101
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Zhang J, Hu H, Liang S, Yin J, Hui X, Hu S, He M, Wang J, Wang B, Nie Y, Wu K, Ding J. Targeted radiotherapy with tumor vascular homing trimeric GEBP11 peptide evaluated by multimodality imaging for gastric cancer. J Control Release 2013; 172:322-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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102
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Microfluidics for synthesis of peptide-based PET tracers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:839683. [PMID: 24288688 PMCID: PMC3833028 DOI: 10.1155/2013/839683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful noninvasive tool for acquisition of the physiological parameters in human and animals with the help of PET tracers. Among all the PET tracers, radiolabeled peptides have been widely explored for cancer-related receptor imaging due to their high affinity and specificity to receptors. But radiochemistry procedures for production of peptide-based PET tracers are usually complex, which makes large-scale clinical studies relatively challenging. New radiolabeling technologies which could simplify synthesis and purification procedures, are extremely needed. Over the last decade, microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology have boomed as powerful tools in the field of organic chemistry, which potentially provide significant help to the PET chemistry. In this minireview, microfluidic radiolabeling technology is described and its application for synthesis of peptide-based PET tracers is summarized and discussed.
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103
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Haskali MB, Roselt PD, Karas JA, Noonan W, Wichmann CW, Katsifis A, Hicks RJ, Hutton CA. One-step radiosynthesis of 4-nitrophenyl 2-[(18) F]fluoropropionate ([(18) F]NFP); improved preparation of radiolabeled peptides for PET imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:726-30. [PMID: 24339012 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The versatile (18) F-labeled prosthetic group, 4-nitrophenyl 2-[(18) F]fluoropropionate ([(18) F]NFP), was synthesized in a single step in 45 min from 4-nitrophenyl 2-bromopropionate, with a decay corrected radiochemical yield of 26.2% ± 2.2%. Employing this improved synthesis of [(18) F]NFP, [(18) F]GalactoRGD - the current 'gold standard' tracer for imaging the expression of αV β3 integrin - was prepared with high specific activity in 90 min and 20% decay corrected radiochemical yield from [(18) F]fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Haskali
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia; The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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104
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Feng B, Guo L, Wang L, Li F, Lu J, Gao J, Fan C, Huang Q. A Graphene Oxide-Based Fluorescent Biosensor for the Analysis of Peptide–Receptor Interactions and Imaging in Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2 Overexpressed Tumor Cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7732-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4009463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianying Feng
- Key Laboratory
of Laboratory
Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
- Division of Physical Biology
and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai
Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Linjie Guo
- Division of Physical Biology
and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai
Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Physical Biology
and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai
Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Fan Li
- Division of Physical Biology
and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai
Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- Key Laboratory
of Laboratory
Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Key Laboratory
of Laboratory
Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Division of Physical Biology
and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai
Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Division of Physical Biology
and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai
Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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105
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Jamous M, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Synthesis of peptide radiopharmaceuticals for the therapy and diagnosis of tumor diseases. Molecules 2013; 18:3379-409. [PMID: 23493103 PMCID: PMC6269889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in molecular biology and biochemistry, the prognosis of patients suffering from tumor diseases remains poor. The limited therapeutic success can be explained by the insufficient performance of the common chemotherapeutic drugs that lack the ability to specifically target tumor tissues. Recently peptide radiopharmaceuticals have been developed that enable the concurrent imaging and therapy of tumors expressing a specific target. Here, with a special emphasis on the synthesis of the building blocks required for the complexation of metallic radioisotopes, the requirements to the design and synthesis of radiolabeled peptides for clinical applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter Mier
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-7720; Fax: +49-6221-65-33629
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106
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Dall'Angelo S, Zhang Q, Fleming IN, Piras M, Schweiger LF, O'Hagan D, Zanda M. Efficient bioconjugation of 5-fluoro-5-deoxy-ribose (FDR) to RGD peptides for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of αvβ3 integrin receptor. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4551-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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107
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de Sá A, Bonnet CS, Geraldes CFGC, Tóth É, Ferreira PMT, André JP. Thermodynamic stability and relaxation studies of small, triaza-macrocyclic Mn(ii) chelates. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:4522-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32496b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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108
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Abstract
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is the state-of-the-art imaging modality in nuclear medicine despite the fact that only a few new SPECT tracers have become available in the past 20 years. Critical for the future success of SPECT is the design of new and specific tracers for the detection, localization, and staging of a disease and for monitoring therapy. The utility of SPECT imaging to address oncologic questions is dependent on radiotracers that ideally exhibit excellent tissue penetration, high affinity to the tumor-associated target structure, specific uptake and retention in the malignant lesions, and rapid clearance from non-targeted tissues and organs. In general, a target-specific SPECT radiopharmaceutical can be divided into two main parts: a targeting biomolecule (e.g. peptide, antibody fragment) and a γ-radiation emitting radionuclide (e.g. (99m)Tc, (123)I). If radiometals are used as the radiation source, a bifunctional chelator is needed to link the radioisotope to the targeting entity. In a rational SPECT tracer design these single components have to be critically evaluated in order to achieve a balance among the demands for adequate target binding, and a rapid clearance of the radiotracer. The focus of this chapter is to depict recent developments of tumor-targeted SPECT radiotracers for imaging of cancer diseases. Possibilities for optimization of tracer design and potential causes for design failure are discussed and highlighted with selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
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109
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Shen Y, Schottelius M, Zelenka K, De Simone M, Pohle K, Kessler H, Wester HJ, Schmutz P, Alberto R. Orthogonally protected artificial amino acid as tripod ligand for automated peptide synthesis and labeling with [(99m)Tc(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)](+). Bioconjug Chem 2012; 24:26-35. [PMID: 23237229 DOI: 10.1021/bc3003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Diamino-propionic acid (Dap) is a very strong chelator for the [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+) core, yielding small and hydrophilic complexes. We prepared the lysine based Dap derivative l-Lys(Dap) in which the ε-NH(2) group was replaced by the tripod through conjugation to its α-carbon. The synthetic strategy produced an orthogonally protected bifunctional chelator (BFC). The -NH(2) group of the α-amino acid portion is Fmoc- and the -NH(2) of Dap are Boc-protected. Fmoc-l-Lys(Dap(Boc)) was either conjugated to the N- and C-terminus of bombesin BBN(7-14) or integrated into the sequence using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). We also replaced the native lysine in a cyclic RGD peptide with l-Lys(Dap). For all peptides, quantitative labeling with the [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+) core at a 10 μM concentration in PBS buffer (pH = 7.4) was achieved. For comparison, the rhenium homologues were prepared from [Re(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)](+) and Lys(Dap)-BBN(7-14) or cyclo-(RGDyK(Dap)), respectively. Determination of integrin receptor binding showed low to medium nanomolar affinities for various receptor subtypes. The IC(50) of cyclo-(RGDyK(Dap[Re(CO)(3)])) for α(v)β(3) is 7.1 nM as compared to 3.1 nM for nonligated RGD derivative. Biodistribution studies in M21 melanoma bearing nude mice showed reasonable α(v)β(3)-integrin specific tumor uptake. Altogether, orthogonally protected l-Lys(Dap) represents a highly versatile building block for integration in any peptide sequence. Lys(Dap)-precursors allow high-yield (99m)Tc-labeling with [(99m)Tc(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)](+), forming small and hydrophilic complexes, which in turn leads to peptide radiopharmaceuticals with excellent in vivo characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Shen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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110
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111
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Richter S, Bouvet V, Wuest M, Bergmann R, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J, Neundorf I, Wuest F. 18F-Labeled phosphopeptide-cell-penetrating peptide dimers with enhanced cell uptake properties in human cancer cells. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:1202-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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112
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Morales AR, Yanez CO, Zhang Y, Wang X, Biswas S, Urakami T, Komatsu M, Belfield KD. Small molecule fluorophore and copolymer RGD peptide conjugates for ex vivo two-photon fluorescence tumor vasculature imaging. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8477-85. [PMID: 22940216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of small molecule and block copolymer RGD peptide conjugates for deep ex vivo imaging of tumor vasculature in "whole" excised tumors using two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM). The fluorescent probes were administered to mice via tail-vein injection, after which the tumors were excised, fixed, and imaged without further sample preparation. Both RGD conjugates demonstrated specific targeting to tumor blood vessels, and this selectivity imparted excellent contrast in 2PFM micrographs that captured high-resolution 3-D images of the tumor vasculature up to depths of 830 μm in Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumors. 2PFM ex vivo fluorescence micrographs clearly revealed tumor vessels, while differences in the sensitivity of tumor vessel imaging were apparent between the small molecule and block copolymer conjugates. Both the small molecule and polymer-based two-photon absorbing probe conjugate are valuable for deep tissue tumor microvasculature imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma R Morales
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, FL 32816-2366, USA
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113
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Kluba CA, Bauman A, Valverde IE, Vomstein S, Mindt TL. Dual-targeting conjugates designed to improve the efficacy of radiolabeled peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7594-602. [PMID: 22898743 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26127h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabeled regulatory peptides are useful tools in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis (imaging) and therapy of cancer. The specificity of the peptides towards GPC receptors, which are overexpressed by cancer cells, and their favorable pharmacokinetic profile make them ideal vectors to transport conjugated radionuclides to tumors and metastases. However, after internalization of the radiopeptide into cancer cells and tumors, a rapid washout of a substantial fraction of the delivered radioactivity is often observed. This phenomenon may represent a limitation of radiopeptides for clinical applications. Here, we report the synthesis, radiolabeling, stability, and in vitro evaluation of a novel, dual-targeting peptide radioconjugate designed to enhance the cellular retention of radioactivity. The described trifunctional conjugate is comprised of a Tc-99m SPECT reporter probe, a cell membrane receptor-specific peptide, and a second targeting entity directed towards mitochondria. While the specificity of the first generation of dual-targeting conjugates towards its extracellular target was demonstrated, intracellular targeting could not be confirmed probably due to non-specific binding or hindered passage through the membrane of the organelle. The work presented describes a novel approach with potential to improve the efficacy of radiopharmaceuticals by enhancing the intracellular retention of radioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane A Kluba
- University of Basel Hospital, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Division of Radiological Chemistry, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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114
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Morais GR, Paulo A, Santos I. Organometallic Complexes for SPECT Imaging and/or Radionuclide Therapy. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300501d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Goreti Ribeiro Morais
- Unidade de Ciências
Quı́micas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto
Tecnológico e Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional
10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Unidade de Ciências
Quı́micas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto
Tecnológico e Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional
10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santos
- Unidade de Ciências
Quı́micas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto
Tecnológico e Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional
10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal
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115
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Carroll V, Demoin DW, Hoffman TJ, Jurisson SS. Inorganic chemistry in nuclear imaging and radiotherapy: current and future directions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2012; 100:653-667. [PMID: 25382874 PMCID: PMC4221859 DOI: 10.1524/ract.2012.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiometals play an important role in diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. This field of radiochemistry is multidisciplinary, involving radiometal production, separation of the radiometal from its target, chelate design for complexing the radiometal in a biologically stable environment, specific targeting of the radiometal to its in vivo site, and nuclear imaging and/or radiotherapy applications of the resultant radiopharmaceutical. The critical importance of inorganic chemistry in the design and application of radiometal-containing imaging and therapy agents is described from a historical perspective to future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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116
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Koopmans KP, Glaudemans AWJM. Rationale for the use of radiolabelled peptides in diagnosis and therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39 Suppl 1:S4-10. [PMID: 22388630 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-2038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine techniques are becoming more important in imaging oncological and infectious diseases. For metabolic imaging of these diseases, antibody and peptide imaging are currently used. In recent years peptide imaging has become important, therefore the rationale for the use of peptide imaging is described in this article. Criteria for a successful peptide tracer are a high target specificity, a high binding affinity, a long metabolic stability and a high target-to-background ratio. Tracer internalization is also beneficial. For oncological imaging, many tracers are available, most originating from regulatory peptides, but penetrating peptides are also being developed. Peptides for imaging inflammatory and infectious diseases include regulatory peptides, antimicrobial peptides and others. In conclusion, for the imaging of oncological, imflammatory and infectious diseases, many promising peptides are being developed. The ideal peptide probe is characterized by rapid and specific target localization and binding with a high tumour-to-background ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Koopmans
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Martini Hospital, Van Swietenplein 1, 9728 NT Groningen, The Netherlands.
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117
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Ha YS, Lee HY, An GI, Kim J, Kwak W, Lee EJ, Lee SM, Lee BH, Kim IS, Belay T, Lee W, Ahn BC, Lee J, Yoo J. Synthesis and evaluation of a radioiodinated bladder cancer specific peptide. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4330-5. [PMID: 22705190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urinary tract, however the invasive cystoscopy is still the standard technique for diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. Herein, we radiolabel bladder cancer specific peptide with radioactive iodine ((131/124)I) and evaluate its potential as a new radiopharmaceutical for the non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer. A 9-mer bladder cancer specific peptide (BP) was conjugated with tyrosine and cyclized by disulfide bond formation to give Y-BP, which was further radioiodinated to give [(131/124)I]Y-BP in good radiochemical yield. The biodistribution data showed the high selectivity of [(124)I]Y-BP in HT1376 human bladder cancer xenograft models with a tumor-to-muscle ratio of 6.2. This tumor targeting was not observed in control B16F10 melanoma tumor models. In microPET studies, while the control scrambled peptide, [(124)I]Y-sBP, did not accumulate in either the bladder cancer or melanoma, [(124)I]Y-BP showed high tumor uptake only in animals with HT1376 bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, [(124)I]Y-BP showed superior bladder cancer uptake even compared to most commonly used cancer imaging tracer, [(18)F]FDG. The experimental results suggest the potential of [(124)I]Y-BP as a new radiopharmaceutical for the non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer with high binding affinity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Su Ha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
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118
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James ML, Gambhir SS. A molecular imaging primer: modalities, imaging agents, and applications. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:897-965. [PMID: 22535898 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is revolutionizing the way we study the inner workings of the human body, diagnose diseases, approach drug design, and assess therapies. The field as a whole is making possible the visualization of complex biochemical processes involved in normal physiology and disease states, in real time, in living cells, tissues, and intact subjects. In this review, we focus specifically on molecular imaging of intact living subjects. We provide a basic primer for those who are new to molecular imaging, and a resource for those involved in the field. We begin by describing classical molecular imaging techniques together with their key strengths and limitations, after which we introduce some of the latest emerging imaging modalities. We provide an overview of the main classes of molecular imaging agents (i.e., small molecules, peptides, aptamers, engineered proteins, and nanoparticles) and cite examples of how molecular imaging is being applied in oncology, neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, cell tracking, and theranostics (therapy combined with diagnostics). A step-by-step guide to answering biological and/or clinical questions using the tools of molecular imaging is also provided. We conclude by discussing the grand challenges of the field, its future directions, and enormous potential for further impacting how we approach research and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L James
- Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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119
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Kuil J, Buckle T, van Leeuwen FWB. Imaging agents for the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5239-61. [PMID: 22743644 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12) is a natural regulatory process in the human body. However, CXCR4 over-expression is also found in diseases such as cancer, where it plays a role in, among others, the metastatic spread. For this reason it is an interesting biomarker for the field of diagnostic oncology, and therefore, it is gaining increasing interest for applications in molecular imaging. Especially "small-molecule" imaging agents based on T140, FC131 and AMD3100 have been extensively studied. SDF-1, antibodies, pepducins and bioluminescence have also been used to visualize CXCR4. In this critical review reported CXCR4 targeting imaging agents are described based on their affinity, specificity and biodistribution. The level wherein CXCR4 is up-regulated in cancer patients and its relation to the different cell lines and animal models used to evaluate the efficacy of the imaging agents is also discussed (221 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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120
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Graf N, Bielenberg DR, Kolishetti N, Muus C, Banyard J, Farokhzad OC, Lippard SJ. α(V)β(3) integrin-targeted PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of a Pt(IV) prodrug. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4530-9. [PMID: 22584163 PMCID: PMC3358506 DOI: 10.1021/nn301148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutics to tumor neovasculature is potentially a powerful approach for selective cancer treatment. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins involved in cell adhesion and cell signaling, and their expression is commonly upregulated in cancers and inflammatory diseases. The α(v)β(3) integrin is differentially upregulated on angiogenic endothelial cells as well as on many cancer cells. Here we demonstrate the differential targeting of cisplatin prodrug-encapsulated poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) to the α(v)β(3) integrin on cancer cells using the cyclic pentapeptide c(RGDfK). Cisplatin is one of the most widely used anticancer drugs, and approaches that can improve its therapeutic index are of broad importance. The RGD-targeted Pt(IV)-encapsulated NPs displayed enhanced cytotoxicity as compared to cisplatin administered in its conventional dosage form in model prostate and breast cancer epithelial cells in vitro. Cytotoxicities were also elevated in comparison to those of previously reported systems, a small molecule Pt(IV)-RGD conjugate and a Pt(IV) nanoscale coordination polymer carrying RGD moieties. This result encouraged us also to evaluate the anticancer effect of the new construct in an animal model. The RGD-targeted PLGA-PEG NPs were more efficacious and better tolerated by comparison to cisplatin in an orthotopic human breast cancer xenograft model in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Graf
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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121
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Åberg O, Pisaneschi F, Smith G, Nguyen QD, Stevens E, Aboagye EO. 18F-labelling of a cyclic pentapeptide inhibitor of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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122
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Abstract
What are nanoparticles and why are they important in dermatology? These questions are addressed by highlighting recent developments in the nanotechnology field that have increased the potential for intentional and unintentional nanoparticle skin exposure. The role of environmental factors in the interaction of nanoparticles with skin and the potential mechanisms by which nanoparticles may influence skin response to environmental factors are discussed. Trends emerging from recent literature suggest that the positive benefit of engineered nanoparticles for use in cosmetics and as tools for understanding skin biology and curing skin disease outweigh potential toxicity concerns. Discoveries reported in this journal are highlighted. This review begins with a general introduction to the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. This is followed by a discussion of the current state of understanding of nanoparticle skin penetration and their use in three therapeutic applications. Challenges that must be overcome to derive clinical benefit from the application of nanotechnology to skin are discussed last, providing perspective on the significant opportunity that exists for future studies in investigative dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Riss PJ, Burchardt C, Zimny MJ, Peters J, Roesch F. A concise synthesis procedure to furnish multi-gram amounts of hexadentate, bivalent DO2A-based chelators. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20931d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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124
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Auger Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals for Cancer Therapy. RADIATION DAMAGE IN BIOMOLECULAR SYSTEMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2564-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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125
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Ambrosini V, Fani M, Fanti S, Forrer F, Maecke HR. Radiopeptide Imaging and Therapy in Europe. J Nucl Med 2011; 52 Suppl 2:42S-55S. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.085753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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126
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Abiraj K, Mansi R, Tamma ML, Fani M, Forrer F, Nicolas G, Cescato R, Reubi JC, Maecke HR. Bombesin Antagonist–Based Radioligands for Translational Nuclear Imaging of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor–Positive Tumors. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1970-8. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.094375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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127
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Kunstler JU, Bergmann R, Gniazdowska E, Koźmiński P, Walther M, Pietzsch HJ. Impact of functionalized coligands on the pharmacokinetics of 99mTc(III) ‘4+1’ mixed-ligand complexes conjugated to bombesin. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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128
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129
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Gabriel M, Decristoforo C, Wöll E, Eisterer W, Nock B, Maina T, Moncayo R, Virgolini I. [99mTc]demotensin VI: biodistribution and initial clinical results in tumor patients of a pilot/phase I study. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:557-63. [PMID: 21883013 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neurotensin subtype 1 receptor overexpression is found in a variety of human tumors. The aim of this pilot/phase I study was to assess the safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and imaging characteristics of (99m)Tc-Demotensin VI in tumor patients. METHODS Scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-Demotensin VI was performed in 14 patients (2 female and 12 male) with advanced tumor stages. The diagnoses were pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n=4), small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (n=4), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n=4), and colon carcinoma (n=2). Patients were injected with 500-550 MBq (99m)Tc-Demotensin VI. Blood samples were taken at various time points and urine was also collected up to 24 hours post-injection (p.i.) Planar images were acquired at 15-30 minutes, 1-2 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours p.i. with additional SPECT imaging at 4 hours. RESULTS Radiochemical purity always exceeded 95% up to 4 hours. Urinary and blood excretion was rapid with 5.05% ID (mean: n=5) in plasma after 4 hours. No side effects were observed after injection of (99m)Tc-Demotensin VI. Focal tracer accumulation was observed in 3 patients with brain metastases due to NSCLC, although specificity of this uptake could not be proven. Further, no tumor-related findings were observed. Although stability tests in human plasma revealed that (99m)Tc-Demotensin VI remained intact up to 2 hours incubation, ex vivo urine analysis indicated rapid metabolism. CONCLUSION (99m)Tc-Demotensin VI was well tolerated by patients and showed favorable pharmacokinetics; however, tumor targeting was limited to brain metastases. Further studies on stability issues and receptor characterization in tumors are warranted to introduce neurotensin receptors (NTSR) imaging into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gabriel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, General Hospital of Linz, Linz, Austria
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130
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Shokeen M, Wadas TJ. The development of copper radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy. Med Chem 2011; 7:413-29. [PMID: 21711219 PMCID: PMC8259694 DOI: 10.2174/157340611796799177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of positron emission tomography in preclinical and clinical settings has widened the demand for radiopharmaceuticals with high specificity that can image biological phenomena in vivo. While many PET tracers have been developed from small organic molecules labeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18, the short half-lives of these radionuclides preclude their incorporation into radiotracers, which can be used to image biological processes that are not induced immediately after system perturbation. Additionally, the continuing development of targeted agents, such as antibodies and nanoparticles, which undergo extended circulation, require that radionuclides with half-lives that are complimentary to the biological half-lives of these molecules be developed. Copper radionuclides have received considerable attention since they offer a variety of half-lives and decay energies and because the coordination chemistry of cooper and its role in biology is well understood. However, in addition to the radiometal chelate, a successful copper based radiopharmaceutical depends upon the chemical structure of the entire radiotracer, which may include a biologically important molecule and a chemical linker that can be used to deliver the copper radionuclide to a specific target and modulate its in vivo properties, respectively. This review discusses the development of copper radiopharmaceuticals and the importance of factors such as chemical structure on their pharmacokinetics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Shokeen
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus J. Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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131
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D'Souza CA, McBride WJ, Sharkey RM, Todaro LJ, Goldenberg DM. High-yielding aqueous 18F-labeling of peptides via Al18F chelation. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1793-803. [PMID: 21805975 DOI: 10.1021/bc200175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coordination chemistry of a new pentadentate bifunctional chelator (BFC), NODA-MPAA 1, containing the 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-diacetate (NODA) motif with a methylphenylacetic acid (MPAA) backbone, and its ability to form stable Al(18)F chelates were investigated. The organofluoroaluminates were easily accessible from the reaction of 1 and AlF(3). X-ray diffraction studies revealed aluminum at the center of a slightly distorted octahedron, with fluorine occupying one of the axial positions. The tert-butyl protected prochelator 7, which can be synthesized in one step, is useful for coupling to biomolecules on solid phase or in solution. High yield (55-89%) aqueous (18)F-labeling was achieved in 10-15 min with a tumor-targeting peptide 4 covalently linked to 1. Defluorination was not observed for at least 4 h in human serum at 37 °C. These results demonstrate the facile application of Al(18)F chelation using BFC 1 as a versatile labeling method for radiofluorinating other heat-stable peptides for positron emission imaging.
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In vivo molecular imaging of peripheral amyloidosis using heparin-binding peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E586-94. [PMID: 21807994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103247108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitous components of pathologic amyloid deposits in the organs of patients with disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or systemic light chain (AL) or reactive (AA) amyloidosis. Molecular imaging methods for early detection are limited and generally unavailable outside the United Kingdom. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, specific amyloidophilic radiotracers for imaging to assist in diagnosis, prognostication, and monitoring response to therapy. Amyloid-associated HSPG can be differentiated from HSPG found in surrounding healthy cells and tissues by the preferential binding of certain HS-reactive single chain variable fragments and therefore, represents a biomarker that can be targeted specifically with appropriate reagents. Using a murine model of AA amyloidosis, we have examined the in vivo amyloid reactivity of seven heparin-binding peptides by using single photon emission and X-ray computed tomographic imaging, microautoradiography, and tissue biodistribution measurements. All of the peptides bound amyloid deposits within 1 h post-injection, but the extent of the reactivity differed widely, which was evidenced by image quality and grain density in autoradiographs. One radiolabeled peptide bound specifically to murine AA amyloid in the liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, heart, and pancreas with such avidity that it was observed in single photon emission tomography images as late as 24 h post-injection. In addition, a biotinylated form of this peptide was shown histochemically to bind human AA, ALκ, ALλ, transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR), and Aβ amyloid deposits in tissue sections. These basic heparin-binding peptides recognize murine and human amyloid deposits in both in vivo and ex vivo tissues and therefore, have potential as radiotracers for the noninvasive molecular imaging of amyloid deposits in situ.
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133
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Mahmoudi M, Serpooshan V, Laurent S. Engineered nanoparticles for biomolecular imaging. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:3007-26. [PMID: 21717012 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the production of nanoparticles (NPs) and exploration of their unusual properties have attracted the attention of physicists, chemists, biologists and engineers. Interest in NPs arises from the fact that the mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical, magnetic, electro-optical and magneto-optical properties of these particles are different from their bulk properties and depend on the particle size. There are numerous areas where nanoparticulate systems are of scientific and technological interest, particularly in biomedicine where the emergence of NPs with specific properties (e.g. magnetic and fluorescence) for contrast agents can lead to advancing the understanding of biological processes at the biomolecular level. This review will cover a full description of the physics of various imaging methods, including MRI, optical techniques, X-rays and CT. In addition, the effect of NPs on the improvement of the mentioned non-invasive imaging methods will be discussed together with their advantages and disadvantages. A detailed discussion will also be provided on the recent advances in imaging agents, such as fluorescent dye-doped silica NPs, quantum dots, gold- and engineered polymeric-NPs, superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs), and multimodal NPs (i.e. nanomaterials that are active in both MRI and optical methods), which are employed to overcome many of the limitations of conventional contrast agents (e.g. gadolinium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahmoudi
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 11365-8639, Iran
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134
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Cawthorne C, Prenant C, Smigova A, Julyan P, Maroy R, Herholz K, Rothwell N, Boutin H. Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) using [¹⁸F]-IL1RA and PET imaging in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:659-72. [PMID: 20942812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Positron emission tomography (PET) has the potential to improve our understanding of the preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of therapeutic agents, and is easily translated to clinical studies in humans. However, studies involving proteins radiolabelled with clinically relevant PET isotopes are currently limited. Here we illustrate the potential of PET imaging in a preclinical study of the biodistribution and metabolism of ¹⁸F-labelled IL-1 receptor antagonist ([¹⁸F]IL-1RA) using a novel [¹⁸F]-radiolabelling technique. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH IL-1RA was radiolabelled by reductive amination on lysine moieties with [¹⁸F]fluoroacetaldehyde. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with [¹⁸F]IL-1RA and imaged with a PET camera for 2 h. For the study of IL-1RA metabolites by ex vivoγ-counting of samples, rats were killed 20 min, 1 h or 2 h after injection of [¹⁸F]IL-1RA. KEY RESULTS [¹⁸F]IL-1RA distribution into the major organs of interest was as follows: kidneys >> liver > lungs >> brain. In lungs and liver, [¹⁸F]IL-1RA uptake peaked within 1 min post-injection then decreased rapidly to reach a plateau from 10 min post-injection. In the brain, the uptake exhibited slower pharmacokinetics with a smaller post-injection peak and a plateau from 6 min onward. IL-1RA was rapidly metabolized and these metabolites represented ∼40% of total activity in plasma and ∼80% in urine, 20 min after injection. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Preclinical PET imaging is a feasible method of assessing the biodistribution of new biological compounds of therapeutic interest rapidly. The biodistribution of [¹⁸F]IL-1RA reported here is in agreement with an earlier study suggesting low uptake in the normal brain, with rapid metabolism and excretion via the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cawthorne
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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135
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Near-infrared molecular imaging of tumors via chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:713-20. [PMID: 21735100 PMCID: PMC3213350 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1 and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 play a major role in tumor invasion, proliferation and metastasis. Since both receptors are overexpressed on distinct tumor cells and on the tumor vasculature, we evaluated their potential as targets for detection of cancers by molecular imaging. We synthesized conjugates of CXCL12 and the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye IRDye(®)800CW, tested their selectivity, sensitivity and biological activity in vitro and their feasibility to visualize tumors in vivo. Purified CXCL12-conjugates detected in vitro as low as 500 A764 human glioma cells or MCF-7 breast cancer cells that express CXCR7 alone or together with CXCR4. Binding was time- and concentration-dependent, and the label could be competitively displaced by the native peptide. Control conjugates with bovine serum albumin or lactalbumin failed to label the cells. In mice, the conjugate distributed rapidly. After 1-92 h, subcutaneous tumors of human MCF-7 and A764 cells in immunodeficient mice were detected with high sensitivity. Background was observed in particular in liver within the first 24 h, but also skull and hind limbs yielded some background. Overall, fluorescent CXCL12-conjugates are sensitive and selective probes to detect solid and metastatic tumors by targeting tumor cells and tumor vasculature.
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136
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137
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Kuil J, Yuan H, Buckle T, Oishi S, Fujii N, Josephson L, van Leeuwen FW. Synthesis and evaluation of a bimodal CXCR4 antagonistic peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:859-64. [PMID: 21480671 PMCID: PMC3711080 DOI: 10.1021/bc2000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The antagonistic Ac-TZ14011 peptide, which binds to the chemokine receptor 4, has been labeled with a multifunctional single attachment point reagent that contains a DTPA chelate and a fluorescent dye with Cy5.5 spectral properties. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed that the bimodal labeled peptide gave a specific receptor binding that is similar to monofunctionalized peptide derivatives. Therefore, the newly developed bimodal peptide derivative can be used in multimodal imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Department of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lee Josephson
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Fijs W.B. van Leeuwen
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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138
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Maecke HR, Reubi JC. Somatostatin receptors as targets for nuclear medicine imaging and radionuclide treatment. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:841-4. [PMID: 21571797 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.084236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled peptides have been an important class of compounds in radiopharmaceutical sciences and nuclear medicine for more than 20 years. Despite strong research efforts, only somatostatin-based radiopeptides have a real impact on patient care, diagnostically and therapeutically. [(111)In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(0)]octreotide is commercially available for imaging. Imaging was highly improved by the introduction of PET radionuclides such as (68)Ga, (64)Cu, and (18)F. Two peptides are successfully used in targeted radionuclide therapy when bound to DOTA and labeled with (90)Y and (177)Lu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut R Maecke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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139
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Raposinho PD, Correia JDG, Oliveira MC, Santos I. Melanocortin-1 receptor-targeting with radiolabeled cyclic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs for melanoma imaging. Biopolymers 2011; 94:820-9. [PMID: 20564045 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer known for its high aggressiveness, early dissemination of metastases, and poor prognosis once metastasized. Thus, early diagnosis of melanoma is a key issue for increasing patient survival. The overexpression of melanocortin-1 receptors (MC1R) in isolated melanoma cells and melanoma tissues led to the radiolabeling of several linear and cyclic MC analogs for melanoma imaging or therapy. Cyclization of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptides has been successfully used to improve binding affinity and in vivo stability of peptides. Herein, we describe the different peptide cyclization strategies recently reported for radiolabeled α-MSH analogs and discuss how such strategies affect MC1R binding affinity, pharmacokinetic profile, and MC1R-melanoma imaging. This review also highlights how the nature of the radiometal and labeling approach influence those properties. Among the cyclized α-MSH peptides reported, (99m)Tc/(111)In-labeled metal-cyclized and lactam bridge-cyclized peptides displayed the highest melanoma and lowest renal uptake values in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mice and became the most promising tools to be further explored as potential melanoma imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula D Raposinho
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal.
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140
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Nicolas G, Giovacchini G, Müller-Brand J, Forrer F. Targeted radiotherapy with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40:187-204, ix-x. [PMID: 21349419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted radiopeptide therapy with (90)Yttrium- or (177)Lutetium-labeled somatostatin analogs has been proven to improve significantly quality of life and survival in patients suffering from metastatic or unresectable neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Roughly 25% of patients achieve partial remission; progression-free survival is estimated to be 30 to 40 months. A wide range of protocols using different somatostatin analogs, isotopes, injected activity per cycle of administration, and number of cycles are reported. More patient-based therapy protocols are under development, taking into consideration the complexity of NET cell biology, dosimetric issues, and the availability of different radiolabeled analogs. This article reviews the effectiveness and safety of the different protocols and discusses several clinical algorithms used in an attempt to optimize targeted radiopeptide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Nicolas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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141
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Ali H, Ait-Mohand S, Gosselin S, van Lier JE, Guérin B. Phthalocyanine-Peptide Conjugates via Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1887-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasrat Ali
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Simon Gosselin
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Johan E. van Lier
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Centre d’imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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142
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Kuil J, Velders AH, van Leeuwen FWB. Multimodal tumor-targeting peptides functionalized with both a radio- and a fluorescent label. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1709-19. [PMID: 20812730 DOI: 10.1021/bc100276j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of monolabeled tumor-targeting peptides for molecular imaging is widespread. However, it is often desirable to use the same compound for different clinical applications, e.g., combined pre- and intraoperative tumor detection. On the basis of their detection sensitivity, the combination of radioactivity and fluorescence is probably the most valuable in multimodal molecular imaging. In this review, we compare multimodal peptide derivatives and discuss the influence of the diagnostic labels on receptor affinity and biodistribution. On the basis of the described constructs, we propose improvements for the design of future multimodal tumor-targeting peptide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Kuil
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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143
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Zhou Y, Chakraborty S, Liu S. Radiolabeled Cyclic RGD Peptides as Radiotracers for Imaging Tumors and Thrombosis by SPECT. Theranostics 2011; 1:58-82. [PMID: 21547153 PMCID: PMC3086616 DOI: 10.7150/thno/v01p0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin family is a group of transmembrane glycoprotein comprised of 19 α- and 8 β-subunits that are expressed in 25 different α/β heterodimeric combinations on the cell surface. Integrins play critical roles in many physiological processes, including cell attachment, proliferation, bone remodeling, and wound healing. Integrins also contribute to pathological events such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, tumor invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, infection by pathogenic microorganisms, and immune dysfunction. Among 25 members of the integrin family, the α(v)β(3) is studied most extensively for its role of tumor growth, progression and angiogenesis. In contrast, the α(IIb)β(3 )is expressed exclusively on platelets, facilitates the intercellular bidirectional signaling ("inside-out" and "outside-in") and allows the aggregation of platelets during vascular injury. The α(IIb)β(3) plays an important role in thrombosis by its activation and binding to fibrinogen especially in arterial thrombosis due to the high blood flow rate. In the resting state, the α(IIb)β(3) on platelets does not bind to fibrinogen; on activation, the conformation of platelet is altered and the binding sites of α(IIb)β(3 )are exposed for fibrinogen to crosslink platelets. Over the last two decades, integrins have been proposed as the molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy of cancer, thrombosis and other diseases. Several excellent review articles have appeared recently to cover a broad range of topics related to the integrin-targeted radiotracers and their nuclear medicine applications in tumor imaging by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or a positron-emitting radionuclide for positron emission tomography (PET). This review will focus on recent developments of α(v)β(3)-targeted radiotracers for imaging tumors and the use of α(IIb)β(3)-targeted radiotracers for thrombosis imaging, and discuss different approaches to maximize the targeting capability of cyclic RGD peptides and improve the radiotracer excretion kinetics from non-cancerous organs. Improvement of target uptake and target-to-background ratios is critically important for target-specific radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuang Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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144
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Xiong C, Huang M, Zhang R, Song S, Lu W, Flores L, Gelovani J, Li C. In Vivo Small-Animal PET/CT of EphB4 Receptors Using 64Cu-Labeled Peptide. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:241-8. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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145
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Correia JDG, Paulo A, Raposinho PD, Santos I. Radiometallated peptides for molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6144-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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146
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Kubícek V, Havlícková J, Kotek J, Tircsó G, Hermann P, Tóth E, Lukes I. Gallium(III) complexes of DOTA and DOTA-monoamide: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:10960-9. [PMID: 21047078 DOI: 10.1021/ic101378s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Given the practical advantages of the (68)Ga isotope in positron emission tomography applications, gallium complexes are gaining increasing importance in biomedical imaging. However, the strong tendency of Ga(3+) to hydrolyze and the slow formation and very high stability of macrocyclic complexes altogether render Ga(3+) coordination chemistry difficult and explain why stability and kinetic data on Ga(3+) complexes are rather scarce. Here we report solution and solid-state studies of Ga(3+) complexes formed with the macrocyclic ligand 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, (DOTA)(4-), and its mono(n-butylamide) derivative, (DO3AM(Bu))(3-). Thermodynamic stability constants, log K(GaDOTA) = 26.05 and log K(GaDO3AM(Bu)) = 24.64, were determined by out-of-cell pH-potentiometric titrations. Due to the very slow formation and dissociation of the complexes, equilibration times of up to ∼4 weeks were necessary. The kinetics of complex dissociation were followed by (71)Ga NMR under both acidic and alkaline conditions. The GaDOTA complex is significantly more inert (τ(1/2) ∼12.2 d at pH = 0 and τ(1/2) ∼6.2 h at pH = 10) than the GaDO3AM(Bu) analogue (τ(1/2) ∼2.7 d at pH = 0 and τ(1/2) ∼0.7 h at pH = 10). Nevertheless, the kinetic inertness of both chelates is extremely high and approves the application of Ga(3+) complexes of such DOTA-like ligands in molecular imaging. The solid-state structure of the GaDOTA complex, crystallized from a strongly acidic solution (pH < 1), evidenced a diprotonated form with protons localized on the free carboxylate pendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Kubícek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
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147
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de Barros ALB, Mota LDG, Ferreira CDA, Oliveira MCD, Góes AMD, Cardoso VN. Bombesin derivative radiolabeled with technetium-99m as agent for tumor identification. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6182-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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148
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Vauquelin G. Rebinding: or why drugs may act longer in vivo than expected from their in vitro target residence time. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:927-41. [PMID: 22823988 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.512037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD It is well established that the in vivo duration of drug action not only depends on macroscopic pharmacokinetic properties like its plasma half-life, but also on the residence time of the drug-target complexes. However, drug 'rebinding' (i.e., the consecutive binding of dissociated drug molecules to the original target and/or targets nearby) can be influential in vivo as well. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Information about rebinding is available since the 1980s but it is dispersed in the life sciences literature. This review compiles this information. In this respect, neurochemists and biopohysicians advance the same equations to describe drug rebinding. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The rebinding mechanism is explained according to the prevailing viewpoint in different life science disciplines. There is a general consensus that high target densities, high association rates and local phenomena that hinder the diffusion of free drug molecules away from their target all promote rebinding. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Simulations presented here for the first time suggest that rebinding may increase the duration and even the constancy of the drug's clinical action. Intact cell radioligand dissociation and related ex vivo experiments offer useful indications about a drug's aptitude to experience target rebinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Free University Brussels (VUB), Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Building E.5.10, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium +32 2 6291955 ; +32 2 6291358 ;
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149
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Maschauer S, Einsiedel J, Hocke C, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P, Prante O. Synthesis of a (68)ga-labeled peptoid-Peptide hybrid for imaging of neurotensin receptor expression in vivo. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:224-8. [PMID: 24900199 DOI: 10.1021/ml1000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotensin receptor subtype 1 (NTS1) represents an attractive molecular target for imaging various tumors. Positron emission tomography (PET) gained widespread importance due to its sensitivity. We combined the design of a metabolically stable neurotensin analogue with a (68)Ga-radiolabeling approach. The (68)Ga-labeled peptoid-peptide hybrid [(68)Ga]3 revealed high stability, specific tumor uptake (0.7%ID/g, 65 min p.i.), and advantageous biokinetics in vivo using HT29 tumor-bearing nude mice. Because of the ability to internalize into NTS1-expressing tumor cells, [(68)Ga]3 proved to be highly suitable for a reliable and practical visualization of NTS1-expressing tumors in vivo by small animal PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maschauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Hocke
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemisty and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemisty and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center
| | - Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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150
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Lee S, Xie J, Chen X. Peptides and peptide hormones for molecular imaging and disease diagnosis. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3087-111. [PMID: 20225899 DOI: 10.1021/cr900361p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Suite 1C14, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2281, USA
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