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Edgeworth JA, Sicilia A, Linehan J, Brandner S, Jackson GS, Collinge J. A standardized comparison of commercially available prion decontamination reagents using the Standard Steel-Binding Assay. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:718-26. [PMID: 21084494 PMCID: PMC3081234 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are comprised principally of aggregates of a misfolded host protein and cause fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders of mammals, such as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Prions pose significant public health concerns through contamination of blood products and surgical instruments, and can resist conventional hospital sterilization methods. Prion infectivity binds avidly to surgical steel and can efficiently transfer infectivity to a suitable host, and much research has been performed to achieve effective prion decontamination of metal surfaces. Here, we exploit the highly sensitive Standard Steel-Binding Assay (SSBA) to perform a direct comparison of a variety of commercially available decontamination reagents marketed for the removal of prions, alongside conventional sterilization methods. We demonstrate that the efficacy of marketed prion decontamination reagents is highly variable and that the SSBA is able to rapidly evaluate current and future decontamination reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ann Edgeworth
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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A pilot to examine the logistical and feasibility issues in testing deceased tissue donors for vCJD using tonsil as the analyte. Cell Tissue Bank 2010; 13:53-61. [PMID: 21046259 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-010-9228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplanted tissues have transmitted transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and in the UK there have been more cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) than elsewhere in the world. A pilot study was undertaken to look at the feasibility of testing for vCJD in deceased donors using tonsillar tissue. This pilot showed that obtaining consent for removal and testing tonsil tissue was feasible. Donor eligibility for inclusion in the pilot was limited to tissue donors from the National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Tissue Services and to donors shared with the Corneal Transplant Service Eye Banks. Obtaining tonsillar tissue in the immediate post-mortem period was limited by the presence of rigor mortis. Tonsillar tissue was suitable for routine analysis for the presence of prion associated with vCJD in deceased tissue donors. Production and processing of tissue was straightforward and a low assay background was obtained from most samples. Since palatine and lingual tonsil tissue can be obtained in pairs it was possible, in the majority of cases, to set aside an intact sample for confirmatory testing if required. In one instance a sample was reactive by Western blot. However, the pattern of reactivity was not typical for that obtained from vCJD patients. Unfortunately the sample was not of sufficient quality for the confirmatory test to provide a conclusive result.
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Characterization of the role of dendritic cells in prion transfer to primary neurons. Biochem J 2010; 431:189-98. [PMID: 20670217 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) are neurodegenerative diseases caused by pathogenic isoforms (PrPSc) of the host-encoded PrPc (cellular prion protein). After consumption of contaminated food, PrPSc deposits rapidly accumulate in lymphoid tissues before invasion of the CNS (central nervous system). However, the mechanisms of prion spreading from the periphery to the nervous system are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of DCs (dendritic cells) in the spreading of prion infection to neuronal cells. First, we determined that BMDCs (bone-marrow-derived DCs) rapidly uptake PrPSc after exposure to infected brain homogenate. Next, we observed a progressive catabolism of the internalized prion aggregates. Similar experiments performed with BMDCs isolated from KO (knockout) mice or mice overexpressing PrP (tga20) indicate that both PrPSc uptake and catabolism are independent of PrPc expression in these cells. Finally, using co-cultures of prion-loaded BMDCs and cerebellar neurons, we characterized the transfer of the prion protein and the resulting infection of the neuronal cultures. Interestingly, the transfer of PrPSc was triggered by direct cell-cell contact. As a consequence, BMDCs retained the prion protein when cultured alone, and no transfer to the recipient neurons was observed when a filter separated the two cultures or when neurons were exposed to the BMDC-conditioned medium. Additionally, fixed BMDCs also failed to transfer prion infectivity to neurons, suggesting an active transport of prion aggregates, in accordance with a role of TNTs (tunnelling nanotubes) observed in the co-cultures.
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de Marco MF, Linehan J, Gill ON, Clewley JP, Brandner S. Large-scale immunohistochemical examination for lymphoreticular prion protein in tonsil specimens collected in Britain. J Pathol 2010; 222:380-7. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The prepared tau exon-specific antibodies revealed distinct profiles of tau in CSF of the patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11886. [PMID: 20686702 PMCID: PMC2912377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnostic value of CSF tau for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been widely evaluated, showing a markedly disease-relative manner. However, the profiles of tau isoforms in CSF of CJD patients remain unknown. Here, we prepared the exon-specific antibodies against the peptides encoded by exon-2, exon-3 and exon-10 of human tau protein and evaluated the reactive profiles of tau in CSF samples from the patients with probable CJD. Methodology/Principal Findings Sequences encoding exon-2, exon-3 and exon-10 of human tau protein were cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-2T. Using recombinant fusion proteins GST-E2, GST-E3 and GST-E10, three tau exon-specific antibodies were elicited. Reliable specificities of the prepared antibodies were obtained after a serial of purification processes, not only in recognizing the tau peptides encoded by exon-2, -3 and -10, but also in distinguishing six recombinant tau isoforms by Western blot and ELISA. Three predominant tau-specific bands were observed in CSF samples with the exon-specific and the commercial tau antibodies, respectively, showing different reactive profiles between the groups of probable CJD and non-CJD. A 65 KD band was detected only in the CSF samples from probable CJD patients, especially with the antibodies against exon-2 (Anti-tE2) and exon-10 (Anit-tE10). The appearances of 65 KD band in CSF correlated well with positive 14-3-3 in CSF and typical abnormality in EEG. Such band was not observed in the CSF samples of six tested genetic CJD patients. Conclusions/Significance Three exon-specific polyclonal antibodies were successfully prepared. Based on these antibodies, different CSF tau profiles in Western blots were observed between the groups of probable CJD and non-CJD. A disease-specific tau band emerged in the CSF samples from probable sporadic CJD, which may supply a new biomarker for screening sporadic CJD.
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107
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Sisó S, González L, Jeffrey M. Neuroinvasion in prion diseases: the roles of ascending neural infection and blood dissemination. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:747892. [PMID: 20652006 PMCID: PMC2905956 DOI: 10.1155/2010/747892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion disorders are infectious, neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and animals. Susceptibility to some prion diseases such as kuru or the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and scrapie in sheep and goats is influenced by polymorphisms of the coding region of the prion protein gene, while other prion disorders such as fatal familial insomnia, familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease in humans have an underlying inherited genetic basis. Several prion strains have been demonstrated experimentally in rodents and sheep. The progression and pathogenesis of disease is influenced by both genetic differences in the prion protein and prion strain. Some prion diseases only affect the central nervous system whereas others involve the peripheral organs prior to neuroinvasion. Many experiments undertaken in different species and using different prion strains have postulated common pathways of neuroinvasion. It is suggested that prions access the autonomic nerves innervating peripheral organs and tissues to finally reach the central nervous system. We review here published data supporting this view and additional data suggesting that neuroinvasion may concurrently or independently involve the blood vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Sisó
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Lorenzo González
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Martin Jeffrey
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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Heath CA, Cooper SA, Murray K, Lowman A, Henry C, MacLeod MA, Stewart GE, Zeidler M, MacKenzie JM, Ironside JW, Summers DM, Knight RSG, Will RG. Validation of diagnostic criteria for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 2010; 67:761-70. [PMID: 20517937 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), a novel form of human prion disease, was recognized in 1996. The disease affected a younger cohort than sporadic CJD, and the early clinical course was dominated by psychiatric and sensory symptoms. In an attempt to aid diagnosis and establish standardization between surveillance networks, diagnostic criteria were established. These were devised from the features of a small number of cases and modified in 2000 as the clinical phenotype was established. Since then, only minor changes have been introduced; revalidation of the criteria in the current format is overdue. METHODS Included in this study are autopsy/cerebral biopsy-proven cases of vCJD referred to the National CJD Surveillance Unit (NCJDSU) between 1995 and 2004 and suspect cases in which an alternative diagnosis was identified following autopsy/cerebral biopsy. RESULTS Over the 10-year period, 106 definite cases of vCJD and 45 pathologically confirmed "noncases" were identified from the archives of the NCJDSU. The median age at onset of the cases was significantly younger than that of the noncases (27 years [range, 12-74 years] vs 43 years [range, 10-64 years]), and the median duration of illness was significantly shorter (14 months [range, 6-39 months] vs 22 months [range, 2-139 months]). The most commonly identified core clinical feature in cases was dementia; persistent painful sensory symptoms were the least frequent. Eighty-eight of 106 (83%) vCJD cases were retrospectively classified as probable in life, 6 cases were classified as possible. Most cases were classified as probable on the basis of core clinical features and brain magnetic resonance imaging. To date, the diagnostic criteria remain 100% specific, with no autopsy/cerebral biopsy-proven noncases classified as probable in life. INTERPRETATION This study confirms that the diagnostic criteria for vCJD are sensitive and specific and provide a useful standard framework for case classification in a surveillance setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Heath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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109
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Tsukui K, Iwasaki Y, Nagaoka M, Tadokoro K. Detection of RNA in the Plasma of Patients with Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease, Gerstmann–Straüssler Syndrome and Other Non-Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Brain Disorders. Microbiol Insights 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s4043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) was assumed to be the aggregate of abnormal prion protein isoform (PrPsc). We observed that lowering the pH of 3% SDS-inoculated plasma or brain homogenate after PK digestion to 4.5 (acidic SDS condition) enabled to precipitate proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) in plasma as well as PrPres in the brain with synthetic poly-A RNA as affinity aggregate. Therefore, we determined if RNA molecules could be used for discriminating TSE patients from healthy individuals. We also examined the plasma of patients with classical Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and other brain disorders who were not diagnosed with TSE. The results indicated that RNA approximately 1.5–2.0 kb in length was commonly observed in the plasma of patients with brain disorders but was not detected in the plasma of healthy volunteers. Enhanced expression of RNA and its protection from endogenous nucleases might occur in the former group of patients. Moreover, we speculate that the non-transmissible neuronal disorders overlap with prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tsukui
- Department of Infectious Disease Analysis, Central Blood Institute, The Japanese Red Cross Society, 2-1-67 Tatsumi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neurology, Oyamada Memorial Spa Hospital, 5538-1 Yamada-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie 512-1111, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nagaoka
- Department of Diagnostic Laboratory, Oyamada Memorial Spa Hospital, 5538-1 Yamada-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie 512-1111, Japan
| | - Kenji Tadokoro
- Department of Infectious Disease Analysis, Central Blood Institute, The Japanese Red Cross Society, 2-1-67 Tatsumi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
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Popovic J, Gasic J, Zivkovic S, Petrovic A, Radicevic G. Evaluation of biological debris on endodontic instruments after cleaning and sterilization procedures. Int Endod J 2010; 43:336-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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111
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Béjot Y, Osseby GV, Caillier M, Moreau T, Laplanche JL, Giroud M. Rare E196K mutation in the PRNP gene of a patient exhibiting behavioral abnormalities. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112:244-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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112
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Hyare H, Thornton J, Stevens J, Mead S, Rudge P, Collinge J, Yousry TA, Jäger HR. High-b-value diffusion MR imaging and basal nuclei apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in variant and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31:521-6. [PMID: 20007724 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE DWI using a standard b-value of 1000 s/mm(2) has emerged as the most sensitive sequence for the diagnosis of CJD. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether DWI at a high b-value (b = 3000 s/mm(2)) and ADC measurements in the basal nuclei improve the diagnosis of vCJD and sCJD compared with visual assessment of DWI at a standard b-value (b = 1000 s/mm(2)). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight patients with vCJD, 9 patients with sCJD, and 5 healthy volunteers underwent DWI at b = 1000 s/mm(2), and 5 vCJD patients, 4 sCJD patients, and 1 growth hormone-related CJD patient underwent DWI at b = 3000 s/mm(2). Two consultant neuroradiologists performed a visual comparison of the b = 1000 and b = 3000 images. Mean MR SI and ADC values were determined for C, P, and DM thalamus ROIs bilaterally at each b-value. SI ratios for each ROI relative to white matter were calculated. RESULTS In 9 out of 10 patients, the higher b-value images were more sensitive to SI change, particularly in cortex and thalamus, with higher SI ratios at b = 3000 in the DM thalamus. For sCJD at b = 1000, we found significantly lower ADC values in the C and P compared with controls (mean C ADC = 587.3 +/- 84.7 mm(2)/s in sCJD patients versus 722.7 +/- 16.6 mm(2)/s in controls; P = .007), and at b = 3000, the differences were more pronounced. In comparison, in vCJD at b = 1000, ADC values were elevated in the Pu (mean Pu ADC = 837.6 +/- 33.0 mm/s(2) in vCJD patients versus 748.0 +/- 17.3 mm/s(2) in controls; P < .001) but failed to reach significance at b = 3000. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that b = 3000 DWI, being more sensitive to slowly diffusing tissue water, is more sensitive to pathology in sCJD than is conventional DWI. High-b-value DWI increases confidence in the radiologic diagnosis of human prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hyare
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
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113
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MILLAR CM, CONNOR N, DOLAN G, LEE CA, MAKRIS M, WILDE J, WINTER M, IRONSIDE JW, GILL N, HILL FGH. Risk reduction strategies for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmission by UK plasma products and their impact on patients with inherited bleeding disorders. Haemophilia 2010; 16:305-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2010.02220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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114
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Bassuni WY, Blajchman MA, Al-Moshary MA. Why implement universal leukoreduction? Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2010; 1:106-23. [PMID: 20063539 DOI: 10.1016/s1658-3876(08)50042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of transfusion medicine technology is an ongoing process primarily directed at increasing the safety of allogeneic blood component transfusions for recipients. Over the years, relatively little attention had been paid to the leukocytes present in the various blood components. The availability of leukocyte removal (leukoreduction) techniques for blood components is associated with a considerable improvement in various clinical outcomes. These include a reduction in the frequency and severity of febrile transfusion reactions, reduced cytomegalovirus transfusion-transmission risk, the reduced incidence of alloimmune platelet refractoriness, a possible reduction in the risk of transfusion-associated variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmission, as well as reducing the overall risk of both recipient mortality and organ dysfunction, particularly in cardiac surgery patients and possibly in other categories of patients. Internationally, 19 countries have implemented universal leukocyte reduction (ULR) as part of their blood safety policy. The main reason for not implementing ULR in those countries that have not appears to be primarily concerns over costs. Nonetheless, the available international experience supports the concept that ULR is a process that results in improved safety of allogeneic blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Y Bassuni
- Central Laboratory and Transfusion Services, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Gender Differences in Emerging Infectious Diseases. PRINCIPLES OF GENDER-SPECIFIC MEDICINE 2010. [PMCID: PMC7150108 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374271-1.00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on gender differences in emerging infectious diseases. An urgent worldwide threat is posed by the introduction and spread of novel infectious diseases. The reasons for emerging infectious diseases are numerous and complex. Among the most significant explanations for these emerging diseases are changes in environment and ecology caused by natural phenomena such as droughts, hurricanes, and floods; and human-made phenomena such as agricultural development, urbanization, and denuding of forests. Worldwide conflict, including wars, ethnic cleansing, and genocide, have led to displacement of large populations into overcrowded settlements where safe water is not available and sanitation is poor. For example, unsanitary conditions led to a huge increase in the rat population in post-war Kosovo, resulting in a tularemia outbreak with 327 confirmed cases in 8 months. Regional conflict leads to breakdown in infection control, inadequate surveillance, impeded access to populations, and spread of infectious diseases through movement of refugees and aid workers. Increased precipitation, a result of climate change, leads to more agricultural run-off, allowing pathogens to enter drinking water systems. In developing countries where poverty and inadequate infrastructure are the norm, public health monitoring systems must be supported and improved so that new or more severe risks to health can be identified and curtailed. As new infectious diseases are recognized, critical issues arise regarding pregnant women and their unborn children. Physiologic changes during pregnancy and gestational age both alter decision-making regarding vaccinations and medications.
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Mead S, Tabrizi SJ, Collinge J. Prion diseases of humans and animals. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are inevitably lethal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a large variety of animals. The infectious agent responsible for TSEs is the prion, an abnormally folded and aggregated protein that propagates itself by imposing its conformation onto the cellular prion protein (PrPC) of the host. PrPCis necessary for prion replication and for prion-induced neurodegeneration, yet the proximal causes of neuronal injury and death are still poorly understood. Prion toxicity may arise from the interference with the normal function of PrPC, and therefore, understanding the physiological role of PrPCmay help to clarify the mechanism underlying prion diseases. Here we discuss the evolution of the prion concept and how prion-like mechanisms may apply to other protein aggregation diseases. We describe the clinical and the pathological features of the prion diseases in human and animals, the events occurring during neuroinvasion, and the possible scenarios underlying brain damage. Finally, we discuss potential antiprion therapies and current developments in the realm of prion diagnostics.
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Bremer J, Heikenwalder M, Haybaeck J, Tiberi C, Krautler NJ, Kurrer MO, Aguzzi A. Repetitive immunization enhances the susceptibility of mice to peripherally administered prions. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7160. [PMID: 19779609 PMCID: PMC2744926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of humans and animals to prion infections is determined by the virulence of the infectious agent, by genetic modifiers, and by hitherto unknown host and environmental risk factors. While little is known about the latter two, the activation state of the immune system was surmised to influence prion susceptibility. Here we administered prions to mice that were repeatedly immunized by two initial injections of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides followed by repeated injections of bovine serum albumin/alum. Immunization greatly reduced the required dosage of peripherally administered prion inoculum necessary to induce scrapie in 50% of mice. No difference in susceptibility was observed following intracerebral prion challenge. Due to its profound impact onto scrapie susceptibility, the host immune status may determine disease penetrance after low-dose prion exposure, including those that may give rise to iatrogenic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Bremer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Tiberi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nike Julia Krautler
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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119
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Tsukui K, Tadokoro K. Affinity Association between Polynucleotide, Glycoprotein, or Sulfated Polysaccharides and Disease-Associated Prion Protein. Microbiol Insights 2009. [DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-K resistant prion protein (PrPres) has the property to aggregate in TSE-injured animal tissues. We have developed a test method to discriminate scrapie-infected and mock-infected hamsters by detecting the PrPres in plasma. It seemed that aggregation of the PrPres with some heterogeneous molecule(s) enabled successful detection by this method. In order to investigate which molecule became the partner in the PrPres aggregates; we examined some molecules that could presumably have this ability. As a result, we found synthetic Poly-A RNA, especially in its denatured form, to be the most effective entity although glycoprotein, sulfated polysaccharide showed less effectiveness. DNA in the denatured form also has a high affinity, although in the presence of protein the effectiveness unsuccessful. On the basis of this result, it is possible that the PrPres aggregate in scrapie-infected hamster plasma is composed of PrPres and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tsukui
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Central Blood Institute, the Japanese Red Cross Society, 2-1-67 Tatsumi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
| | - Kenji Tadokoro
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Central Blood Institute, the Japanese Red Cross Society, 2-1-67 Tatsumi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
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120
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Sisó S, Jeffrey M, Houston F, Hunter N, Martin S, González L. Pathological phenotype of sheep scrapie after blood transfusion. J Comp Pathol 2009; 142:27-35. [PMID: 19625026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood transfusion practices have resulted in iatrogenic cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and it is known that sheep blood is also infectious in the pre-clinical stages of natural scrapie and experimentally induced bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Further investigations have also shown that the pathological phenotype of sheep BSE and human vCJD is maintained after blood transfusion. The present study describes the pathological phenotype, in terms of accumulation of the disease-associated prion protein in brain and lymphoreticular tissues, in sheep receiving blood from donors infected with natural scrapie. The immunohistochemical examinations undertaken showed a degree of phenotypic variability within and between scrapie donors and recipients, which might be attributable to the presence of more than one scrapie strain amongst the donor sheep or to a host adaptation process, or to the interaction of both, rather than to the influence of the route of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sisó
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
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121
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Abstract
Human prion diseases (PrD) like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) include sporadic, acquired and familial neurodegenerative disorders. The central events in the neuropathological process of PrDs are severe neuronal loss, spongiform change and accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc). The latter is a conformational variant of the host-encoded cellular PrP (PrPC), a copper-binding protein. The physiological role of PrPC is debated. Definitive diagnosis of PrD is based on post mortem demonstration of PrPSc by immunohistochemistry or Western blot. Mutations in the PrP gene (PRNP), the polymorphic site at codon 129, and the molecular characteristic of protease resistant PrP influence the phenotype. Clinical symptoms, cranial MRI scan, EEG and investigation of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggest a diagnosis of probable CJD. Variant CJD, related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy, shows a different clinical course, symmetrical high intensity MRI signal in the pulvinar, presence of PrPSc in tonsil biopsy tissue, and a lower sensitivity of CSF 14-3-3 protein compared to sporadic CJD. Future possibilities in diagnosis of PrDs include either the demonstration of PrPSc in body fluids or disease associated changes in laboratory variables or gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor G Kovács
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, and Austrian Reference Centre for Human Prion Diseases, Vienna, Austria
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122
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Segarra C, Lehmann S, Coste J. Prion protein expression and processing in human mononuclear cells: the impact of the codon 129 prion gene polymorphism. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5796. [PMID: 19495414 PMCID: PMC2686158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background So far, all clinical cases of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), thought to result from the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) prion agent, have shown Methionine–Methionine (M/M) homozygosity at the M129V polymorphism of the PRNP gene. Although established, this relationship is still not understood. In both vCJD and experimental BSE models prion agents do reach the bloodstream, raising concerns regarding disease transmission through blood transfusion. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the impact of the M129V polymorphism on the expression and processing of the prion protein in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three blood donor populations with Methionine-Methionine (M/M), Valine-Valine (V/V) and M/V genotypes. Using real-time PCR, ELISA and immunoblot assays we were unable to find differences in prion protein expression and processing relating to the M129V polymorphism. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that in PBMCs, the M129V PrP polymorphism has no significant impact on PrP expression, processing and the apparent glycoform distribution. Prion propagation should be investigated further in other cell types or tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Segarra
- Etablissement Français du Sang de Pyrénées Méditerranée, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UPR1142 CNRS, /CHU Montpellier/UM1 Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Joliette Coste
- Etablissement Français du Sang de Pyrénées Méditerranée, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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123
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Murphy CV, Eakins E, Fagan J, Croxon H, Murphy WG. In vitroassessment of red-cell concentrates in SAG-M filtered through the MacoPharma™ P-CAPT prion-reduction filter. Transfus Med 2009; 19:109-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2009.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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124
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Clewley JP, Kelly CM, Andrews N, Vogliqi K, Mallinson G, Kaisar M, Hilton DA, Ironside JW, Edwards P, McCardle LM, Ritchie DL, Dabaghian R, Ambrose HE, Gill ON. Prevalence of disease related prion protein in anonymous tonsil specimens in Britain: cross sectional opportunistic survey. BMJ 2009; 338:b1442. [PMID: 19460798 PMCID: PMC2685439 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish with improved accuracy the prevalence of disease related prion protein (PrP(CJD)) in the population of Britain and thereby guide a proportionate public health response to limit the threat of healthcare associated transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). DESIGN Cross sectional opportunistic survey. Study samples Anonymised tonsil pairs removed at elective tonsillectomy throughout England and Scotland. SETTING National anonymous tissue archive for England and Scotland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Presence of PrP(CJD) determined by using two enzyme immunoassays based on different analytical principles, with further investigation by immunohistochemistry or immunoblotting of any samples reactive in either assay. RESULTS Testing of 63 007 samples was completed by the end of September 2008. Of these, 12 753 were from the birth cohort in which most vCJD cases have arisen (1961-85) and 19 908 were from the 1986-95 cohort that would have been also exposed to bovine spongiform encephalopathy through infected meat or meat products. None of the samples tested was unequivocally reactive in both enzyme immunoassays. Only two samples were reactive in one or other enzyme immunoassay and equivocal in the other, and nine samples were equivocally reactive in both enzyme immunoassays. Two hundred and seventy six samples were initially reactive in one or other enzyme immunoassay; the repeat reactivity rate was 15% or less, depending on the enzyme immunoassay and cut-off definition. None of the samples (including all the 276 initially reactive in enzyme immunoassay) that were investigated by immunohistochemistry or immunoblotting was positive for the presence of PrP(CJD). CONCLUSIONS The observed prevalence of PrP(CJD) in tonsils from the 1961-95 combined birth cohort was 0/32 661 with a 95% confidence interval of 0 to 113 per million. In the 1961-85 cohort, the prevalence of zero with a 95% confidence interval of 0 to 289 per million was lower than, but still consistent with, a previous survey of appendix tissue that showed a prevalence of 292 per million with a 95% confidence interval of 60 to 853 per million. Continuing to archive and test tonsil specimens, especially in older birth cohorts, and other complementary large scale anonymous tissue surveys, particularly of post-mortem tissues, will further refine the calculated prevalence of PrP(CJD).
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125
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Coste J, Prowse C, Eglin R, Fang C. A report on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and transfusion safety. Vox Sang 2009; 96:284-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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126
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Sinha R, Sunder R. Retiring reusable laryngeal mask airways after 40: an anaesthetist's dilemma. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:687-8. [PMID: 19419370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.01911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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127
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Avrahami D, Dayan-Amouyal Y, Tal S, Mincberg M, Davis C, Abramsky O, Gabizon R. Virus-induced alterations of membrane lipids affect the incorporation of PrP Sc into cells. J Neurosci Res 2009; 86:2753-62. [PMID: 18478553 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by long incubation periods. To investigate whether concurrent diseases can modify the clinical outcome of prion-affected subjects, we tested the effect of viral infection on the binding and internalization of PrP(Sc), essential steps of prion propagation. To this effect, we added scrapie brain homogenate or purified PrP(Sc) to fibroblasts previously infected with minute virus of mice (MVM), a mouse parvovirus. We show here that the rate of incorporation of PrP(Sc) into MVM-infected cells was significantly higher than that observed for naïve cells. Immunostaining of cells and immunoblotting of subcellular fractions using antibodies recognizing PrP and LysoTracker, a lysosomal marker, revealed that in both control and MVM-infected cells the incorporated PrP(Sc) was associated mostly with lysosomes. Interestingly, flotation gradient analysis revealed that the majority of the PrP(Sc) internalized into MVM-infected cells shifted toward raft-containing low-density fractions. Concomitantly, the MVM-infected cells demonstrated increased levels of the glycosphingolipid GM1 (an essential raft lipid component) throughout the gradient and a shift in caveolin 1 (a raft protein marker) toward lighter membrane fractions compared with noninfected cells. Our results suggest that the effect of viral infection on membrane lipid composition may promote the incorporation of exogenous PrP(Sc) into rafts. Importantly, membrane rafts are believed to be the conversion site of PrP(C) to PrP(Sc); therefore, the association of exogenous PrP(Sc) with such membrane microdomains may facilitate prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Avrahami
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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128
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Manuelidis L, Liu Y, Mullins B. Strain-specific viral properties of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) are encoded by the agent and not by host prion protein. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:220-31. [PMID: 19097123 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human CJD, endemic sheep scrapie, epidemic bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are caused by a group of related but molecularly uncharacterized infectious agents. The UK-BSE agent infected many species, including humans where it causes variant CJD (vCJD). As in most viral infections, different TSE disease phenotypes are determined by both the agent strain and the host species. TSE strains are most reliably classified by incubation time and regional neuropathology in mice expressing wild-type (wt) prion protein (PrP). We compared vCJD to other human and animal derived TSE strains in both mice and neuronal cultures expressing wt murine PrP. Primary and serial passages of the human vCJD agent, as well as the highly selected mutant 263K sheep scrapie agent, revealed profound strain-specific characteristics were encoded by the agent, not by host PrP. Prion theory posits that PrP converts itself into the infectious agent, and thus short incubations require identical PrP sequences in the donor and recipient host. However, wt PrP mice injected with human vCJD brain homogenates showed dramatically shorter primary incubation times than mice expressing only human PrP, a finding not in accord with a PrP species barrier. All mouse passage brains showed the vCJD agent derived from a stable BSE strain. Additionally, both vCJD brain and monotypic neuronal cultures produced a diagnostic 19 kDa PrP fragment previously observed only in BSE and vCJD primate brains. Monotypic cultures can be used to identify the intrinsic, strain-determining molecules of TSE infectious particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Manuelidis
- Yale Medical School, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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129
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Armstrong RA, Ironside JW, Lantos PL, Cairns NJ. A quantitative study of the pathological changes in the cerebellum in 15 cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 35:36-45. [PMID: 19187059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine in the cerebellum in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD): (i) whether the pathology affected all laminae; (ii) the spatial topography of the pathology along the folia; (iii) spatial correlations between the pathological changes; and (iv) whether the pathology was similar to that of the common methionine/methionine Type 1 subtype of sporadic CJD. METHODS Sequential cerebellar sections of 15 cases of vCJD were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, or immunolabelled with monoclonal antibody 12F10 against prion protein (PrP) and studied using spatial pattern analysis. RESULTS Loss of Purkinje cells was evident compared with control cases. Densities of the vacuolation and the protease-resistant form of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) (diffuse and florid plaques) were greater in the granule cell layer (GL) than the molecular layer (ML). In the ML, vacuoles and PrP(Sc) plaques occurred in clusters regularly distributed along the folia with larger clusters of vacuoles and diffuse plaques in the GL. There was a negative spatial correlation between the vacuoles and the surviving Purkinje cells in the ML. There was a positive spatial correlation between the vacuoles and diffuse PrP(Sc) plaques in the ML and GL. CONCLUSIONS (i) all laminae were affected by the pathology, the GL more severely than the ML; (ii) the pathology was topographically distributed along the folia especially in the Purkinje cell layer and ML; (iii) pathological spread may occur in relation to the loop of anatomical connections involving the cerebellum, thalamus, cerebral cortex and pons; and (iv) there were pathological differences compared with methionine/methionine Type 1 sporadic CJD.
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130
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Houston F, McCutcheon S, Goldmann W, Chong A, Foster J, Sisó S, González L, Jeffrey M, Hunter N. Prion diseases are efficiently transmitted by blood transfusion in sheep. Blood 2008; 112:4739-45. [PMID: 18647958 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-152520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, following on from the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic, led to concerns about the potential risk of iatrogenic transmission of disease by blood transfusion and the introduction of costly control measures to protect blood supplies. We previously reported preliminary data demonstrating the transmission of BSE and natural scrapie by blood transfusion in sheep. The final results of this experiment, reported here, give unexpectedly high transmission rates by transfusion of 36% for BSE and 43% for scrapie. A proportion of BSE-infected transfusion recipients (3 of 8) survived for up to 7 years without showing clinical signs of disease. The majority of transmissions resulted from blood collected from donors at more than 50% of the estimated incubation period. The high transmission rates and relatively short and consistent incubation periods in clinically positive recipients suggest that infectivity titers in blood were substantial and/or that blood transfusion is an efficient method of transmission. This experiment has established the value of using sheep as a model for studying transmission of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease by blood products in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Houston
- Neuropathogenesis Division, Roslin Institute, Compton, United Kingdom.
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131
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Collinge J, Whitfield J, McKintosh E, Frosh A, Mead S, Hill AF, Brandner S, Thomas D, Alpers MP. A clinical study of kuru patients with long incubation periods at the end of the epidemic in Papua New Guinea. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3725-39. [PMID: 18849289 PMCID: PMC2581654 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuru is so far the principal human epidemic prion disease. While its incidence has steadily declined since the cessation of its route of transmission, endocannibalism, in Papua New Guinea in the 1950s, the arrival of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD), also thought to be transmitted by dietary prion exposure, has given kuru a new global relevance. We investigated all suspected cases of kuru from July 1996 to June 2004 and identified 11 kuru patients. There were four females and seven males, with an age range of 46–63 years at the onset of disease, in marked contrast to the age and sex distribution when kuru was first investigated 50 years ago. We obtained detailed histories of residence and exposure to mortuary feasts and performed serial neurological examination and genetic studies where possible. All patients were born a significant period before the mortuary practice of transumption ceased and their estimated incubation periods in some cases exceeded 50 years. The principal clinical features of kuru in the studied patients showed the same progressive cerebellar syndrome that had been previously described. Two patients showed marked cognitive impairment well before preterminal stages, in contrast to earlier clinical descriptions. In these patients, the mean clinical duration of 17 months was longer than the overall average in kuru but similar to that previously reported for the same age group, and this may relate to the effects of both patient age and PRNP codon 129 genotype. Importantly, no evidence for lymphoreticular colonization with prions, seen uniformly in vCJD, was observed in a patient with kuru at tonsil biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Collinge
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
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132
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Brandner S, Whitfield J, Boone K, Puwa A, O'Malley C, Linehan JM, Joiner S, Scaravilli F, Calder I, P Alpers M, Wadsworth JDF, Collinge J. Central and peripheral pathology of kuru: pathological analysis of a recent case and comparison with other forms of human prion disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3755-63. [PMID: 18849292 PMCID: PMC2581659 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While the neuropathology of kuru is well defined, there are few data concerning the distribution of disease-related prion protein in peripheral tissues. Here we report the investigation of brain and peripheral tissues from a kuru patient who died in 2003. Neuropathological findings were compared with those seen in classical (sporadic and iatrogenic) Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and variant CJD (vCJD). The neuropathological findings of the kuru patient showed all the stereotypical changes that define kuru, with the occurrence of prominent PrP plaques throughout the brain. Lymphoreticular tissue showed no evidence of prion colonization, suggesting that the peripheral pathogenesis of kuru is similar to that seen in classical CJD rather than vCJD. These findings now strongly suggest that the characteristic peripheral pathogenesis of vCJD is determined by prion strain type alone rather than route of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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133
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Strydom CS, Le Roux PJ. A clinical comparison of disposable airway devices. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/22201173.2008.10872574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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134
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Azarpazhooh A, Fillery ED. Prion Disease: The Implications for Dentistry. J Endod 2008; 34:1158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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135
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Svae TE, Neisser-Svae A, Bailey A, Reichl H, Biesert L, Schmidt T, Heger A, Römisch J. Prion safety of transfusion plasma and plasma-derivatives typically used for prophylactic treatment. Transfus Apher Sci 2008; 39:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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136
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Shin W, Lee B, Hong S, Ryou C, Kwon M. Cloning and expression of a prion protein (PrP) gene from Korean bovine (Bos taurus coreanae) and production of rabbit anti-bovine PrP antibody. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1705-11. [PMID: 18574558 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A PrP gene, from a Korean bovine, exhibiting a nonsense and a missense polymorphism respectively at nucleotides 576 and 652 has been cloned. The latter resulted in Glu to Lys substitution at amino acid residue 218. After expression and purification of the recombinant bovine PrP (recBoPrP) with Glu218Lys substitution, a polyclonal antibody against this protein was raised. ELISA and Western blot analysis suggested that the recBoPrP obtained in this study had a unique conformation not presented in native PrP(C), and the polyclonal antibody recognized PrP in a conformation dependent manner. These reagents will be valuable tools for studying PrP conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Shin
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Changan-Ku, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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137
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Wilkes AR, Hodzovic I, Latto IP. Introducing new anaesthetic equipment into clinical practice. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:571-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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138
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Walker J, Dickinson J, Sutton J, Marsh P, Raven N. Implications for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in Dentistry: a Review of Current Knowledge. J Dent Res 2008; 87:511-9. [DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review explores our current understanding of the risks of (variant) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmission via dental practice, and whether they merit the rigorous enforcement of improved standards of instrument cleaning and decontamination. The recognition of prions as novel infectious agents in humans has caused significant concern among the public and medical professionals alike. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans has been shown to be transmissible via several routes, including transplantation, contaminated medical products, and via neurosurgery. While the likelihood of transmission via dentistry is undoubtedly very low, this may be amplified considerably by unknown risk factors, such as disease prevalence (particularly in the UK), altered tissue distribution of vCJD, and the failure of decontamination processes to address the inactivation of prions adequately. Since current diagnostic techniques are unable to detect PrPSc in human dental tissues, there is limited evidence for the presence of infectivity. Given these uncertainties, the control of risk by reinforced and improved decontamination practices seems the most appropriate response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.T. Walker
- TSE Research Group, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, HPA, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; and
- Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK
| | - J. Dickinson
- TSE Research Group, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, HPA, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; and
- Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK
| | - J.M. Sutton
- TSE Research Group, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, HPA, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; and
- Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK
| | - P.D. Marsh
- TSE Research Group, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, HPA, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; and
- Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK
| | - N.D.H. Raven
- TSE Research Group, Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, HPA, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; and
- Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK
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139
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Tsukui K, Takata M, Tadokoro K. A potential blood test for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies by detecting carbohydrate-dependent aggregates of PrPres-like proteins in scrapie-Infected hamster plasma. Microbiol Immunol 2008; 51:1221-31. [PMID: 18094541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb04009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PrPres has rarely been detected in blood (except in leukocytes) even in diseased animal models that are known to contain a large amount of PrPres in infected tissues. It seems likely that PrPres detection in blood is difficult because of the low titer of infectious material within the blood. Here, we demonstrate the detection of proteinase K-resistant 3F4-reactive protein in the plasma of scrapie-infected hamsters but not in the plasma of mock-infected hamsters by partial purification using a novel method termed "acidic SDS precipitation," in conjunction with a highly sensitive chemiluminescence detection system used to show the presence of PrP at a concentration equivalent to 1.4x10(-9) g of brain homogenate or 1.5x10(-12) g (6.5x10(-17) mol) of rPrP by conventional Western blotting. The 3F4-reactive proteins in scrapie-infected hamster plasma often resulted in multiple Mw protein bands occurring at higher Mw positions than the position of the di-glycosyl PrP molecule. Mixing scrapie-infected hamster brain homogenate with mock-infected hamster plasma resulted in the formation of similar Mw positions for multiple 3F4-reactive proteins. Predigestion of carbohydrate side chains from the proteins in the plasma or brain homogenate before mixing resulted in failure to obtain these multiple 3F4-reactive proteins. These observations indicate that PrPres aggregated with other proteins in the plasma through carbohydrate side chains and was successfully detected in the plasma of scrapie-infected hamsters. Counterparts in these aggregates with PrPres-like proteins in scHaPl are not known but any that exist should resist the PK digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tsukui
- Central Blood Institute, The Japanese Red Cross Society, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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140
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Neurochemical approaches of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods 2008; 44:289-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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141
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Kuru prions and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions have equivalent transmission properties in transgenic and wild-type mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3885-90. [PMID: 18316717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800190105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kuru provides our principal experience of an epidemic human prion disease and primarily affected the Fore linguistic group of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Kuru was transmitted by the practice of consuming dead relatives as a mark of respect and mourning (transumption). To date, detailed information of the prion strain type propagated in kuru has been lacking. Here, we directly compare the transmission properties of kuru prions with sporadic, iatrogenic, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) prions in Prnp-null transgenic mice expressing human prion protein and in wild-type mice. Molecular and neuropathological data from these transmissions show that kuru prions are distinct from variant CJD and have transmission properties equivalent to those of classical (sporadic) CJD prions. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that kuru originated from chance consumption of an individual with sporadic CJD.
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142
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Zhou XM, Xu GX, Zhao DM. In vitro effect of prion peptide PrP 106–126 on mouse macrophages: Possible role of macrophages in transport and proliferation for prion protein. Microb Pathog 2008; 44:129-34. [PMID: 17904794 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While there is a growing consensus on the understanding that the immune system plays an important role in facilitating the spread of prion infections from the periphery to the central nervous system, little is known about the key players in the first steps of the infection and about the sites of the disease development. Owing to their subepithelial location and their migratory capacity, macrophages could be early targets for prion transportation or propagation during the later stages of disease. In order to investigate the role of macrophages, we studied in vitro the effect of exposing primary peritoneal macrophages to a synthetic peptide homologous to residues 106-126 of the human prion protein (PrP), PrP 106-126. As shown by MTT assay, macrophage viability treated with less than 50 microM PrP 106-126 for 72 h was not inhibited but slightly stimulated at 10 and 25 microM, while there was significant decrease when exposed to 100 microM PrP 106-126 for 72 h. The expressions of PrP at mRNA and protein level were up-regulated following treatment with PrP 106-126 for 72 h. Cytokine TNF-alpha production were elevated by the PrP peptide in a time-dependent manner, which demonstrated a proinflammatory response linked to the presence and progression of prion disease took place in macrophages. These findings suggested that macrophages may play roles in the transportation and replication of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Zhou
- Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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143
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Evaluation of the human transmission risk of an atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion strain. J Virol 2008; 82:3697-701. [PMID: 18234793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02561-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the prion disease in cattle, was widely believed to be caused by only one strain, BSE-C. BSE-C causes the fatal prion disease named new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans. Two atypical BSE strains, bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE, also named BSE-L) and BSE-H, have been discovered in several countries since 2004; their transmissibility and phenotypes in humans are unknown. We investigated the infectivity and human phenotype of BASE strains by inoculating transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the human prion protein with brain homogenates from two BASE strain-infected cattle. Sixty percent of the inoculated Tg mice became infected after 20 to 22 months of incubation, a transmission rate higher than those reported for BSE-C. A quarter of BASE strain-infected Tg mice, but none of the Tg mice infected with prions causing a sporadic human prion disease, showed the presence of pathogenic prion protein isoforms in the spleen, indicating that the BASE prion is intrinsically lymphotropic. The pathological prion protein isoforms in BASE strain-infected humanized Tg mouse brains are different from those from the original cattle BASE or sporadic human prion disease. Minimal brain spongiosis and long incubation times are observed for the BASE strain-infected Tg mice. These results suggest that in humans, the BASE strain is a more virulent BSE strain and likely lymphotropic.
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144
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Béringue V, Le Dur A, Tixador P, Reine F, Lepourry L, Perret-Liaudet A, Haïk S, Vilotte JL, Fontés M, Laude H. Prominent and persistent extraneural infection in human PrP transgenic mice infected with variant CJD. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1419. [PMID: 18183299 PMCID: PMC2171367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) epidemic is hazardous to predict due to uncertainty in ascertaining the prevalence of infection and because the disease might remain asymptomatic or produce an alternate, sporadic-like phenotype. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Transgenic mice were produced that overexpress human prion protein with methionine at codon 129, the only allele found so far in vCJD-affected patients. These mice were infected with prions derived from variant and sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases by intracerebral or intraperitoneal route, and transmission efficiency and strain phenotype were analyzed in brain and spleen. We showed that i) the main features of vCJD infection in humans, including a prominent involvement of the lymphoid tissues compared to that in sCJD infection were faithfully reproduced in such mice; ii) transmission of vCJD agent by intracerebral route could lead to the propagation of either vCJD or sCJD-like prion in the brain, whereas vCJD prion was invariably propagated in the spleen, iii) after peripheral exposure, inefficient neuroinvasion was observed, resulting in an asymptomatic infection with life-long persistence of vCJD prion in the spleen at stable and elevated levels. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings emphasize the possibility that human-to-human transmission of vCJD might produce alternative neuropathological phenotypes and that lymphoid tissue examination of CJD cases classified as sporadic might reveal an infection by vCJD-type prions. They also provide evidence for the strong propensity of this agent to establish long-lasting, subclinical vCJD infection of lymphoreticular tissues, thus amplifying the risk for iatrogenic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Béringue
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HL); (VB)
| | - Annick Le Dur
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Tixador
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurence Lepourry
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR339, Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Armand Perret-Liaudet
- Service de Neurobiologie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (CBPE), Groupement Hospitalier Est des Hôpitaux de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Maladies à Prions chez l'Homme, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R. Escourolle, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié- Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR339, Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Fontés
- INSERM UMR 491-IPHM, Faculté de médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HL); (VB)
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145
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Zerr
- National TSE Reference Center, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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146
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Wadsworth JDF, Powell C, Beck JA, Joiner S, Linehan JM, Brandner S, Mead S, Collinge J. Molecular diagnosis of human prion disease. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 459:197-227. [PMID: 18576157 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-234-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Human prion diseases are associated with a range of clinical presentations, and they are classified by both clinicopathological syndrome and etiology, with subclassification according to molecular criteria. Here, we describe procedures that are used within the MRC Prion Unit to determine a molecular diagnosis of human prion disease. Sequencing of the PRNP open reading frame to establish the presence of pathogenic mutations is described, together with detailed methods for immunoblot or immunohistochemical determination of the presence of abnormal prion protein in brain or peripheral tissues.
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147
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Ironside JW, Head MW. Biology and neuropathology of prion diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008; 89:779-97. [PMID: 18631794 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)01268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James W Ironside
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital and School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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148
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Choi WJ, Kim YH, Kim HS, Ryu KH. The effect of ultrasonic cleaning on the elimination of postoperative residual protein from the proseal™ laryngeal mask airway. Korean J Anesthesiol 2008. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2008.55.4.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jun Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan Univerisity School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Hong Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan Univerisity School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan Univerisity School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-ho Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan Univerisity School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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149
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Hesketh S, Sassoon J, Knight R, Brown DR. Elevated manganese levels in blood and CNS in human prion disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 37:590-8. [PMID: 18234506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are neurodegenerative disorders of humans and other mammals. They are fatal and difficult to diagnose. Previous studies have suggested that some prion diseases cause elevation of manganese in the blood and brain. In the current study we analysed blood and brain samples from humans to determine whether elevation in manganese is a specific characteristic of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the most common form of human prion disease. Analysis of manganese in the blood of normal humans showed that concentrations vary little with age or sex. Analysis of other diseases, including other neurodegenerative disease showed that only CJD showed an elevation in manganese and copper. Other diseases that showed elevated manganese included blood-brain barrier disorders and haemochromatosis. However, CJD could be easily distinguished from these diseases. This implies that increased blood manganese in prion disease is a highly specific characteristic of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Hesketh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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150
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Abstract
Prions are thought to consist mainly or entirely of misfolded PrP, a constitutively expressed host protein. Prions associated with the same PrP sequence may occur in the form of different strains; the strain phenotype is believed to be encoded by the conformation of the PrP. Some cell lines can be persistently infected by prions and, interestingly, show preference for certain strains. We report that a cloned murine neuroblastoma cell population, N2a-PK1, is highly heterogeneous in regard to its susceptibility to RML and 22L prions. Remarkably, sibling subclones may show very different relative susceptibilities to the two strains, indicating that the responses can vary independently. We have assembled four cell lines, N2a-PK1, N2a-R33, LD9 and CAD5, which show widely different responses to prion strains RML, 22L, 301C, and Me7, into a panel that allows their discrimination in vitro within 2 weeks, using the standard scrapie cell assay (SSCA).
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