101
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Zhang F, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wu H, Wang D, Liu J. Involvement of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in salt resistance in the calluses from Populus euphratica. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:775-85. [PMID: 17547650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) function as signalling molecules in plants under abiotic and biotic stresses. Calluses from Populus euphratica, which show salt tolerance, were used to study the interaction of NO and H2O2 in plant adaptation to salt resistance. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was identified in the calluses, and this activity was induced under 150 mM NaCl treatment. Under 150 mM NaCl treatment, the sodium (Na) percentage decreased, but the potassium (K) percentage and the K/Na ratio increased in P. euphratica calluses. Application of glucose/glucose oxidase (G/GO, a H2O2 donor) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) revealed that both H2O2 and NO resulted in increased K/Na ratio in a concentration-dependent manner. Diphenylene iodonium (DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) counteracted H2O2 and NO effect by increasing the Na percentage, decreasing the K percentage and K/Na ratio. NG-monomethyl-L-Arg monoacetate (NMMA, an NO synthase inhibitor) and 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxyde (PTIO, a specific NO scavenger) only reversed NO effect, but did not block H2O2 effect. The increased activity of plasma membrane (PM) H+ -ATPase caused by salt stress was reversed by treatment with DPI and NMMA. Exogenous H2O2 increased the activity of PM H+ -ATPase, but the effect could not be diminished by NMMA and PTIO. The NO-induced increase of PM H+ -ATPase can be reversed by NMMA and PTIO, but not by DPI. Western blot analysis demonstrated that NO and H2O2 stimulated the expression of PM H+ -ATPase in P. euphratica calluses. These results indicate that NO and H2O2 served as intermediate molecules in inducing salt resistance in the calluses from P. euphratica under slat stress by increasing the K/Na ratio, which was dependent on the increased PM H+ -ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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102
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Huang KJ, Zhang M, Xie WZ, Zhang HS, Feng YQ, Wang H. Determination of nitric oxide in hydrophytes using poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854:135-42. [PMID: 17478127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive molecule that has recently emerged as a cellular messenger in numerous physiological processes in plants. A novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method combined with poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (MAA-EGDMA) monolith microextraction (PMME) is developed for sensitive determination of NO in hydrophytes. NO is derivatized using a fluorescent probe, 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(3',4'-diaminophenyl)-difluoroboradiaza-s-indacene (DAMBO), and then the derivatives are extracted with PMME and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The conditions for the derivatization and the subsequent extraction of NO derivatives are optimized in detail. The detection limit (S/N=3) of NO is determined to be 2x10(-12)mol L(-1). Close correlation coefficient and excellent method reproducibility are obtained for the analyte over a linear range of 9x10(-11)-4.5x10(-8)mol L(-1). The inter- and intraday relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) are less than 5%. The proposed method is successfully applied to the determination of NO levels in hydrophytes samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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103
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Zhao M, Zhao X, Wu Y, Zhang L. Enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress in an Arabidopsis nitric oxide synthase mutant. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:737-45. [PMID: 16690168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in oxidative stress tolerance was studied using Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) and Atnos1 mutant plants, in which endogenous NO production is greatly diminished because 80% of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity is eliminated due to T-DNA insertion in the first exon of the NOS1 gene. Compared with WT, Atnos1 mutant plants showed increased hypersensitivity to salt stress and methyl viologen (MV) treatment. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F(v)/F(m)) and membrane integrity decreased in WT and Atnos1 mutant plants under stresses, but the extent was higher in the mutant. Treatment with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (a NO donor) to Atnos1 mutant plants alleviated the damage. Instead, inhibition of nitric oxide accumulation in the WT plants produced opposite effects. Hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation increased and the extent was higher in Atnos1 mutant plants than that in WT plants under MV stress. These results indicated that nitric oxide could protect the damage against NaCl and MV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingui Zhao
- Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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104
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Zhao MG, Tian QY, Zhang WH. Nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide production is associated with salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:206-17. [PMID: 17351048 PMCID: PMC1913813 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.096842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key molecule involved in many physiological processes in plants. To characterize roles of NO in tolerance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to salt stress, effect of NaCl on Arabidopsis wild-type and mutant (Atnoa1) plants with an impaired in vivo NO synthase (NOS) activity and a reduced endogenous NO level was investigated. Atnoa1 mutant plants displayed a greater Na+ to K+ ratio in shoots than wild-type plants due to enhanced accumulation of Na+ and reduced accumulation of K+ when exposed to NaCl. Germination of Atnoa1 seeds was more sensitive to NaCl than that of wild-type seeds, and wild-type plants exhibited higher survival rates than Atnoa1 plants when grown under salt stress. Atnoa1 plants had higher levels of hydrogen peroxide than wild-type plants under both control and salt stress, suggesting that Atnoa1 is more vulnerable to salt and oxidative stress than wild-type plants. Treatments of wild-type plants with NOS inhibitor and NO scavenger reduced endogenous NO levels and enhanced NaCl-induced increase in Na+ to K+ ratio. Exposure of wild-type plants to NaCl inhibited NOS activity and reduced quantity of NOA1 protein, leading to a decrease in endogenous NO levels measured by NO-specific fluorescent probe. Treatment of Atnoa1 plants with NO donor sodium nitroprusside attenuated the NaCl-induced increase in Na+ to K+ ratio. Therefore, these findings provide direct evidence to support that disruption of NOS-dependent NO production is associated with salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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105
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Liu Y, Wu R, Wan Q, Xie G, Bi Y. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a pivotal role in nitric oxide-involved defense against oxidative stress under salt stress in red kidney bean roots. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:511-22. [PMID: 17289795 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The pivotal role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH)-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production in the tolerance to oxidative stress induced by 100 mM NaCl in red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) roots was investigated. The results show that the G-6-PDH activity was enhanced rapidly in the presence of NaCl and reached a maximum at 100 mM. Western blot analysis indicated that the increase of G-6-PDH activity in the red kidney bean roots under 100 mM NaCl was mainly due to the increased content of the G-6-PDH protein. NO production and nitrate reductase (NR) activity were also induced by 100 mM NaCl. The NO production was reduced by NaN(3) (an NR inhibitor), but not affected by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) (an NOS inhibitor). Application of 2.5 mM Na(3)PO(4), an inhibitor of G-6-PDH, blocked the increase of G-6-PDH and NR activity, as well as NO production in red kidney bean roots under 100 mM NaCl. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in red kidney bean roots increased in the presence of 100 mM NaCl or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor. The increased activities of all antioxidant enzymes tested at 100 mM NaCl were completely inhibited by 2.5 mM Na(3)PO(4). Based on these results, we conclude that G-6-PDH plays a pivotal role in NR-dependent NO production, and in establishing tolerance of red kidney bean roots to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinggao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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106
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Meakin GE, Bueno E, Jepson B, Bedmar EJ, Richardson DJ, Delgado MJ. The contribution of bacteroidal nitrate and nitrite reduction to the formation of nitrosylleghaemoglobin complexes in soybean root nodules. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2007; 153:411-419. [PMID: 17259612 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/000059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming recognized that leghaemoglobin constitutes an important buffer for the cytotoxic nitric oxide radical (NO(*)) in root nodules, although the sources of this NO(*) within nodules are unclear. In Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids, NO(*) can be produced through the denitrification process, during which nitrate is reduced to nitrite by the periplasmic nitrate reductase Nap, and nitrite is reduced to NO(*) by the respiratory nitrite reductase NirK. To assess the contribution of bacteroidal denitrification to the NO(*) within nitrate-treated soybean nodules, electron paramagnetic resonance and UV-visible spectroscopy were employed to study the presence of nitrosylleghaemoglobin (LbNO) within nodules from plants inoculated with wild-type, napA or nirK B. japonicum strains. Since it has been found that hypoxia induces NO(*) production in plant root tissue, and that plant roots can be subjected to hypoxic stress during drought and flooding, the effect of hypoxic stress on the formation of LbNO complexes within nodules was also investigated. Maximal levels of LbNO were observed in nodules from plants treated with nitrate and subjected to hypoxic conditions. It is shown that, in the presence of nitrate, all of the LbNO within normoxic nodules arises from nitrate reduction by the bacteroidal periplasmic nitrate reductase, whereas Nap activity is only responsible for half of the LbNO within hypoxic nodules. In contrast to Nap, NirK is not essential for LbNO formation under any condition tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E Meakin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Emilio Bueno
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, PO Box 419, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Brian Jepson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Eulogio J Bedmar
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, PO Box 419, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - David J Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - María J Delgado
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, PO Box 419, 18080 Granada, Spain
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107
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Valderrama R, Corpas FJ, Carreras A, Fernández-Ocaña A, Chaki M, Luque F, Gómez-Rodríguez MV, Colmenero-Varea P, Del Río LA, Barroso JB. Nitrosative stress in plants. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:453-61. [PMID: 17240373 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 12/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosative stress has become a usual term in the physiology of nitric oxide in mammalian systems. However, in plants there is much less information on this type of stress. Using olive leaves as experimental model, the effect of salinity on the potential induction of nitrosative stress was studied. The enzymatic l-arginine-dependent production of nitric oxide (NOS activity) was measured by ozone chemiluminiscence. The specific activity of NOS in olive leaves was 0.280nmol NOmg(-1) proteinmin(-1), and was dependent on l-arginine, NADPH and calcium. Salt stress (200mM NaCl) caused an increase of the l-arginine-dependent production of nitric oxide (NO), total S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) and number of proteins that underwent tyrosine nitration. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis using either specific fluorescent probes for NO and RSNO or antibodies to S-nitrosoglutathione and 3-nitrotyrosine, showed also a general increase of these reactive nitrogen species (RNS) mainly in the vascular tissue. Taken together, these findings show that in olive leaves salinity induces nitrosative stress, and vascular tissues could play an important role in the redistribution of NO-derived molecules during nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Valderrama
- Grupo de Señalización Molecular y Sistemas Antioxidantes en Plantas, Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEZ), Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
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108
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Moroz LL, Kohn AB. On the comparative biology of Nitric Oxide (NO) synthetic pathways: Parallel evolution of NO-mediated signaling. Nitric Oxide 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2423(07)01001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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109
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Baudouin E, Pieuchot L, Engler G, Pauly N, Puppo A. Nitric oxide is formed in Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti functional nodules. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:970-5. [PMID: 16941901 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has recently gained interest as a major signaling molecule during plant development and response to environmental cues. Its role is particularly crucial for plant-pathogen interactions, during which it participates in the control of plant defense response and resistance. Indication for the presence of NO during symbiotic interactions has also been reported. Here, we defined when and where NO is produced during Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. Using the NO-specific fluorescent probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate, NO production was detected by confocal microscopy in functional nodules. NO production was localized in the bacteroid-containing cells of the nodule fixation zone. The infection of Medicago roots with bacterial strains impaired in nitrogenase or nitrite reductase activities lead to the formation of nodules with an unaffected NO level, indicating that neither nitrogen fixation nor denitrification pathways are required for NO production. On the other hand, the NO synthase inhibitor N-methyl-L-arginine impaired NO detection, suggesting that a NO synthase may participate to NO production in nodules. These data indicate that a NO production occurs in functional nodules. The location of such a production in fully metabolically active cells raises the hypothesis of a new function for NO during this interaction unrelated to defense and cell-death activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Baudouin
- Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes et Santé Végétale, UMR INRA 1064/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis/CNRS 6192, 400, route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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110
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhao L, Shi S, Zhang L. Involvement of nitric oxide in light-mediated greening of barley seedlings. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:818-26. [PMID: 16777529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
When seedlings are grown in the dark, proplastids of the developing leaf differentiate into etioplasts. Greening of etiolated plastids is stimulated by light, which is sensed by various types of photoreceptors. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be a bioactive molecule that could take part in this light-mediated process in plants. In this paper, we show that emission of NO in barley seedlings increased concomitantly with increasing activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) during the greening. Treatment with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, increased the accumulation of chlorophyll contents, enhanced the accumulation of thylakoid membrane proteins, such as light harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) and PSIA/B, and then improved the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Phi(PSII)) in the light. Instead, treatment with either NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramentylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-xide (PTIO) or NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) retarded the greening of etiolated-seedlings. Moreover, sodium ferrocyanide, an analog of SNP, nitrite and nitrate, two NO-decomposition products did not have any effect on the greening process. These results indicated that NO, as an endogenous signaling molecule, participates in light-mediated greening of barley seedlings, and exogenous NO accelerates this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. ,cn
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111
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Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, Carreras A, Valderrama R, Palma JM, León AM, Sandalio LM, del Río LA. Constitutive arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase activity in different organs of pea seedlings during plant development. PLANTA 2006; 224:246-54. [PMID: 16397797 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule in different animal and plant physiological processes. Little is known about its biological function in plants and on the enzymatic source or site of NO production during plant development. The endogenous NO production from L-arginine (NO synthase activity) was analyzed in leaves, stems and roots during plant development, using pea seedlings as a model. NOS activity was analyzed using a novel chemiluminescence-based assay which is more sensitive and specific than previous methods used in plant tissues. In parallel, NO accumulation was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy using as fluorescent probes either DAF-2 DA or DAF-FM DA. A strong increase in NOS activity was detected in stems after 11 days growth, coinciding with the maximum stem elongation. The arginine-dependent NOS activity was constitutive and sensitive to aminoguanidine, a well-known irreversible inhibitor of animal NOS, and this NOS activity was differentially modulated depending on the plant organ and seedling developmental stage. In all tissues studied, NO was localized mainly in the vascular tissue (xylem) and epidermal cells and in root hairs. These loci of NO generation and accumulation suggest novel functions for NO in these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, EEZ, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18080, Granada, Spain.
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112
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Sasakura F, Uchiumi T, Shimoda Y, Suzuki A, Takenouchi K, Higashi S, Abe M. A class 1 hemoglobin gene from Alnus firma functions in symbiotic and nonsymbiotic tissues to detoxify nitric oxide. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:441-50. [PMID: 16610747 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Actinorhizal symbiosis is as important in biological nitrogen fixation as legume-rhizobium symbiosis in the global nitrogen cycle. To understand the function of hemoglobin (Hb) in actinorhizal symbiosis, we characterized a Hb of Alnus firma, AfHb1. A cDNA that encodes nonsymbiotic Hb (nonsym-Hb) was isolated from a cDNA library of A. firma nodules probed with LjHb1, a nonsym-Hb of Lotus japonicus. No homolog of symbiotic Hb (sym-Hb) could be identified by screening in the cDNA library or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate primers for other sym-Hb genes. The deduced amino acid sequence of AfHb1 showed 92% sequence similarity with a class 1 nonsym-Hb of Casuarina glauca. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis showed that AfHb1 was expressed strongly in the nodules and enhanced expression was detected under cold stress but not under hypoxia or osmotic stress. Moreover, AfHfb1 was strongly induced by the application of nitric oxide (NO) donors, and the application of a NO scavenger suppressed the effect of NO donors. Acetylene reduction was strongly inhibited by the addition of NO donors. AfHb1 may support the nitrogen fixation ability of members of the genus Frankia as a NO scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Sasakura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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113
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Crawford NM. Mechanisms for nitric oxide synthesis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:471-8. [PMID: 16356941 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signal fundamentally shifted our understanding of free radicals from toxic by-products of oxidative metabolism to key regulators of cellular functions. This discovery has led to intense investigation into the synthesis of NO in both animals and plants. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are the primary sources of NO in animals and are complex, highly regulated enzymes that oxidize arginine to NO and citrulline. Plant NO synthesis, however, appears more complex and includes both nitrite and arginine-dependent mechanisms. The components of the arginine pathway have been elusive as no known orthologues of animal NOS exist in plants. An Arabidopsis gene (AtNOS1) has been identified that is needed for NO synthesis in vivo and has biochemical properties similar to animal cNOS, yet it has no sequence similarity to any known animal NOS. An Atnos1 insertion mutant has been useful for genetic studies of NO regulation and for uncovering new roles for NO signalling. The elucidation of plant NO synthesis promises to yield novel mechanisms that may be applicable to animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M Crawford
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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114
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Mur LAJ, Carver TLW, Prats E. NO way to live; the various roles of nitric oxide in plant-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:489-505. [PMID: 16377733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide has attracted considerable interest from plant pathologists due its established role in regulating mammalian anti-microbial defences, particularly via programmed cell death (PCD). Although NO plays a major role in plant PCD elicited in response to certain types of pathogenic challenge, the race-specific hypersensitive response (HR), it is now evident that NO also acts in the regulation of non-specific, papilla-based resistance to penetration by plant cells that survive attack and, possibly, in systemic acquired resistance. Equally, the potential roles of NO signalling/scavenging within the pathogen are being recognized. This review will consider key defensive roles played by NO in living cells during plant-pathogen interactions, as well as in those undergoing PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A J Mur
- University of Wales Aberystwyth, Institute of Biological Sciences, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 2DA, UK.
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115
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Perazzolli M, Romero-Puertas MC, Delledonne M. Modulation of nitric oxide bioactivity by plant haemoglobins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:479-88. [PMID: 16377734 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive signalling molecule that has numerous targets in plants. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic synthesis of NO has been detected in several plant species, and NO functions have been characterized during diverse physiological processes such as plant growth, development, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This wide variety of effects reflects the basic signalling mechanisms that are utilized by virtually all mammalian and plant cells and suggests the necessity of detoxification mechanisms to control the level and functions of NO. During the last two years an increasing number of reports have implicated non-symbiotic haemoglobins as the key enzymatic system for NO scavenging in plants, indicating that the primordial function of haemoglobins may well be to protect against nitrosative stress and to modulate NO signalling functions. The biological relevance of plant haemoglobins during specific conditions of plant growth and stress, and the existence of further enzymatic and non-enzymatic NO scavenging systems, suggest the existence of precise NO modulation mechanisms in plants, as observed for different NO sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Perazzolli
- Università degli Studi di Verona. Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico. Strada le Grazie, 15, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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116
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Herold S, Puppo A. Oxyleghemoglobin scavenges nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite: a possible role in functioning nodules? J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:935-45. [PMID: 16267661 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the NO* produced by nitric oxide synthase or by the reduction of nitrite by nitrate reductase plays an important role in plants' defense against microbial pathogens. The detection of nitrosyl Lb in nodules strongly suggests that NO* is also formed in functional nodules. Moreover, NO* may react with superoxide (which has been shown to be produced in nodules by various processes), leading to the formation of peroxynitrite. We have determined the second-order rate constants of the reactions of soybean oxyleghemoglobin with nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite. At pH 7.3 and 20 degrees C, the values are on the order of 10(8) and 10(4) M-1 s-1, respectively. In the presence of physiological amounts of CO2 (1.2 mM), the second-order rate constant of the reaction of oxyleghemoglobin peroxynitrite is even larger (10(5) M-1 s-1). The results presented here clearly show that oxyleghemoglobin is able to scavenge any NO* and peroxynitrite formed in functional nodules. This may help to stop NO* triggering a plant defense reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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117
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Herold S, Puppo A. Kinetics and mechanistic studies of the reactions of metleghemoglobin, ferrylleghemoglobin, and nitrosylleghemoglobin with reactive nitrogen species. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:946-57. [PMID: 16267660 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is now established that nitrogen monoxide is produced not only in animals but also in plants. However, much less is known about the pathways of generation and the functions of NO. in planta. One of the possible targets of NO. is leghemoglobin (Lb), the hemoprotein found in high concentrations in the root nodules of legumes that establish a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In analogy to hemoglobin and myoglobin, we have shown that different forms of Lb react not only with NO. but also with so-called reactive nitrogen species derived from it, among others peroxynitrite and nitrite. Because of the wider active-site pocket, the rate constants measured in this work for NO. and for nitrite binding to metLb are 1 order of magnitude larger than the corresponding values for binding of these species to metmyoglobin and methemoglobin. Moreover, we showed that reactive nitrogen species are able to react with two forms of Lb that are produced in vivo but that cannot bind oxygen: ferrylLb is reduced by NO. and nitrite, and nitrosylLb is oxidized by peroxynitrite. The second-order rate constants of these reactions are on the order of 10(2), 10(6), and 10(5) M-1 s-1, respectively. In all cases, the final reaction product is metLb, a further Lb form that has been detected in vivo. Since a specific reductase is active in nodules, which reduces metLb, reactive nitrogen species could contribute to the recycling of these inactive forms to regenerate deoxyLb, the oxygen-binding form of Lb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Herold
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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118
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Shi S, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang L. Protective effect of nitric oxide against oxidative stress under ultraviolet-B radiation. Nitric Oxide 2005; 13:1-9. [PMID: 15908241 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The response of bean leaves to UV-B radiation was extensively investigated. UV-B radiation caused increase of ion leakage, loss of chlorophyll, and decrease of the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (PhiPSII) of bean leaves. H2O2 contents and the extent of thylakoid membrane protein oxidation increased, indicated by the decrease of thiol contents and the increase of carbonyl contents with the duration of UV-B radiation. Addition of sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, can partially alleviate UV-B induced decrease of chlorophyll contents, Fv/Fm and PhiPSII. Moreover, the oxidative damage to the thylakoid membrane was alleviated by NO. The potassium salt of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, a specific NO scavenger, arrested NO mediated protective effects against UV-B induced oxidative damage. Incubation of thylakoid membrane with increasing H2O2 concentrations showed a progressive enhancement in carbonyl contents. H2O2 contents were decreased in the presence of NO under UV-B radiation through increased activities of superoxide dismutases, ascorbate peroxidases, and catalases. Taken together, the results suggest that NO can effectively protect plants from UV-B damage mostly probably mediated by enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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119
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He JM, Xu H, She XP, Song XG, Zhao WM. The role and the interrelationship of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in the UV-B-induced stomatal closure in broad bean. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2005; 32:237-247. [PMID: 32689127 DOI: 10.1071/fp04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have showed that UV-B can stimulate closure as well as opening of stomata. However, the mechanism of this complex effect of UV-B is not clear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role and the interrelationship of H2O2 and NO in UV-B-induced stomatal closure in broad bean (Vicia faba L.). By epidermal strip bioassay and laser-scanning confocal microscopy, we observed that UV-B-induced stomatal closure could be largely prevented not only by NO scavenger c-PTIO or NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NAME, but also by ascorbic acid (ASC, an important reducing substrate for H2O2 removal) or catalase (CAT, the H2O2 scavenger), and that UV-B-induced NO and H2O2 production in guard cells preceded UV-B-induced stomatal closure. These results indicate that UV-B radiation induces stomatal closure by promoting NO and H2O2 production. In addition, c-PTIO, l-NAME, ASC and CAT treatments could effectively inhibit not only UV-B-induced NO production, but also UV-B-induced H2O2 production. Exogenous H2O2-induced NO production and stomatal closure were partly abolished by c-PTIO and l-NAME. Similarly, exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside-induced H2O2 production and stomatal closure were also partly reversed by ASC and CAT. These results show a causal and interdependent relationship between NO and H2O2 during UV-B-regulated stomatal movement. Furthermore, the l-NAME data also indicate that the NO in guard cells of Vicia faba is probably produced by a NOS-like enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Min He
- Center of Bioinformation, School of Life Sciences and Technology
| | - Hua Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping She
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Gui Song
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ming Zhao
- Center of Bioinformation, School of Life Sciences and Technology
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120
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Vieweg MF, Hohnjec N, Küster H. Two genes encoding different truncated hemoglobins are regulated during root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhiza symbioses of Medicago truncatula. PLANTA 2005; 220:757-66. [PMID: 15517353 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The MtTrHb1 and MtTrHb2 genes of the model legume Medicago truncatula Gaertn. encode proteins homologous to truncated hemoglobins (TrHb) from plants and a range of different microorganisms. Induction of MtTrHb1 in root nodules and expression of MtTrHb2 in root nodules, as well as in mycorrhizal roots, were shown by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The promoters of both genes were PCR-amplified and fused to the gusAint coding region. By analysing these gusAint-fusions in transgenic root tissues, we were able to localize their activity in root nodules and in roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Whereas the promoter of MtTrHb1 was activated in the infected cells of the nitrogen-fixing zone of root nodules, the MtTrHb2 promoter was predominantly active in the nodule vascular tissue. This expression pattern correlates with the presence of an 'organ-specific element' (OSE)-like sequence in the MtTrHb1 promoter, which is not present in the MtTrHb2 regulatory unit. Concerning the AM symbiosis, only the MtTrHb2 promoter mediated an expression in arbuscule-containing cells and in the root vascular tissue of mycorrhizal root segments colonized by the fungus Glomus intraradices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Vieweg
- Fakultät für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Universität Bielefeld, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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121
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Xu M, Dong J. Elicitor-induced nitric oxide burst is essential for triggering catharanthine synthesis in Catharanthus roseus suspension cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 67:40-4. [PMID: 15480633 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Elicitor prepared from the cell walls of Penicillium citrinum induced multiple responses in Catharanthus roseus suspension cells, including rapid generation of nitric oxide (NO), sequentially followed by enhancement of catharanthine production by C. roseus cells. Elicitor-induced catharanthine biosynthesis was blocked by NO-specific scavenger 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor S,S'-1,3-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis-isothiourea (PBITU). PBITU also strongly inhibited elicitor-induced NO generation by C. roseus suspension cells. The inhibiting effect of PBITU on elicitor-induced catharanthine production was reversed by external application of NO via the NO-donor sodium nitroprusside. The results strongly suggested that NO, generated by NOS or NOS-like enzymes in C. roseus suspension cells when treated with the fungal elicitor, was essential for triggering catharanthine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojun Xu
- College of Food Sciences and Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou University of Commerce, Hangzhou 310035, China.
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122
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Singh AK, Sharma L, Mallick N. Antioxidative role of nitric oxide on copper toxicity to a chlorophycean alga, Chlorella. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2004; 59:223-7. [PMID: 15327879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2003] [Revised: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The response of Chlorella vulgaris to copper exposure was investigated under laboratory batch culture conditions. Increased toxicity of Cu with respect to photosynthetic carbon fixation, O(2) evolution, chlorophyll fluorescence, and oxidative burst was observed for N-NH(4)(+)-grown cultures. The addition of sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, in combination with Cu to N-NH(4)(+)-grown Chlorella not only lowered the inhibition levels of carbon fixation, O(2) evolution, and maximum quantum yield of PS II, but also significantly reduced the oxidative burst. The protective action of sodium nitroprusside was, however, arrested in cultures in which sodium nitroprusside was supplemented in combination with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, a specific scavenger of NO in the experimental system. The N-NO(3)(-)-grown Chlorella depicted less sensitivity to Cu compared to its N-NH(4)(+)-grown counterpart. The N-NO(3)(-)-, N-NH(4)(+)-, and N-NH(4)(+)+sodium nitroprusside-grown Chlorella did not show any significant differences with respect to their Cu uptake potential. The role of NO as an antioxidant is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh kumar Singh
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, India
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123
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Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, Carreras A, Quirós M, León AM, Romero-Puertas MC, Esteban FJ, Valderrama R, Palma JM, Sandalio LM, Gómez M, del Río LA. Cellular and subcellular localization of endogenous nitric oxide in young and senescent pea plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:2722-33. [PMID: 15347796 PMCID: PMC523336 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.042812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and subcellular localization of endogenous nitric oxide (NO.) in leaves from young and senescent pea (Pisum sativum) plants was studied. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of pea leaf sections with the fluorescent probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate revealed that endogenous NO. was mainly present in vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Green fluorescence spots were also detected in the epidermal cells, palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, and guard cells. In senescent leaves, NO. generation was clearly reduced in the vascular tissues. At the subcellular level, by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with the spin trap Fe(MGD)(2) and fluorometric analysis with 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate, NO. was found to be an endogenous metabolite of peroxisomes. The characteristic three-line electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of NO., with g = 2.05 and a(N) = 12.8 G, was detected in peroxisomes. By fluorometry, NO. was also found in these organelles, and the level measured of NO. was linearly dependent on the amount of peroxisomal protein. The enzymatic production of NO. from l-Arg (nitric oxide synthase [NOS]-like activity) was measured by ozone chemiluminiscence. The specific activity of peroxisomal NOS was 4.9 nmol NO. mg(-1) protein min(-1); was strictly dependent on NADPH, calmodulin, and BH(4); and required calcium. In senescent pea leaves, the NOS-like activity of peroxisomes was down-regulated by 72%. It is proposed that peroxisomal NO. could be involved in the process of senescence of pea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
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124
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Guldner E, Godelle B, Galtier N. Molecular Adaptation in Plant Hemoglobin, a Duplicated GeneInvolved in Plant–Bacteria Symbiosis. J Mol Evol 2004; 59:416-25. [PMID: 15553094 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-2632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of the hemoglobin gene family in angiosperms is unusual in that it involves two mechanisms known for potentially generating molecular adaptation: gene duplication and among-species interaction. In plants able to achieve symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, class 2 hemoglobin is expressed at high concentrations in nodules and appears to be a key factor for the achievement and regulation of the symbiotic exchange. In this study, we make use of codon models of DNA sequence evolution with the goal of determining the nature of the selective forces which have driven the evolution of this gene. Our results suggest that adaptive evolution occurred during the period of time following the duplication event (functional divergence) and that a change in the selective pressures arose in class 2 hemoglobin in relation to the acquisition of a symbiotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Guldner
- CNRS UMR 5171--Génome, Populations, Interactions, Adaptation, Université Montpellier, 2--CC63, Place E Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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125
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Involvement of NO in fungal elicitor-induced activation of PAL and stimulation of taxol synthesis inTaxus chinensis suspension cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03184034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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126
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del Río LA, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB. Nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase activity in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2004; 65:783-92. [PMID: 15081277 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on NO in plants has gained considerable attention in recent years mainly due to its function in plant growth and development and as a key signalling molecule in different intracellular processes in plants. The NO emission from plants is known since the 1970s, and now there is abundant information on the multiple effects of exogenously applied NO on different physiological and biochemical processes of plants. The physiological function of NO in plants mainly involves the induction of different processes, including the expression of defence-related genes against pathogens and apoptosis/programmed cell death (PCD), maturation and senescence, stomatal closure, seed germination, root development and the induction of ethylene emission. NO can be produced in plants by non-enzymatic and enzymatic systems. The NO-producing enzymes identified in plants are nitrate reductase, and several nitric oxide synthase-like activities, including one localized in peroxisomes which has been biochemically characterized. Recently, two genes of plant proteins with NOS activity have been isolated and characterized for the first time, and both proteins do not have sequence similarities to any mammalian NOS isoform. However, different evidence available indicate that there are other potential enzymatic sources of NO in plants, including xanthine oxidoreductase, peroxidase, cytochrome P450, and some hemeproteins. In plants, the enzymatic production of the signal molecule NO, either constitutive or induced by different biotic/abiotic stresses, may be a much more common event than was initially thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A del Río
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
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127
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Métraux JP, Durner J. The Role of Salicylic Acid and Nitric Oxide in Programmed Cell Death and Induced Resistance. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-08818-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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128
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Matamoros MA, Dalton DA, Ramos J, Clemente MR, Rubio MC, Becana M. Biochemistry and molecular biology of antioxidants in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:499-509. [PMID: 14555779 PMCID: PMC523877 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.025619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Revised: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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129
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Abstract
Recently nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key signalling molecule in plants. Here we review the potential sources of endogenous NO, outline the biological processes likely to be mediated by NO, and discuss the downstream signalling processes by which NO exerts its cellular effects. It will be important to develop methods to quantify intracellular NO synthesis and release. Clasification of the biosynthetic origins of NO is also required. NO can be synthesised from nitrite via nitrate reductase (NR) and although biochemical and immunological data indicate the presence of enzyme(s) similar to mammalian nitric oxide synthase (NOS), no NOS genes have been identified. NO can induce various processes in plants, including the expression of defence-related genes and programmed cell death (PCD), stomatal closure, seed germination and root development. Intracellular signalling responses to NO involve generation of cGMP, cADPR and elevation of cytosolic calcium, but in many cases, the precise biochemical and cellular nature of these responses has not been detailed. Research priorities here must be the reliable quantification of downstream signalling molecules in NO-responsive cells, and cloning and manipulation of the enzymes responsible for synthesis and degradation of these molecules. Contents Summary 11 1 Introduction 12 2 Why does NO make a good signal? 12 3 NO biosynthesis 13 4 NO biology 17 5 NO signal transduction 23 6 Conclusion 30 Acknowledgements 31 References 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Neill
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Radhika Desikan
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - John T Hancock
- Centre for Research in Plant Science, University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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130
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Affiliation(s)
- Don J Durzan
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8587, USA.
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131
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Chandok MR, Ytterberg AJ, van Wijk KJ, Klessig DF. The pathogen-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in plants is a variant of the P protein of the glycine decarboxylase complex. Cell 2003; 113:469-82. [PMID: 12757708 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) plays important signaling roles in plants. However, the enzyme(s) responsible for its synthesis after infection was unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the pathogen-induced, NO-synthesizing enzyme is a variant form of the P protein of glycine decarboxylase (GDC). Inhibitors of the P protein of GDC block its NO synthase (NOS)-like activity, and variant P produced in E. coli or insect cells displays NOS activity. The plant enzyme shares many biochemical and kinetic properties with animal NOSs. However, only a few of the critical motifs associated with NO production in animals can be recognized in the variant P sequence, suggesting that it uses very different chemistry for NO synthesis. Since nitrate reductase is likely responsible for NO production in uninfected or nonelicited plants, our results suggest that plants, like animals, use multiple enzymes for the synthesis of this critical hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena R Chandok
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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132
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Sakamoto A, Tsukamoto S, Yamamoto H, Ueda-Hashimoto M, Takahashi M, Suzuki H, Morikawa H. Functional complementation in yeast reveals a protective role of chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin against reactive nitrogen species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:841-51. [PMID: 12609026 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The importance of nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling molecule to various plant physiological and pathophysiological processes is becoming increasingly evident. However, little is known about how plants protect themselves from nitrosative and oxidative damage mediated by NO and NO-derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Peroxynitrite, the product of the reaction between NO and superoxide anion, is considered to play a central role in RNS-induced cytotoxicity, as a result of its potent ability to oxidize diverse biomolecules. Employing heterologous expression in bacteria and yeast, we investigated peroxynitrite-scavenging activity in plants of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2CPRX), originally identified as a hydroperoxide-reducing peroxidase that is ubiquitously distributed among organisms. The putative mature form of a chloroplast-localized 2CPRX from Arabidopsis thaliana was overproduced in Escherichia coli as an amino-terminally hexahistidine-tagged fusion protein. The purified recombinant 2CPRX, which was catalytically active as peroxidase, efficiently prevented the peroxynitrite-induced oxidation of a sensitive compound. We also examined in vivo the ability of the Arabidopsis 2CPRX to complement the 2CPRX deficiency of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. Functional expression in the mutant strain of the Arabidopsis 2CPRX not only increased cellular tolerance to hydrogen peroxide, but also complemented the hypersensitive growth defect induced by nitrite-mediated cytotoxicity. The complemented cells significantly enhanced the capacity to reduce RNS-mediated oxidative damages. The results presented here demonstrate a new role of plant 2CPRX as a critical determinant of the resistance to RNS, and support the existence of a plant enzymatic basis for RNS metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sakamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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133
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Modolo LV, Cunha FQ, Braga MR, Salgado I. Nitric oxide synthase-mediated phytoalexin accumulation in soybean cotyledons in response to the Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis elicitor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1288-97. [PMID: 12427995 PMCID: PMC166649 DOI: 10.1104/pp.005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2002] [Revised: 05/27/2002] [Accepted: 08/21/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoalexin biosynthesis is part of the defense mechanism of soybean (Glycine max) plants against attack by the fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis (Dpm), the causal agent of stem canker disease. The treatment of soybean cotyledons with Dpm elicitor or with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, resulted in a high accumulation of phytoalexins. This response did not occur when SNP was replaced by ferricyanide, a structural analog of SNP devoid of the NO moiety. Phytoalexin accumulation induced by the fungal elicitor, but not by SNP, was prevented when cotyledons were pretreated with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors. The Dpm elicitor also induced NOS activity in soybean tissues proximal to the site of inoculation. The induced NOS activity was Ca(2+)- and NADPH-dependent and was sensitive to the NOS inhibitors N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, aminoguanidine, and L-N(6)-(iminoethyl) lysine. NOS activity was not observed in SNP-elicited tissues. An antibody to brain NOS labeled a 166-kD protein in elicited and nonelicited cotyledons. Isoflavones (daidzein and genistein), pterocarpans (glyceollins), and flavones (apigenin and luteolin) were identified after exposure to the elicitor or SNP, although the accumulation of glyceollins and apigenin was limited in SNP-elicited compared with fungal-elicited cotyledons. NOS activity preceded the accumulation of these flavonoids in tissues treated with the Dpm elicitor. The accumulation of these metabolites was faster in SNP-elicited than in fungal-elicited cotyledons. We conclude that the response of soybean cotyledons to Dpm elicitor involves NO formation via a constitutive NOS-like enzyme that triggers the biosynthesis of antimicrobial flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Valentina Modolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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134
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del Río LA, Corpas FJ, Sandalio LM, Palma JM, Gómez M, Barroso JB. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant systems and nitric oxide in peroxisomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002; 53:1255-1272. [PMID: 11997374 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/53.372.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles with an essentially oxidative type of metabolism. Like chloroplasts and mitochondria, plant peroxisomes also produce superoxide radicals (O2*(-)) and there are, at least, two sites of superoxide generation: one in the organelle matrix, the generating system being xanthine oxidase, and another site in the peroxisomal membranes dependent on NAD(P)H. In peroxisomal membranes, three integral polypeptides (PMPs) with molecular masses of 18, 29 and 32 kDa have been shown to generate radicals O2*(-). Besides catalase, several antioxidative systems have been demonstrated in plant peroxisomes, including different superoxide dismutases, the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and three NADP-dependent dehydrogenases. A CuZn-SOD and two Mn-SODs have been purified and characterized from different types of peroxisomes. The four enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase) as well as the antioxidants glutathione and ascorbate have been found in plant peroxisomes. The recycling of NADPH from NADP(+) can be carried out in peroxisomes by three dehydrogenases: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. In the last decade, different experimental evidence has suggested the existence of cellular functions for peroxisomes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the recent demonstration of the presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in plant peroxisomes implies that these organelles could also have a function in plant cells as a source of signal molecules like nitric oxide (NO*), superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and possibly S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A del Río
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
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135
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Lum HK, Butt YKC, Lo SCL. Hydrogen peroxide induces a rapid production of nitric oxide in mung bean (Phaseolus aureus). Nitric Oxide 2002; 6:205-13. [PMID: 11890745 DOI: 10.1006/niox.2001.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has recently been identified as an important signaling molecule in plant immune response. The present study aims to investigate the signaling pathway that leads to NO production. Using the NO specific fluorescent dye DAF-2DA, we observed rapid production of NO in mung bean leaves after the addition of 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). NO was probably produced by a NOS-like enzyme in plants, as the NO production was inhibited by l-NAME, a NOS inhibitor. The NOS-like activity in the total leaf protein preparation of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) was elevated 8.3-fold after 10 mM H(2)O(2) treatment, as demonstrated using the chemiluminescence NOS assay. The NOS-like activity was BH(4) dependent: omitting BH(4) in the reaction mixture of NOS assay reduced the NOS activity by 76%. We also found that the H(2)O(2) induced NO production was mediated via calcium ion flux, as it was blocked in the presence of a calcium ion channel blocker, verapamil. Results from the present study identified H(2)O(2) as an upstream signal that leads to NO production in plants. H(2)O(2) and NO, besides acting as two independent signaling molecules in plant immune response, may interrelate to form an oxidative cell death (OCD) cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Lum
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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136
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Sakihama Y, Nakamura S, Yamasaki H. Nitric oxide production mediated by nitrate reductase in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: an alternative NO production pathway in photosynthetic organisms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:290-7. [PMID: 11917083 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Biological activity of nitric oxide (NO) production was investigated in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. An NO specific electrode detected a rapid increase in signal when nitrite (NO(2)(-)) was added into a suspension of C. reinhardtii intact cells in the dark. The addition of KCN or the NO quencher bovine hemoglobin completely abolished the signal, verifying that the nitrite-dependent increase in signal is due to enzymatic NO production. L-arginine, the substrate for NO synthase, did not induce detectable NO production and the NOS inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine showed no inhibitory effect on the nitrite-dependent production of NO. Illuminating cells showed a significant suppressive effect on NO production. When the photosynthetic electron transport inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea was present in the suspension, C. reinhardtii cells produced NO after the addition of nitrite even under illumination. Kinetic and microscopic observations, using the intracellular fluorescent NO probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate, both demonstrated that NO was produced within the cells in response to the addition of nitrite. The Chlamydomonas mutant cc-2929, which lacks nitrate reductase (NR) activity, did not display any of the responses observed in the wild-type cells. The results presented here provide direct in vivo evidence to confirm that NR is involved in the nitrite-dependent NO production in the green alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Sakihama
- Laboratory of Cell and Functional Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
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137
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Nitric Oxide Synthesis by Plants and its Potential Impact on Nitrogen and Respiratory Metabolism. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48138-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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138
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Rockel P, Strube F, Rockel A, Wildt J, Kaiser WM. Regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production by plant nitrate reductase in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002. [PMID: 11741046 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/53.366.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
NO (nitric oxide) production from sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.), detached spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L.), desalted spinach leaf extracts or commercial maize (Zea mays L.) leaf nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) was continuously followed as NO emission into the gas phase by chemiluminescence detection, and its response to post-translational NR modulation was examined in vitro and in vivo. NR (purified or in crude extracts) in vitro produced NO at saturating NADH and nitrite concentrations at about 1% of its nitrate reduction capacity. The K(m) for nitrite was relatively high (100 microM) compared to nitrite concentrations in illuminated leaves (10 microM). NO production was competitively inhibited by physiological nitrate concentrations (K(i)=50 microM). Importantly, inactivation of NR in crude extracts by protein phosphorylation with MgATP in the presence of a protein phosphatase inhibitor also inhibited NO production. Nitrate-fertilized plants or leaves emitted NO into purified air. The NO emission was lower in the dark than in the light, but was generally only a small fraction of the total NR activity in the tissue (about 0.01-0.1%). In order to check for a modulation of NO production in vivo, NR was artificially activated by treatments such as anoxia, feeding uncouplers or AICAR (a cell permeant 5'-AMP analogue). Under all these conditions, leaves were accumulating nitrite to concentrations exceeding those in normal illuminated leaves up to 100-fold, and NO production was drastically increased especially in the dark. NO production by leaf extracts or intact leaves was unaffected by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. It is concluded that in non-elicited leaves NO is produced in variable quantities by NR depending on the total NR activity, the NR activation state and the cytosolic nitrite and nitrate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rockel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Biologie des Stoffaustauschs, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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139
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NO Production in Plants: Nitrate Reductase Versus Nitric Oxide Synthase. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56276-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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140
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Rockel P, Strube F, Rockel A, Wildt J, Kaiser WM. Regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production by plant nitrate reductase in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2002. [PMID: 11741046 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/53.366.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
NO (nitric oxide) production from sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.), detached spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L.), desalted spinach leaf extracts or commercial maize (Zea mays L.) leaf nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) was continuously followed as NO emission into the gas phase by chemiluminescence detection, and its response to post-translational NR modulation was examined in vitro and in vivo. NR (purified or in crude extracts) in vitro produced NO at saturating NADH and nitrite concentrations at about 1% of its nitrate reduction capacity. The K(m) for nitrite was relatively high (100 microM) compared to nitrite concentrations in illuminated leaves (10 microM). NO production was competitively inhibited by physiological nitrate concentrations (K(i)=50 microM). Importantly, inactivation of NR in crude extracts by protein phosphorylation with MgATP in the presence of a protein phosphatase inhibitor also inhibited NO production. Nitrate-fertilized plants or leaves emitted NO into purified air. The NO emission was lower in the dark than in the light, but was generally only a small fraction of the total NR activity in the tissue (about 0.01-0.1%). In order to check for a modulation of NO production in vivo, NR was artificially activated by treatments such as anoxia, feeding uncouplers or AICAR (a cell permeant 5'-AMP analogue). Under all these conditions, leaves were accumulating nitrite to concentrations exceeding those in normal illuminated leaves up to 100-fold, and NO production was drastically increased especially in the dark. NO production by leaf extracts or intact leaves was unaffected by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. It is concluded that in non-elicited leaves NO is produced in variable quantities by NR depending on the total NR activity, the NR activation state and the cytosolic nitrite and nitrate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rockel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Biologie des Stoffaustauschs, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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141
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Song F, Goodman RM. Activity of nitric oxide is dependent on, but is partially required for function of, salicylic acid in the signaling pathway in tobacco systemic acquired resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2001; 14:1458-62. [PMID: 11768542 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.12.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
When tobacco plants were treated by injection with nitric oxide (NO)-releasing compounds, the sizes of lesions caused by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) on the treated leaves and on upper nontreated leaves were significantly reduced. The reduction in TMV lesion size was caused by NO released from the NO-releasing compounds; the byproduct formed after release of NO from the NO-releasing compound NOC-18, diethylenetriamine, did not itself alter lesion size. Treatment of tobacco plants with inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or an NO scavenger attenuated but did not abolish the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by salicylic acid (SA). In NahG transgenic tobacco plants, NO had no effect on lesion size following TMV infection. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that NO plays an important role in SAR induction in tobacco and that NO is required for the full function of SA as an SAR inducer. The activity of NO is fully dependent on the function of SA in the SAR signaling pathway in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
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142
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Bishop CD, Brandhorst BP. NO/cGMP signaling and HSP90 activity represses metamorphosis in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2001; 201:394-404. [PMID: 11751251 DOI: 10.2307/1543617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling repressively regulates metamorphosis in two solitary ascidians and a gastropod. We present evidence for a similar role in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. NO commonly signals via soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in some mammalian cells, including neurons, depends on the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90); this may be so in echinoid larvae as well. Pluteus larvae containing juvenile rudiments were treated with either radicicol L- or D-nitroarginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME and D-NAME), or IH-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), inhibitors of HSP90, NOS, and sGC, respectively. In all instances, drug treatment significantly increased the frequency of metamorphosis. SNAP, a NO donor, suppressed the inductive properties of L-NAME and biofilm, a natural inducer of metamorphosis. NADPH diaphorase histochemistry indicated NOS activity in cells in the lower lip of the larval mouth, the preoral hood, the gut, and in the tube feet of the echinus rudiment. Histochemical staining coincided with NOS immunostaining. Microsurgical removal of the oral hood or the pre-oral hood did not induce metamorphosis, but larvae lacking these structures retained the capacity to metamorphose in response to ODQ. We propose that the production of NO repressively regulates the initiation of metamorphosis and that a sensory response to environmental cues reduces the production of NO, and consequently cGMP, to initiate metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bishop
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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143
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Beligni MV, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide: a non-traditional regulator of plant growth. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2001; 6:508-9. [PMID: 11701377 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
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144
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Maier J, Hecker R, Rockel P, Ninnemann H. Role of nitric oxide synthase in the light-induced development of sporangiophores in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:1323-30. [PMID: 11457983 PMCID: PMC116489 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.3.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2001] [Revised: 04/13/2001] [Accepted: 04/24/2001] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Blue light controls the development of sporangiophores in the zygomycete Phycomyces blakesleeanus Burgeff. Light represses the production of microsporangiophores and enhances the development of macrosporangiophores. Inhibition of the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor of NO synthase, inhibits this photomorphogenesis. Light induces production of citrulline from arginine in the mycelium and in sporangiophores. The citrulline-forming activity is dependent on NADPH, independent of calcium, and inhibited by NO synthase inhibitors. It is reduced in tetrahydrobiopterin-depleted mycelium. Light induces emission of NO from the developing fungus in the same order of magnitude as citrulline formation from arginine. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside can replace the light effect on sporangiophore development, and inhibitors of NO synthase repress it. We suggest that a fungal NO synthase is involved in sporangiophore development and propose its participation in light signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maier
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Corrensstrasse 41, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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145
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Bishop CD, Bates WR, Brandhorst BP. Regulation of metamorphosis in ascidians involves NO/cGMP signaling and HSP90. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 289:374-84. [PMID: 11351325 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of larvae of the ascidians Boltenia villosa (Family: Pyuridae) and Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis (Family: Styelidae) with drugs that inhibit the function of the molecular chaperone HSP90 increased the frequency of tail resorption, the primary morphogenetic event of metamorphosis. If treatment was initiated at hatching, metamorphic events subsequent to tail resorption failed to occur, indicating an ongoing role for HSP90 during morphogenesis. Removal of tails from heads of mature, but not newly hatched larvae, induced metamorphosis of the head. Decapitation experiments indicate that the capacity of tails to shorten in response to inhibition of HSP90 function requires communication with heads. To identify candidate proteins with which HSP90 may interact to regulate metamorphosis, we noted that in mammalian cells, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) interacts with HSP90 and its activity is sensitive to drugs that inhibit HSP90 function. In addition, nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the marine snail Ilyanassa obsoleta is an important regulator of metamorphosis. Inhibition of NOS activity in these ascidian larvae with L-NAME increased the frequency of metamorphosis, consistent with a putative interaction of NOS and HSP90. NOS is present in tail muscle cells, implicating them as targets for the drug treatments, consistent with the decapitation experiments. Inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase, the most common effector of NO signaling, also increased the frequency of metamorphosis. In contrast to treatment with anti-HSP90 drugs, metamorphosis induced with L-NAME or ODQ was complete. The results presented suggest that an HSP90-dependent, NO-based regulatory mechanism localized in tails represses ascidian metamorphosis. We discuss these results in relation to the induction of ascidian metamorphosis by several unrelated agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bishop
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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146
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147
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148
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Wendehenne D, Pugin A, Klessig DF, Durner J. Nitric oxide: comparative synthesis and signaling in animal and plant cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2001; 6:177-83. [PMID: 11286923 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(01)01893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its identification as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the 1980s, nitric oxide has become the source of intensive and exciting research in animals. Nitric oxide is now considered to be a widespread signaling molecule involved in the regulation of an impressive spectrum of mammalian cellular functions. Its diverse effects have been attributed to an ability to chemically react with dioxygen and its redox forms and with specific iron- and thiol-containing proteins. Moreover, the effects of nitric oxide are dependent on the dynamic regulation of its biosynthetic enzyme nitric oxide synthase. Recently, the role of nitric oxide in plants has received much attention. Plants not only respond to atmospheric nitric oxide, but also possess the capacity to produce nitric oxide enzymatically. Initial investigations into nitric oxide functions suggested that plants use nitric oxide as a signaling molecule via pathways remarkably similar to those found in mammals. These findings complement an emerging body of evidence indicating that many signal transduction pathways are shared between plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wendehenne
- UA 1088 INRA/Université de Bourgogne, BBCE-IPM, INRA, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, Dijon 21065 Cedex, France.
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149
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150
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Sakihama Y, Mano J, Sano S, Asada K, Yamasaki H. Reduction of phenoxyl radicals mediated by monodehydroascorbate reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279:949-54. [PMID: 11162455 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monodehydroascorbate (MDA) reductase catalyzes the reduction of MDA, the only organic radical substrate for the enzyme reported so far. Here, we show that cucumber MDA reductase is also capable of reducing phenoxyl radicals which are generated by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with H2O2. The addition of MDA reductase plus NADH suppressed the HRP/H2O2 dependent oxidation of quercetin, accompanied by the oxidation of NADH. The quenching of the quercetin radical by MDA reductase plus NADH was confirmed by ESR. MDA reductase with NADH also suppressed the HRP/H2O2 dependent oxidation of hydroxycinnamates, including ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, and chlorogenic acid. Thus, the phenoxyl radicals of plant phenols can be reduced to their respective parent phenols by MDA reductase via a mechanism similar to the reduction of MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sakihama
- Laboratory of Cell and Functional Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
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