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Mahon E, Salvati A, Baldelli Bombelli F, Lynch I, Dawson KA. Designing the nanoparticle-biomolecule interface for "targeting and therapeutic delivery". J Control Release 2012; 161:164-74. [PMID: 22516097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous transport mechanisms which occur in living organisms have evolved to allow selective transport and processing operate on a scale of tens of nanometers. This presents the possibility of unprecedented access for engineered nanoscale materials to organs and sub-cellular locations, materials which may in principle be targeted to precise locations for diagnostic or therapeutic gain. For this reason, nano-architectures could represent a truly radical departure as delivery agents for drugs, genes and therapies to treat a host of diseases. Thus, for active targeting, unlike the case of small molecular drugs where molecular structure has evolved to promote higher physiochemical affinity to specific sites, one aims to exploit these energy dependant endogenous processes. Many active targeting strategies have been developed, but despite this truly remarkable potential, in applications they have met with mixed success to date. This situation may have more to do with our current understanding and integration of knowledge across disciplines, than any intrinsic limitation on the vision itself. In this review article we suggest that much more fundamental and detailed control of the nanoparticle-biomolecule interface is required for sustained and general success in this field. In the simplest manifestation, pristine nanoparticles in biological fluids act as a scaffold for biomolecules, which adsorb rapidly to the nanoparticles' surface, conferring a new biological identity to the nanoparticles. It is this nanoparticle-biomolecule interface that is 'read' and acted upon by the cellular machinery. Moreover, where targeting moieties are grafted onto nanoparticles, they may not retain their function as a result of poor orientation, and structural or conformational disruption. Further surface adsorption of biomolecules from the surrounding environment i.e. the formation of a biomolecule corona may also obscure specific surface recognition. To transfer the remarkable possibilities of nanoscale interactions in biology into therapeutics one may need a more focused and dedicated approach to the understanding of the in situ (in vivo) interface between engineered nanomaedicines and their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Mahon
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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102
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Cheung CY, Stayton PS, Hoffman AS. Poly(propylacrylic acid)-mediated serum stabilization of cationic lipoplexes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 16:163-79. [PMID: 15794483 DOI: 10.1163/1568562053115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The serum instability associated with cationic lipoplexes represents one of the major obstacles for the in vivo delivery of nonviral gene therapy vectors. Recently, we have shown that poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAA), a pH-sensitive polyanionic polymer, can significantly improve the in vitro serum stability of DOTAP lipoplexes and enhance transfection (Cheung et al., Bioconjug. Chem. 12, 906 (2001)). We investigated this serum-stabilizing effect provided by PPAA using methods to identify the specific serum proteins that interact with DOTAP/DNA and DOTAP/DNA/PPAA lipoplexes and determined their modes of interaction with these lipoplexes. Studies showed that only low-density lipoprotein (LDL) caused significant decondensation of DNA from lipoplexes lacking PPAA, but that fully condensed DNA was retained within lipoplexes incorporating PPAA. Another major factor in the loss of transfection activity was due to the reduced cellular uptake of DOTAP lipoplexes upon exposure to serum, with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) acting as major contributors to this reduction in vector internalization. In contrast, lipoplexes containing PPAA maintained high levels of uptake into cells in the presence of these proteins. Transfection results generally concurred with the mechanistic studies, suggesting that maintaining effective cellular delivery of intact lipoplexes in the presence of serum proteins is important to retain high transfection efficiencies. These results indicate that the addition of PPAA as a ternary component in DOTAP lipoplexes can overcome some of the serum-related deficiencies encountered with these lipoplexes to provide efficient transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y Cheung
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 352255, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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103
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Abstract
Anticancer agents continue to be a preferred therapeutic option for several malignancies. Despite their effectiveness, oncologists are continually looking for tumor-specific anticancer agents to prevent adverse effects in patients. Targeting of imaging agents to cancerous tissue is another area that is enthusiastically explored to circumvent some of the drawbacks that current imaging agents possess, including the inability to target small tumor cells, inadequate imaging period, and the risk of renal damage. Formulation scientists have explored nanotechnology-based delivery systems for targeting anticancer agents and tumor-imaging agents to cancer tissue. Targeting with nanotechnology-based delivery systems has been investigated by both passive and active mechanisms with significant clinical success. This review presents a discussion on targeting strategies used for the delivery of nanoparticles by passive and active mechanisms, focusing more specifically on active targeting of nanoparticles using albumin, folic acid, transferrin, and aptamers as targeting ligands.
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104
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Ly S, Petrlova J, Huser T, Fore S, Gao T, Voss J, Laurence TA. Stoichiometry of reconstituted high-density lipoproteins in the hydrated state determined by photon antibunching. Biophys J 2011; 101:970-5. [PMID: 21843489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I plays a central role in the solution structure of high-density lipoproteins. Determining the stoichiometry of lipid-bound apo A-I in the hydrated state is therefore fundamental to understanding how high-density lipoproteins form and function. Here, we use the quantum optical phenomenon of photon antibunching to determine the number of apo A-I molecules bound to discoidal lipoproteins and compare this with values obtained by photon-counting histogram analysis. Both the photon antibunching and photon-counting analyses show that reconstituted high-density lipoprotein particles contain two apo A-I molecules, which is in agreement with the commonly accepted double-belt model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonny Ly
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
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105
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Lobatto ME, Fuster V, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Perspectives and opportunities for nanomedicine in the management of atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:835-52. [PMID: 22015921 PMCID: PMC3623275 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology for medical purposes--nanomedicine--has grown exponentially over the past few decades. This is exemplified by the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of several nanotherapies for various conditions, as well as the funding of nanomedical programmes worldwide. Although originally the domain of anticancer therapy, recent advances have illustrated the considerable potential of nanomedicine in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. This Review elaborates on nanoparticle-targeting concepts in atherosclerotic disease, provides an overview of the use of nanomedicine in atherosclerosis, and discusses potential future applications and clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Lobatto
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, BOX 1234, New York 10029, USA
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106
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Abstract
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Over hundreds of millions of years, animals have evolved endogenous lipoprotein nanoparticles for shuttling hydrophobic molecules to different parts of the body. In the last 70 years, scientists have developed an understanding of lipoprotein function, often in relationship to lipid transport and heart disease. Such biocompatible, lipid–protein complexes are also ideal for loading and delivering cancer therapeutic and diagnostic agents, which means that lipoprotein and lipoprotein-inspired nanoparticles also offer opportunities for cancer theranostics. By mimicking the endogenous shape and structure of lipoproteins, the nanocarrier can remain in circulation for an extended period of time, while largely evading the reticuloendothelial cells in the body’s defenses. The small size (less than 30 nm) of the low-density (LDL) and high-density (HDL) classes of lipoproteins allows them to maneuver deeply into tumors. Furthermore, lipoproteins can be targeted to their endogenous receptors, when those are implicated in cancer, or to other cancer receptors. In this Account, we review the field of lipoprotein-inspired nanoparticles related to the delivery of cancer imaging and therapy agents. LDL has innate cancer targeting potential and has been used to incorporate diverse hydrophobic molecules and deliver them to tumors. Nature’s method of rerouting LDL in atherosclerosis provides a strategy to extend the cancer targeting potential of lipoproteins beyond its narrow purview. Although LDL has shown promise as a drug nanocarrier for cancer imaging and therapy, increasing evidence indicates that HDL, the smallest lipoprotein, may also be of use for drug targeting and uptake into cancer cells. We also discuss how synthetic HDL-like nanoparticles, which do not include human or recombinant proteins, can deliver molecules directly to the cytoplasm of certain cancer cells, effectively bypassing the endosomal compartment. This strategy could allow HDL-like nanoparticles to be used to deliver drugs that have increased activity in the cytoplasm. Lipoprotein nanoparticles have evolved to be ideal delivery vehicles, and because of that specialized function, they have the potential to improve cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K. Ng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Medical Biophysics, and §Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Medical Biophysics, and §Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Medical Biophysics, and §Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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107
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Jaruszewski KM, Ramakrishnan S, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Chitosan enhances the stability and targeting of immuno-nanovehicles to cerebro-vascular deposits of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:250-60. [PMID: 21704598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer's disease amyloid β (Aβ) proteins accumulate in the cerebral vasculature and cause cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The objective of this study was to resolve critical formulation issues in developing nanoparticles (NPs) capable of permeating the blood brain barrier (BBB) and targeting cerebrovascular Aβ proteins. To achieve this objective we designed immuno-nanovehicles, which are chitosan-coated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs conjugated with a novel anti-Aβ antibody. Measurements made according to Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory indicated that the immuno-nanovehicles have a much lower propensity to aggregate than the control nanovehicles. Immuno-nanovehicles showed enhanced uptake at the BBB and better targeting of the Aβ proteins deposited in the CAA model in vitro in comparison with the control nanovehicles. In addition, chitosan enhanced aqueous dispersibility and increased the stability of immuno-nanovehicles during lyophilization, thus transforming them into ideal vehicles for delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents to the cerebral vasculature ridden with vascular amyloid. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, the authors report the development of chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles conjugated with anti-amyloid antibody to be used as immuno-nanovehicles to image cerebral amyloid angiopathy deposits in vivo. This method enables delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents to the cerebral vasculature ridden with vascular amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Jaruszewski
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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108
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He X, Wang K, Cheng Z. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of cancer with nanoparticle-based probes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:349-66. [PMID: 20564463 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging techniques for sensitive cancer early detection is highly desirable, because biological tissues show very low absorption and autofluorescence in the NIR spectrum window. Cancer NIRF molecular imaging relies greatly on stable, highly specific and sensitive molecular probes. Nanoparticle-based NIRF probes have overcome some of the limitations of the conventional NIRF organic dyes, such as poor hydrophilicity and photostability, low quantum yield, insufficient stability in biological system, low detection sensitivity, etc. Therefore, a lot of efforts have been made to actively develop novel NIRF nanoparticles for in vivo cancer molecular imaging. The main focus of this article is to provide a brief overview of the synthesis, surface modification, and in vivo cancer imaging applications of nanoparticle-based NIRF probes, including dye-containing nanoparticles, NIRF quantum dots, and upconversion nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao He
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program and Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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109
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Murakami T, Wijagkanalan W, Hashida M, Tsuchida K. Intracellular drug delivery by genetically engineered high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:867-79. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL) capable of intracellularly delivering anticancer drugs was developed to potentiate antitumor activities. Materials & methods: Apolipoprotein A-I, a major component protein of HDL, was genetically fused to TAT peptide, a protein transduction domain. Nascent HDL was prepared with this mutant and phospholipids. Results & discussion: Intracellular delivery of doxorubicin (DXR) by TAT-fused HDL was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Treatment of cancer cells with TAT-fused HDL–DXR complex resulted in enhanced growth inhibition. Furthermore, TAT-fused HDL–DXR complex suppressed tumor growth in mice more efficiently than HDL–DXR complex. No bodyweight loss was observed for the TAT complex. These results clearly demonstrate the usefulness of TAT fusion to nascent HDL to potentiate the antitumor activity of DXR. Conclusion: The genetic fusion of apoA-I with biologically active peptides potentially enables a simple assembly of biocompatible and versatile drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Murakami
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470–1192, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4–1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8304, Japan
| | - Wassana Wijagkanalan
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8304, Japan
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
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110
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Fischer NO, Blanchette CD, Segelke BW, Corzett M, Chromy BA, Kuhn EA, Bench G, Hoeprich PD. Isolation, characterization, and stability of discretely-sized nanolipoprotein particles assembled with apolipophorin-III. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11643. [PMID: 20657844 PMCID: PMC2906516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs) are discoidal, nanometer-sized particles comprised of self-assembled phospholipid membranes and apolipoproteins. NLPs assembled with human apolipoproteins have been used for myriad biotechnology applications, including membrane protein solubilization, drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging. To expand the repertoire of lipoproteins for these applications, insect apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III) was evaluated for the ability to form discretely-sized, homogeneous, and stable NLPs. METHODOLOGY Four NLP populations distinct with regards to particle diameters (ranging in size from 10 nm to >25 nm) and lipid-to-apoLp-III ratios were readily isolated to high purity by size exclusion chromatography. Remodeling of the purified NLP species over time at 4 degrees C was monitored by native gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, and atomic force microscopy. Purified 20 nm NLPs displayed no remodeling and remained stable for over 1 year. Purified NLPs with 10 nm and 15 nm diameters ultimately remodeled into 20 nm NLPs over a period of months. Intra-particle chemical cross-linking of apoLp-III stabilized NLPs of all sizes. CONCLUSIONS ApoLp-III-based NLPs can be readily prepared, purified, characterized, and stabilized, suggesting their utility for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O. Fischer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Craig D. Blanchette
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Brent W. Segelke
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Michele Corzett
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Brett A. Chromy
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Kuhn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Graham Bench
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Hoeprich
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
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111
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Bricarello DA, Mills EJ, Petrlova J, Voss JC, Parikh AN. Ganglioside embedded in reconstituted lipoprotein binds cholera toxin with elevated affinity. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2731-8. [PMID: 20472870 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m007401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to exogenously present cell-surface receptors in high-affinity conformations in a synthetic system offers an opportunity to provide host cells with protection from pathogenic toxins. This strategy requires improvement of the synthetic receptor binding affinity against its native counterpart, particularly with polyvalent toxins where clustering of membrane receptors can hinder binding. Here we demonstrate that reconstituted lipoprotein, nanometer-sized discoidal lipid bilayers bounded by apolipoprotein and functionalized by incorporation of pathogen receptors, provides a means to enhance toxin-receptor binding through molecular-level control over the receptor microenvironment (specifically, its rigidity, composition, and heterogeneity). Using a Foerster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based assay, we found that reconstituted lipoprotein incorporating low concentrations of ganglioside monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) binds polymeric cholera toxin with significantly higher affinity than liposomes or supported lipid bilayers, most likely a result of the enhanced control over receptor clustering provided by the lipoprotein platform. Using wide-area epifluorescence, we found that this enhanced binding capacity can be effectively utilized to divert cholera toxin away from populations of healthy mammalian cells. In summary, we found that reconstitutions of high-density lipoprotein can be engineered to include specific pathogen receptors; that their pathogen binding affinity is altered, presumably due to attenuation of receptor aggregation; and that these assemblies are effective at protecting cells from biological toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bricarello
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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112
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Weagle G, Gupta A, Bérubé G, Chapados C. Evaluation of in vivo biological activities of tetrapyrrole ethanolamides as novel anticancer agents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 100:44-50. [PMID: 20580888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tetrapyrrole ethanolamide derivatives, hematoporphyrin propylether ethanolamide (HPPEEA, 1) and pheophorbide a ethanolamide (PEA, 2) have previously shown some photodynamic activities in an in vitro photodynamic assay (D. Girard et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18 (2008) 360-365). Extending this study to an in vivo one, HPPEEA and PEA were evaluated for their anticancer, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic activities in mouse animal models. The compounds showed moderate anticancer activity without apparent acute toxicity and without secondary tumour development. This indicates noteworthy anti-metastasis activity. The pharmacokinetic study revealed the compound fast clearances from body tissues. This is an important therapeutic concern since these compounds are light sensitive. Thus, the combination of photodynamic and anti-metastasis activities with fast tissue clearance indicates that HPPEEA and PEA are good candidates for further photodynamic treatment evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Weagle
- Département de Chimie-biologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada G9A 5H7
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113
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Cuestas ML, Mathet VL, Oubiña JR, Sosnik A. Drug delivery systems and liver targeting for the improved pharmacotherapy of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1184-202. [PMID: 20333454 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the progress made in vaccine and antiviral therapy development, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, with more than 400 million people chronically infected worldwide. Antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues and/or immunomodulating peptides is the only option to control and prevent the progression of the disease in chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-infected patients. So far, the current antiviral monotherapy remains unsatisfactory because of the low efficacy and the development of drug resistance mutants. Moreover, viral rebound is frequently observed following therapy cessation, since covalent closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is not removed from hepatocytes by antiviral therapy. First, this review describes the current pharmacotherapy for the management of CHB and the new drug candidates being investigated. Then, the challenges in the development of drug delivery systems for the targeting of antiviral drugs to the liver parenchyma are discussed. Finally, perspectives in the design of a more efficient pharmacotherapy to eradicate the virus from the host are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Cuestas
- Centro para el Estudio de Hepatitis Virales, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Piso 11 (1121), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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114
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Zhang WL, Gu X, Bai H, Yang RH, Dong CD, Liu JP. Nanostructured lipid carriers constituted from high-density lipoprotein components for delivery of a lipophilic cardiovascular drug. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:313-21. [PMID: 20214958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the possibility of reconstituted protein-free high-density lipoprotein (HDL) being a carrier for delivering a lipophilic cardiovascular drug, Tanshinone IIA-loaded HDL-like nanostructured lipid carriers (TA-NLC) were prepared by a nanoprecipitation/solvent diffusion method. The physicochemical parameters of TA-NLC were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and stability. A novel two-step method has been employed to determine entrapment efficiency of TA-NLC. The binding properties of TA-NLC to apolipoproteins were investigated by in vitro incubation competition assay in the presence of native HDL and electrophoresis test. Phagocytosis and cytotoxicity was evaluated using mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 with TA-NLC and incubated TA-NLC with native HDL (TA-NLC-apo). The results showed that TA-NLC had an average diameter of 8.0+/-1.2 nm, zeta potential of -29.0+/-0.0 mV, drug loading of 6.17+/-0.3% and entrapment efficiency of 97.84+/-1.2%. TA-NLC were demonstrated spheres with drug incorporated in lipid core forming a shell-core structure. DSC analysis showed that TA was dispersed in NLC in an amorphous state. The incorporation of glycerol trioleate to NLC led to crystal order disturbance. Agarose gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-SPAGE) patterns indicated that TA-NLC could bind to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) specifically in vitro. Phagocytosis studies showed significant differences in uptake between TA-NLC and TA-NLC-apo and demonstrated that TA-NLC incubated with native HDL could turn endogenous by association to apolipoproteins, which cannot trigger immunological responses and could escape from recognition by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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115
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Zhang Z, Chen J, Ding L, Jin H, Lovell JF, Corbin IR, Cao W, Lo PC, Yang M, Tsao MS, Luo Q, Zheng G. HDL-mimicking peptide-lipid nanoparticles with improved tumor targeting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:430-7. [PMID: 19957284 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of intracellularly active diagnostics and therapeutics in vivo is a major challenge in cancer nanomedicine. A nanocarrier should possess long circulation time yet be small and stable enough to freely navigate through interstitial space to deliver its cargo to targeted cells. Herein, it is shown that by adding targeting ligands to nanoparticles that mimic high-density lipoprotein (HDL), tumor-targeted sub-30-nm peptide-lipid nanocarriers are created with controllable size, cargo loading, and shielding properties. The size of the nanocarrier is tunable between 10 and 30 nm, which correlates with a payload of 15-100 molecules of fluorescent dye. Ligand-directed nanocarriers targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. The nanocarriers show favorable circulation time, tumor accumulation, and biodistribution with or without the targeting ligand. The EGFR targeting ligand is proved to be essential for the EGFR-mediated tumor cell uptake of the nanocarriers, a prerequisite of intracellular delivery. The results demonstrate that targeted HDL-mimetic nanocarriers are useful delivery vehicles that could open new avenues for the development of clinically viable targeted nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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116
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Abstract
Here, we report methods of preparation for liposome formulations containing lipophilic drugs. In contrast to the encapsulation of water-soluble compounds into the entrapped aqueous volume of a liposome, drugs with lipophilic properties are incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer membrane. Water-soluble molecules, for example, cytotoxic or antiviral nucleosides can be transformed into lipophilic compounds by attachment of long alkyl chains, allowing their stable incorporation into liposome membranes and taking advantage of the high loading capacity lipid bilayers provide for lipophilic molecules. We created a new class of cytotoxic drugs by chemical transformation of the hydrophilic drugs cytosine-arabinoside (ara-C), 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine (5-FdU) and ethinylcytidine (ETC) into lipophilic compounds and their formulation in liposomes. The concept of chemical modification of water-soluble molecules by attachment of long alkyl chains and their stable incorporation into liposome bilayer membranes represent a very promising method for the development of new drugs not only for the treatment of tumors or infections, but also for many other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto A Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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117
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Cao W, Ng KK, Corbin I, Zhang Z, Ding L, Chen J, Zheng G. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Stable Bacteriochlorophyll-Analog and Its Incorporation into High-Density Lipoprotein Nanoparticles for Tumor Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2023-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900404y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Cao
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kenneth K. Ng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ian Corbin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, China, and Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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118
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Dixon JB, Raghunathan S, Swartz MA. A tissue-engineered model of the intestinal lacteal for evaluating lipid transport by lymphatics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:1224-35. [PMID: 19396808 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lacteals are the entry point of all dietary lipids into the circulation, yet little is known about the active regulation of lipid uptake by these lymphatic vessels, and there lacks in vitro models to study the lacteal-enterocyte interface. We describe an in vitro model of the human intestinal microenvironment containing differentiated Caco-2 cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). We characterize the model for fatty acid, lipoprotein, albumin, and dextran transport, and compare to qualitative uptake of fatty acids into lacteals in vivo. We demonstrate relevant morphological features of both cell types and strongly polarized transport of fatty acid in the intestinal-to-lymphatic direction. We found much higher transport rates of lipid than of dextran or albumin across the lymphatic endothelial monolayer, suggesting most lipid transport is active and intracellular. This was confirmed with confocal imaging of Bodipy, a fluorescent fatty acid, along with transmission electron microscopy. Since our model recapitulates crucial aspects of the in vivo lymphatic-enterocyte interface, it is useful for studying the biology of lipid transport by lymphatics and as a tool for screening drugs and nanoparticles that target intestinal lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brandon Dixon
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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119
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Cormode DP, Frias JC, Ma Y, Chen W, Skajaa T, Briley-Saebo K, Barazza A, Williams KJ, Mulder WJ, Fayad ZA, Fisher EA. HDL as a contrast agent for medical imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:493-500. [PMID: 20352038 DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced MRI of atherosclerosis can provide valuable additional information on a patient's disease state. As a result of the interactions of HDL with atherosclerotic plaque and the flexibility of its reconstitution, it is a versatile candidate for the delivery of contrast-generating materials to this pathogenic lesion. We herein discuss the reports of HDL modified with gadolinium to act as an MRI contrast agent for atherosclerosis. Furthermore, HDL has been modified with fluorophores and nanocrystals, allowing it to act as a contrast agent for fluorescent imaging techniques and for computed tomography. Such modified HDL has been found to be macrophage specific, and, therefore, can provide macrophage density information via noninvasive MRI. As such, modified HDL is currently a valuable contrast agent for probing preclinical atherosclerosis. Future developments may allow the application of this particle to further diseases and pathological or physiological processes in both preclinical models as well as in patients.
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120
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Hellstrand E, Lynch I, Andersson A, Drakenberg T, Dahlbäck B, Dawson KA, Linse S, Cedervall T. Complete high-density lipoproteins in nanoparticle corona. FEBS J 2009; 276:3372-81. [PMID: 19438706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In a biological environment, nanoparticles immediately become covered by an evolving corona of biomolecules, which gives a biological identity to the nanoparticle and determines its biological impact and fate. Previous efforts at describing the corona have concerned only its protein content. Here, for the first time, we show, using size exclusion chromatography, NMR, and pull-down experiments, that copolymer nanoparticles bind cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids from human plasma, and that the binding reaches saturation. The lipid and protein binding patterns correspond closely with the composition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). By using fractionated lipoproteins, we show that HDL binds to copolymer nanoparticles with much higher specificity than other lipoproteins, probably mediated by apolipoprotein A-I. Together with the previously identified protein binding patterns in the corona, our results imply that copolymer nanoparticles bind complete HDL complexes, and may be recognized by living systems as HDL complexes, opening up these transport pathways to nanoparticles. Apolipoproteins have been identified as binding to many other nanoparticles, suggesting that lipid and lipoprotein binding is a general feature of nanoparticles under physiological conditions.
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121
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Faraji AH, Wipf P. Nanoparticles in cellular drug delivery. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2950-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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122
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Zuo L, Li L, Wang Q, Fleming TP, You S. Mammaglobin as a potential molecular target for breast cancer drug delivery. Cancer Cell Int 2009; 9:8. [PMID: 19309500 PMCID: PMC2662795 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammaglobin (MAM) has been used as a specific molecular marker for breast cancer diagnosis. Recently, several groups of researchers proposed a number of therapeutic strategies targeting this molecule. Some of the strategies are based upon an essential but not demonstrated hypothesis - mammaglobin is associated with the surface of breast cancer cells, which strongly disputes the therapeutic strategies. RESULTS We conducted a computer-based predictive analysis and identified a small fragment at the N-end of MAM as a potential transmembrane domain. We provided several evidences to demonstrate the presence of the membrane-associated MAM. We isolated the membrane protein components from known MAM positive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB361 and MDA-MB415). We showed that about 22-64% of MAM proteins, depending upon the types of the cancer cells, directly attached on the membrane of breast cancer cells, by Western blotting assays. To directly visualize the presence of the membrane-bound MAM protein, we incubated the MAM positive cancer cells with FITC labeled anti-MAM antibody, and observed clear fluorescent signals on the surface of the cells. In studying the MAM protein distribution in human breast cancer tissues, we first identified two immunostain patterns that are associated with the membrane-bound MAM: the membrane stain pattern and luminary surface stain pattern. To test whether the membrane-associated MAM can serve as a molecular target for drug delivery, we conjugated anti-MAM antibody to human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and loaded doxorubicin (Dox) in the core of LDL. Specific binding and cytotoxicity of the MAM targeted and Dox loaded LDL was tested in the MAM positive breast cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSION We first showed that some of MAM protein directly associated with the surface of breast cancer cells. The membrane-associated MAM protein may be utilized as a useful molecular marker for breast cancer targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zuo
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta VA Medical Center (151), Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Ly Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ningxia School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yingchuan, Ningxia, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina School of Art and Science, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Timothy P Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaojin You
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta VA Medical Center (151), Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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123
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Insight into the role of HSPG in the cellular uptake of apolipoprotein E-derived peptide micelles and liposomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2781-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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124
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Feng M, Cai Q, Shi X, Huang H, Zhou P, Guo X. Recombinant high-density lipoprotein complex as a targeting system of nosiheptide to liver cells. J Drug Target 2008; 16:502-8. [PMID: 18604663 DOI: 10.1080/10611860802200938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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125
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Molecular structure of low density lipoprotein: current status and future challenges. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2008; 38:145-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-008-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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126
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of principles and barriers relevant to intracellular drug and gene transport, accumulation and retention (collectively called as drug delivery) by means of nanovehicles (NV). The aim is to deliver a cargo to a particular intracellular site, if possible, to exert a local action. Some of the principles discussed in this article apply to noncolloidal drugs that are not permeable to the plasma membrane or to the blood-brain barrier. NV are defined as a wide range of nanosized particles leading to colloidal objects which are capable of entering cells and tissues and delivering a cargo intracelullarly. Different localization and targeting means are discussed. Limited discussion on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is also presented. NVs are contrasted to micro-delivery and current nanotechnologies which are already in commercial use. Newer developments in NV technologies are outlined and future applications are stressed. We also briefly review the existing modeling tools and approaches to quantitatively describe the behavior of targeted NV within the vascular and tumor compartments, an area of particular importance. While we list "elementary" phenomena related to different level of complexity of delivery to cancer, we also stress importance of multi-scale modeling and bottom-up systems biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Prokop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 24th Avenue & Garland Avenues, 107 Olin Hall, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
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127
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Briley-Saebo KC, Mani V, Hyafil F, Cornily JC, Fayad ZA. Fractionated Feridex and positive contrast: in vivo MR imaging of atherosclerosis. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:721-30. [PMID: 18383304 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have been identified as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Ultrasmall iron oxide particles (USPIOs) have been used to passively target intraplaque macrophages. For dextran-based USPIOs, uptake into macrophages may be modulated by particle size. The aim of the current study was to test the efficacy of fractionated Feridex with respect to macrophage uptake in atherosclerotic rabbits. Fractionation of Feridex resulted in a 15-nm USPIO that exhibited a blood half-life of 15.9 h and liver retention of 6.4%. Blood clearance and liver retention of Feridex was 0.46 h and 60%, following administration of 4.8 mg Fe/kg Feridex. Atherosclerotic rabbits were administered 0.5 or 4.8 mg Fe/kg dosages of either fractionated Feridex or Feridex. MRI was performed at 1.5T over a 24-h time period postinjection. Perls and RAM-11 staining was performed to identify iron deposition. MRI showed a dose-dependent signal loss using conventional gradient echo (GRE) sequences following administration of fractionated Feridex. Even at low dose, significant signal loss was observed that correlated with histology. No signal attenuation or iron deposition was observed in the vessel wall of rabbits administered Feridex. Results of this study suggest that it may be possible to optimize USPIOs for intraplaque macrophage detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Briley-Saebo
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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128
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129
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Lacko AG, Nair M, Prokai L, McConathy WJ. Prospects and challenges of the development of lipoprotein-based formulations for anti-cancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 4:665-75. [PMID: 17970668 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.4.6.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates drug delivery systems that involve intact plasma lipoproteins or some of their components. These complex macromolecules transport highly water-insoluble compounds (cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols) in their natural environment - a property that renders them ideal carriers of hydrophobic drugs. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of lipoproteins as drug delivery agents in cancer chemotherapy. The history and present activity regarding lipoprotein-based formulations are reviewed, with the primary focus on the smaller sized (low and high density) lipoprotein-based formulations and their potential clinical and commercial value. The use of both native and synthetic lipoproteins as drug delivery agents are discussed from the standpoint of therapeutic efficacy, as well as commercial feasibility. The advantages of lipoprotein-based drug delivery formulations are compared with other drug delivery models, with the primary focus on liposomal preparations. Finally, an expert opinion is provided, regarding the potential use of lipoprotein-based formulations in cancer treatment, taking into consideration the major advantages (biocompatibility, safety, drug solubility) and the barriers (manufacturing protein components, financial interest, investments) to their commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras G Lacko
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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130
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Kratz F, Müller I, Ryppa C, Warnecke A. Prodrug Strategies in Anticancer Chemotherapy. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:20-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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131
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Nikanjam M, Gibbs AR, Hunt CA, Budinger TF, Forte TM. Synthetic nano-LDL with paclitaxel oleate as a targeted drug delivery vehicle for glioblastoma multiforme. J Control Release 2007; 124:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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132
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Chen J, Corbin IR, Li H, Cao W, Glickson JD, Zheng G. Ligand conjugated low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles for enhanced optical cancer imaging in vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5798-9. [PMID: 17428054 DOI: 10.1021/ja069336k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
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133
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Frias JC, Lipinski MJ, Lipinski SE, Albelda MT. Modified lipoproteins as contrast agents for imaging of atherosclerosis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2007; 2:16-23. [PMID: 17318917 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and characterize atherosclerosis with targeted contrast agents may enable initiation of therapy for atherosclerotic lesions prior to becoming symptomatic. Since lipoproteins such as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) play a critical role in the regulation of plaque biology through the transport of lipids into and out of atherosclerotic lesions, modifying HDL and LDL with radioisotopes for nuclear imaging, chelates for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or other possible contrast agents for computed tomography imaging techniques may aid in the detection and characterization of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the literature employing lipoproteins as contrast agents for imaging atherosclerosis and the feasibility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Frias
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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134
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Huttunen KM, Mähönen N, Leppänen J, Vepsäläinen J, Juvonen RO, Raunio H, Kumpulainen H, Järvinen T, Rautio J. Novel Cyclic Phosphate Prodrug Approach for Cytochrome P450-activated Drugs Containing an Alcohol Functionality. Pharm Res 2007; 24:679-87. [PMID: 17372695 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A cyclic phosphate prodrug of a descriptive molecule containing an alcohol functionality was designed, synthesized and characterized in vitro as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) -selective prodrug. MATERIALS AND METHODS To achieve efficient CYP-oxidation and prodrug bioconversion, 1,3-cyclic propyl ester of phosphate was designed to have a C4-aryl substituent and synthesized using phosphorus(III) chemistry. The two-step bioconversion of the cyclic phosphate prodrug was evaluated in vitro using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP enzymes. RESULTS This cyclic phosphate prodrug underwent initial CYP-catalyzed oxidation and was mainly catalyzed by the CYP3A4 form. The hydroxylated product was slowly converted to a ring-opened intermediate, which subsequently transformed by beta-elimination reaction to a free phosphate. The free phosphate was further dephosphorylated by microsomal phosphatases, releasing the parent molecule with a free hydroxyl group. The cyclic phosphate was reasonably stable in buffer solutions at the pH range 1.0-9.0. CONCLUSIONS Since CYP enzymes reside predominantly in the liver and secondarily in the small intestine, the results indicate that cyclic phosphate prodrugs represent a very feasible liver- or intestinal-targeted drug delivery strategy for drug molecules containing an alcohol functionality. This may potentially improve the efficacy and the safety profile of the alcoholic parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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135
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Ikegami S, Yamakami K, Ono T, Sato M, Suzuki S, Yoshimura I, Asano T, Hayakawa M, Tadakuma T. Targeting gene therapy for prostate cancer cells by liposomes complexed with anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen monoclonal antibody. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 17:997-1005. [PMID: 17032155 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a membrane-bound antigen expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells, and this paper describes the use of an antibody against PSMA for targeting gene therapy. We coupled anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody with poly-L-lysine and then incubated it with plasmids. These complexes were then transfected with cationic liposomes into cells. The transfection efficiency of anti-PSMA- liposome complex was higher than that of normal IgG-liposome complex in PSMA-positive LNCaP cells. Furthermore, anti-PSMA-liposome complex containing a suicide gene, thymidine kinase, demonstrated a selective growth-inhibitory effect on LNCaP cells in vitro, but did not exert a significant effect on PSMA-negative cells. In an in vivo xenograft model of LNCaP cells in nu/nu mice, we administered the complexes via the tail vein. Judging on the basis of both 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal) staining and luciferase assay findings, a significant enrichment of plasmid DNA was observed in LNCaP xenografts with anti-PSMA-liposome complex in comparison with normal IgG-liposome complex. However, the distribution of plasmid DNA did not change substantially in any other organs including the liver, kidney, lung, and spleen. Moreover, in suicide gene therapy, anti-PSMA-liposome complex exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of LNCaP xenograft, in contrast to normal IgG-liposome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Ikegami
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359, Japan
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136
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Frias JC, Ma Y, Williams KJ, Fayad ZA, Fisher EA. Properties of a versatile nanoparticle platform contrast agent to image and characterize atherosclerotic plaques by magnetic resonance imaging. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:2220-4. [PMID: 17034087 DOI: 10.1021/nl061498r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The need for more specific and selective contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging motivated us to prepare a new nanoparticle agent based on high-density lipoproteins (HDL). This second generation contrast agent can be prepared in three different ways. The HDL nanoparticles (rHDL) were fully characterized by FPLC and gel electrophoresis. The flexibility of the platform also allows us to incorporate optical probes into rHDL for localization ex vivo by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The contrast-agent-containing nanoparticles were injected into mice that develop atherosclerotic lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging of the animals showed clear enhancement of the atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Frias
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and the Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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137
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German JB, Smilowitz JT, Zivkovic AM. Lipoproteins: When size really matters. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 11:171-183. [PMID: 20592953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanoscience is extending the applications of physics, chemistry and biology into previously unapproached infinitesimal length scales. Understanding the behavior and manipulating the positions and properties of single atoms and molecules hold great potential to improve areas of science as disparate as medicine and computation, and communication and orbiting satellites. Yet, in the race to develop novel, previously unavailable nanoparticles, there is an opportunity for scientists in this field to digress and to apply their growing understanding of nanoscience and the tools of nanotechnology to one of the most pressing problems in all of human biology-diseases related to lipoproteins. Although not appreciated outside the field of lipoprotein biology, variations in the compositions, structures and properties of these nanoscale-sized, blood-borne particles are responsible for most of the variations in health, morbidity and mortality in the Western world. If the lipoproteins could be understood at the nanometer length scale with precise details of their structures and functions, scientists could understand a wide range of perplexing physiological processes and also address the dysfunctions in normal lipoprotein biology that lead to such diseases as hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, if the capabilities of nanoscience to assemble and manipulate nanometer-sized particles could be recruited to studies of lipoproteins, these biological particles would provide a new dimension to therapeutic agents, and these natural particles could be designed to carry out many specialized beneficial tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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138
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Dierling AM, Cui Z. Targeting primaquine into liver using chylomicron emulsions for potential vivax malaria therapy. Int J Pharm 2006; 303:143-52. [PMID: 16140485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Primaquine (PQ) exerts a broad spectrum of activities against various stages of parasitic malaria. It remains as the only drug that destroys late hepatic stages and latent tissue forms of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. However, systems that can target PQ to liver hepatocytes, where malarial sporozoites reside, are needed to minimize the dose-limiting severe toxicities and side-effects caused by PQ. Recently, a reconstituted artificial chylomicron emulsion was generated using commercially available lipids and was shown to be preferentially taken up by liver hepatocytes following intravenous injection. We proposed to target PQ to hepatocytes by incorporating it into this chylomicron emulsion. We have shown that lipophilized PQ can be readily incorporated into the chylomicron emulsion. The PQ remained inside the emulsion without significant release. Moreover, PQ incorporated inside the emulsion was more stable than free PQ when incubated in serum. Finally, when intravenously injected into mice, the PQ-incorporated chylomicron emulsion led to significantly enhanced accumulation of PQ in liver, when compared to the injection of free PQ. This emulsion could be developed into a promising delivery system to target PQ into hepatocytes for vivax malaria therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Dierling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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139
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Sauer I, Nikolenko H, Keller S, Abu Ajaj K, Bienert M, Dathe M. Dipalmitoylation of a cellular uptake-mediating apolipoprotein E-derived peptide as a promising modification for stable anchorage in liposomal drug carriers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:552-61. [PMID: 16681993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes equipped with cellular uptake-mediating peptidic vector compounds have attracted much attention as target-specific drug delivery systems. Aside from the development of the target recognition motif itself, vector coupling to liposomes while conserving the active conformation constitutes an important element in carrier development. To elucidate the most efficient way for adsorptive peptide binding to liposomes, we synthesized and characterized two-domain peptides comprising a cationic sequence derived from the binding domain of apolipoprotein E (apoE) for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and different lipid-binding motifs, that is, an amphipathic helix, a transmembrane helix, single fatty acids or two palmitoyl chains. Peptide properties considered relevant for peptide-liposome complexes to initiate an endocytotic cellular uptake such as lipid binding, helicity, stability of anchorage, bilayer-disturbing activity, and toxicity showed that the dipalmitoyl derivative was the most suitable to associate the apoE peptide to the surface of liposomes. The peptide showed pronounced lipid affinity and was stably anchored within the lipid bilayer on a time scale of at least 30 min. The helicity of about 40% in the lipid-bound state and the location of the amphipathic helix on the liposomal surface provided the prerequisites for interaction of the complex with the cell surface-located receptor. The concentration of the dipalmitoylated peptide to permeabilize neutral lipid bilayers (lipid concentration 25 microM) was 0.06 microM and a 2 microM concentration reduced cell viability to about 80%. Efficient internalization of liposomes bearing about 180 peptide derivatives on the surface into brain capillary endothelial cells was monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The concept of complexation using dipalmitoylated peptides may offer an efficient substitute to covalent vector coupling and a prospective way to optimize the capacity of liposomes as drug delivery systems also for different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Sauer
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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140
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Zheng G, Chen J, Li H, Glickson JD. Rerouting lipoprotein nanoparticles to selected alternate receptors for the targeted delivery of cancer diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17757-62. [PMID: 16306263 PMCID: PMC1308912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508677102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that a lipoprotein-based nanoplatform generated by conjugating tumor-homing molecules to the protein components of naturally occurring lipoproteins reroutes them from their normal lipoprotein receptors to other selected cancer-associated receptors. Multiple copies of these targeting moieties may be attached to the same nanoparticle, or a variety of different targeting moieties can be attached. Such a diverse set of tumor-homing molecules could be used to create a variety of conjugated lipoproteins as multifunctional, biocompatible nanoplatforms with a broad application to both cancer imaging and treatment. The same principle can be applied to imaging and treatment of other diseases and for monitoring specific tissues. To validate this concept, we prepared a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-based folate receptor (FR)-targeted agent by conjugating folic acid to the Lys residues of the apolipoprotein B (apoB)-100 protein. To demonstrate the ability of the lipoprotein-based nanoplatform to deliver surface-loaded and core-loaded payloads, the particles were labeled either with the optical reporter 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine that was intercalated in the phospholipid monolayer or with the lipophilic photodynamic therapy agent, tetra-t-butyl-silicon phthalocyanine bisoleate, that was reconstituted into the lipid core. Cellular localization of the labeled LDL was monitored by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry in FR-overexpressing KB cells, in FR-nonexpressing CHO and HT-1080 cells, and in LDL receptor-overexpressing HepG2 cells. These studies demonstrate that the folic acid conjugation to the Lys side-chain amino groups blocks binding to the normal LDL receptor and reroutes the resulting conjugate to cancer cells through their FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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141
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Keller S, Sauer I, Strauss H, Gast K, Dathe M, Bienert M. Membranmimetische Nanotransporter auf Grundlage eines dipalmitoylierten zellpenetrierenden Peptids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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142
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Keller S, Sauer I, Strauss H, Gast K, Dathe M, Bienert M. Membrane-Mimetic Nanocarriers Formed by a Dipalmitoylated Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5252-5. [PMID: 16035010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Keller
- Research Institute of Molecular Pharmacology FMP, Berlin, Germany.
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143
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Frias JC, Williams KJ, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. Recombinant HDL-like nanoparticles: a specific contrast agent for MRI of atherosclerotic plaques. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:16316-7. [PMID: 15600321 DOI: 10.1021/ja044911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new contrast agent for MRI based on recombinant HDL-like nanoparticles has been prepared. It shows a great potential as a contrast agent for atherosclerotic plaques in a relative short time (24 h post-injection) as it is selective for the plaques and is an endogenous molecule. It also can distinguish between different types of plaques as the enhancement obtained is different, depending on plaque composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Frias
- Imaging Science Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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144
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Lou B, Liao XL, Wu MP, Cheng PF, Yin CY, Fei Z. High-density lipoprotein as a potential carrier for delivery of a lipophilic antitumoral drug into hepatoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:954-9. [PMID: 15742395 PMCID: PMC4250784 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i7.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the possibility of recombinant high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) being a carrier for delivering antitumoral drug to hepatoma cells.
METHODS: Recombinant complex of HDL and aclacinomycin (rHDL-ACM) was prepared by cosonication of apoproteins from HDL (Apo HDL) and ACM as well as phosphatidylcholine. Characteristics of the rHDL-ACM were elucidated by electrophoretic mobility, including the size of particles, morphology and entrapment efficiency. Binding activity of rHDL-ACM to human hepatoma cells was determined by competition assay in the presence of excess native HDL. The cytotoxicity of rHDL-ACM was assessed by MTT method.
RESULTS: The density range of rHDL-ACM was 1.063-1.210 g/mL, and the same as that of native HDL. The purity of all rHDL-ACM preparations was more than 92%. Encapsulated efficiencies of rHDL-ACM were more than 90%. rHDL-ACM particles were typical sphere model of lipoproteins and heterogeneous in particle size. The average diameter was 31.26±5.62 nm by measure of 110 rHDL-ACM particles in the range of diameter of lipoproteins. rHDL-ACM could bind on SMMC-7721 cells, and such binding could be competed against in the presence of excess native HDL. rHDL-ACM had same binding capacity as native HDL. The cellular uptake of rHDL-ACM by SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells was significantly higher than that of free ACM at the concentration range of 0.5-10 µg/mL (P<0.01). Cytotoxicity of rHDL-ACM to SMMC-7721 cells was significantly higher than that of free ACM at concentration range of less than 5 µg/mL (P<0.01) and IC50 of rHDL-ACM was lower than IC50 of free ACM (1.68 nmol/L vs 3 nmol/L). Compared to L02 hepatocytes, a normal liver cell line, the cellular uptake of rHDL-ACM by SMMC-7721 cells was significantly higher (P<0.01) and in a dose-dependent manner at the concentration range of 0.5-10 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity of the rHDL-ACM to SMMC-7721 cells was significantly higher than that to L02 cells at concentration range of 1-7.5 μg/mL (P<0.01). IC50 for SMMC-7721 cells (1.68 nmol/L) was lower than that for L02 cells (5.68 nmol/L), showing a preferential cytotoxicity of rHDL-ACM for SMMC-7721 cells.
CONCLUSION: rHDL-ACM complex keeps the basic physical and biological binding properties of native HDL and shows a preferential cytotoxicity for SMMC-7721 hepatoma to normal L02 hepatocytes. HDL is a potential carrier for delivering lipophilic antitumoral drug to hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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145
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Wu A, Hinds CJ, Thiemermann C. High-density lipoproteins in sepsis and septic shock: metabolism, actions, and therapeutic applications. Shock 2004; 21:210-21. [PMID: 14770033 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000111661.09279.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock are important causes of morbidity and lethality in noncoronary intensive care units. Circulating levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are reduced in sepsis/septic shock, and the magnitude of this reduction is positively correlated with the severity of the illness. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are incompletely understood, although increased levels of several acute-phase proteins, including serum amyloid A (SAA) and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), may contribute to the decrease in plasma HDLs. It has been suggested that HDLs possess anti-inflammatory properties and, hence, may play a crucial role in innate immunity by regulating the inflammatory response as well as being capable of reducing the severity of organ injury in animals and patients with septic shock. These protective effects of HDLs are mediated mainly via (a) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding and neutralization, (b) the HDL-associated enzymes, plasma paraoxonase (PON1) and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which protect low-density lipoproteins against peroxidative damage, (c) inhibition of the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and release of proinflammatory cytokines, which prevents inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction, and (d) stimulation of the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Thus, HDL exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects, some of which are independent of endotoxin binding and might be useful in the treatment of patients with not only sepsis/septic shock but also other conditions associated with an uncontrolled inflammatory response, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury and hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, PR China
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146
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Seki J, Sonoke S, Saheki A, Fukui H, Sasaki H, Mayumi T. A nanometer lipid emulsion, lipid nano-sphere (LNS), as a parenteral drug carrier for passive drug targeting. Int J Pharm 2004; 273:75-83. [PMID: 15010132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to develop an artificial lipoprotein-like particle, lipid nano-sphere (LNS), incorporating dexamethasone palmitate (DMP). LNS is 25-50 nm in diameter and is composed of soybean oil and egg lecithin. Potential drug carriers were compared with a conventional fat emulsion for intravenous nutrition, lipid microsphere (LM, d=200-300 nm), which is already used clinically. LM easily entered reticuloendothelial systems, such as the liver, and was rapidly cleared from the circulation. However, LNS showed much higher plasma levels of DMP after intravenous administration to rats and recovered more than 80% of the injected dose in the perfusate in single-pass rat liver perfusion. The calculated volume for the distribution of the lipid emulsion within the liver showed that LNS underwent fenestration and was distributed into the Disse space in the liver. Because of the lower uptake of LNS particles by the liver, LNS showed good recovery from the liver and prolonged the plasma half-life of DMP after intravenous injection. In addition, higher efficiency in the targeting of DMP into inflammation sites and higher anti-inflammatory efficacy were observed in LNS. Thus, LNS easily and selectively passed through the leaky capillary wall by passive diffusion depending on the plasma concentration. Nanometer-sized lipid emulsion particles, LNS, seem to be a promising carrier system for passive drug targeting of lipophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzo Seki
- Pharmacy Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 14 Nishinosho-Monguchicho, Kissyoin, Minami-Ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan.
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147
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Seki J, Saheki A, Sonoke S, Fukui H, Mayumi T. Decreased binding affinity of apolipoprotein C-II to Lipid Nano-Sphere (LNS) plays an important role in the plasma half-life and reduced hæmolytic activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(04)50062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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148
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Koning GA, Schiffelers RM, Storm G. Endothelial cells at inflammatory sites as target for therapeutic intervention. ENDOTHELIUM : JOURNAL OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL RESEARCH 2003; 9:161-71. [PMID: 12380641 DOI: 10.1080/10623320213631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the course of an inflammation, vascular endothelial cells (VECs) are strongly involved in processes like leukocyte recruitment, cytokine production, and angiogenesis. Specific interference in these processes may yield great therapeutic benefit in the treatment of (chronic) inflammatory disorders. Drug targeting to VECs at inflamed sites may allow such intervention. VECs at inflamed sites represent a very well-accessible target cell population for circulating drug-targeting systems, which may also be selectively distinguished from normal VECs by the expression of several cell surface receptors involved in the inflammation. One group of specifically expressed molecules are the adhesion molecules (AMs), which have a major function in adhesion of cells to each other, to the extracellular matrix, or in the adhesion and subsequent recruitment of circulating immune cells. This review describes AMs with regard to their function in the inflammatory disease and their usefulness in functioning as a specific target receptor for drug-targeting approaches in general and with an emphasis on liposome-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben A Koning
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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149
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Hammel M, Laggner P, Prassl R. Structural characterisation of nucleoside loaded low density lipoprotein as a main criterion for the applicability as drug delivery system. Chem Phys Lipids 2003; 123:193-207. [PMID: 12691852 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(03)00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles as delivery system for lipophilic, cytotoxic drugs critically depends on their structural integrity. In the present study, LDL particles were loaded with antineoplastic prodrugs, i.e. monooleoyl (MOT)- and dioleoyl (DOT)- thymidine esters by different techniques. Using the reconstitution method MOT shows the highest incorporation efficiency with over 80% of the initial drug associated with LDL. In contrast, for the more lipophilic DOT the incorporation efficiency for reconstitution, dry film as well as dimethylsulfoxide method was extremely low. Structural changes upon drug loading were monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The results show that the influence of MOT and DOT is predominantly confined to the surface monolayer of LDL seen as a destabilisation of the protein moiety and a small increase in particle diameter. The core lipid region of the LDL-drug complexes remains essentially unaffected, as verified by undisturbed core lipid arrangement and core lipid melting behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hammel
- Institute of Biophysics and X-Ray Structure Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042, Graz, Austria
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150
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Bonneau S, Vever-Bizet C, Morlière P, Mazière JC, Brault D. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the interactions of a porphyrin with low-density lipoproteins. Biophys J 2002; 83:3470-81. [PMID: 12496113 PMCID: PMC1302421 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) play a key role in the delivery of photosensitizers to tumor cells in photodynamic therapy. The interaction of deuteroporphyrin, an amphiphilic porphyrin, with LDL is examined at equilibrium and the kinetics of association/dissociation are determined by stopped-flow. Changes in apoprotein and porphyrin fluorescence suggest two classes of bound porphyrins. The first class, characterized by tryptophan fluorescence quenching, involves four well-defined sites. The affinity constant per site is 8.75 x 10(7) M(-1) (cumulative affinity 3.5 x 10(8) M(-1)). The second class corresponds to the incorporation of up to 50 molecules into the outer lipidic layer of LDL with an affinity constant of 2 x 10(8) M(-1). Stopped-flow experiments involving direct LDL porphyrin mixing or porphyrin transfer from preloaded LDL to albumin provide kinetic characterization of the two classes. The rate constants for dissociation of the first and second classes are 5.8 and 15 s(-1); the association rate constants are 5 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) per site and 3 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. Both fluorescence and kinetic analysis indicate that the first class involves regions at the boundary between lipids and the apoprotein. The kinetics of porphyrin-LDL interactions indicates that changes in the distribution of photosensitizers among various carriers could be very sensitive to the specific tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bonneau
- Laboratoire de Photobiologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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