101
|
Sanches LDC, Martini CCD, Nakamura AA, Santiago MEB, Dolabela de Lima B, Lima VMFD. Natural canine infection by Leishmania infantum and Leishmania amazonensis and their implications for disease control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:465-469. [PMID: 27925065 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem worldwide. Because Leishmania can adapt to new hosts or vectors, knowledge concerning the current etiological agent in dogs is important in endemic areas. This study aimed to identify the Leishmania species detected in 103 samples of peripheral blood from dogs that were naturally infected with these protozoa. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was determined through parasitological examination, the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The Leishmania species were identified by means of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The samples were subjected to PCR using oligonucleotide primers that amplify the intergenic region ITS1 of the rRNA gene in order to identify the species. The amplified DNA was digested using the restriction enzyme HaeIII. A restriction profile identical to L. amazonensis was shown in 77/103 samples and the profile was similar to L. infantum in 17/103. However, a mixed profile was shown in 9/103 samples, which impeded species identification. In conclusion, the infection in these dogs was predominantly due to L. amazonensis, thus indicating that diagnosing of cases of canine leishmaniasis needs to be reexamined, since the causative agent identified is not restricted to L. infantum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia da Cruz Sanches
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Cleber Costa de Martini
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Alex Akira Nakamura
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Beatriz Dolabela de Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Morgado FN, Cavalcanti ADS, Miranda LHD, O'Dwyer LH, Silva MRLD, Menezes RC, Andrade da Silva AV, Boité MC, Cupolillo E, Porrozzi R. Hepatozoon canis and Leishmania spp. coinfection in dogs diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:450-458. [PMID: 27925060 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the occurrence of dogs naturally co-infected with Hepatozoon canis and two Leishmania species: L. infantum or L. braziliensis. Four dogs serologically diagnosed with Visceral Leishmaniasis were euthanized. Liver and spleen samples were collected for histopathological analysis and DNA isolation. H. canis meronts were observed in tissues from all four dogs. H. canis infection was confirmed by PCR followed by sequencing of a fragment of 18S rRNA gene. Leishmania detection and typing was confirmed by ITS1' PCR-RFLP and parasite burden was calculated using ssrRNA quantitative qPCR. A DPP - Dual Path platform test was performed. One out (Dog #2) of four animals was asymptomatic. Dogs #1 and #4 were infected by L. infantum and were DPP test positive. Dogs #2 and #3 were infected by L. braziliensis and were DPP test negative. Furthermore, visceral dissemination was observed in Dogs #2 and #3, since L. braziliensis was detected in liver and spleen samples. The visceral dissemination of L. braziliensis associated with systemic signs suggested that this co-infection could influence the parasite burden and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Amanda Dos Santos Cavalcanti
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luisa Helena de Miranda
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Helena O'Dwyer
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Regina Lucas da Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aurea Virgínia Andrade da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariana Côrtes Boité
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Lladró S, Picado A, Ballart C, Portús M, Gállego M. Management, prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniosis in north-eastern Spain: an online questionnaire-based survey in the province of Girona with special emphasis on new preventive methods (CaniLeish vaccine and domperidone). Vet Rec 2016; 180:47. [PMID: 27895289 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of how canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is being managed clinically and its epidemiology is very important, since dogs are the main reservoir of human leishmaniosis. This study reports the results obtained through a questionnaire-based survey of veterinary practitioners in Girona province, a recognised, but non-documented endemic area in north-eastern Spain. The primary objective was to obtain data on the clinical management of CanL, focusing particularly on new preventive methods and therapeutic tools. The results show an extensive routine management of CanL cases and a widespread use of the CaniLeish (Virbac) vaccine and domperidone (Leisguard, Esteve). Adverse reactions were detected by a vast majority of the vaccine users (82 per cent), the most frequent being local reactions, apathy, fever and gastroenteritis. All the respondents had treated confirmed cases, and the therapeutic protocol most used was the combination of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime, Merial) and allopurinol (Zyloric, GlaxoSmithKline).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lladró
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Picado
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Ballart
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Portús
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gállego
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Bastos MS, Tremblay A, Agripino JM, Rabelo ILA, Barreto LP, Pelletier J, Lecka J, Silva-Júnior A, Bressan GC, Almeida MR, Sévigny J, Fietto JLR. The expression of NTPDase1 and -2 of Leishmania infantum chagasi in bacterial and mammalian cells: Comparative expression, refolding and nucleotidase characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 131:60-69. [PMID: 27856402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) represents an important global health problem in several warm countries around the world. The main targets in this study are the two nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) from Leishmania infantum chagasi that are the main etiologic agent of VL in the New World. These enzymes, called LicNTPDase1 and -2, are homologous to members 5 and 6 of the mammalian E-NTPDase/CD39 superfamily of enzymes. These enzymes hydrolyze nucleotides and accordingly can participate in the purine salvage pathways and in the modulation of purinergic signaling through the extracellular nucleotide-dependent host immune responses. They can therefore affect adhesion and infection of host cells and the parasite virulence. To further characterize these enzymes, in this work, we expressed LicNTPDase1 and -2 in the classical bacterial system Escherichia coli and mammalian cell system COS-7 cells. Our data demonstrate that changes in refolding after expression in bacteria can increase the activity of recombinant (r) rLicNTPDase2 up to 20 times but has no significant effect on rLicNTPDase1. Meanwhile, the expression in COS-7 led to a significant increase in activity for rLicNTPDase1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Bastos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biotecnologia Estrutural e Química Medicinal em Doenças Infecciosas- INBEQMeDI, Brazil; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - A Tremblay
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - J M Agripino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - I L A Rabelo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - L P Barreto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - J Pelletier
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - J Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - A Silva-Júnior
- Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - G C Bressan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - M R Almeida
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - J Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - J L R Fietto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biotecnologia Estrutural e Química Medicinal em Doenças Infecciosas- INBEQMeDI, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Pinedo-Cancino V, Laurenti MD, Kesper N, Umezawa ES. Evaluation of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum excreted-secreted antigens for detection of canine leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2016; 161:41-3. [PMID: 27212707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of tests with L. (L.) infantum excreted-secreted antigens (ESA) to detect canine leishmaniasis (CanL) was evaluated using immunoblotting (ESA-blot), ELISA (ESA-ELISA) and ELISA with alkaline extract from promastigotes (PAE). Of one hundred fifty-five domestic dogs tested, 100 were suspected of CanL, 23 had other diseases and 32 were healthy. Sera from the dogs suspected of CanL were tested by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and 54% were confirmed to be infected by L. (L.) infantum (38 symptomatic and 16 asymptomatic). Of these, 100% were positive by ESA-blot, ESA-ELISA and PAE-ELISA. In the ESA-blot their sera recognized polypeptides in the 26.5-31.5kDa region. Of the 46% of dogs with negative IHC, 44-53% tested positive in all three tests irrespective of clinical status. The twenty-three dogs with other diseases were negative by ESA-blot, but sera from 9% and 26% of them reacted with ESA-ELISA and PAE-ELISA, respectively. The 32 healthy dogs were negative in all the tests. ESA-blot showed good correlation with IHC in the detection of CanL and a high specificity index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Pinedo-Cancino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Norival Kesper
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil.
| | - Eufrosina Setsu Umezawa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
First detection of Leishmania kDNA in canine cerumen samples by qPCR. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:65-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
107
|
Zamora-Ledesma S, Hernández-Camacho N, Villagrán-Herrera ME, Sánchez-Moreno M, Concha-Valdez FG, Jones RW, Moreno-Pérez MA, Camacho-Macías B. Presence of trypanosomatid antibodies in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and domestic and feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in Queretaro, Mexico. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 5:25-30. [PMID: 31014533 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are vector-borne parasitic protozoa, the causative agents of Chagas and Leishmaniasis diseases, respectively. Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. have been reported in a wide variety of mammals, including canids, which play an important role in the transmission of these parasites between urban and natural environments. Currently, no studies have been conducted on trypanosomatids in wild canids in Mexico. Using a partially purified fraction of excreted Iron Superoxide dismutase (FeSODe) of T. cruzi, L. mexicana, and L. infantum as antigen for the ELISA and Western blot tests, we detected the presence of antibodies against these parasites in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus Schreber, 1775), domestic and feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris L.) from Queretaro. Our study provides new information regarding the potential of these carnivores as reservoirs of T. cruzi, Leishmania mexicana, and L. infantum for Latin America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Zamora-Ledesma
- Cuerpo Académico de Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México.
| | - Norma Hernández-Camacho
- Cuerpo Académico de Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México.
| | - María Elena Villagrán-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Tripanosomiasis Americana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Clavel No. 200, Prados de La Capilla, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro 76176, México.
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Fuente Nueva, s/n, 18001 Granada, Spain.
| | - Fanny Guadalupe Concha-Valdez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzáes #490×Calle 59, Col. Centro, Mérida, Yucatán 97000, México.
| | - Robert W Jones
- Cuerpo Académico de Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México.
| | - Marco Antonio Moreno-Pérez
- Cuerpo Académico de Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México.
| | - Brenda Camacho-Macías
- Cuerpo Académico de Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. De las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Machado CJS, Silva EG, Vilani RM. O uso de um instrumento de política de saúde pública controverso: a eutanásia de cães contaminados por leishmaniose no Brasil. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902016146918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose transmitida por vetor, de importância mundial, que envolve os cães como reservatórios. A "eliminação dos reserva tórios" está prevista expressamente como medida de controle no Manual de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral elaborado pela Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, órgão do Ministério da Saúde. Contudo, a eliminação de cães soropositivos no Brasil, usada para controlar a leishmaniose vis ceral, tem sido pouco efetiva. Este trabalho levanta questionamentos sobre esse instrumento de política nacional de saúde pública com base em evidências científicas atuais e análises do ordenamento jurí dico brasileiro, realizadas a partir do princípio da precaução e do reconhecimento dos animais como seres sencientes. Conclui-se pela imediata suspen são e revisão da prática de extermínio animal em um Estado Constitucional de Direito, e a adoção de métodos preventivos e mais eficazes que garantam a saúde pública sem proporcionar elevados custos emocionais aos proprietários de cães e financeiros aos cofres públicos.
Collapse
|
109
|
Al-Majid AM, Yousuf S, Choudhary MI, Nahra F, Nolan SP. Gold-NHC complexes as potent bioactive compounds. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi Karachi- 75270 Pakistan
| | - Fady Nahra
- Universiteit Gent; Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Krijgslaan 281, S-3 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Universiteit Gent; Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Krijgslaan 281, S-3 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Best Practices for Preventing Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs and Humans. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
111
|
Cortese L, Annunziatella M, Palatucci AT, Lanzilli S, Rubino V, Di Cerbo A, Centenaro S, Guidetti G, Canello S, Terrazzano G. An immune-modulating diet increases the regulatory T cells and reduces T helper 1 inflammatory response in Leishmaniosis affected dogs treated with standard therapy. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:295. [PMID: 26634917 PMCID: PMC4669625 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical appearance and evolution of Canine Leishmaniosis (CL) are the consequence of complex interactions between the parasite and the genetic and immunological backgrounds. We investigated the effect of an immune-modulating diet in CL. Dogs were treated with anti- Leishmania pharmacological therapy combined with standard diet (SD Group) or with the immune-modulating diet (IMMD Group). CD3+ CD4+ Foxp3+ Regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD3+ CD4+ IFN-γ + T helper 1 (Th1) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results All sick dogs showed low platelet number at diagnosis (T0). A platelet increase was observed after six months (T6) SD Group, with still remaining in the normal range at twelve months (T12). IMMD Group showed an increase in platelet number becoming similar to healthy dogs at T6 and T12. An increase of CD4/CD8 ratio was revealed in SD Group after three months (T3), while at T6 and at T12 the values resembled to T0. The increase in CD4/CD8 ratio at T3 was maintained at T6 and T12 in IMMD Group. A reduction in the percentage of Treg of all sick dogs was observed at T0. A recovery of Treg percentage was observed only at T3 in SD Group, while this effect disappeared at T6 and T12. In contrast, Treg percentage became similar to healthy animals in IMDD Group at T3, T6 and T12. Sick dogs showed an increase of Th1 cells at T0 as compared with healthy dogs. We observed the occurrence of a decrease of Th1 cells from T3 to T12 in SD Group, although a trend of increase was observed at T6 and T12. At variance, IMMD Group dogs showed a progressive decrease of Th1 cells, whose levels became similar to healthy controls at T6 and T12. Conclusion The immune-modulating diet appears to regulate the immune response in CL during the standard pharmacological treatment. The presence of nutraceuticals in the diet correlates with the decrease of Th1 cells and with the increase of Treg in sick dogs. Therefore, the administration of the specific dietary supplement improved the clinical response to the standard treatment in a model of CL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Annunziatella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sarah Lanzilli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rubino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Specialization in Clinical Biochemistry, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Centenaro
- Division of Research and Development, Sanypet SpA, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Canello
- Division of Research and Development, Sanypet SpA, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via Sauro, 85, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Police dogs from Albania as indicators of exposure risk to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and vector-borne pathogens of zoonotic and veterinary concern. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2015; 1-2:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
113
|
da Costa AP, Costa FB, Soares HS, Ramirez DG, de Carvalho Araújo A, da Silva Ferreira JIG, Tonhosolo R, Dias RA, Gennari SM, Marcili A. Environmental Factors and Ecosystems Associated with Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:765-74. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Pereira da Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Francisco Borges Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Herbert Sousa Soares
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Diego Garcia Ramirez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Juliana Isabel Giuli da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Tonhosolo
- Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Dias
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Solange Maria Gennari
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Arlei Marcili
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Noden BH, Soni M. Vector-borne diseases of small companion animals in Namibia: Literature review, knowledge gaps and opportunity for a One Health approach. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:1307. [PMID: 26824340 PMCID: PMC6138184 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Namibia has a rich history in veterinary health but little is known about the vector-borne diseases that affect companion dogs and cats. The aim of this review is to summarise the existing published and available unpublished literature, put it into a wider geographical context, and explore some significant knowledge gaps. To date, only two filarial pathogens (Dirofilaria repens and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides) and three tick-borne pathogens (Babesia canis vogeli, Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis) have been reported. Most studies have focused solely on dogs and cats in the urban Windhoek and surrounding areas, with almost nothing reported in rural farming areas, in either the populous northern regions or the low-income urban areas where animal owners have limited access to veterinary services. With the development of several biomedical training programmes in the country, there is now an excellent opportunity to address zoonotic vector-borne diseases through a One Health approach so as to assess the risks to small companion animals as well as diseases of public health importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Noden
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University.
| | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Barroso PA, Nevot M, Hoyos CL, Locatelli FM, Lauthier JJ, Ruybal P, Cardozo RM, Russo PD, Vassiliades CN, Mora MC, Estévez J, Hashiguchi Y, Korenaga M, Basombrío MA, Marco JD. Genetic and clinical characterization of canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in northeastern Argentina. Acta Trop 2015; 150:218-23. [PMID: 26277067 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases comprise zoonotic diseases caused by protozoan flagellates of the Leishmania genus. They are endemic to South America, and the visceral form has been recently reported in Argentina. Dogs can play different roles in the Leishmania transmission cycles, depending mainly on the species of parasite involved. Here we focused on the clinical characterization of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in Northeast Argentina and on the molecular typing of its etiological agent. The nested polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the Leishmania cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was performed on DNA templates purified from lymph nodes, bone marrow or spleen aspirates obtained from 48 dogs previously diagnosed by the observation of Leishmania amastigotes on smears from these aspirates. Their clinical and epidemiological data were also recorded. Systemic abnormalities were observed in 46 subjects (95.8%), most frequently lymphadenopathy, and emaciation (89.6 and 75%). Furthermore, 87% also presented tegumentary abnormalities, such as alopecia (54.2%) or secondary skin lesions (47.9%), among others. Twenty three dogs were positive for cyt b amplification. The sequence analysis showed the presence of two genotypes, LiA1 and LiA2, assigned to Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, with 99.9 and 100% homology with the reference strain MHOM/TN/80/IPT1 respectively. LiA1 was identified in 18 cases (78.3%) and LiA2 in five (21.7%). Two cyt b variants of L. (L.) infantum were incriminated as the causative agents of CanL cases from three cities: Posadas, Garupá, and Ituzaingó. All three cities are located in the northeastern area of the country, where these parasites seem to be spreading in urban areas.
Collapse
|
116
|
Colombo FA, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Meira CDS, Motoie G, Gava R, Hiramoto RM, de Almeida ME, da Silva AJ, Cutolo AA, Menz I. Performance of a real time PCR for leishmaniasis diagnosis using a L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein as target in canine samples. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:156-62. [PMID: 26297683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis represents an important public health issue in different parts of the world, requiring that measures be put in place to control the spread of the disease worldwide. The canine leishmaniasis diagnosis is not easy based on clinical signs, since dogs may not develop the infection with recognizable signs. Thus, the laboratorial diagnosis is essential to ascertain the incidence and prevalence of canine leishmaniasis especially in areas with major control efforts. Although, the diagnosis can be performed by the use of different approaches, the molecular methods such as PCR have become an indispensable tool for leishmaniases diagnosis. A TaqMan assay for real-time PCR (Linj31-qPCR) was developed to determine the parasite occurrence in clinical cases of leishmaniasis. The assay targets an L. (L.) infantum hypothetical protein region. The specificity of the assay was verified by using Leishmania World Health Organization reference strains including parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania), subgenus L. (Viannia), other Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi. The sensitivity was verified by using isolates of L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) infantum. The usefulness of the assay for diagnosis was ascertained by testing 277 samples from dogs in regions endemic for visceral and/or cutaneous leishmaniasis and from regions in which leishmaniasis was not endemic in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was determined on these animals by conventional PCR and three serological tests. The dog samples were divided into four groups. I, dogs with CVL (n = 101); II, dogs with other diseases and without CVL (n = 97); III, dogs with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (n = 7), and, IV, dogs without CVL (n = 72) from areas where leishmaniasis was not endemic as control group. Results indicated that Linj31-qPCR was able to identify parasites belonging to subgenus L. (Leishmania) with no cross-amplification with other parasite subgenera. The Linj31-qPCR detected Leishmania parasites DNA in 98% of samples from Group I. In conclusion this methodology can be used as routine diagnostic tools to detect parasites from subgenus Leishmania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antonio Colombo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Micro-organismos da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cristina da Silva Meira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Hiramoto
- Nucleo de Parasitoses Sistemicas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos E de Almeida
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandre J da Silva
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andre Antonio Cutolo
- Setor de Controle de Zoonoses e Vetores, Prefeitura Municipal de Monte Mor, Monte Mor, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Menz
- Ingrid Menz Micro Empresa, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Leça Júnior NF, Guedes PEB, Santana LN, Almeida VDA, Carvalho FS, Albuquerque GR, Wenceslau AA, Munhoz AD, Silva FL. Epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis in southern Bahia, Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 148:115-9. [PMID: 25917715 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is a zoonosis caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. American cutaneous leishmaniosis (ACL) is mainly caused by the species L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, and American visceral leishmaniosis (AVL) is caused by L. infantum chagasi. In addition to their proven roles as reservoirs of AVL, dogs are also suspected by researchers to be reservoirs of ACL due to reports of this infection in domestic environments and of infected dogs in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to detect Leishmania sp. infection in dogs from Vila Operária, Buerarema, Bahia, using parasitological tests, indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, this study also aimed to identify risk factors associated with illness in dogs in this locality by conducting an epidemiological survey. For this purpose, 292 dogs were clinically evaluated for the presence of skin lesions, and the dogs that showed these changes were submitted to scarification injury to enable preparation of slides for microscopic study of amastigotes. Subsequently, the dogs underwent blood sampling for serological (IFA) and molecular (PCR) tests. Additionally, the owners of the dogs answered an epidemiological questionnaire to facilitate the identification of risk factors for exposure of dogs to pathogens of ACL. Of the 292 dogs studied, 13 (4.5%) had lesions suggestive of ACL, but with a negative parasitological examination and 147 (50.3%) were seropositive according to the IFA. Of the 273 dogs studied using PCR test, 10 (3.66%) were positive for L. braziliensis, and all samples were negative for L. infantum chagasi. Wastelands in the peridomicile and the presence of light in the household were risk factors associated with ACL. The results show that Vila Operária has asymptomatic dogs with ACL and that the detection sensitivity of the IFA was higher than that of PCR for the infected dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Elisa Brandão Guedes
- Doutoranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Valter dos Anjos Almeida
- Doutorando em Patologia Humana e Experimental no Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos Carvalho
- Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC-Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Hospital Veterinário, km 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Amauri Arias Wenceslau
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC-Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Hospital Veterinário, km 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Dias Munhoz
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC-Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Hospital Veterinário, km 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lessa Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC-Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Hospital Veterinário, km 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado, CEP 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
In vitro infection by Leishmania infantum in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous). Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:417-21. [PMID: 26194430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wild canids are natural reservoirs of visceral leishmaniais (VL). In Brazil, only the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a natural reservoir of this zoonotic disease, but there is still a lack of understanding regarding the sylvatic transmission of the Leishmania infantum infection. This is the first study on the isolation, cultivation and infection with L. infantum in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from crab-eating foxes. It is also the first to compare macrophages from crab-eating foxes to other canine macrophages under the same conditions. Blood samples collected from crab-eating foxes held at the local zoo were processed to obtain macrophages that were subsequently infected with stationary phase L. infantum promastigotes. The percentage of infected macrophages and intracellular amastigotes per 100 macrophages were similar in both fox and dog blood samples at 2h after infection. Unlike dog macrophages, in fox macrophages there was a significant reduction in the number of infected macrophages after 24 and 48 h. At 72 h after infection, the intracellular amastigotes were practically undetectable. These results indicate that crab-eating foxes have cellular mechanisms of infection control as efficient as the domestic dog. Further study is required to discern the potential epidemiologic role of crab-eating foxes in the visceral leishmaniasis transmission cycle.
Collapse
|
119
|
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a complex disease with a rich diversity of animal host species. This diversity imposes a challenge, since understanding ACL transmission requires the adequate identification of reservoir hosts, those species able to be a source of additional infections. In this study we present results from an ACL cross-sectional serological survey of 51 dogs (Canis familiaris), where we used diagnostic tests that measure dog's exposure to Leishmania spp. parasites. We did our research in Panamá, at a village that has undergone significant ecosystem level transformations. We found an ACL seroprevalence of 47% among dogs, and their exposure was positively associated with dog age and abundance of sand fly vectors in the houses of dog owners. Using mathematical models, which were fitted to data on the proportion of positive tests as function of dog age, we estimated a basic reproductive number (R 0 ± s.e.) of 1·22 ± 0·09 that indicates the disease is endemically established in the dogs. Nevertheless, this information by itself is insufficient to incriminate dogs as ACL reservoirs, given the inability to find parasites (or their DNA) in seropositive dogs and previously reported failures to experimentally infect vectors feeding on dogs with ACL parasites.
Collapse
|
120
|
Costa-Pereira C, Moreira ML, Soares RP, Marteleto BH, Ribeiro VM, França-Dias MH, Cardoso LM, Viana KF, Giunchetti RC, Martins-Filho OA, Araújo MSS. One-year timeline kinetics of cytokine-mediated cellular immunity in dogs vaccinated against visceral leishmaniasis. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:92. [PMID: 25880646 PMCID: PMC4405846 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main control strategy for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been based on the elimination of seropositive dogs, although this is not widely accepted. In this context, the use of a long-lasting protective vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has been highly expected. The aim of this work was to determine the timeline kinetics of the cytokine microenvironment derived from circulating leukocytes as supportive immunological biomarkers triggered by Leishmune® vaccine. Cross-sectional kinetic analysis of cellular immunity cytokines was carried out at three times (1, 6 and 12 months) after primovaccination with Leishmune®. In vitro short-term whole blood cultures were stimulated with Leishmania infantum soluble antigen (SLAg). The secreted cytokine signatures and their major sources were determined. RESULTS At six months after vaccination, Leishmune® induced an increase in IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-17a and TNF-α levels and a decrease in IL-10. Cytokine signature analysis revealed a shift in the microenvironment towards a pro-inflammatory profile mediated by IL-8 and IFN-γ. Both, CD4(+) (↑TNF-α(+) and ↑IFN-γ (+)) and CD8(+) (↑IL-17a and ↓IL-4) T-cells contributed to the acquired immune responses observed after stimulation with SLAg. CONCLUSIONS The changes observed in the cytokine profile suggested that Leishmune® was able to induce an effective response at six months after primovaccination. After one year, it returned to baseline suggesting the need of additional boosting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Costa-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcela L Moreira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruno H Marteleto
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vitor M Ribeiro
- Clínica Veterinária Santo Agostinho, Avenida Amazonas, 2218, 30180-00, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Michelle H França-Dias
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ludmila M Cardoso
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kelvinson F Viana
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodolfo C Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Olindo A Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Márcio S S Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Cardoso RM, de Araújo NNSL, Romero GAS, Souza TTCM, Dietrich AG, Mendes JD, Reis ML, Ferreira JBC, Hecht MM, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Expanding the knowledge about Leishmania species in wild mammals and dogs in the Brazilian savannah. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:171. [PMID: 25889365 PMCID: PMC4386096 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wild, synanthropic and domestic mammals act as hosts and/or reservoirs of several Leishmania spp. Studies on possible reservoirs of Leishmania in different areas are fundamental to understand host-parasite interactions and develop strategies for the surveillance and control of leishmaniasis. In the present study, we evaluated the Leishmania spp. occurrence in mammals in two conservation units and their surroundings in Brasília, Federal District (FD), Brazil. Methods Small mammals were captured in Brasília National Park (BNP) and Contagem Biological Reserve (CBR) and dogs were sampled in residential areas in their vicinity. Skin and blood samples were evaluated by PCR using different molecular markers (D7 24Sα rRNA and rDNA ITS1). Leishmania species were identified by sequencing of PCR products. Dog blood samples were subjected to the rapid immunochromatographic test (DPP) for detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies. Results 179 wild mammals were studied and 20.1% had Leishmania DNA successfully detected in at least one sample. Six mammal species were considered infected: Clyomys laticeps, Necromys lasiurus, Nectomys rattus, Rhipidomys macrurus, Didelphis albiventris and Gracilinanus agilis. No significant difference, comparing the proportion of individuals with Leishmania spp., was observed between the sampled areas and wild mammal species. Most of the positive samples were collected from the rodent N. lasiurus, infected by L. amazonensis or L. braziliensis. Moreover, infections by Trypanosoma spp. were detected in N. lasiurus and G. agilis. All 19 dog samples were positive by DPP; however, only three (15.8%) were confirmed by PCR assays. DNA sequences of ITS1 dog amplicons showed 100% identity with L. infantum sequence. Conclusions The results suggest the participation of six species of wild mammals in the enzootic transmission of Leishmania spp. in FD. This is the first report of L. amazonensis in N. lasiurus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0780-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Martins Cardoso
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Nadjar Nitz Silva Lociks de Araújo
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Doença de Chagas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Tâmara Castro Minuzzi Souza
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Ana Gabriela Dietrich
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Júnio Donizette Mendes
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Lima Reis
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, 70670350, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Jônatas Barbosa Cavalcante Ferreira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Machado Hecht
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Doença de Chagas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70904970, Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Baum M, de Castro EA, Pinto MC, Goulart TM, Baura W, Klisiowicz DDR, Vieira da Costa-Ribeiro MC. Molecular detection of the blood meal source of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a transmission area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, Paraná State, Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 143:8-12. [PMID: 25530542 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The feeding behavior of sand flies provides valuable information about the vector/host interactions and elucidates the epidemiological patterns of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) transmission. The aim of this study was to identify the blood meal sources of sand flies in endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Paraná State through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a prepronociceptin (PNOC) gene fragment and its subsequent DNA sequencing. Moreover, molecular assays were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and reproducibility of the PNOC gene amplification. Besides that, a time-course digestion test of the blood using sand flies that fed artificially on BALB/c mice was performed. Of 1263 female sand flies collected in the field, 93 (3.6%) specimens were engorged and 27 allowed efficient amplification of the PNOC gene. These flies had fed on equine (Equus caballus), porcine (Sus scrofa) and canine (Canis lupus familiaris) species. The results also showed that the identification of the blood meal sources of the sand flies using the molecular method was directly linked to the level of digestion of the blood (time-course) and not to the amount of blood that had been ingested or to the presence of inhibitors in the blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Baum
- Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Sector, Basic Pathology Department, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edilene Alcântara de Castro
- Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Sector, Basic Pathology Department, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Pinto
- State University Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, Biological Sciences Department, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Marchi Goulart
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Biology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Baura
- Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Sector, Basic Pathology Department, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora do Rocio Klisiowicz
- Federal University of Paraná, Biological Sciences Sector, Basic Pathology Department, Polytechnic Center, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Cássia-Pires R, Boité MC, D'Andrea PS, Herrera HM, Cupolillo E, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Distinct Leishmania species infecting wild caviomorph rodents (Rodentia: Hystricognathi) from Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3389. [PMID: 25503973 PMCID: PMC4263410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caviomorph rodents, some of the oldest Leishmania spp. hosts, are widely dispersed in Brazil. Despite both experimental and field studies having suggested that these rodents are potential reservoirs of Leishmania parasites, not more than 88 specimens were analyzed in the few studies of natural infection. Our hypothesis was that caviomorph rodents are inserted in the transmission cycles of Leishmania in different regions, more so than is currently recognized. Methodology We investigated the Leishmania infection in spleen fragments of 373 caviomorph rodents from 20 different species collected in five Brazilian biomes in a period of 13 years. PCR reactions targeting kDNA of Leishmania sp. were used to diagnose infection, while Leishmania species identification was performed by DNA sequencing of the amplified products obtained in the HSP70 (234) targeting. Serology by IFAT was performed on the available serum of these rodents. Principal findings In 13 caviomorph rodents, DNA sequencing analyses allowed the identification of 4 species of the subgenus L. (Viannia): L. shawi, L. guyanensis, L. naiffi, and L. braziliensis; and 1 species of the subgenus L. (Leishmania): L. infantum. These include the description of parasite species in areas not previously included in their known distribution: L. shawi in Thrichomys inermis from Northeastern Brazil and L. naiffi in T. fosteri from Western Brazil. From the four other positive rodents, two were positive for HSP70 (234) targeting but did not generate sequences that enabled the species identification, and another two were positive only in kDNA targeting. Conclusions/Significance The infection rate demonstrated by the serology (51.3%) points out that the natural Leishmania infection in caviomorph rodents is much higher than that observed in the molecular diagnosis (4.6%), highlighting that, in terms of the host species responsible for maintaining Leishmania species in the wild, our current knowledge represents only the “tip of the iceberg.” Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem expanding in Brazil and one of the reasons is that we still have poor knowledge of some aspects of the biology and epidemiology of Leishmania species, including the role of wild mammals. Caviomorph rodents, some of the oldest Leishmania spp. hosts, are widely dispersed in Brazil and reported as potential reservoirs of Leishmania parasites. Spleen fragments of 373 brazilian caviomorph rodents from 20 species were investigated for Leishmania infection. The molecular algorithm proposed to diagnose the infection associate the sensitivity of a molecular target with multiple copies with the specificity of another marker with discriminatory taxonomic ability between species. These demonstrated their usefulness in identifying most of the parasite species infecting the rodents, including the description of species in previously unknown hosts and in areas not previously included in their known distribution, such as L. shawi in Thrichomys inermis from Northeastern Brazil and L. naiffi in T. fosteri from Western Brazil. Although the percent of infection by molecular diagnosis was 4.6%, the serology demonstrated that about 51% of them had been exposed to Leishmania parasites pointing that caviomorph rodents are inserted in enzootic cycles of Leishmania, to a higher extent than currently recognized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Cássia-Pires
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Boité
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. D'Andrea
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor M. Herrera
- Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz R. Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Karkamo V, Kaistinen A, Näreaho A, Dillard K, Vainio-Siukola K, Vidgrén G, Tuoresmäki N, Anttila M. The first report of autochthonous non-vector-borne transmission of canine leishmaniosis in the Nordic countries. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:84. [PMID: 25492266 PMCID: PMC4310168 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania spp. are zoonotic protozoans that infect humans and other mammals such as dogs. The most significant causative species in dogs is L. infantum. In dogs, leishmaniosis is a potentially progressive, chronic disease with varying clinical outcomes. Autochthonous cases of canine leishmaniosis have not previously been reported in the Nordic countries. Results In this report we describe the first diagnosed autochthonous cases of canine leishmaniosis in Finland, in which transmission via a suitable arthropod vector was absent. Two Finnish boxers that had never been in endemic areas of Leishmania spp., had never received blood transfusions, nor were infested by ectoparasites were diagnosed with leishmaniosis. Another dog was found with elevated Leishmania antibodies. A fourth boxer dog that had been in Spain was considered to be the source of these infections. Transmission occurred through biting wounds and semen, however, transplacental infection in one of the dogs could not be ruled out. Two of the infected dogs developed a serious disease and were euthanized and sent for necropsy. The first one suffered from membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the second one had a chronic systemic disease. Leishmania sp. was detected from tissues by PCR and/or IHC in both dogs. The third infected dog was serologically positive for Leishmania sp. but remained free of clinical signs. Conclusions This case report shows that imported Leishmania-infected dogs may pose a risk for domestic dogs, even without suitable local arthropod vectors.
Collapse
|
125
|
Peixoto HM, de Oliveira MRF, Romero GAS. Serological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 20:334-52. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Regina Fernandes de Oliveira
- Center for Tropical Medicine; University of Brasília; Brasília Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero
- Center for Tropical Medicine; University of Brasília; Brasília Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment; Porto Alegre Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
de Brito VN, de Almeida ADBPF, Nakazato L, Duarte R, Souza CDO, Sousa VRF. Phlebotomine fauna, natural infection rate and feeding habits of Lutzomyia cruzi in Jaciara, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:899-904. [PMID: 25410993 PMCID: PMC4296494 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is transmitted by the phlebotomine Lutzomyia longipalpis and in some midwestern regions by Lutzomyia cruzi. Studies of the phlebotomine fauna, feeding habits and natural infection rate by Leishmania contribute to increased understanding of the epidemiological chain of leishmaniases and their vectorial capacity. Collections were performed in Jaciara, state of Mato Grosso from 2010-2013, during which time 2,011 phlebotomines (23 species) were captured (68.70% Lu. cruzi and 20.52% Lutzomyia whitmani). Lu. cruzi females were identified by observing the shapes of the cibarium (a portion of the mouthpart) and spermatheca, from which samples were obtained for polymerase chain reaction to determine the rates of natural infection. Engorged phlebotomines were assessed to identify the blood-meal host by ELISA. A moderate correlation was discovered between the number of Lu. cruzi and the temperature and the minimum rate of infection was 6.10%. Twenty-two females were reactive to the antisera of bird (28%), dog (3.30%) and skunk (1.60%). We conclude that Lu. cruzi and Lu. whitmani have adapted to the urban environment in this region and that Lu. cruzi is the most likely vector of VL in Jaciara. Moreover, maintenance of Leishmania in the environment is likely aided by the presence of birds and domestic and synanthropic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veruska Nogueira de Brito
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT,
Brasil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia,
Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT,
Brasil
| | | | - Luciano Nakazato
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia,
Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT,
Brasil
| | - Rosemere Duarte
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro,
RJ, Brasil
| | - Cladson de Oliveira Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia,
Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT,
Brasil
| | - Valéria Régia Franco Sousa
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia,
Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT,
Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Lewnard JA, Jirmanus L, Júnior NN, Machado PR, Glesby MJ, Ko AI, Carvalho EM, Schriefer A, Weinberger DM. Forecasting temporal dynamics of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northeast Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3283. [PMID: 25356734 PMCID: PMC4214672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease of increasing importance in northeastern Brazil. It is known that sandflies, which spread the causative parasites, have weather-dependent population dynamics. Routinely-gathered weather data may be useful for anticipating disease risk and planning interventions. Methodology/Principal Findings We fit time series models using meteorological covariates to predict CL cases in a rural region of Bahía, Brazil from 1994 to 2004. We used the models to forecast CL cases for the period 2005 to 2008. Models accounting for meteorological predictors reduced mean squared error in one, two, and three month-ahead forecasts by up to 16% relative to forecasts from a null model accounting only for temporal autocorrelation. Significance These outcomes suggest CL risk in northeastern Brazil might be partially dependent on weather. Responses to forecasted CL epidemics may include bolstering clinical capacity and disease surveillance in at-risk areas. Ecological mechanisms by which weather influences CL risk merit future research attention as public health intervention targets. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease resulting from infection by the Leishmania parasites, which humans may acquire when bitten by an infected sandfly. From a public health standpoint, it is important to identify cases early and monitor patients' clinical outcomes because unsuccessfully-treated patients are at risk for severe complications. Since weather conditions affect survival and reproduction of sandflies that transmit Leishmania, routinely-gathered weather and climate data may be useful for anticipating CL outbreaks, bolstering clinical capacity for high-risk periods, and initiating interventions such as active case-finding during these periods to limit disease burden. Here we assessed whether the number of CL cases occurring per month in a rural region of Bahía, Brazil was associated temperature, humidity, precipitation, and El Niño sea surface temperature oscillation patterns observed during preceding seasons. We formulated models that improved accuracy of one, two, and three month-ahead CL predictions by accounting for weather. Forecasts of this nature can contribute to reducing CL burden by informing resource allocation and intervention planning in preparation for epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Lewnard
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lara Jirmanus
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahía, Salvador, Brazil
- Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nivison Nery Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahía, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marshall J. Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahía, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahía, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel M. Weinberger
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Sanches FP, Tomokane TY, Da Matta VLR, Marcondes M, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages inversely correlates with parasitism of lymphoid tissues in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:57. [PMID: 25195062 PMCID: PMC4172852 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are only a few studies reporting the role of nitric oxide metabolites for controlling macrophage intracellular parasitism, and these are controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lymph nodes and spleen of dogs affected by visceral leishmaniasis through immunohistochemistry and to determine its correlation with tissue parasite burden and serum interferon (IFN)-γ levels. Twenty-eight dogs were selected and assigned to one of two groups, symptomatic (n = 18) and asymptomatic (n = 10), according to clinical status and laboratory evaluation. A negative control group (n = 6) from a non-endemic region for visceral leishmaniasis was included as well. RESULTS Parasite density (amastigotes/mm2) was similar between clinical groups in the lymph nodes (P = 0.2401) and spleen (P = 0.8869). The density of iNOS⁺ cells was higher in infected dogs compared to controls (P < 0.05), without a significant difference in lymph node (P = 0.3257) and spleen (P = 0.5940) densities between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. A positive correlation was found between the number of iNOS⁺ cells in lymph nodes and interferon-γ levels (r = 0.3776; P = 0.0303), and there was a negative correlation between parasites and iNOS⁺ cell densities both in lymph nodes (r = -0.5341; P = 0.0034) and spleen (r = -0.4669; P = 0.0329). CONCLUSION The negative correlation observed between tissue parasitism and the expression of iNOS may be a reflection of NO acting on the control of parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise P Sanches
- />Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455-1 andar-sala 1209, CEP: 01246-903 Cerqueira César São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Thaise Y Tomokane
- />Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455-1 andar-sala 1209, CEP: 01246-903 Cerqueira César São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Vânia LR Da Matta
- />Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455-1 andar-sala 1209, CEP: 01246-903 Cerqueira César São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Mary Marcondes
- />Departamento de Clínica, Cirúrgia, e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP Brazil
| | - Carlos EP Corbett
- />Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455-1 andar-sala 1209, CEP: 01246-903 Cerqueira César São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- />Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455-1 andar-sala 1209, CEP: 01246-903 Cerqueira César São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
de Oliveira GM, de Fatima Madeira M, Oliveira FS, Pacheco RS. PCR associated with molecular hybridization detects Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in healthy skin in canine tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Parasitol 2014; 101:91-3. [PMID: 25158080 DOI: 10.1645/14-567.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and domestic dogs. In Brazil, TL is considered endemic, and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the prevalent species causing this disease. There is debate about the role of dogs (Canis familiaris) as domestic reservoirs in the transmission cycle of TL. To date, classical parasitological techniques, including parasite isolation in culture media, have been able to detect parasites only from cutaneous lesions. In this study, we detected L. (V.) braziliensis DNA in intact skin fragments collected from 3 naturally infected dogs from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with the use of PCR techniques associated with molecular hybridization. The detection of parasitic DNA in this anatomical site is an important finding vis-à-vis the importance of the domestic dogs in endemic areas of TL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Marx de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
A canine model of experimental infection with Leishmania (L.) mexicana. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:361. [PMID: 25108307 PMCID: PMC4138396 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a tropical disease affecting over one million patients annually and Leishmania (L.) mexicana is one of the major etiological agents in the Americas. Here we established the first experimental infection of L. (L.) mexicana in canids. METHODS Beagle dogs were infected intradermally with culture-derived L. (L.) mexicana. We followed skin ulcer development, histopathological signs, parasite burden and the immune status of the infected dogs. RESULTS All infected dogs developed uniform oval-craterform ulcers similar to those observed in humans, associated with mixed T helper 1/T helper 2 immune responses. Parasites were detected in the healed lesions 15 weeks post-infection. Higher anti-Leishmania IgG levels correlated with larger lesions and high IgG1/IgG2 ratio was associated with some level of splenomegaly. CONCLUSIONS The canine model described in this work will be of use for further understanding of L. (L.) mexicana immunopathogenensis, and for drug and vaccine development.
Collapse
|
131
|
Curi NHDA, Paschoal AMDO, Massara RL, Marcelino AP, Ribeiro AA, Passamani M, Demétrio GR, Chiarello AG. Factors associated with the seroprevalence of leishmaniasis in dogs living around Atlantic Forest fragments. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104003. [PMID: 25089629 PMCID: PMC4121198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an important zoonosis in Brazil. However, infection patterns are unknown in some scenarios such as rural settlements around Atlantic Forest fragments. Additionally, controversy remains over risk factors, and most identified patterns of infection in dogs have been found in urban areas. We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological survey to assess the prevalence of leishmaniasis in dogs through three different serological tests, and interviews with owners to assess features of dogs and households around five Atlantic Forest remnants in southeastern Brazil. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models and Chi-square tests to detect associations between prevalence and variables that might influence Leishmania infection, and a nearest neighbor dispersion analysis to assess clustering in the spatial distribution of seropositive dogs. Our findings showed an average prevalence of 20% (ranging from 10 to 32%) in dogs. Nearly 40% (ranging from 22 to 55%) of households had at least one seropositive dog. Some individual traits of dogs (height, sterilization, long fur, age class) were found to positively influence the prevalence, while some had negative influence (weight, body score, presence of ectoparasites). Environmental and management features (number of cats in the households, dogs with free-ranging behavior) also entered models as negative associations with seropositivity. Strong and consistent negative (protective) influences of the presence of chickens and pigs in dog seropositivity were detected. Spatial clustering of cases was detected in only one of the five study sites. The results showed that different risk factors than those found in urban areas may drive the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in farm/forest interfaces, and that humans and wildlife risk infection in these areas. Domestic dog population limitation by gonadectomy, legal restriction of dog numbers per household and owner education are of the greatest importance for the control of visceral leishmaniasis in rural zones near forest fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria de Oliveira Paschoal
- Postgraduate program in Ecology, Conservation and Management of Wildlife, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lima Massara
- Postgraduate program in Ecology, Conservation and Management of Wildlife, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Passamani
- Postgraduate program in Applied Ecology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ramos Demétrio
- Postgraduate program in Applied Ecology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Fung H, Calzada J, Saldaña A, Santamaria A, Pineda V, Gonzalez K, Chaves L, Garner B, Gottdenker N. Domestic dog health worsens with socio-economic deprivation of their home communities. Acta Trop 2014; 135:67-74. [PMID: 24681221 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dogs play an important role in infectious disease transmission as reservoir hosts of many zoonotic and wildlife pathogens. Nevertheless, unlike wildlife species involved in the life cycle of pathogens, whose health status might be a direct reflection of their fitness and competitive abilities, dog health condition could be sensitive to socio-economic factors impacting the well-being of their owners. Here, we compare several dog health indicators in three rural communities of Panama with different degrees of socio-economic deprivation. From a total of 78 individuals, we collected blood and fecal samples, and assessed their body condition. With the blood samples, we performed routine hematologic evaluation (complete blood counts) and measured cytokine levels (Interferon-γ and Interleukin-10) through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. With the fecal samples we diagnosed helminthiases. Dogs were also serologically tested for exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi and canine distemper virus, and molecular tests were done to assess T. cruzi infection status. We found significant differences between dog health measurements, pathogen prevalence, parasite richness, and economic status of the human communities where the dogs lived. We found dogs that were less healthy, more likely to be infected with zoonotic pathogens, and more likely to be seropositive to canine distemper virus in the communities with lower economic status. This study concludes that isolated communities of lower economic status in Panama may have less healthy dogs that could become major reservoirs in the transmission of diseases to humans and sympatric wildlife.
Collapse
|
133
|
Babuadze G, Alvar J, Argaw D, de Koning HP, Iosava M, Kekelidze M, Tsertsvadze N, Tsereteli D, Chakhunashvili G, Mamatsashvili T, Beria N, Kalandadze I, Ejov M, Imnadze P. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Georgia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2725. [PMID: 24603768 PMCID: PMC3945224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the transmission and prevalence of Leishmania parasite infection of humans in two foci of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Georgia, the well known focus in Tbilisi in the East, and in Kutaisi, a new focus in the West of the country. The seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis was investigated in order to understand the zoonotic transmission. Blood samples of 1575 dogs (stray and pet) and 77 wild canids were tested for VL by Kalazar Detect rK39 rapid diagnostic tests. Three districts were investigated in Tbilisi and one in Kutaisi. The highest proportions of seropositive pet dogs were present in District #2 (28.1%, 82/292) and District #1 (26.9%, 24/89) in Tbilisi, compared to 17.3% (26/150) of pet dogs in Kutaisi. The percentage of seropositive stray dogs was also twice as high in Tbilisi (16.1%, n = 670) than in Kutaisi (8%, n = 50); only 2/58 wild animals screened were seropositive (2. 6%). A total of 873 Phlebotomine sand flies were collected, with 5 different species identified in Tbilisi and 3 species in Kutaisi; 2.3% of the females were positive for Leishmania parasites. The Leishmanin Skin Test (LST) was performed on 981 human subjects in VL foci in urban areas in Tbilisi and Kutaisi. A particularly high prevalence of LST positives was observed in Tbilisi District #1 (22.2%, 37.5% and 19.5% for ages 5-9, 15-24 and 25-59, respectively); lower prevalence was observed in Kutaisi (0%, 3.2% and 5.2%, respectively; P<0.05). This study shows that Tbilisi is an active focus for leishmaniasis and that the infection prevalence is very high in dogs and in humans. Although exposure is as yet not as high in Kutaisi, this is a new VL focus. The overall situation in the country is alarming and new control measures are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Babuadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jorge Alvar
- WHO/NTD/Leishmaniasis Program, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Argaw
- World Health Organization/NTD, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Merab Iosava
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Merab Kekelidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nikoloz Tsertsvadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Tsereteli
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Tamar Mamatsashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Beria
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irine Kalandadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mikhail Ejov
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Saridomichelakis MN, Koutinas AF. Cutaneous involvement in canine leishmaniosis due toLeishmania infantum(syn.L.chagasi). Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:61-71, e22. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N. Saridomichelakis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Clinic of Medicine; University of Thessaly; Trikalon Str. 224 GR-43100 Karditsa Greece
| | - Alexander F. Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Stavrou Voutyra 11 GR-54627 Thessaloniki Greece
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Teles NMM, Agostini MAP, Bigeli JG, Noleto RV, Oliveira JD, de Oliveira Junior WP. Molecular and parasitological detection of Leishmania spp. in dogs caught in Palmas, TO, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:278-82. [PMID: 23070439 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated occurrences of Leishmania infantum in dogs in the municipality of Palmas, Tocantins, comparing diagnostic data obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and parasitological diagnosis. Blood samples and lymph node aspirates were collected from 63 dogs of males and females and various ages and races, with or without owners, between August 2009 and June 2010. Slides containing smears of lymph node aspirates were stained with Giemsa stained. In PCR, the 145 bp target sequence of the LT1 fragment, located in the Leishmania donovani kDNA minicircle was detected using the RV1 and RV2 oligonucleotide primers. The chi-square test revealed that there was a significant relationship between the symptoms and dogs that were positive for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The parasitological investigation showed concordance of 66.7% with PCR on blood and 84.1% with PCR on lymph node aspirate. In addition to these tests, evaluations of the diagnoses in parallel and in series were conducted, which showed concordances with the parasitological test of 76.2% and 74.6%, respectively. The results make it possible to suggest that PCR on lymph nodes should be used in evaluating large populations (surveys) and that the parasitological test should be used for initial clinical evaluations in veterinary consultation offices.
Collapse
|
136
|
Different host complement systems and their interactions with saliva from Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera, Psychodidae) and Leishmania infantum promastigotes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79787. [PMID: 24255715 PMCID: PMC3821853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutzomyia longipalpis is the vector of Leishmania infantum in the New World, and its saliva inhibits classical and alternative human complement system pathways. This inhibition is important in protecting the insect´s midgut from damage by the complement. L. longipalpis is a promiscuous blood feeder and must be protected against its host’s complement. The objective of this study was to investigate the action of salivary complement inhibitors on the sera of different host species, such as dogs, guinea pigs, rats and chickens, at a pH of 7.4 (normal blood pH) and 8.15 (the midgut pH immediately after a blood meal). We also investigated the role of the chicken complement system in Leishmania clearance in the presence and absence of vector saliva. Results The saliva was capable of inhibiting classical pathways in dogs, guinea pigs and rats at both pHs. The alternative pathway was not inhibited except in dogs at a pH of 8.15. The chicken classical pathway was inhibited only by high concentrations of saliva and it was better inhibited by the midgut contents of sand flies. Neither the saliva nor the midgut contents had any effect on the avian alternative pathway. Fowl sera killed L. infantum promastigotes, even at a low concentration (2%), and the addition of L. longipalpis saliva did not protect the parasites. The high body temperature of chickens (40°C) had no effect on Leishmania viability during our assays. Conclusion Salivary inhibitors act in a species-specific manner. It is important to determine their effects in the natural hosts of Leishmania infantum because they act on canid and rodent complements but not on chickens (which do not harbour the parasite). Moreover, we concluded that the avian complement system is the probable mechanism through which chickens eliminate Leishmania and that their high body temperature does not influence this parasite.
Collapse
|
137
|
Baum M, Ribeiro MCVDC, Lorosa ES, Damasio GAC, Castro EAD. Eclectic feeding behavior of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in the transmission area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, state of Paraná, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:560-5. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0157-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
138
|
Is the dog a possible reservoir for cutaneous leishmaniasis in suriname? J Trop Med 2013; 2013:324140. [PMID: 24194768 PMCID: PMC3806449 DOI: 10.1155/2013/324140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an emerging disease in Suriname, with at least 200 cases per year. Little is known about the biology of CL in the country. The most important parasite species is Leishmania Viannia guyanensis, but possible vectors and reservoirs are hardly incriminated. In the present study, it was investigated whether the dog could possibly be a zoonotic reservoir for the disease in Suriname. Forty-seven dogs were examined for overt clinical signs of leishmaniasis, and blood samples were collected on filter paper for serology (direct agglutination test) and molecular biology (by polymerase chain reaction). Three dogs had clinical signs that could be compatible with canine cutaneous leishmaniosis: dermatitis (two) or nasal lesion (one). Two dogs were seropositive with DAT (titre > 1 : 1600), and three animals had a borderline titre (1 : 800). All other animals (n = 42) were DAT negative. PCR analysis found Leishmania DNA equivalent to 1 parasite per mL in only one dog at a first round of analysis, but this animal was negative after retesting. The clinical, serological, and molecular data show some preliminary lines of evidence that canine leishmaniosis is present in Suriname, but further studies are needed to incriminate the reservoir, including a possible sylvatic cycle.
Collapse
|
139
|
Lima BS, Dantas-Torres F, de Carvalho MR, Marinho-Junior JF, de Almeida EL, Brito MEF, Gomes F, Brandão-Filho SP. Small mammals as hosts of Leishmania spp. in a highly endemic area for zoonotic leishmaniasis in North-Eastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 107:592-7. [PMID: 23868744 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis in humans and animals worldwide. These parasites are transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, which become infected upon feeding on an infected mammalian host. We assessed the occurrence of Leishmania infection in small mammals in an area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis endemicity. METHODS A total of 180 small mammals were trapped in 2003 and 2006 in a rural area in north-eastern Brazil. Spleen and skin samples from these animals were assessed by two PCR protocols, one targeting Leishmania (Viannia) spp. and other Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Additionally, serum samples were tested by an immunochromatographic test with rK39 as antigen. RESULTS Overall, 23.2% (38/164) of the animals were positive to L. (V.) spp. and 8.8% (14/160) to L. (L.) infantum). Five animals of four species (Didelphis albiventris, Nectomys squamipes, Rattus rattus and Holochilus sciureus) were positive by both PCR protocols, an overall co-infection rate of 2.5%. By serology, 5% (7/139) of the animals were positive, but all of them were PCR-negative. An isolate obtained from a water rat (N. squamipes) was characterized as L. (V.) braziliensis (zymodeme Z-74). CONCLUSIONS This study reinforces the involvement of different small mammals (e.g., N. squamipes, R. rattus and H. scieurus) in the transmission cycles of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) infantum in north-eastern Brazil. The finding of L. (V.) braziliensis infection in black rats suggests a rapid process of adaptation of a New World Leishmania species to an Old World rodent and raises interesting questions regarding the co-evolution of these parasites and their vertebrate hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S Lima
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 50670420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among paraguayan communities, patients, and health professionals. J Trop Med 2013; 2013:538629. [PMID: 23690792 PMCID: PMC3649269 DOI: 10.1155/2013/538629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) due to Leishmania (V.) braziliensis are endemic in Paraguay. We performed a series of knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) surveys simultaneously with individuals in endemic communities in San Pedro department (n = 463), health professionals (n = 25), and patients (n = 25). Results showed that communities were exposed to high risk factors for transmission of L. braziliensis. In logistic regression analysis, age was the only factor independently associated with having seen a CL/MCL lesion (P = 0.002). The pervasive attitude in communities was that CL was not a problem. Treatment seeking was often delayed, partly due to secondary costs, and inappropriate remedies were applied. Several important cost-effective measures are indicated that may improve control of CL. Community awareness could be enhanced through existing community structures. Free supply of specific drugs should continue but ancillary support could be considered. Health professionals require routine and standardised provision of diagnosis and treatment algorithms for CL and MCL. During treatment, all patients could be given simple information to increase awareness in the community.
Collapse
|
141
|
de Morais RCS, Gonçalves SDC, Costa PL, da Silva KG, da Silva FJ, Silva RPE, de Brito MEF, Brandão-Filho SP, Dantas-Torres F, de Paiva-Cavalcanti M. Detection of Leishmania infantum in animals and their ectoparasites by conventional PCR and real time PCR. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 59:473-81. [PMID: 23132326 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniosis (VL) is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, which is primarily transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. However, there has been much speculation on the role of other arthropods in the transmission of VL. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the presence of L. infantum in cats, dogs and their ectoparasites in a VL-endemic area in northeastern Brazil. DNA was extracted from blood samples and ectoparasites, tested by conventional PCR (cPCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) targeting the L. infantum kinetoplast DNA. A total of 280 blood samples (from five cats and 275 dogs) and 117 ectoparasites from dogs were collected. Animals were apparently healthy and not previously tested by serological or molecular diagnostic methods. Overall, 213 (76.1 %) animals and 51 (43.6 %) ectoparasites were positive to L. infantum, with mean parasite loads of 795.2, 31.9 and 9.1 fg in dogs, cats and ectoparasites, respectively. Concerning the positivity between dogs and their ectoparasites, 32 (15.3 %) positive dogs were parasitized by positive ectoparasites. The overall concordance between the PCR protocols used was 59.2 %, with qPCR being more efficient than cPCR; 34.1 % of all positive samples were exclusively positive by qPCR. The high number of positive animals and ectoparasites also indicates that they could serve as sentinels or indicators of the circulation of L. infantum in risk areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Carla Silva de Morais
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
The Risk Factors for and Effects of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Graft and Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2013; 95:721-7. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31827c16e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
143
|
Marlow MA, da Silva Mattos M, Makowiecky ME, Eger I, Rossetto AL, Grisard EC, Steindel M. Divergent profile of emerging cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Brazil: new endemic areas in the southern frontier. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56177. [PMID: 23457521 PMCID: PMC3572950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although known to be highly endemic in the Amazon regions of Brazil, the presence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the subtropical southern part of the country has largely been ignored. This study was conducted to demonstrate CL is emerging in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, as well as to characterize the epidemiological profile and Leishmania species involved. Methodology/Principal Findings For this cross-sectional study, data from all CL cases from Santa Catarina, Brazil, reported to the Brazilian National Notifiable Diseases Information System from 2001 to 2009 were investigated. Amplification of the kDNA minicircle conserved region followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was conducted to screen for Leishmania species present in patient biopsy. Overall, 542 CL cases were reported, with majority resulting from autochthonous transmission (n = 401, 73.99%) and occurring in urban zones (n = 422, 77.86%). Age, gender, zone of residence, origin of case, clinical form and case outcome were found to differ significantly by region. Imported cases were over seven times more likely to relapse (95% CI 2.56–21.09). Mapping of cases revealed new endemic areas in northeastern Santa Catarina with two species present. With the exception of three L. (Leishmania) amazonensis cases (1.20%), majority of PCR positive samples were found to be L. (Viannia) braziliensis (n = 248, 98.80%). Conclusions/Significance CL is now endemic in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, with case profiles varying significantly by region. L. (V.) braziliensis has been identified as the predominant species in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Asbury Marlow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marise da Silva Mattos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Ernestina Makowiecky
- Department of Zoonoses, Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Iriane Eger
- Center for Health Sciences, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | | | - Edmundo Carlos Grisard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Mário Steindel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Athanasiou L, Saridomichelakis M, Kontos V, Spanakos G, Rallis T. Treatment of canine leishmaniosis with aminosidine at an optimized dosage regimen: A pilot open clinical trial. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:91-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
145
|
Esch KJ, Petersen CA. Transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic protozoal diseases of companion animals. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:58-85. [PMID: 23297259 PMCID: PMC3553666 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00067-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 77 million dogs and 93 million cats share our households in the United States. Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of pets in their owners' physical and mental health. Given the large number of companion animals in the United States and the proximity and bond of these animals with their owners, understanding and preventing the diseases that these companions bring with them are of paramount importance. Zoonotic protozoal parasites, including toxoplasmosis, Chagas' disease, babesiosis, giardiasis, and leishmaniasis, can cause insidious infections, with asymptomatic animals being capable of transmitting disease. Giardia and Toxoplasma gondii, endemic to the United States, have high prevalences in companion animals. Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi are found regionally within the United States. These diseases have lower prevalences but are significant sources of human disease globally and are expanding their companion animal distribution. Thankfully, healthy individuals in the United States are protected by intact immune systems and bolstered by good nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene. Immunocompromised individuals, including the growing number of obese and/or diabetic people, are at a much higher risk of developing zoonoses. Awareness of these often neglected diseases in all health communities is important for protecting pets and owners. To provide this awareness, this review is focused on zoonotic protozoal mechanisms of virulence, epidemiology, and the transmission of pathogens of consequence to pet owners in the United States.
Collapse
|
146
|
de Souza RF, dos Santos YL, de Souza Vasconcellos R, Borges-Pereira L, Caldas IS, de Almeida MR, Bahia MT, Fietto JLR. Recombinant Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Ecto-Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase NTPDase-2 as a new antigen in canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. Acta Trop 2013; 125:60-6. [PMID: 23022017 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an important public health concern. In the epidemiological context of human visceral leishmaniasis, dogs are considered the main reservoir of Leishmania parasites; therefore, dogs must be epidemiologically monitored constantly in endemic areas. Furthermore, dog to human transmission has been correlated with emerging urbanization and increasing rates of leishmaniasis infection worldwide. Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (L. chagasi) is the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World. In this work, a new L. (L.) infantum (L. chagasi) recombinant antigen, named ATP diphosphohydrolase (rLic-NTPDase-2), intended for use in the immunodiagnosis of CVL was produced and validated. The extracellular domain of ATP diphosphohydrolase was cloned and expressed in the pET21b-Escherichia coli expression system. Indirect ELISA assays were used to detect the purified rLic-NTPDase-2 antigen using a standard canine sera library. This library contained CVL-positive samples, leishmaniasis-negative samples and samples from Trypanosoma cruzi-infected dogs. The results show a high sensitivity of 100% (95% CI=92.60-100.0%) and a high specificity of 100% (95% CI=86.77-100.0%), with a high degree of confidence (k=1). These findings demonstrate the potential use of this recombinant protein in immune diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis and open the possibility of its application to other diagnostic approaches, such as immunochromatography fast lateral flow assays and human leishmaniasis diagnosis.
Collapse
|
147
|
Rodríguez-Cortés A, Ojeda A, Todolí F, Alberola J. Performance of commercially available serological diagnostic tests to detect Leishmania infantum infection on experimentally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2013; 191:363-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
148
|
Alves A, Mouta-Confort E, Figueiredo F, Oliveira R, Schubach A, Madeira M. Evaluation of serological cross-reactivity between canine visceral leishmaniasis and natural infection by Trypanosoma caninum. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1329-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
149
|
Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Vitoriano-Souza J, Coura-Vital W, Braga SL, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, de Lana M, Gontijo NF, Marques MJ, Giunchetti RC, Reis AB. Performance of LBSap vaccine after intradermal challenge with L. infantum and saliva of Lu. longipalpis: immunogenicity and parasitological evaluation. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189161 PMCID: PMC3506642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the search for new vaccines against canine visceral leishmaniasis has intensified. However, the pattern related to immune protection during long periods after experimental infection in vaccine trials is still not fully understood. Herein, we investigated the immunogenicity and parasitological levels after intradermal challenge with Leishmania infantum plus salivary gland extract in dogs immunized with a vaccine composed of L. braziliensis antigens plus saponin as an adjuvant (LBSap vaccine). The LBSap vaccine elicited higher levels of total anti-Leishmania IgG as well as both IgG1 and IgG2. Furthermore, dogs vaccinated had increased levels of lymphocytes, particularly circulating B cells (CD21(+)) and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. LBSap also elicited an intense in vitro cell proliferation associated with higher levels of CD4(+) T lymphocytes specific for vaccine soluble antigen and soluble lysate of L. infantum antigen even 885 days after experimental challenge. Furthermore, LBSap vaccinated dogs presented high IFN-γ and low IL-10 and TGF-β1 expression in spleen with significant reduction of parasite load in this tissue. Overall, our results validate the potential of LBSap vaccine to protect against L. infantum experimental infection and strongly support further evaluation of efficiency of LBSap against CVL in natural infection conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Vitoriano-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel Leôncio Braga
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Marques
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
ROVIROSA-HERNÁNDEZ MARÍADEJESÚS, CORTES-ORTÍZ LILIANA, GARCÍA-ORDUÑA FRANCISCO, GUZMÁN-GÓMEZ DANIEL, LÓPEZ-MONTEON ARACELY, CABA MARIO, RAMOS-LIGONIO ANGEL. Seroprevalence ofTrypanosoma cruziandLeishmania mexicanain Free-Ranging Howler Monkeys in Southeastern Mexico. Am J Primatol 2012; 75:161-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - LILIANA CORTES-ORTÍZ
- Museum of Zoology Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor; Michigan
| | | | | | | | - MARIO CABA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Veracruzana; Xalapa; Veracruz; México
| | | |
Collapse
|