101
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Neospora caninum NC-6 Argentina induces fetopathy in both serologically positive and negative experimentally inoculated pregnant dams. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2585-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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102
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Almería S, López-Gatius F. Bovine neosporosis: clinical and practical aspects. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:303-9. [PMID: 23659742 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite with a wide host range but with a preference for cattle and dogs. Since the description of N. caninum as a new genus and species in 1988, bovine neosporosis has become a disease of international concern as it is among the main causes of abortion in cattle. At present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. This review focuses on the epidemiology of the disease and on prospects for its control in cattle. Finally, based on the implications of clinical findings reported to date, a set of recommendations is provided for veterinarians and cattle farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almería
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals and Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CreSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-IRTA, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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103
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Selahi F, Namavari M, Hosseini MH, Mansourian M, Tahamtan Y. Development of a disperse dye immunoassay technique for detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in cattle. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:129-32. [PMID: 23467930 PMCID: PMC3587742 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study a disperse dye immunoassay method was standardized and evaluated for detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in cattle. Sera from 150 cattle with a recent history of abortion were collected and tested by commercial ELISA kit and a standardized in-house dye immunoassay system. The positivity rate for the sera used in this study was 34.6% for the disperse dye immunoassay (DDIA) compared to 32% obtained by ELISA kit. This study showed no significant difference between DDIA and ELISA. The results indicated that the DDIA provide an economic, simple, rapid and robust test for detection of N. caninum infection in cattle.
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104
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Carvalho-Patrício MA, Richartz RRTB, Gasino-Joineau ME, Zonta-de-Carvalho RC, Meirelles AC, Locatelli-Dittrich R. Neospora--DNA prevalence in rabies-negative cattle with neurological disorders. Vet Rec 2013; 172:238. [PMID: 23322543 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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105
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Macedo CABD, Macedo MFSBD, Cardim ST, Paiva MCDC, Taroda A, Barros LD, Cunha IALD, Zulpo DL, Garcia JL. Neospora caninum: evaluation of vertical transmission in slaughtered dairy cows (Bos taurus). REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2013; 22:13-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a worldwide parasite recognized as one of the main parasites responsible for abortion in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate vertical transmission of N. caninum in dairy cows (Bos taurus) that were slaughtered at an abattoir in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Blood samples (with and without EDTA) from 60 pregnant dairy cows and blood and tissue samples (brain, lung, heart and liver) from their fetuses were collected and used for PCR and serological evaluation. Blood samples from 60 non-pregnant cows were collected and used to detect antibodies. Anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected by indirect ELISA. Antibodies against N. caninum were observed in 41.6% (25∕60) of the pregnant cows and in 43.3% (26∕60) of the non-pregnant cows. Antibodies against the parasite were detected in sera from three fetuses (5.5%). PCR analysis revealed that 3.3% (2∕60) of the cows and 6.6% (4∕60) of the fetuses evaluated were positive for specific N. caninum primers. These positive fetuses were between 4-6 months of age. Therefore, considering PCR and serological tests to be indicative of vertical transmission in fetuses, 11.6% (7∕60) of the fetuses were infected by N. caninum during gestation.
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106
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He P, Li J, Gong P, Liu C, Zhang G, Yang J, Tuo W, Yang B, Zhang X. Neospora caninum surface antigen (p40) is a potential diagnostic marker for cattle neosporosis. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2117-20. [PMID: 23435920 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan that infects domestic and wild canids as well as many warm-blooded animals as shown by the isolation of viable parasites. The effectiveness of diagnostic tests for detecting specific antibodies against N. caninum is hampered by potential cross-reaction with other Coccidia. So, there is currently an urgent need for a sensitive and specific diagnostic assay for detecting N. caninum in animals. The N. caninum 40-kD surface antigen (p40), similar to NcSAG1 and NcSRS2, was shown to belong to surface antigen super family and thus represents an excellent marker for the diagnosis of neosporosis. In order to test the hypothesis, recombinant Ncp40 (rNcp40) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and an indirect ELISA test was developed using recombinant NCp40 antigen for N. caninum serodiagnosis. The antigen used in this study did not have cross-reactivity with anti-Toxoplasma gondii serum. Anti-p40 antibodies were detected by ELISA in the sera of Yellow cattle and were compared with (IFAT). Optimal sensitivity and specificity (98.2 and 98.6 %) were identified by IFAT. Additionally, 37 positive sera of T. gondii were detected and there was no significant difference with the negative serum of N. caninum. The rNcp40 ELISA developed here provides a specific and sensitive assay for detecting neosporosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
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107
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O’Connor TP, Lawrence J, Andersen P, Leathers V, Workman E. Immunoassay Applications in Veterinary Diagnostics. THE IMMUNOASSAY HANDBOOK 2013. [PMCID: PMC7151925 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097037-0.00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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108
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Tissue distribution of Neospora caninum in experimentally infected cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:309-12. [PMID: 23239805 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00556-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Histopathology and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to determine the tissue distribution of Neospora caninum in calves at 80 days postinfection. Our findings revealed that the most appropriate brain areas for researching N. caninum pathogenesis were the amygdala and hippocampus for qPCR and the corpus striatum and diencephalon for histopathology.
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109
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What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle - the billion dollar question. Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:133-42. [PMID: 23246675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is regarded as one of the most important infectious causes of abortions in cattle worldwide, yet the global economic impact of the infection has not been established. A systematic review of the economic impact of N. caninum infections/abortions was conducted, searching PubMed with the terms 'cattle' and 'Neospora'. This yielded 769 publications and the abstracts were screened for economically relevant information (e.g. abortion prevalence and risk, serological prevalence). Further analysis was restricted to countries with at least five relevant publications. In total, 99 studies (12.9%) from 10 countries contained data from the beef industry (25 papers (25.3%)) and 72 papers (72.8%) from the dairy industry (with the remaining two papers (2.0%) describing general abortion statistics). The total annual cost of N. caninum infections/abortions was estimated to range from a median US $1.1 million in the New Zealand beef industry to an estimated median total of US $546.3 million impact per annum in the US dairy population. The estimate for the total median N. caninum-related losses exceeded US $1.298 billion per annum, ranging as high as US $2.380 billion. Nearly two-thirds of the losses were incurred by the dairy industry (US $842.9 million). Annual losses on individual dairy farms were estimated to reach a median of US $1,600.00, while on beef farms these costs amounted to just US $150.00. Pregnant cows and heifers were estimated to incur, on average, a loss due to N. caninum of less than US $20.00 for dairy and less than US $5.00 for beef. These loss estimates, however, rose to ∼US $110.00 and US $40.00, respectively, for N. caninum-infected pregnant dairy and beef cows. This estimate of global losses due to N. caninum, with the identification of clear target markets (countries, as well as cattle industries), should provide an incentive to develop treatment options and/or vaccines.
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110
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Benavides J, Katzer F, Maley SW, Bartley PM, Cantón G, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Purslow CA, Pang Y, Rocchi MS, Chianini F, Buxton D, Innes EA. High rate of transplacental infection and transmission of Neospora caninum following experimental challenge of cattle at day 210 of gestation. Vet Res 2012; 43:83. [PMID: 23228067 PMCID: PMC3567967 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the pathogenesis of neosporosis following a primary infection in late pregnancy, cattle were subcutaneously challenged with 5 × 108Neospora caninum (NC1 isolate) tachyzoites at day 210 of gestation and serial necropsies were then carried out at 14, 28, 42 and 56 days post-infection (dpi). No abortions occurred and all the foetuses were viable at the time of euthanasia. There was a high rate of vertical transmission, as parasites were detected by immunohistochemical labelling and PCR in all the foetuses from 28 dpi. Focal necrotic lesions were observed in the placentomes of the placenta from 28 dpi and showed resolution during later time points, denoted by infiltration of inflammatory cells at 42 dpi and fibrosis at 56 dpi. Foetuses at 28 and 42 dpi showed scarce and isolated lesions which are unlikely to represent a threat to foetal viability. No lesions were observed in the foetuses at 14 or 56 dpi suggesting control of the infection and resolution of the lesions by maternal and foetal immune responses. Once infection was established, it could not be cleared from the host and vertical transmission of the parasite occurred in all infected hosts. Parasite was detected in the placenta at 28 dpi, while in previous experimental infections of cattle at day 70 and 140 of gestation using the same challenge model, it was already present at day 14 post infection. This suggests that a change in the maternal immune response plays a crucial role in limiting the initial infection during the last term of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Benavides
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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111
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Byrem TM, Bartlett PC, Donohue H, Voisinet BD, Houseman JT. Performance of a commercial serum ELISA for the detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in whole and skim milk samples. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:249-53. [PMID: 22770889 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Control of Neospora caninum infection in cattle depends on specific, ante-mortem detection of infected animals and limiting their use as breeding stock or by culling. The objective of the present study was to determine appropriate cut-off values and diagnostic performance of a milk ELISA test using whole and skim milk in a commercial serum ELISA test (IDEXX Neospora Ab). Serum and milk samples were obtained from a total of 475 lactating cows from two herds with and two herds without a previous history of N. caninum-associated abortion. Overall seroprevalence determined by the ELISA was 18.3%. Compared to serum ELISA values, correlation and overall performance assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis was higher when either whole or skim milk samples were diluted 1:2 compared to undiluted or 1:5 diluted samples. Diagnostic performance for analysis of whole and skim milk was compared at cut-off values that achieved a desired operating characteristic of at least 95% specificity. For whole milk diluted 1:2 and a cut-off of 0.14 (S/P ratio), sensitivity and kappa values were 74.7% (95% CI 64.3-83.4) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.61-0.78), respectively. For skim milk diluted 1:2 and a cut-off of 0.30, sensitivity and kappa values were 77.0% (95% CI 66.8-85.4) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.64-0.80), respectively. Using the selected cut-offs, the IDEXX Neospora Ab Test is equally suited for the analysis of whole and skim milk as a screening tool in neosporosis control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Byrem
- Antel BioSystems, Inc., Lansing, MI 48909, United States.
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112
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Schares G, Langenmayer MC, Scharr JC, Minke L, Maksimov P, Maksimov A, Schares S, Bärwald A, Basso W, Dubey JP, Conraths FJ, Gollnick NS. Novel tools for the diagnosis and differentiation of acute and chronic bovine besnoitiosis. Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:143-54. [PMID: 23160022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of acute bovine besnoitiosis is a major diagnostic problem. We developed diagnostic tests to serologically diagnose and differentiate acute and chronic cases of bovine besnoitiosis using affinity purified antigens of Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites in immunoblots and in both, a conventional ELISA and an avidity ELISA. Sera of acutely and chronically infected cattle were investigated using these tests. Acutely infected cattle initially recognised an antigen of 74 kDa relative molecular mass, followed by reactions with increasing intensity against 81 and 28 kDa antigens. In addition, faint reactions against antigens with 36, 37, 39 and 42 kDa molecular mass started soon after seroconversion and increased over time. An antigen of 45 kDa molecular mass was transiently recognised early after infection but not or only weakly in the chronic stage. At least two antigens, the 39 and the 42 kDa antigens, seem to be located on the surface of B. besnoiti tachyzoites as determined by biotinylation. Affinity purified antigen was used to establish an APure-BbELISA which showed excellent sensitivity (100%) relative to a serological reference system in naturally, most likely chronically, infected cattle. Specificity was also high (99.8%) as determined in cattle from herds with Neospora caninum-associated abortions. The antibody levels in APure-BbELISA were correlated with the parasite load in the skin or the mucous membrane of the vestibulum vaginae as determined by real-time PCR. In acute cases of bovine besnoitiosis (confirmed by the detection of low avidity IgG in the APure-BbELISA) first specific antibodies were detected by ELISA in all animals except one, at the same time or earlier than in the serological reference system. The detection of parasite DNA in skin by real-time PCR was clearly superior to serological analysis in detecting infected cattle during acute besnoitiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Wusterhausen, Germany.
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113
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Neospora caninum in Estonian dairy herds in relation to herd size, reproduction parameters, bovine virus diarrhoea virus, and bovine herpes virus 1. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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114
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Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite, primarily associated with bovine abortion. The only definitive hosts discovered to date are carnivores. This study aimed to identify the role of mammalian carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis. A sample bank of serum, fecal and brain samples was established: American mink (Mustela vison), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), pine martens (Martes martes), badgers (Meles meles), stoats (Mustela erminea), otters (Lutra lutra) and feral ferrets (Mustela putorius). Approximately 1% of mink and 1% of fox samples were positive by IFAT. According to PCR analysis of DNA extracted from brain tissue, 3% of the mink, 4% of the otters and 6% of the foxes examined were infected with N. caninum. All fecal samples tested negative for N. caninum DNA (n = 311), suggesting that the species that tested positive were intermediate not definitive hosts. This is the first time that tissues from mustelids have tested positive for N. caninum. The need to test 2 relatively large (~200 mg) targeted parts of the brain to avoid false negatives was also identified. The relatively low prevalence of N. caninum in Irish carnivores suggests that the local ecology of a species has an important influence on its epidemiological role.
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115
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Sousa ME, Wagnner JP, Albuquerque PP, Souza Neto OL, Faria EB, Pinheiro Júnior JW, Mota RA. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with infection by Neospora caninum of dairy cattle in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from milk producing farms of the microregion of Batalha, state of Alagoas, Brazil, as well as to identify the risk factors associated with the infection. Blood samples were collected from 1,004 cattle of 17 farms for the serological investigation regarding the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies by the Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction Technique (IMRT). From the total amount of samples analyzed, 77/1,004 (7.67%) were positive and 927/1,004 (92.33%) were negative. The logistical regression identified that cattle from farms without consortium breeding have an infection risk 6.33 (p<0.001; C.I. 2.89-13.10) times higher than cattle from farms with that type of breeding. Cattle from farms where the aborted fetuses are not adequately buried have an infection risk 3.04 (p<0.001; C.I. 1.64-5.63) times higher than cattle from farms with adequate destination of these fetuses. Infection by N. caninum occurs in cattle of the investigated region. The factors identified in our study can be used as risk indicators, so that control measures could be implemented to avoid infection by N. caninum in the herds of this region.
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116
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A review of the infection, genetics, and evolution of Neospora caninum: from the past to the present. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 13:133-50. [PMID: 22985682 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a review of current knowledge on Neospora caninum in the context of other apicomplexan parasites and with an emphasis on: life cycle, disease, epidemiology, immunity, control and treatment, evolution, genomes, and biological databases and web resources. N. caninum is an obligate, intracellular, coccidian, protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa. Infection can cause the clinical disease neosporosis, which most notably is associated with abortion in cattle. These abortions are a major root cause of economic loss to both the dairy and beef industries worldwide. N. caninum has been detected in every country in which a study has been specifically conducted to detect this parasite in cattle. The major mode of transmission in cattle is transplacental (or vertical) transmission and several elements of the N. caninum life cycle are yet to be studied in detail. The outcome of an infection is inextricably linked to the precise timing of the infection coupled with the status of the immune system of the dam and foetus. There is no community consensus as to whether it is the dam's pro-inflammatory cytotoxic response to tachyzoites that kills the foetus or the tachyzoites themselves. From economic analysis the most cost-effective approach to control neosporosis is a vaccine. The perfect vaccine would protect against both infection and the clinical disease, and this implies a vaccine is needed that can induce a non-foetopathic cell mediated immunity response. Researchers are beginning to capitalise on the vast potential of -omics data (e.g. genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes) to further our understanding of pathogens but especially to identify vaccine and drug targets. The recent publication of a genome for N. caninum offers vast opportunities in these areas.
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117
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Santos RRD, Rocha CMBMD, Gonçalves TDM, Guimarães AM. Quantification of vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cows in Minas Gerais, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2012; 21:294-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the rate of vertical transmission and to investigate horizontal transmission of Neospora caninum and occurrences of reproductive abnormalities in seropositive dairy cows on two farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The frequency of cows seropositive for N.caninum according to the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was 39.4% (93/236) for Farm A and 31.4% (32/102) for the Farm B (p > 0.05). The mean vertical transmission rates for N. caninum were 29% and 9% for the herds of Farms A and B, respectively. No negative effects (p > 0.05) from infection by N.caninum were observed regarding milk production and occurrences of reproductive abnormalities in herds A and B.
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118
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Malaguti JMA, Cabral AD, Abdalla RP, Salgueiro YO, Galleti NTC, Okuda LH, Cunha EMS, Pituco EM, Del Fava C. Neospora caninum as causative agent of bovine encephalitis in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 21:48-54. [PMID: 22534945 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For supporting the Brazilian bovine encephalitis surveillance program this study examined the differential diagnosis of Neospora caninum in central nervous system (CNS) by histological analysis (HE staining), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and nested-PCR using a set of primers from the Nc5 region of the genomic DNA and ITS1 region of the ribosomal DNA. A sample of 302 cattle presenting neurological syndrome and negative for rabies, aged 0 to 18 years, from herds in 10 Brazilian states was evaluated for N. caninum from January 2007 to April 2010. All specimens tested negative with IHC and nested-PCR using primers from the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA, while two positive cases (0.66%) were found using primers from the Nc5 region of genomic DNA: a 20 month-old male and a 72 month-old female, both from São Paulo State. Only the male presented severe multifocal necrotizing encephalitis associated with mononuclear cell infiltration, a pathognomonic lesion caused by parasites of the family Sarcocystidae, and only this case was associated with N. caninum thus representing 0.33% positivity. Future studies should explore the association of IHC and nested-PCR with real-time PCR, a quantitative method that could be standardized for improving the detection of N. caninum in bovine CNS specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Mary Albinati Malaguti
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sanidade Animal-CPDSA, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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119
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Asadpour R, Jafari-Joozani R, Salehi N. Detection of Neospora caninum in ovine abortion in Iran. J Parasit Dis 2012; 37:105-9. [PMID: 24431549 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the importance of ovine neosporosis in abortion of Iraninan sheep. Seventy aborted foetuses and dams from ovine dairy farms in northwest of Iran were analyzed to investigate the role of Neospora caninum (N. caninum) in ovine abortion. Diagnosis of the infection was determined by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 70 aborted dairy ovine were blood sampled and used to evaluate serological status for N. caninum infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and extracted DNA from the same aborted foetuses were subjected to PCR. Data were compared using Kruscal-Wallis test. From A total of the 70 sheeps, four (5.7 %) of the dams were seropositive. DNA from aborted foetuses was extracted primarily from placenta and CNS tissues. Extracted DNA from foetuses were analyzed using PCR with primers Np21(+) and Np6(+). Out of the 70 ovine fetuses 8.5 % were considered to be infected by PCR. This study confirms the importance of N. caninum as an important cause of ovine abortion in northwest of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Asadpour
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - R Jafari-Joozani
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - N Salehi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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120
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Moraveji M, Hosseini A, Moghaddar N, Namavari MM, Eskandari MH. Development of latex agglutination test with recombinant NcSAG1 for the rapid detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:211-7. [PMID: 22571832 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum, an apicomplexan protozoan parasite, is recognized as a major cause of abortion in cattle. Surface antigen 1 of N. caninum (NcSAG1) is an important immunodominant candidate for the development of a diagnostic reagent for neosporosis. The present study describes the development and evaluation of a latex agglutination test (LAT) with recombinant NcSAG1 (rNcSAG1) for the detection of antibodies to N. caninum in cattle. The rNcSAG1 gene was cloned in pET-28a and protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Carboxylated latex particles were coated with rNcSAG1 and the degree of agreement between LAT and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iscomELISA) was evaluated by using of 164 serum samples. Twenty-two (13.4%) and 23 (14.0%) of samples were positive for antibodies to N. caninum by LAT and ELISA respectively. Eighteen of 23 ELISA-positive samples were positive according to the LAT and a substantial agreement (κ=0.77) was found between the results of LAT and ELISA. The results indicated that the LAT with rNcSAG1 would be a rapid, simple, relatively inexpensive and suitable diagnostic test for detection of specific antibodies in N. caninum infection under field conditions. Improvement in purification of rNcSAG1 can reduce probable false positive reactions and so increase the degree of agreement between the LAT and ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Moraveji
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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121
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Khodakaram-Tafti A, Mansourian M, Namavari M, Hosseini A. Immunohistochemical and polymerase chain reaction studies in Neospora caninum experimentally infected broiler chicken embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:10-3. [PMID: 22475417 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic characteristics of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were studied in the tissues of broiler chicken embryos experimentally infected by Neospora caninum. An infection with N. caninum NC-1 isolate was conducted in 70 broiler chicken embryonated eggs randomly divided into seven equal groups. After 8 days of incubation, six groups were inoculated with 10, 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), 10(5), and 10(6) doses of tachyzoites/embryonated egg. The 7th group was considered as control. The mortality rate and pathological changes of the dead embryos and hatched chickens up to 60 days old were noticed. Consecutive sections to those used for histopathological examination including the liver, heart, brain, and chorioalantoic (CA) membrane were subjected to IHC. The intensity and distribution of the immunostaining was graded as highly to mildly positive. For PCR procedure, DNA was extracted from 50mg of the tissues and primer pair Np21/Np6 was used for amplification of the Nc-5 gene. The results of the immunosignaling ranged from variable degrees of mild to moderate staining as dark-brown to brown and coarsely to finely granular, mostly within the cytoplasm of infected cells such as the endothelial cells of blood vessels. The parasite aggregation was more predominant in the heart than other tissues. Immunoreactivity for N. caninum antigen was multifocally moderate positive in the heart, liver and CA of the 10(3) dose, and also heart, liver, brain and CA of the 10(4) dose. IHC showed mildly positive in the liver and heart of the chicken embryos infected with 10 and 10(2) tachyzoites, as well. The results of the PCR confirmed the existence of the parasite in all of the examined tissues from the 10(3) and 10(4) doses. In conclusion, the results indicate a good agreement between IHC and PCR in diagnosis of neospora antigen in the infected tissues.
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122
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Varaschin MS, Hirsch C, Wouters F, Nakagaki KY, Guimarães AM, Santos DS, Bezerra PS, Costa RC, Peconick AP, Langohr IM. Congenital neosporosis in goats from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 50:63-7. [PMID: 22451736 PMCID: PMC3309053 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in two Saanen goat kids from two distinct herds with a history of abortion and weak newborn goat kids in the Southern region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The first kid was weak at birth, had difficulty to rise and was unable to nurse. Gross lesions of porencephaly and hydrocephalus ex vacuo were seen. Multifocal necrosis, gliosis and non-supurative encephalitis were observed in the brain. Several parasitic cysts with a thick wall that reacted strongly only with polyclonal antiserum to Neospora caninum were seen in the cerebral cortex, brain stem and cerebellum. The second kid was born from a Neospora caninum seropositive mother that aborted in the last pregnancy. It was born without clinical signs. The diagnosis of neosporosis was based on antibody titer of 1:800 to N. caninum by indirect fluorescence antibody test obtained from blood collected before the goat kid ingested the colostrum and Neospora caninum DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced from placenta. This is the first report of neosporosis in goats in the southeast region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Varaschin
- Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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123
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Regidor-Cerrillo J, Álvarez-García G, Pastor-Fernández I, Marugán-Hernández V, Gómez-Bautista M, Ortega-Mora LM. Proteome expression changes among virulent and attenuated Neospora caninum isolates. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2306-18. [PMID: 22343075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a cyst-forming parasite that has been recognised worldwide as a cause of cattle abortion and neuromuscular disease in dogs. Variations in genetic profiles, behaviour in vitro, and pathogenicity have been established among N. caninum isolates. However, it is unclear which parasite factors are implicated in this intra-specific diversity. Comparative analysis of protein expression patterns may define the determinants of biological diversity in N. caninum. Using DIGE and MALDI-TOF MS techniques, we quantified and identified differentially expressed proteins in the tachyzoite stage across three N. caninum isolates: the virulent Nc-Liv and Nc-Spain 7 isolates, and the attenuated Nc-Spain 1H isolate. Comparison between Nc-Spain 7 and Nc-Spain 1H extracts revealed 39 protein spots that were more abundant in Nc-Spain 7 and 21 in Nc-Spain 1H. Twenty-four spots were also increased in Nc-Spain 7 and 12 in Nc-Liv. Three protein spots were more abundant in the Nc-Liv extracts than in the Nc-Spain 1H extracts. MS analysis identified 11 proteins differentially expressed that are potentially involved in gliding motility and the lytic cycle of the parasite, and oxidative stress. These differences could help to explain variations in behaviour between isolates and provide a better knowledge of mechanisms associated with virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Hiasa J, Kohara J, Nishimura M, Xuan X, Tokimitsu H, Nishikawa Y. ELISAs based on rNcGRA7 and rNcSAG1 antigens as an indicator of Neospora caninum activation. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:379-85. [PMID: 22365337 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine abortion caused by the Apicomplexa parasite Neospora caninum is a major economical problem in the livestock industry worldwide. However, the relationship between N. caninum infection and abortion is still unknown. Our study aimed to elucidate the relationship between parasite-specific antibody responses, parasite stages and abortion. In experimentally infected cattle, anti-NcGRA7 IgG1 antibody was predominantly detected during the acute infection stage, while the production of anti-NcSAG1 IgG1 antibody was observed during both acute and chronic stages. Furthermore, levels of anti-NcGRA7 IgG2 antibody were lower than those of anti-NcSAG1 IgG2 antibody. When tested on cattle with Neospora-associated abortion, positive rates of the anti-NcGRA7 IgG2 antibody were significantly lower than those of the anti-NcSAG1 antibody, although there was no difference in IgG1 antibody-positive rates between the two antigens. In addition, anti-NcGRA7 IgG2 antibodies were not detected in cattle for more than 30days after abortion. Our results suggested that anti-NcGRA7 and anti-NcSAG1 antibodies are suitable indicators for the activation stage of N. caninum infection and broad detection of the infection, respectively. In conclusion, the use of recombinant NcGRA7 and NcSAG1-based ELISAs will be useful for evaluating the abortion risk associated with N. caninum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hiasa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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125
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Weston J, Heuer C, Williamson N. Efficacy of a Neospora caninum killed tachyzoite vaccine in preventing abortion and vertical transmission in dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2012; 103:136-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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126
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on Neospora caninum dense granule protein 7 and profilin for estimating the stage of neosporosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:411-7. [PMID: 22258707 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05669-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes bovine and canine neosporosis, characterized by fetal abortion and neonatal mortality and by neuromuscular paralysis, respectively. Although many diagnostic methods to detect parasite-specific antibodies or parasite DNA have been reported, to date no effective serodiagnostic techniques for estimating pathological status have been described. Our study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the parasite-specific antibody response, parasite activation, and neurological symptoms caused by N. caninum infection by using a recombinant antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among experimentally infected mice, anti-N. caninum profilin (NcPF) antibody was only detected in neurologically symptomatic animals. Parasite numbers within the brains of the symptomatic mice were significantly higher than those in asymptomatic animals. In addition, anti-NcPF and anti-NcGRA7 antibodies were mainly detected at the acute stage in experimentally infected dogs, while anti-NcSAG1 antibody was produced during both acute and chronic stages. Furthermore, among anti-NcSAG1 antibody-positive clinical dogs, the positive rates of anti-NcGRA7 and anti-NcPF antibodies in the neurologically symptomatic dogs were significantly higher than those in the non-neurologically symptomatic animals. Our results suggested that the levels of anti-NcGRA7 and anti-NcPF antibodies reflect parasite activation and neurological symptoms in dogs. In conclusion, antibodies against NcGRA7 and NcPF may have potential as suitable indicators for estimating the pathological status of neosporosis.
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127
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Weston JF, Heuer C, Parkinson TJ, Williamson NB. Causes of abortion on New Zealand dairy farms with a history of abortion associated withNeospora caninum. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:27-34. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.631171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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128
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Ghalmi F, China B, Kaidi R, Losson B. Neospora caninum Is Associated With Abortion In Algerian Cattle. J Parasitol 2011; 97:1121-4. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2861.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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129
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Leon A, Richard E, Fortier C, Laugier C, Fortier G, Pronost S. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii and Neospora caninum in equine aborted foetuses and neonates. Prev Vet Med 2011; 104:179-83. [PMID: 22130310 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death are major causes of equine mortality and cause severe economic loss to the equine industry. The present study was based on a complete necropsy protocol associated with classical microbiological examinations and molecular biology on 407 cases of abortion, stillbirths and neonate death. Based on this retrospective survey, "less common" abortive infectious agents were characterised by molecular tools in nine independent cases of abortion or neonate mortality. Among others, Chlamydophila abortus (1 case), Coxiella burnetii (6 cases) and Neospora caninum (3 cases) were detected by real-time PCR; one of these samples being co-infected by N. caninum and C. burnetii. DNA detection of this latter bacterium is reported here for the first time in equine abortion samples. C. burnetii should, along with other common pathogens, probably be taken into account in equine abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertine Leon
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, IFR 146-ICORE, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France.
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130
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Mitrea IL, Enachescu V, Radulescu R, Ionita M. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection on dairy cattle in farms from southern Romania. J Parasitol 2011; 98:69-72. [PMID: 21955278 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2972.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum, a coccidian parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the major causes of abortion in cattle worldwide. Conventional serological techniques, such as the indirect fluorescent antibody test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are routinely used in adult animals and aborted fetuses for the detection of anti- N. caninum antibodies. In Romania, infection with N. caninum in cattle has been reported recently, but only in limited areas from the north and central parts of the country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain additional seroepidemiological data on infection with N. caninum on dairy farms from the south of Romania. A total of 258 blood samples was analyzed from 230 dairy cows and 28 calves from 9 dairy farms in southern Romania; the presence of specific IgG antibodies against N. caninum was determined using an indirect ELISA test. The average seroprevalence was 40.3%, but the within-herd prevalence ranged between 11.5 and 80.0%; the seroprevalence in dairy cows was 41.7%, while in calves it was 28.6%. Of the positive samples, 74.0% (77/104) had a high positive reaction (S/P ratio more than 1.0), while 26.0% (27/104) had a low positive reaction (S/P ratio between 0.5 and 1.0). This study indicates that N. caninum infection is widespread in the south of Romania, which could explain the causes of abortions registered in some herds in the studied area. However, a serological screening across the country is planned in order to assess the actual national prevalence of N. caninum infection, followed by implementation of a prevention and control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Liviu Mitrea
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania.
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131
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Ibrahim AME, Elfahal AM, El Hussein ARM. First report of Neospora caninum infection in cattle in Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:769-72. [PMID: 21898183 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Sudan to determine sero-prevalence and risk factors associated with Neospora caninum infection in non-vaccinated dairy herds and to assess importance of the disease. Blood samples were collected from a total of 262 animals from 25 herds. Sera were tested for antibodies against N. caninum using ELISA test. The prevalence rates of N. caninum antibodies in cattle were high both at herd level (44%) and at individual animal level (10.7%). Herd level infection rates were similar in Khartoum State (43.7%) and at Gazira States (44.4%). The overall prevalence rates were higher (16.1%) in Gazira State than in Khartoum State (9%) but with no significant variation. The sero-prevalence at individual animal level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in animals with history of abortion (12.8%) than in apparently healthy animal (11.3%), animal with history of infertility (8.1%), or neonatal death of calves (4.3%). In addition, significantly higher (P < 0.05) sero-prevalence was observed in samples collected during the rainy season (6.87%) than winter (3.05%) or summer (0.76%). However, no significant differences in sero-prevalence due to locality, animal breed, sex, and age were observed (p > 0.05). This preliminary study reveals for the first time the existence of natural N. caninum infection in Sudan. Also, the findings of the present study indicated that this disease is highly prevalent in two major areas of dairy production in the country, and this calls for control strategy to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mohamed Elhassan Ibrahim
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratories, Animal Resources Research Corporation, P.O. Box 8067, El Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
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132
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Gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a natural definitive host for Neospora caninum. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:382-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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133
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134
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Exploring the life cycle of Besnoitia besnoiti—Experimental infection of putative definitive and intermediate host species. Vet Parasitol 2011; 178:223-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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135
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Nasir A, Ashraf M, Khan MS, Yaqub T, Javeed A, Avais M, Akhtar F. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in Dairy Buffaloes in Lahore District, Pakistan. J Parasitol 2011; 97:541-3. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2687.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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136
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Farall A, Maronna R, Tetzlaff T. A mixture model for the detection of Neosporosiswithout a gold standard. J Appl Stat 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/02664761003692381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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137
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Pusterla N, Conrad PA, Packham AE, Mapes SM, Finno CJ, Gardner IA, Barr BC, Ferraro GL, Wilson WD. Endogenous Transplacental Transmission of Neospora hughesi in Naturally Infected Horses. J Parasitol 2011; 97:281-5. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2657.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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138
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Borsuk S, Andreotti R, Leite FPL, da Silva Pinto L, Simionatto S, Hartleben CP, Goetze M, Oshiro LM, Matos MDFC, Berne MEA. Development of an indirect ELISA-NcSRS2 for detection of Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2011; 177:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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139
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Prevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum in dogs from urban areas in Central Poland. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:991-6. [PMID: 21079995 PMCID: PMC3058559 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite which causes abortion in cattle as well as reproduction problems and neurological disorders in dogs. To assess the prevalence of the parasite in urban dogs in the Mazovian Voivodeship, Central Poland, serum samples from 257 dogs were analyzed for the presence of specific IgG antibodies. The examined dogs visited three private veterinary clinics located in Warsaw due to control tests, vaccinations, or other reasons not directly connected with neosporosis. Using ELISA and Western blot, antibodies against the parasite were detected in 56 out of 257 dogs, giving a prevalence of 21.7%. A greater prevalence was observed in female dogs than in males, 28% and 17.3%, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in seroprevalence of Neospora infection within the age groups (p > 0.05). This study indicates the presence of N. caninum in the Mazovian Voivodeship, in dogs which live in urban areas and exposure of these dogs to the parasite. The fact that seropositive dogs had no contact with cattle confirms the important role of dogs in the parasite’s epidemiology.
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140
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Neospora caninum: evaluation of vertical transmission in slaughtered beef cows (Bos indicus). Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1015-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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141
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Abstract
The incidences of reproductive disorders in bovine are increasing over years. This scenario is further aggravating due to more emphasis on selection and rearing of animal for specific commercial purposes which compromises livestock reproduction. Reproductive disorders like infertility and abortions in cattle are major problems in the bovine industry. The reproductive disorders might be caused by several different agents such as physical agents, chemical agents, biological agents, etc. Also, the causative agent and pathogenesis of reproductive disorders are influenced by various factors including environmental factor. The exact causes may not be evident and are often complicated with multiple causative agents. Thus, there is a need for multi-faceted approach to understand correlation of various factors with reproductive performance. Of the agents, infectious biological agents are significant cause of reproductive disorder and are of high priority in the bovine industry. These factors are not only related to the prosperity of bovine industry but are also important from public health point of view because of their zoonotic potentials. Several infectious agents like bacterial, viral, protozoon, chlamydial and fungal agents are known to have direct impact on reproductive health of cattle. These diseases can be arranged and discussed in different groups based on the causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, BK21 for Veterinary Science and KRF Priority Zoonotic Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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142
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Hosseininejad M, Hosseini F, Mosharraf M, Shahbaz S, Mahzounieh M, Schares G. Development of an indirect ELISA test using an affinity purified surface antigen (P38) for sero-diagnosis of canine Neospora caninum infection. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:337-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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143
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Duarte J, Pacheco MTT, Villaverde AB, Machado RZ, Zangaro RA, Silveira L. Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody in blood sera of domestic cats: quantitative analysis based on partial least-squares multivariate statistics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:047002. [PMID: 20799833 DOI: 10.1117/1.3463006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonosis in public health because domestic cats are the main agents responsible for the transmission of this disease in Brazil. We investigate a method for diagnosing toxoplasmosis based on Raman spectroscopy. Dispersive near-infrared Raman spectra are used to quantify anti-Toxoplasma gondii (IgG) antibodies in blood sera from domestic cats. An 830-nm laser is used for sample excitation, and a dispersive spectrometer is used to detect the Raman scattering. A serological test is performed in all serum samples by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for validation. Raman spectra are taken from 59 blood serum samples and a quantification model is implemented based on partial least squares (PLS) to quantify the sample's serology by Raman spectra compared to the results provided by the ELISA test. Based on the serological values provided by the Raman/PLS model, diagnostic parameters such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive prediction values, and negative prediction values are calculated to discriminate negative from positive samples, obtaining 100, 80, 90, 83.3, and 100%, respectively. Raman spectroscopy, associated with the PLS, is promising as a serological assay for toxoplasmosis, enabling fast and sensitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Duarte
- Universidade Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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144
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A survey of Neospora caninum-associated bovine abortion in large dairy farms of Mashhad, Iran. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1419-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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145
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Schares G, Basso W, Majzoub M, Rostaher A, Scharr JC, Langenmayer MC, Selmair J, Dubey JP, Cortes HC, Conraths FJ, Gollnick NS. Comparative evaluation of immunofluorescent antibody and new immunoblot tests for the specific detection of antibodies against Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites and bradyzoites in bovine sera. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:32-40. [PMID: 20378250 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti, an apicomplexan parasite causes economically important disease in cattle in many countries of Africa and Asia is re-emerging in Europe. Serological identification of infected cattle is important because introduction of these animals into naive herds seems to play a major role in the transmission of the parasite. We report new, simplified immunoblot-based serological tests for the detection of B. besnoiti-specific antibodies. Antigens were used under non-reducing conditions in the immunoblots, because reduction of the antigen with beta-mercaptoethanol diminished the antigenicity in both, tachyzoites and bradyzoites. Ten B. besnoiti tachyzoite and ten bradyzoite antigens of 15-45 kDa molecular weight were recognized by B. besnoiti infected cattle, but not or only weakly detected by cattle infected with related protozoan parasites, Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis cruzi, Sarcocystis hominis, or Sarcocystis hirsuta. The sensitivity and specificity of B. besnoiti immunoblots were determined with sera from 62 German cattle with clinically confirmed besnoitiosis and 404 sera from unexposed German cattle including 214 sera from animals with a N. caninum-specific antibody response. Using a new scoring system, the highest specificity (100%) and sensitivity (90%) of the immunoblots were observed when reactivity to at least four of the ten selected tachyzoite or bradyzoite antigens was considered as positive. When a cut-off based on this scoring system was applied to both the tachyzoite- and the bradyzoite-based immunoblots, there was an almost perfect agreement with the indirect fluorescent antibody test with a titre of 200 as the positive cut-off. We identified and partially characterized 10 tachyzoite and 10 bradyzoite B. besnoiti antigens which may help to develop new specific and sensitive serological tests based on individual antigens and in the identification of possible vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Seestrasse 55, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany.
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146
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Pathogenic characterization in mice of Neospora caninum isolates obtained from asymptomatic calves. Parasitology 2010; 137:1057-68. [PMID: 20233488 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized 8 new isolates obtained from healthy but congenitally infected calves using a BALB/c mouse model. Neospora caninum-infected mice survived without exhibiting any clinical signs of disease. Nevertheless, differences among isolates in parasite organ distribution, parasite burden and the severity of histopathological lesions were determined. Mice infected with the Nc-Spain 5H, Nc-Spain 7 and Nc-Spain 9 isolates showed higher parasite burdens and more severe brain lesions during the late phase of infection compared to mice infected with the Nc-Spain 2H, Nc-Spain 3H or Nc-Spain 6 isolates. Furthermore, differences in the immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2a isotype kinetics induced by these isolates were observed, with a more rapid IgG2a response seen in mice infected with the Nc-Spain 2H and Nc-Spain 3H isolates. These results confirm the intra-species variability of N. caninum pathogenicity.
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147
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Moré G, Bacigalupe D, Basso W, Rambeaud M, Venturini MC, Venturini L. Serologic profiles for Sarcocystis sp. and Neospora caninum and productive performance in naturally infected beef calves. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:689-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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148
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Detection ofNeospora caninumin aborted bovine fetuses and dam blood samples by nested PCR and ELISA and seroprevalence in Beijing and Tianjin, China. Parasitology 2009; 136:1251-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009990813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNeospora caninuminfection is a significant cause of abortion in cattle. We investigated the tissue distribution ofN. caninumin aborted bovine fetuses and dam blood samples by a nested PCR assay, and compared the nested PCR with ELISA in the diagnosis ofN. caninuminfection. In total, 26 aborted fetuses and 813 blood samples were collected from 8 dairy herds in Beijing (n=212) and Tianjin (n=601), China. Fifteen fetuses (57·7%) were testedN. caninum-positive by the nested PCR.N. caninumDNA was detected from the brain of 52%, kidneys of 22%, skeletal muscle of 18%, and heart of 4% of the aborted fetuses. The PCR-positive cases (55%, 11/20) were higher than seropositive cows (40%, 8/20) in a subset of 20 fetuses, but the PCR results of blood samples of the 20 cows were all negative. The seroprevalence of the 813 samples was 15·5% (43·4% of samples from Beijing, 5·7% of samples from Tianjin), compared to the PCR-positive blood samples of 0·9%. Our study showed that the nested PCR is a valuable diagnostic tool for the primary diagnosis ofN. caninumin aborted fetuses, while ELISA is the preferred assay for testing blood samples collected from cows. The two assays are complementary in determining whether abortions are associated withN. caninuminfection in cattle.
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149
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Reichel MP, Ellis JT. Neospora caninum--how close are we to development of an efficacious vaccine that prevents abortion in cattle? Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1173-87. [PMID: 19497326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes abortion in cattle around the world. Although the clinical signs of disease in both dogs and cattle have now been recognised for over 20years, treatment and control options are still limited, despite the availability of a commercial vaccine in some countries of the world. The case for an efficacious vaccine has not been convincingly waged by farmers, veterinarians and other members of the agricultural and rural communities. In recent times, however, economic modelling has been used to estimate the industry losses due to Neospora-associated abortion, providing, in turn, the business case for forms of control for this parasite, including the development of vaccines. In this review, we document progress in all areas of the vaccine development pipeline, including live, killed and recombinant forms and the animal models available for vaccine evaluation. In addition, we summarise the main outcomes on the economics of Neospora control and suggest that the current boom in the global dairy industry increases the specific need for a vaccine against N. caninum-associated abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Reichel
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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150
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Sánchez GFD, Banda RVM, Sahagun RA, Ledesma MN, Morales SE. Comparison between immunohistochemistry and two PCR methods for detection of Neospora caninum in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain tissue of bovine fetuses. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:328-32. [PMID: 19515495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the presence of the parasite by comparing immunohistochemistry (IHC) with two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for the detection of the pNc5 gene and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of N. caninum in brain tissue of bovine fetuses that had previously been fixed in formalin and paraffin-embedded. In 29 out of 48 brains (60.4%), microscopic lesions consistent with Neospora infection were observed, and 21 of the 29 cases (72.41%) were positive for IHC. Fifteen of the 29 cases positive for IHC (51.72%) were also positive on the ITS1 PCR, and 12 cases were also positive on the pNc5 PCR (41.37%). The sensitivity of the PCR assays was 71.42% and 57.14%, respectively, and the specificity was 100% for both. The concordance between histopathology and IHC and the ITS1 PCR was 85%, and in the case of the pNc5 PCR it was 77.5%. When the number of fetuses positive by IHC and both PCR tests was compared, no statistically significant difference was found (P>0.05). It is concluded that the use of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded bovine fetal tissues allows the detection of N. caninum by IHC or PCR. Nevertheless, it is recommended that more than one technique is used to increase the diagnostic sensitivity, and preferably tests that show better performance in the individual laboratory should be selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F D Sánchez
- Departamento de Producción Animal Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, México, D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico
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