPs induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in both types of cells, which was demonstrated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT), neutral red uptake (NRU) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Nickel ferrite NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress, which was evident by the depletion of glutathione and the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. The mitochondrial membrane potential due to nickel ferrite NP exposure was also observed. The mRNA levels for the tumor suppressor gene p53 and the apoptotic genes bax, CASP3 and CASP9 were up-regulated, while the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 was down-regulated following nickel ferrite NP exposure. Furthermore, the activities of apoptotic enzymes (caspase-3 and caspase-9) were also higher in both types of cells treated with nickel ferrite NPs. Cytotoxicity induced by nickel ferrite was efficiently prevented by N-acetyl cysteine (ROS scavenger) treatment, which suggested that oxidative stress might be one of the possible mechanisms of nickel ferrite NP toxicity. We also observed that MCF-7 cells were slightly more susceptible to nickel ferrite NP exposure than HepG2 cells. This study warrants further investigation to explore the potential mechanisms of different cytotoxic responses of nickel ferrite NPs in different cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohd Javed Akhtar
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Alhadlaq
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Majeed Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman A Alrokayan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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145
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Akhtar MJ, Alhadlaq HA, Kumar S, Alrokayan SA, Ahamed M. Selective cancer-killing ability of metal-based nanoparticles: implications for cancer therapy. Arch Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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146
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Khanna P, Ong C, Bay BH, Baeg GH. Nanotoxicity: An Interplay of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Cell Death. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:1163-1180. [PMID: 28347058 PMCID: PMC5304638 DOI: 10.3390/nano5031163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are emerging as a useful tool for a wide variety of biomedical, consumer and instrumental applications that include drug delivery systems, biosensors and environmental sensors. In particular, nanoparticles have been shown to offer greater specificity with enhanced bioavailability and less detrimental side effects as compared to the existing conventional therapies in nanomedicine. Hence, bionanotechnology has been receiving immense attention in recent years. However, despite the extensive use of nanoparticles today, there is still a limited understanding of nanoparticle-mediated toxicity. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that nanoparticles are closely associated with toxicity by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and/or the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. The homeostatic redox state of the host becomes disrupted upon ROS induction by nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are also known to up-regulate the transcription of various pro-inflammatory genes, including tumor necrosis factor-α and IL (interleukins)-1, IL-6 and IL-8, by activating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. These sequential molecular and cellular events are known to cause oxidative stress, followed by severe cellular genotoxicity and then programmed cell death. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying nanotoxicity are not fully understood. This lack of knowledge is a significant impediment in the use of nanoparticles in vivo. In this review, we will provide an assessment of signaling pathways that are involved in the nanoparticle- induced oxidative stress and propose possible strategies to circumvent nanotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Khanna
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Singapore 117 597, Singapore.
| | - Cynthia Ong
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Singapore 117 597, Singapore.
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Singapore 117 597, Singapore.
| | - Gyeong Hun Baeg
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Singapore 117 597, Singapore.
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147
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Li J. Environmental fine particular matter and airway epithelium cell stress. CURRENT PULMONOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13665-015-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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148
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Tang K, Guo H, Deng J, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Wang X, Wu B, Li J, Yin S. Inhibitive effects of nickel chloride (NiCl₂) on thymocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 164:242-52. [PMID: 25547965 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the inhibitive effects of dietary nickel chloride (NiCl2) on thymocytes in broilers fed on diets supplemented with 0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg of NiCl2 for 42 days. We examined the changes of cell cycle phase, percentages of apoptotic cells, T cell subsets, cytokines, and mRNA expression of apoptotic proteins (bcl-2, bax, and caspase-3) in thymocytes by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In the NiCl2-treated broilers, the percentages of thymocytes in G0/G1 phase were increased, whereas thymocytes in the S phase and the proliferation index were decreased. The percentages of apoptotic thymocytes were increased. Also, the mRNA expression levels of bax and caspase-3 were increased, and mRNA expression levels of bcl-2 were decreased. The percentages of CD3(+), CD3(+)CD4(+), and CD3(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the thymus and peripheral blood were diminished. Concurrently, thymic cytokine (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-12 p35 subunit (IL-12p35), interleukin-12 p40 subunit (IL-12p40), interleukin-21 (IL-21), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), thymosin β4, thymosin β10, and thymosin β15) mRNA expression levels were decreased. The abovementioned results showed that dietary NiCl2 in excess of 300 mg/kg inhibited thymocyte growth by arresting cell cycle, increasing apoptosis percentage, altering apoptotic protein mRNA expression levels, and downregulating cytokine expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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Ahamed M, Alhadlaq HA, Ahmad J, Siddiqui MA, Khan ST, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy AA. Comparative cytotoxicity of dolomite nanoparticles in human larynx HEp2 and liver HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:640-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A. Alhadlaq
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A. Siddiqui
- Department of Zoology, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams T. Khan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Musarrat
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 India
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150
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Ahmad J, Alhadlaq HA, Siddiqui MA, Saquib Q, Al-Khedhairy AA, Musarrat J, Ahamed M. Concentration-dependent induction of reactive oxygen species, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human liver cells after nickel nanoparticles exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:137-148. [PMID: 23776134 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to advent of nanotechnology, nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs) are increasingly recognized for their utility in various applications including catalysts, sensors and electronics. However, the environmental and human health effects of Ni NPs have not been fully investigated. In this study, we examined toxic effects of Ni NPs in human liver (HepG2) cells. Ni NPs were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. We observed that Ni NPs (size, ∼28 nm; concentration range, 25-100 μg/mL) induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and degree of induction was concentration-dependent. Ni NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress in dose-dependent manner evident by induction of reactive oxygen species and depletion of glutathione. Cell cycle analysis of cells treated with Ni NPs exhibited significant increase of apoptotic cell population in subG1 phase. Ni NPs also induced caspase-3 enzyme activity and apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Upregulation of cell cycle checkpoint gene p53 and bax/bcl-2 ratio with a concomitant loss in mitochondrial membrane potential suggested that Ni NPs induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells was mediated through mitochondrial pathway. This study warrants that applications of Ni NPs should be carefully assessed as to their toxicity to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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