1
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Fontés
- C2VN, AIX Marseille Université, INRA 1260-INSERM 1263, 13007 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bihel
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
| | - Burkhard Gess
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital MuensterMuenster, Germany; Department of Neurology, Aachen RWTH University ClinicAachen, Germany
| | - Michel Fontés
- Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis Laboratory, UMR Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1062, UMR INRA 1260, Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mones S, Bordignon B, Peiretti F, Landrier JF, Gess B, Bourguignon JJ, Bihel F, Fontés M. CamKII inhibitors reduce mitotic instability, connexon anomalies and progression of the in vivo behavioral phenotype in transgenic animals expressing a mutated Gjb1 gene. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:151. [PMID: 24982612 PMCID: PMC4056282 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in the Gjb1 gene, coding for a connexin (Cx32), is associated with an inherited peripheral neuropathic disorder (X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth, CMTX). Our previous work reported that transgenic animals expressing a human Gjb1 transgene present polyploidy and abnormal over-duplication of the centrosome, suggesting a role for Gjb1 in mitotic stability. In this article, we propose mechanisms by which mutations in Gjb1 induce mitotic instability and discuss its potential relation with the CMTX phenotype. We showed that transgenic cells exhibit CamKII over-stimulation, a phenomenon that has been linked to mitotic instability (polyploidy, nuclear volume and centrosome over-duplication), that is reversed by CamKII inhibitors. We also demonstrate that connexon activity is partially restored in transgenic cells with CamKII inhibitors. Our model supports the role for Pim1, a kinase that has been associated with genomic instability in cancers, in genomic instability in Cx32 mutations. Regarding in vivo phenotype, we showed that degradation on the rotarod test in our transgenic mice is significantly lowered by treatment with a CamKII inhibitor (KN93). This effect was seen in two lines with different point mutations in GJB1, and stopping the treatment led to degradation of the phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Mones
- Therapy of Genetic Disorders, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4263, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; INSERM, UMR1062, Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France ; INRA, UMR1260, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Bordignon
- Therapy of Genetic Disorders, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4263, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; INSERM, UMR1062, Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France ; INRA, UMR1260, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France
| | - Franck Peiretti
- INSERM, UMR1062, Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France ; INRA, UMR1260, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France
| | - Jean F Landrier
- INSERM, UMR1062, Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France ; INRA, UMR1260, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France
| | - Burkhardt Gess
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Jean J Bourguignon
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS, UMR7200, Université de Strasbourg Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Frédéric Bihel
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS, UMR7200, Université de Strasbourg Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Michel Fontés
- Therapy of Genetic Disorders, Faculté de Médecine, EA 4263, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; INSERM, UMR1062, Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France ; INRA, UMR1260, Faculté de Médecine Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bordignon B, Chiron J, Fontés M. Ascorbic acid derivatives as a new class of antiproliferative molecules. Cancer Lett 2013; 338:317-27. [PMID: 23791877 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) has long been described as an antiproliferative agent. However, the molecule has to be used at a very high concentrations, which necessitates i.v. injection, and the tight regulation of in-blood and in-cell AA concentrations making it impossible to hold very high concentrations for any substantial length of time. Here we report evidence that AA derivates are antiproliferative and cytotoxic molecules at an IC50 lower than AA itself. Among these new molecules, we selected K873 that has cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on different human tumor cells at tenth micromolar concentration. In a further step, we demonstrated that K873 selectively to kills only cancer cells without being toxic for normal non-dividing (or poorly dividing) cells. Finally, we tested the effect of treatment with K873 (5-10 mg/kg/d by i.p. route) on tumor progression in xenografted immunodeficient mice (BALB/c Nude). Our data suggest that K873 administration strongly inhibits tumor progression. In a previous study using microarrays, we demonstrated that AA decreases the expression of two genes families involved in cell cycle progression, i.e. initiation factor of translation and tRNA synthetases. Here we show that K873 treatment also decreases the expression of four of these genes in xenografted tumors, in proportions similar to that previously observed with AA. Taken together, our data suggest that AA and K873 share similar action. Our findings suggest that AA derivatives could be a promising new class of anti-cancer drugs, either alone or in combination with other molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Bordignon
- Therapy of Genetic Disorders, EA 4263, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fontés M. Empreinte génomique parentale et inactivation de l'X : l'antisens a t-il un sens ? Med Sci (Paris) 2012. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
6
|
Belin S, Kaya F, Duisit G, Giacometti S, Ciccolini J, Fontés M. Antiproliferative effect of ascorbic acid is associated with the inhibition of genes necessary to cell cycle progression. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4409. [PMID: 19197388 PMCID: PMC2634969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ascorbic acid (AA), or Vitamin C, is most well known as a nutritional supplement with antioxidant properties. Recently, we demonstrated that high concentrations of AA act on PMP22 gene expression and partially correct the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease phenotype in a mouse model. This is due to the capacity of AA, but not other antioxidants, to down-modulate cAMP intracellular concentration by a competitive inhibition of the adenylate cyclase enzymatic activity. Because of the critical role of cAMP in intracellular signalling, we decided to explore the possibility that ascorbic acid could modulate the expression of other genes. Methods and Findings Using human pangenomic microarrays, we found that AA inhibited the expression of two categories of genes necessary for cell cycle progression, tRNA synthetases and translation initiation factor subunits. In in vitro assays, we demonstrated that AA induced the S-phase arrest of proliferative normal and tumor cells. Highest concentrations of AA leaded to necrotic cell death. However, quiescent cells were not susceptible to AA toxicity, suggesting the blockage of protein synthesis was mainly detrimental in metabolically-active cells. Using animal models, we found that high concentrations of AA inhibited tumor progression in nude mice grafted with HT29 cells (derived from human colon carcinoma). Consistently, expression of tRNA synthetases and ieF2 appeared to be specifically decreased in tumors upon AA treatment. Conclusions AA has an antiproliferative activity, at elevated concentration that could be obtained using IV injection. This activity has been observed in vitro as well in vivo and likely results from the inhibition of expression of genes involved in protein synthesis. Implications for a clinical use in anticancer therapies will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Belin
- EA 4263, Therapy of Genetic Disorder, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Ferdinand Kaya
- EA 4263, Therapy of Genetic Disorder, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Ghislaine Duisit
- EA 4263, Therapy of Genetic Disorder, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Giacometti
- UPRES EA 3286, Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Toxicokinetic, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Joseph Ciccolini
- UPRES EA 3286, Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Toxicokinetic, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Fontés
- EA 4263, Therapy of Genetic Disorder, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Burtey S, Riera M, Ribe E, Pennenkamp P, Rance R, Luciani J, Dworniczak B, Mattei MG, Fontés M. Centrosome overduplication and mitotic instability in PKD2 transgenic lines. Cell Biol Int 2008; 32:1193-8. [PMID: 18725310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-2 (PC-2), a protein encoded by PKD2 and involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), is a non-selective cationic channel recently implicated in the function of primary cilia. We recently constructed a new animal model in the form of a transgenic mouse with a BAC-containing human PKD2 inserted in its genome. Two transgenic mouse lines overexpressing human PKD2 showed mitotic instability. Fibroblasts from these transgenic mouse lines have abnormal chromosomal numbers. These lines also have supernumerary centrosomes. PC-2 overexpression is associated with mitotic instability and centrosome overduplication. PC-2 therefore seems to play a role in centrosome duplication, and this hypothesis is being evaluated in other models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Burtey
- INSERM UMR 491, Medical Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaya F, Belin S, Micallef J, Blin O, Fontés M. Analysis of the benefits of vitamin cocktails in treating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. Muscle Nerve 2008; 38:1052-4. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
Béringue V, Le Dur A, Tixador P, Reine F, Lepourry L, Perret-Liaudet A, Haïk S, Vilotte JL, Fontés M, Laude H. Prominent and persistent extraneural infection in human PrP transgenic mice infected with variant CJD. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1419. [PMID: 18183299 PMCID: PMC2171367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) epidemic is hazardous to predict due to uncertainty in ascertaining the prevalence of infection and because the disease might remain asymptomatic or produce an alternate, sporadic-like phenotype. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Transgenic mice were produced that overexpress human prion protein with methionine at codon 129, the only allele found so far in vCJD-affected patients. These mice were infected with prions derived from variant and sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases by intracerebral or intraperitoneal route, and transmission efficiency and strain phenotype were analyzed in brain and spleen. We showed that i) the main features of vCJD infection in humans, including a prominent involvement of the lymphoid tissues compared to that in sCJD infection were faithfully reproduced in such mice; ii) transmission of vCJD agent by intracerebral route could lead to the propagation of either vCJD or sCJD-like prion in the brain, whereas vCJD prion was invariably propagated in the spleen, iii) after peripheral exposure, inefficient neuroinvasion was observed, resulting in an asymptomatic infection with life-long persistence of vCJD prion in the spleen at stable and elevated levels. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings emphasize the possibility that human-to-human transmission of vCJD might produce alternative neuropathological phenotypes and that lymphoid tissue examination of CJD cases classified as sporadic might reveal an infection by vCJD-type prions. They also provide evidence for the strong propensity of this agent to establish long-lasting, subclinical vCJD infection of lymphoreticular tissues, thus amplifying the risk for iatrogenic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Béringue
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HL); (VB)
| | - Annick Le Dur
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Tixador
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurence Lepourry
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR339, Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Armand Perret-Liaudet
- Service de Neurobiologie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (CBPE), Groupement Hospitalier Est des Hôpitaux de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Maladies à Prions chez l'Homme, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Laboratoire de Neuropathologie R. Escourolle, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié- Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR339, Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Fontés
- INSERM UMR 491-IPHM, Faculté de médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (HL); (VB)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Burtey S, Riera M, Ribe E, Pennekamp P, Passage E, Rance R, Dworniczak B, Fontés M. Overexpression of PKD2 in the mouse is associated with renal tubulopathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 23:1157-65. [PMID: 18048422 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfm763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin-2 (PC-2), a cation channel of the Trp family, is involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) type 2 (ADPKD2). This protein has recently been localized to the primary cilium where its channel function seems to be involved in a mechanosensory phenomenon. However, its biological function is not totally understood, especially in tubule formation. In the present paper, we describe a mouse model for human PC-2 overexpression, obtained by inserting a human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the PKD2 gene. Three lines were generated, expressing different levels of PKD2. One line, PKD2-Y, has been explored in more detail and we will present physiological and molecular exploration of these transgenic animals. Our data demonstrate that transgenic animals older than 12 months present tubulopathy with proteinuria and failure to concentrate urine. Moreover, the kidney cortex has been found disorganized. Finally, we observe that extracellular matrix protein expression is downregulated in these animals. In conclusion, overexpression of human PKD2 leads to anomalies in tubular function, probably due to abnormalities in tubule morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Burtey
- Génétique Médicale et Développement, INSERM UMR 491 Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Bd. J. Moulin 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaya F, Belin S, Bourgeois P, Micaleff J, Blin O, Fontés M. Ascorbic acid inhibits PMP22 expression by reducing cAMP levels. Neuromuscul Disord 2007; 17:248-53. [PMID: 17303424 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth [CMT] syndrome is the most common hereditary peripheral neuropathy. CMT1A, which accounts for 50% of all CMT cases, usually results from triploidy of the PMP22 gene. Preclinical trials using an animal model show that disabled mice force-fed with high doses of ascorbic acid partially recover muscular strength after a few months of treatment, and suggest that high doses of ascorbic acid repress PMP22 expression. In this study, we demonstrated that ascorbic acid represses PMP22 gene expression by acting on intracellular cAMP levels and adenylate cyclase activity. This action is dose dependent and specific to ascorbic acid, since repression is not observed after treatment with other antioxidants. The new properties of ascorbic acid are discussed, along with the implications of these findings for CMT disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Kaya
- INSERM UMR491, Centre de Thérapie Génique, Génomique et de Biothérapies (CTGGB), IPHM-IFR125, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis of a rat polycystic kidney disease (PKD) model: importance of genes involved in extracellular matrix metabolism. PKD is a common genetic cause of chronic renal failure, and is characterized by the accumulation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys and other organs. Abnormalities in the expression of selected genes thought to be involved in cystogenesis have been described, but no systematic analysis of the global transcriptomal pattern has been reported. With this aim, a rat oligomicroarray was used to identify variations in gene expression in Han:Sprague-Dawley Cy/Cy rats, an animal model presenting a severe PKD phenotype. Some upregulated genes were validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction in Cy/Cy and Cy/+ rats. Among the 350 genes identified as being upregulated, we found about 30 genes involved in extracellular matrix metabolism. These genes encoded proteins or peptides that could be implicated into two different biological processes: molecules involved in fibrosis and proteins involved in adhesion to the extracellular matrix. In heterozygotes, some genes (glypican 3, fibronectin 1) were already upregulated in early stages of the disease. We conclude that differential regulation of genes linked to extracellular matrix metabolism may be one of the first events leading to tubule enlargement and subsequent cyst formation in PKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Riera
- INSERM UMR 491, Medical Genetics and Development, IPHM, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burtey S, Leclerc C, Nabais E, Munch P, Gohory C, Moreau M, Fontés M. Cloning and expression of the amphibian homologue of the human PKD1 gene. Gene 2005; 357:29-36. [PMID: 15996834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PKD1 is the gene responsible for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) type 1 in humans. The PKD1 gene product is likely to be a calcium channel regulator. In this paper, we describe the isolation and characterization of the Xenopus homologue of the human PKD1 gene. We isolated and cloned genomic fragments corresponding to the amphibian homologue of PKD1 from a BAC library, and after sequencing the clones, we designed primers for the amplification of the transcript and sequenced 10 kb of ORF. The sequence of the putative protein clearly demonstrated that this gene is the homologue of human PKD1. Analysis of the tissue expression patterns of xPKD1 demonstrated a high level of expression in the kidney. A similar analysis in developing embryos and in an in vitro nephrogenic system suggests that xPKD1 is associated with, and probably involved in, the development of the amphibian pronephros.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Burtey
- INSERM UMR491, IPHM, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Bd. J. Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cardoso C, Couillault C, Mignon-Ravix C, Millet A, Ewbank JJ, Fontés M, Pujol N. XNP-1/ATR-X acts with RB, HP1 and the NuRD complex during larval development in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2005; 278:49-59. [PMID: 15649460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the XNP/ATR-X gene cause several X-linked mental retardation syndromes in humans. The XNP/ATR-X gene encodes a DNA-helicase belonging to the SNF2 family. It has been proposed that XNP/ATR-X might be involved in chromatin remodelling. The lack of a mouse model for the ATR-X syndrome has, however, hampered functional studies of XNP/ATR-X. C. elegans possesses one homolog of the XNP/ATR-X gene, named xnp-1. By analysing a deletion mutant, we show that xnp-1 is required for the development of the embryo and the somatic gonad. Moreover, we show that abrogation of xnp-1 function in combination with inactivation of genes of the NuRD complex, as well as lin-35/Rb and hpl-2/HP1 leads to a stereotyped block of larval development with a cessation of growth but not of cell division. We also demonstrate a specific function for xnp-1 together with lin-35 or hpl-2 in the control of transgene expression, a process known to be dependent on chromatin remodelling. This study thus demonstrates that in vivo XNP-1 acts in association with RB, HP1 and the NuRD complex during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cardoso
- INSERM U491, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Passage E, Norreel JC, Noack-Fraissignes P, Sanguedolce V, Pizant J, Thirion X, Robaglia-Schlupp A, Pellissier JF, Fontés M. Ascorbic acid treatment corrects the phenotype of a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Nat Med 2004; 10:396-401. [PMID: 15034573 DOI: 10.1038/nm1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common hereditary peripheral neuropathy, affecting 1 in 2,500 people. The only treatment currently available is rehabilitation or corrective surgery. The most frequent form of the disease, CMT-1A, involves abnormal myelination of the peripheral nerves. Here we used a mouse model of CMT-1A to test the ability of ascorbic acid, a known promoter of myelination, to correct the CMT-1A phenotype. Ascorbic acid treatment resulted in substantial amelioration of the CMT-1A phenotype, and reduced the expression of PMP22 to a level below what is necessary to induce the disease phenotype. As ascorbic acid has already been approved by the FDA for other clinical indications, it offers an immediate therapeutic possibility for patients with the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Passage
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR491, IPHM, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Bd. J. Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Robaglia-Schlupp A, Pizant J, Norreel JC, Passage E, Sabéran-Djoneidi D, Ansaldi JL, Vinay L, Figarella-Branger D, Lévy N, Clarac F, Cau P, Pellissier JF, Fontés M. PMP22 overexpression causes dysmyelination in mice. Brain 2002; 125:2213-21. [PMID: 12244079 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awf230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most frequent hereditary peripheral neuropathy in humans. Its prevalence is about one in 2500. A subform, CMT1A, is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. An estimated 75% of patients are affected. This disorder has been shown to be associated with the duplication of a 1.5 Mb region of the short arm of chromosome 17, in which the PMP22 gene has been mapped. We have constructed a murine model of CMT1A by inserting into the murine genome a human YAC containing peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) and its flanking controlling elements. We describe the behaviour of the C22 line (seven copies of YAC, 2.1 times PMP22 overexpression) during the myelination process. Electron microscopy, morphometry, electrophysiology, nerve conduction and expression of specific markers (e.g. Krox20) in normal and pathological Schwann cells demonstrated that PMP22 overexpression leads to a defect in the myelination of axons. The largest axons are the most affected. Only a few demyelination/remyelination processes were observed. Moreover, PMP22 overexpression probably enhances collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, before myelination, demonstrating that structures other than Schwann cells are affected by PMP22 overexpression. Classically, CMT1A was thought to be induced by a demyelination process following a phase of normal myelination, yet our data suggest that dysmyelination should be considered as a major factor for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Robaglia-Schlupp
- INSERM U491, Medical Genetics and Development, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Boulevard J. Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Abstract
PMP22, one of the major components of myelin, is overexpressed in Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) patients. In an attempt to determine the mechanisms by which the expression of this gene is regulated (with a view to lowering its expression in CMT1A patients), we subcloned genomic fragments covering 6kb of the promoter region in an expression vector containing the beta-galactosidase gene as reporter, and used these in transfection assays. We show that the 300bp upstream of the transcription start contain the elements required for Schwann cell specific expression of the reporter gene. This minimal promoter activity appears to be under the control of a silencer element sensitive to cAMP, located between -0.3kb and -3. 5kb from the start of transcription. Computer analysis of 2kb of the promoter predicted the presence of transcription factor binding sites, including CREB (which may be involved in the response of PMP22 expression to cAMP stimulation) and steroid receptors. Using constructs with or without the CREB sites, we were able to demonstrate that these sites are involved in silencing the PMP22 promoter activity. Lastly, we identified a region containing blocks of polymorphic CA repeats, located close to the CREB binding site, which may further influence the transcriptional activity of PMP22.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Sabéran-Djoneidi
- INSERM U491 'Génétique Médicale et Développement', Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Bd J. Moulin, 13385, Marseilles, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fichera M, Romano C, Castiglia L, Failla P, Ruberto C, Amata S, Greco D, Cardoso C, Fontés M, Ragusa A. New mutations in XNP/ATR-X gene: a further contribution to genotype/phenotype relationship in ATR/X syndrome. Mutations in brief no. 176. Online. Hum Mutat 2000; 12:214. [PMID: 10660327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular causes of ATR-X syndrome reside in mutations involving the XNP/ATR-X gene, which maps in the Xq13.3 region. Mutational analysis of this gene in two unrelated affected patients allowed us to identify two new molecular defects in two distinct regions of the gene. The first is a A-->G splice mutation in the acceptor site of the intron 11 that removes most of the 3' part of the protein, including the helicase domains and the glutamic acid stretch. Three cryptic acceptor splice sites are activated by this point mutation with consequent production of three types of abnormal mRNA: two with intronic insertions and a smaller one, approximately 10% of the total transcript, which is shorter than normal mRNA by one amino acid residue (E). Since the physiopathological characteristics of the patient carrying the splice mutation do not exhibit severe urogential abnormalities despite the lack of the -COOH end of the protein, a residual function of this third transcript is to be suspected. The second encountered nucleotide change (G-->T) leads to an R246L amino acid substitution in the putative zinc finger DNA-binding domain in the -NH2 terminal part of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fichera
- Laboratorio di Patologia Genetica, I.R.C.C.S., Oasi Maria SS, Troina, Italy. Mutations in brief no. 176. Online
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lévy N, Bernard-Bronsard R, Lossi AM, Colleaux L, Cardoso C, Villard L, Fontés M. A polymorphic microsatellite XNP-GT in the XNP/ATRX gene's promotor allows familial indirect diagnosis. Hum Mutat 1999; 14:448. [PMID: 10533076 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(199911)14:5<448::aid-humu15>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Lévy
- INSERM U 406, "Génétique Médicale et Développement", Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Bd J.Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lévy N, Bernard-Bronsard R, Lossi AM, Colleaux L, Cardoso C, Villard L, Fontés M. A polymorphic microsatellite XNP-GT in the XNP/ATRX gene's promotor allows familial indirect diagnosis Communicated by: Richard G.H. Cotton Online Citation: Human Mutation, Mutation and Polymorphism Report #77 (1999) Online http://journals.wiley.com/1059-7794/pdf/mutation/mpr77.pdf Acknowledgments:We would like to thank A. Toutain for providing us with DNA of the family. Hum Mutat 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(199911)14:5<448::aid-humu15>3.3.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Lossi AM, Millán JM, Villard L, Orellana C, Cardoso C, Prieto F, Fontés M, Martínez F. Mutation of the XNP/ATR-X gene in a family with severe mental retardation, spastic paraplegia and skewed pattern of X inactivation: demonstration that the mutation is involved in the inactivation bias. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:558-62. [PMID: 10417298 PMCID: PMC1377954 DOI: 10.1086/302499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
23
|
|
24
|
Villard L, Belougne J, Lossi AM, Fontés M, Colleaux L. Transcript map of the human chromosome Xq11-Xq21 region: localization of 33 novel genes and one pseudogene. Gene 1999; 235:43-50. [PMID: 10415331 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The human Xq11-Xq21.3 region has been implicated in several inherited disorders including dystonia-parkinsonism (DYT3), sideroblastic anemia and several specific and non-specific forms of mental retardation (MR) syndromes. As part of a positional cloning effort to identify MR genes, we have generated a YAC-based transcript map. We first constructed a YAC/STS framework by extending previously published contigs. This framework map consists of a minimal set of 119 clones, covering approximately 20 Megabases (Mb) and allowing the precise ordering of 71 STSs between DXS136 and DXS472. This YAC contig was then used to define the positions of genes and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) assigned to the Xcen-Xq21.3 region. In addition to the genes previously localized to this part of the X chromosome, 18 transcription units corresponding to additional known genes or gene family members, one pseudogene and 15 novel transcripts were mapped. This transcriptional map incorporates 51 transcription units and provides a useful resource of candidate genes for some of the disorders assigned to this region of the X chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Villard
- INSERM U491, Génétique Médicale et Développement, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Université de la Méditerranée Marseille, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Villard L, Bonino MC, Abidi F, Ragusa A, Belougne J, Lossi AM, Seaver L, Bonnefont JP, Romano C, Fichera M, Lacombe D, Hanauer A, Philip N, Schwartz C, Fontés M. Evaluation of a mutation screening strategy for sporadic cases of ATR-X syndrome. J Med Genet 1999; 36:183-6. [PMID: 10204841 PMCID: PMC1734331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the evaluation of a strategy for screening for XNP/ATR-X mutations in males with mental retardation and associated dysmorphology. Because nearly half of the mutations in this gene reported to date fall into a short 300 bp region of the transcript, we decided to focus in this region and to extend the mutation analysis to cases with a negative family history. This study includes 21 mentally retarded male patients selected because they had severe mental retardation and a typical facial appearance. The presence of haemoglobin H or urogenital abnormalities was not considered critical for inclusion in this study. We have identified six mutations which represents a mutation detection rate of 28%. This figure is high enough for us to propose this strategy as a valid first level of screening in a selected subset of males with mental retardation. This approach is simple, does not require RNA preparation, does not involve time consuming mutation detection methods, and can thus be applied to a large number of patients at a low cost in any given laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Villard
- INSERM U491, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rougeulle C, Cardoso C, Fontés M, Colleaux L, Lalande M. An imprinted antisense RNA overlaps UBE3A and a second maternally expressed transcript. Nat Genet 1998; 19:15-6. [PMID: 9590281 DOI: 10.1038/ng0598-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
27
|
Huxley C, Passage E, Robertson AM, Youl B, Huston S, Manson A, Sabéran-Djoniedi D, Figarella-Branger D, Pellissier JF, Thomas PK, Fontés M. Correlation between varying levels of PMP22 expression and the degree of demyelination and reduction in nerve conduction velocity in transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 1998; 7:449-58. [PMID: 9467003 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/7.3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A is most commonly caused by a duplication of a 1.5 Mb region of chromosome 17 which includes the peripheral myelin protein 22 gene (PMP22). Over-expression of this gene leads to a hypomyelinating/demyelinating neuropathy and to severely reduced nerve conduction velocity. Previous mouse and rat models have had relatively high levels of expression of the mouse or human PMP22 gene leading to severe demyelination. Here we describe five lines of transgenic mice carrying increasing copies of the human PMP22 gene (one to seven) and expressing increasing levels of the transgene. From histological and electrophysiological observations there appears to be a threshold below which expression of PMP22 has virtually no effect; below a ratio of human/mouse mRNA expression of approximately 0.8, little effect is observed. Between a ratio of 0.8 and 1.5, histological and nerve conduction velocity abnormalities are observed, but there are no behavioural signs of neuropathy. An expression ratio >1.5 leads to a severe neuropathy. A second observation concerns the histology of the different lines; the level of expression does not affect the type of demyelination, but influences the severity of involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Huxley
- Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Villard L, Lossi AM, Cardoso C, Proud V, Chiaroni P, Colleaux L, Schwartz C, Fontés M. Determination of the genomic structure of the XNP/ATRX gene encoding a potential zinc finger helicase. Genomics 1997; 43:149-55. [PMID: 9244431 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The XNP/ATR-X gene is involved in several X-linked mental retardation phenotypes: the ATR-X syndrome, the Juberg-Marsidi syndrome, and some severe mental retardation phenotypes without alpha-thalassemia. Using a vectorette strategy, we have identified and sequenced the intron/exon boundaries of this gene. The gene is composed of 35 exons. It encodes a potential protein of 2492 amino acids. A search of the databases identified three zinc finger motifs within the 5' end of the gene. Expression analysis in different tissues indicated that an alternative splicing event that involves exon 6 is occurring. One of these alternatively spliced transcripts is predominantly expressed in embryonic tissues. These data led us to search for mutations in the 5' region in ATRX patients without other mutations in the 3' region. In one patient a mutation was found in which part of exon 7 was removed from the XNP transcript, as a result of a mutation creating a novel splice site that is substituted for the natural splice site. This new splicing event removed one zinc finger motif. This is the first example of a mutation in XNP within the 5' coding region. It suggests that mutations will be predominantly found in the helicase region as well as in the zinc finger regions and leads us to propose a large screening of additional patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Villard
- Génétique Médicale et Développement, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, INSERM U 406, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huxley C, Passage E, Manson A, Putzu G, Figarella-Branger D, Pellissier JF, Fontés M. Construction of a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A by pronuclear injection of human YAC DNA. Hum Mol Genet 1996; 5:563-9. [PMID: 8733121 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/5.5.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Construction of animal models of human inherited diseases is particularly important for testing gene therapy approaches. Towards this end, we constructed a mouse model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A by pronuclear injection of a YAC containing the human PMP22 gene. In one transgenic line, the YAC DNA is integrated in about eight copies and the PMP22 gene is strongly expressed to give a peripheral neuropathy closely resembling the human pathology. The disorder is dominant, causes progressive weakness of the hind legs, and there is severe demyelination in the peripheral nervous system including the presence of onion bulb formations. This approach will be valuable for pathologies produced by over-expression of a gene including trisomy and amplification in cancer. Such models will be particularly useful for testing gene therapy approaches if the transgene is human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Huxley
- Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Villard L, Gecz J, Mattéi JF, Fontés M, Saugier-Veber P, Munnich A, Lyonnet S. XNP mutation in a large family with Juberg-Marsidi syndrome. Nat Genet 1996; 12:359-60. [PMID: 8630485 DOI: 10.1038/ng0496-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
31
|
Abstract
We have previously reported the isolation of a gene from Xq13, coding for a putative regulator of transcription (XNP). It is a member of the helicase family, and has now been shown to be the gene involved in the X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome. ATR-X mutations were only found in the 3'-part of the coding sequence, which includes the helicase domains. However, no ATR-X mutation has yet been found in one of the seven conserved helicase domains. In this paper, we report a mutation in XNP, segregating in a family presenting an "ATR-X' phenotype without alpha-thalassemia, that causes a proline to serine transition in the helicase II domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Villard
- INSERM U406 Genétique Médicale et Développement, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fontés M, Coulon J, Delgrossi MH, Thouveny Y. Muscle dedifferentiation and contractile protein synthesis during post-traumatic regeneration by Owenia fusiformis (polychaeta annelid). Cell Differ 1983; 13:267-82. [PMID: 6673833 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(83)90037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During anterior traumatic regeneration of the polychaete annelid Owenia fusiformis, we have observed by electron microscopy the dedifferentiation processes of muscle cells. The dedifferentiated cells are reminiscent of undifferentiated myoblasts. They form the blastema and redifferentiate in muscle cells in the regenerate. The in vivo and in vitro biochemical studies of the biosynthesis of contractile proteins, as markers of the terminal differentiation programme of the muscle cells, showed that gene expression correlated with the terminal differentiation programme (at last for muscle cells) seemed unaffected. It seems in fact that contractile protein synthesis is regulated partly at the translational level during traumatic regeneration in the invertebrate.
Collapse
|
33
|
Fontés M. Purification and properties of acid phosphatases isolated from Owenia fusiformis. Biochimie 1976; 58:1155-8. [PMID: 12839 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(76)80113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acid phosphatase (EC. 3.1.3.2) has been separated by molecular sieving into two fractions and these fractions were purified by Sephadex ion-exchange chromatography. One of the purified enzymes (fraction II) was purified 830 fold and had a specific activity of 34 international units per mg protein at 37 degrees C and at a pH of 4.9. The Km value with p-nitrophenylphosphate as substrate was 9.10(-4) M and the kinetic studies showed no possibilities of control by allosteric transitions, and no effect of metabolites (amino acids) on the reaction velocity.
Collapse
|