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Lacasta A, Monteagudo PL, Jiménez-Marín Á, Accensi F, Ballester M, Argilaguet J, Galindo-Cardiel I, Segalés J, Salas ML, Domínguez J, Moreno Á, Garrido JJ, Rodríguez F. Live attenuated African swine fever viruses as ideal tools to dissect the mechanisms involved in viral pathogenesis and immune protection. Vet Res 2015; 46:135. [PMID: 26589145 PMCID: PMC4654842 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causal agent of African swine fever, a hemorrhagic and often lethal porcine disease causing enormous economical losses in affected countries. Endemic for decades in most of the sub-Saharan countries and Sardinia, the risk of ASFV-endemicity in Europe has increased since its last introduction into Europe in 2007. Live attenuated viruses have been demonstrated to induce very efficient protective immune responses, albeit most of the time protection was circumscribed to homologous ASFV challenges. However, their use in the field is still far from a reality, mainly due to safety concerns. In this study we compared the course of the in vivo infection caused by two homologous ASFV strains: the virulent E75 and the cell cultured adapted strain E75CV1, obtained from adapting E75 to grow in the CV1 cell-line. Interestingly, the kinetics of both viruses not only differed on the clinical signs that they caused and in the virus loads found, but also in the immunological pathways activated throughout the infections. Furthermore, E75CV1 confirmed its protective potential against the homologous E75 virus challenge and allowed the demonstration of poor cross-protection against BA71, thus defining it as heterologous. The in vitro specificity of the CD8(+) T-cells present at the time of lethal challenge showed a clear activation against the homologous virus (E75) but not against BA71. These findings will be of utility for a better understanding of ASFV pathogenesis and for the rational designing of safe and efficient vaccines against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lacasta
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,International Livestock Research Intitute (ILRI), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Paula L Monteagudo
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Jiménez-Marín
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Campus Alameda del Obispo, 14080 CSIC, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Francesc Accensi
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Ballester
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,INRA, UMR, 1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Iván Galindo-Cardiel
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,WorldPathol Ltd. Co., 50005, Saragossa, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María L Salas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Ángela Moreno
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Campus Alameda del Obispo, 14080 CSIC, Córdoba, Spain. .,Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ed. C-5, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Campus Alameda del Obispo, 14080 CSIC, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Fernando Rodríguez
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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Portugal R, Coelho J, Höper D, Little NS, Smithson C, Upton C, Martins C, Leitão A, Keil GM. Related strains of African swine fever virus with different virulence: genome comparison and analysis. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:408-419. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.070508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Portugal
- Institut für molekulare Virologie und Zellbiologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - João Coelho
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa 1300-477, Portugal
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institut für molekulare Virologie und Zellbiologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Nicole S. Little
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada
| | - Chad Smithson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada
| | - Chris Upton
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada
| | - Carlos Martins
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa 1300-477, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, CVZ, FMV, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa 1300-477, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa 1300-477, Portugal
| | - Günther M. Keil
- Institut für molekulare Virologie und Zellbiologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
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103
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Gerner W, Talker SC, Koinig HC, Sedlak C, Mair KH, Saalmüller A. Phenotypic and functional differentiation of porcine αβ T cells: current knowledge and available tools. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:3-13. [PMID: 25466616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Domestic pigs are considered as a valuable large animal model because of their close relation to humans in regard to anatomy, genetics and physiology. This includes their potential use as organ donors in xenotransplantation but also studies on various zoonotic infections affecting pigs and humans. Such work also requires a thorough understanding of the porcine immune system which was partially hampered in the past by restrictions on available immunological tools compared to rodent models. However, progress has been made during recent years in the study of both, the innate and the adaptive immune system of pigs. In this review we will summarize the current knowledge on porcine αβ T cells, which comprise two major lymphocyte subsets of the adaptive immune system: CD4(+) T cells with important immunoregulatory functions and CD8(+) T cells, also designated as cytolytic T cells. Aspects on their functional and phenotypic differentiation are presented. In addition, we summarize currently available tools to study these subsets which may support a more widespread use of swine as a large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephanie C Talker
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna C Koinig
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corinna Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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104
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Expression library immunization can confer protection against lethal challenge with African swine fever virus. J Virol 2014; 88:13322-32. [PMID: 25210179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01893-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED African swine fever is one of the most devastating pig diseases, against which there is no vaccine available. Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated the protective potential of DNA vaccines encoding three African swine fever viral antigens (p54, p30, and the hemagglutinin extracellular domain) fused to ubiquitin. Partial protection was afforded in the absence of detectable antibodies prior to virus challenge, and survival correlated with the presence of a large number of hemagglutinin-specific CD8(+) T cells in blood. Aiming to demonstrate the presence of additional CD8(+) T-cell determinants with protective potential, an expression library containing more than 4,000 individual plasmid clones was constructed, each one randomly containing a Sau3AI restriction fragment of the viral genome (p54, p30, and hemagglutinin open reading frames [ORFs] excluded) fused to ubiquitin. Immunization of farm pigs with the expression library yielded 60% protection against lethal challenge with the virulent E75 strain. These results were further confirmed by using specific-pathogen-free pigs after challenging them with 10(4) hemadsorbing units (HAU) of the cell culture-adapted strain E75CV1. On this occasion, 50% of the vaccinated pigs survived the lethal challenge, and 2 out of the 8 immunized pigs showed no viremia or viral excretion at any time postinfection. In all cases, protection was afforded in the absence of detectable specific antibodies prior to challenge and correlated with the detection of specific T-cell responses at the time of sacrifice. In summary, our results clearly demonstrate the presence of additional protective determinants within the African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome and open up the possibility for their future identification. IMPORTANCE African swine fever is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs that is endemic in many sub-Saharan countries, where it causes important economic losses and is currently in continuous expansion across Europe. Unfortunately, there is no treatment nor an available vaccine. Early attempts using attenuated vaccines demonstrated their potential to protect pigs against experimental infection. However, their use in the field remains controversial due to safety issues. Although inactive and subunit vaccines did not confer solid protection against experimental ASFV infection, our DNA vaccination results have generated new expectations, confirming the key role of T-cell responses in protection and the existence of multiple ASFV antigens with protective potential, more of which are currently being identified. Thus, the future might bring complex and safe formulations containing more than a single viral determinant to obtain broadly protective vaccines. We believe that obtaining the optimal vaccine formulation it is just a matter of time, investment, and willingness.
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