101
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Granulocyte phospholipase D is activated by a guanine nucleotide dependent protein factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:236-43. [PMID: 1998508 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
When post-nuclear homogenates from HL-60 granulocytes are incubated in the presence of CaCl2, GTP gamma S and ethanol, phospholipase D (PLD) metabolizes both exogenous 2-[14C]arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine and endogenous phosphatidyl[3H]choline to produce 2-[14C]arachidonyl-phosphatidic acid, 2-[14C]arachidonyl-phosphatidylethanol and [3H]choline. Fractionation of the homogenate by ultracentrifugation into cytosolic and membrane fractions results in the loss of PLD activity. However, when these two fractions are combined in the same proportion as found in the unfractionated homogenate, PLD activity is completely restored. This activity is proportional to the concentration of both the cytosol and the particulate fractions. Release of [14C]arachidonate by PLA2 that occurs under these assay conditions does not require the combined presence of cytosol and membrane fractions. We conclude that, in granulocyte homogenates, PLD activity but not arachidonate release, exhibits an essential requirement for a heat-labile factor whose activity depends on the presence of GTP gamma S.
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102
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Metz SA, Dunlop M. Inhibition of the metabolism of phosphatidylethanol and phosphatidic acid, and stimulation of insulin release, by propranolol in intact pancreatic islets. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:R1-4. [PMID: 1989625 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90470-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Metz
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Denver, CO 80220
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103
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104
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Cook SJ, Wakelam MJ. Stimulated phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis as a signal transduction pathway in mitogenesis. Cell Signal 1991; 3:273-82. [PMID: 1931481 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(91)90055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608
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105
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Shukla SD, Halenda SP. Phospholipase D in cell signalling and its relationship to phospholipase C. Life Sci 1991; 48:851-66. [PMID: 1997787 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases C and D are phosphodiesterases which act on phospholipid head groups. Although the presence of these enzymes in living organisms has long been known, it is only recently that their role in cell signal transduction has been appreciated. The new developments on phospholipases D (PLD) are especially noteworthy, since these enzymes catalyze a novel pathway for second messenger generation. In a variety of mammalian cell systems, several biological or chemical agents have recently been shown to stimulate PLD activity. Depending on the system, activation of PLD has been suggested to be either dependent on, or independent of, Ca2+ and protein kinase C. PLD primarily hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine (PC) but phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine have also been reported as substrates. Different forms of endogenous PLD may also exist in cells. Exogenous addition of PLD causes alterations in cellular functions. In many instances, Ca2+ mobilizing agonists may stimulate both PLC and PLD pathways. Interestingly, several metabolites of these two enzymes are second messengers and are common to both pathways (e.g. phosphatidic acid, diglyceride). This has raised the issue of the interrelationship between these pathways. The regulation of either PLC or PLD by cellular components, e.g. guanine nucleotide binding proteins or protein kinases, is under intense investigation. These recent advances are providing novel information on the significance of phospholipase C and D mediated phospholipid turnover in cellular signalling. This review highlights some of these new discoveries and emerging issues, as well as challenges for future research on phospholipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine 65212
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106
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Issandou M, Darbon JM. Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates glomerular mesangial cell proliferation through a protein kinase C-independent pathway. Growth Factors 1991; 5:255-64. [PMID: 1777235 DOI: 10.3109/08977199109000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) is shown to be a potent mitogen for cultured glomerular mesangial cells. bFGF induces an increase in cell number and stimulates DNA synthesis measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation in normal as well as in protein kinase C-depleted cells. The ED50 observed in both cases are nearly identical (approximately 0.04 nM) and maximal responses are obtained at 1 nM. Staurosporine, a potent protein kinase C inhibitor, does not prevent bFGF from inducing mitogenesis. On the contrary, the tumour promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and the bradykinin derivative Des-Arg9bradykinin that we have previously shown as mitogens for mesangial cells, fail to trigger DNA synthesis or cell proliferation upon staurosporine treatment or in protein kinase C-depleted cells. bFGF is unable to induce the association of the enzyme to membranes, the so-called translocation process, although the growth factor induces a slight production of diacylglycerol. Using a highly resolutive two-dimensional electrophoresis, we show that bFGF, in contrast to TPA, is unable to stimulate the phosphorylation of a Mr 80,000/pI 4.5 protein, a major and specific protein kinase C substrate. By contrast, bFGF stimulates the phosphorylation of a Mr 28,000/pI 5.7-5.9 protein in normal as well as in protein kinase C-depleted cells while TPA induces this protein phosphorylation only in normal cells. Our results suggest that bFGF exerts its proliferative action on mesangial cells through a protein kinase C-independent pathway and that the growth factor does not activate anyway the enzyme in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Issandou
- INSERM U133, Faculté de Médecine, Toulouse, France
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107
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Lavie Y, Piterman O, Liscovitch M. Inhibition of phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase activity by sphingosine. Dual action of sphingosine in diacylglycerol signal termination. FEBS Lett 1990; 277:7-10. [PMID: 2269371 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80796-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that a major fraction of diacylglycerol that is produced in hormonally stimulated cells arises by phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis via the sequential action of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP). We have previously reported that sphingoid bases stimulate phospholipase D activity in NG108-15 cells. The evidence presented here demonstrates that in sphingosine-treated NG108-15 cells, elevated phosphatidic acid levels are accompanied by a parallel, time- and dose-dependent decrease in diacylglycerol levels. DL-propranolol, a known inhibitor of PAP, exerted similar effects, suggesting that the action of sphingosine may have been due to inhibition of PAP activity. This prediction was confirmed in in vitro experiments in which it was demonstrated that sphingosine is as potent an inhibitor of both cytosolic and membrane-associated PAP activity as propranolol. The hypothesis that sphingoid bases may exert a dual action in diacylglycerol signal termination is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lavie
- Department of Hormone Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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108
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Martinson EA, Trilivas I, Brown JH. Rapid protein kinase C-dependent activation of phospholipase D leads to delayed 1,2-diglyceride accumulation. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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109
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Metz SA, Dunlop M. Production of phosphatidylethanol by phospholipase D phosphatidyl transferase in intact or dispersed pancreatic islets: evidence for the in situ metabolism of phosphatidylethanol. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 283:417-28. [PMID: 2125821 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90663-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine if phospholipase D is present in intact adult islets, we took advantage of the fact that, in the presence of ethanol, this enzyme generates phosphatidylethanol via transphosphatidylation. Extracts of cells prelabeled with [14C]arachidonate, [14C]myristate, or [14C]stearate were analyzed via three TLC systems; the identify of phosphatidylethanol was further confirmed via incorporation of [14C]ethanol into the same phospholipid bands. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate stimulated phosphatidylethanol (to 603% of basal by 60 min) both in intact adult islets and in dispersed neonatal islet cells. A nonphorbol activator of protein kinase C (mezerein) also stimulated phospholipase D, whereas a phorbol which does not activate protein kinase C (4 alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate) was virtually inactive. The effects of the active phorbol ester or of mezerein were reduced by the protein kinase C inhibitor H-7 and were virtually eliminated by prior down-regulation of that enzyme. In addition, a calcium-selective ionophore (ionomycin) or fluoroaluminate also activated the islet phospholipase D. When accumulation of phosphatidylethanol (labeled with any of three fatty acids) was induced by a preincubation in the presence of ethanol plus agonist, which then were removed, phosphatidylethanol declined by 34-47% over a subsequent 60-min incubation. Thus, while phosphatidylethanol is relatively stable metabolically, it is detectably degraded (a variable overlooked in previous studies). In the absence of ethanol, stimulated islet cells generated phosphatidic acid, although such hydrolysis was less evident than transphosphatidylation. Ethanol provision distinguished phosphatidate formed via phospholipase D (inhibition, via phosphatidylethanol formation) from that due predominantly to phospholipase C (phosphatidate not inhibited). In view of our recent findings that phosphatidic acid (or exogenous phospholipase D) has potent insulinotropic effects, this pathway could play a role in stimulus-secretion coupling; conversely, stimulation of transphosphatidylation at the expense of hydrolysis could contribute to the inhibition of secretion caused by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Metz
- Research and Medical Services, Denver VA Medical Center, Colorado 80220
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110
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Chalifa V, Möhn H, Liscovitch M. A neutral phospholipase D activity from rat brain synaptic plasma membranes. Identification and partial characterization. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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111
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Huang CF, Cabot MC. Vasopressin-induced polyphosphoinositide and phosphatidylcholine degradation in fibroblasts. Temporal relationship for formation of phospholipase C and phospholipase D hydrolysis products. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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112
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Martin TW, Feldman DR, Michaelis KC. Phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate is mediated principally by phospholipase D in endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1053:162-72. [PMID: 2383595 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(90)90009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of phosphatidylcholine (PC) degradation stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was investigated in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells prelabeled with [methyl-3H]choline ([3H]choline) or [9,10-3H]myristic acid ([3H]myristic acid). Both labels were selectively incorporated into PC, and addition of PMA stimulated comparable losses of 3H from PC in cells prelabeled with [3H]choline or [3H]myristate. In cells prelabeled with [3H]choline, the loss of 3H from PC correlated with a rapid increase in intracellular free [3H]choline. The increase in intracellular [3H]choline stimulated by PMA was not preceded by an increase in any other 3H-labeled PC degradation product. PMA did not stimulate the formation of PC deacylation products in cells prelabeled with [3H]choline. In permeabilized cells prelabeled with [3H]choline, PMA stimulated the formation of [3H]choline but not [3H]phosphocholine. In intact cells prelabeled with [3H]myristate, the loss of 3H from PC induced by PMA correlated with the formation of [3H]phosphatidic acid ([3H]PA) and [3H]diacylglycerol. In the presence of ethanol, PMA stimulated the formation of [3H]phosphatidylethanol ([3H]PEt) at the expense of [3H]PA. The time-course of [3H]PEt formation was similar to the time-course of intracellular [3H]choline formation in cells stimulated with PMA. These data taken together support the notion that PC degradation in endothelial cells stimulated with PMA is mediated principally by phospholipase D. PC breakdown via phospholipase D was not observed in cells treated with phorbol esters incapable of interacting with protein kinase C. Activation of phospholipase D by phorbol esters was inhibited by long-term pretreatment of cells with PMA to down-regulate protein kinase C and by pretreatment of the cells with staurosporine. These data support the notion that activation of phospholipase D by phorbol esters is dependent upon protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Martin
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104
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113
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Taylor GS, Garcia JG, Dukes R, English D. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of radiolabeled inositol phosphates. Anal Biochem 1990; 188:118-22. [PMID: 2221351 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90538-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Separation of inositol phosphates by low-pressure anion-exchange chromatography yields unsatisfactory results, while previously described anion-exchange HPLC methods require such extensive processing times that they preclude efficient sample analysis. Using a low-capacity Vydac nucleotide anion-exchange column, we have developed a method which allows complete separation of myo-inositol, inositol 1-phosphate, inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate in approximately 10 min followed by a 5-min column regeneration time. This method provided exceptional reproducibility and quantitative recovery of each inositol phosphate. One column was used for over 300 separations with no loss in performance or alteration in elution pattern. A modified procedure with a 14-min gradient was developed to separate the 1,3,4- and 1,4,5-isomers of inositol trisphosphate. These separation procedures were used to characterize the kinetics of degradation of inositol phosphates by lysates of erythrocytes and neutrophils. We conclude that these procedures are applicable for rapid and quantitative analysis of radiolabeled inositol phosphates in cellular extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202
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114
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Lavie Y, Liscovitch M. Activation of phospholipase D by sphingoid bases in NG108-15 neural-derived cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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115
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116
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Ben-Av P, Liscovitch M. Phospholipase D activation by the mitogens platelet-derived growth factor and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate in NIH-3T3 cells. FEBS Lett 1989; 259:64-6. [PMID: 2599112 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of mitogens on phospholipase D activity was investigated in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts by measuring the accumulation of phosphatidylpropanol, produced by phospholipase D phosphatidyl transferase activity when 1-propanol acts as the phosphatidyl group acceptor. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) stimulated phosphatidylpropanol production by the cells. The dose-response relationships for activation of phospholipase D and stimulation of thymidine incorporation by PDGF and TPA were comparable. The possibility that activation of phospholipase D is utilized by mitogens as a trans-membrane pathway for signalling cell growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ben-Av
- Department of Hormone Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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