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Zelenay S, van der Veen AG, Böttcher JP, Snelgrove KJ, Rogers N, Acton SE, Chakravarty P, Girotti MR, Marais R, Quezada SA, Sahai E, Reis e Sousa C. Cyclooxygenase-Dependent Tumor Growth through Evasion of Immunity. Cell 2015; 162:1257-70. [PMID: 26343581 PMCID: PMC4597191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which melanoma and other cancer cells evade anti-tumor immunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the growth of tumors formed by mutant Braf(V600E) mouse melanoma cells in an immunocompetent host requires their production of prostaglandin E2, which suppresses immunity and fuels tumor-promoting inflammation. Genetic ablation of cyclooxygenases (COX) or prostaglandin E synthases in Braf(V600E) mouse melanoma cells, as well as in Nras(G12D) melanoma or in breast or colorectal cancer cells, renders them susceptible to immune control and provokes a shift in the tumor inflammatory profile toward classic anti-cancer immune pathways. This mouse COX-dependent inflammatory signature is remarkably conserved in human cutaneous melanoma biopsies, arguing for COX activity as a driver of immune suppression across species. Pre-clinical data demonstrate that inhibition of COX synergizes with anti-PD-1 blockade in inducing eradication of tumors, implying that COX inhibitors could be useful adjuvants for immune-based therapies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Zelenay
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
| | - Annemarthe G van der Veen
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Kathryn J Snelgrove
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Neil Rogers
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sophie E Acton
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Maria Romina Girotti
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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102
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Expression of cyclooxygenase-2, 12-lipoxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 24:1114-7. [PMID: 23851751 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31828f2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to investigate whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) have a role in carcinogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two patients with HNSCC were included in the study. Cancer tissues and adjacent normal mucosa were obtained from each patient. Real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of COX-2, 12-LOX, and iNOS. RESULTS COX-2 and 12-LOX mRNA expressions are significantly increased in HNSCC compared with adjacent normal mucosa. Expression of iNOS was not significantly elevated in overall head and neck cancer tissues compared with normal mucosa. However, iNOS expression was found to be significantly elevated in patients with laryngeal cancer. CONCLUSION These data suggest that COX-2 and 12-LOX may play a role in carcinogenesis of head and neck cancer. iNOS as well as COX-2 and 12-LOX may play a role in carcinogenesis of laryngeal cancer.
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103
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Marginean A, Sharma-Walia N. Lipoxins exert antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Transl Res 2015; 166:111-33. [PMID: 25814167 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an endogenously produced host molecule with anti-inflammatory resolution effects. Previous studies demonstrated it to be involved in anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis and in a possible anticancer role via interaction with its receptor, lipoxin A 4 receptor (ALXR). Here, we examined the effects of LXA4 and its epimer 15-epi-LXA4 in inhibiting proinflammatory and angiogenic functions in a human Kaposi's sarcoma tumor-derived cell line (KS-IMM). KS-IMM cells expressed increased levels of inflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway enzymes when compared with human microvascular dermal endothelial cells (HMVEC-d). KS-IMM cells secreted high levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and chemotactic leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Treatment with LXA4 or 15-epi-LXA4 effectively reduced the levels of COX-2, 5-LO proteins, and secretion of PGE2 and LTB4 in KS-IMM cells. LXA4 or 15-epi-LXA4 treatment also decreased secretion of proinflammatory interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 cytokines but induced the secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-10. LXA4 treatment reduced the phosphorylation of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) and ephrin family receptor tyrosine kinases. LXA4 treatment effectively induced dephosphorylation of multiple cellular kinases such as Focal Adhesion Kinase, Protein kinase B, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, and reduced angiogenic factor VEGF-C secretion in KS cells. LX treatment drastically induced the Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase tyrosine (Y542) phosphatase and reduced VEGFR-2 phosphorylation at sites Y1059, Y1175, and Y1212. Treatment of KS-IMM cells with LXA4 resulted in selective localization of VEGFR-2 in nonlipid raft (non-LR) and ALXR to LR fractions. These results demonstrated that LXA4 or 15-epi-LXA4 induce anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic effects in KS cells and suggest that treatment with LXs is an attractive novel strategy against KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Marginean
- H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill.
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104
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Xiong W, Li WH, Jiang YX, Liu S, Ai YQ, Liu R, Chang L, Zhang M, Wang XL, Bai H, Wang H, Zheng R, Tan J. Parecoxib: an Enhancer of Radiation Therapy for Colorectal Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:627-33. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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105
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Silver(I) compounds of the anti-inflammatory agents salicylic acid and p-hydroxyl-benzoic acid which modulate cell function. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 142:132-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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106
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Saba NF, Haigentz M, Vermorken JB, Strojan P, Bossi P, Rinaldo A, Takes RP, Ferlito A. Prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: removing the "chemo" from "chemoprevention". Oral Oncol 2014; 51:112-8. [PMID: 25434586 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The concept of chemoprevention whereby the use of a systemic agent is intended to halt the carcinogenesis process has been an attractive topic in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Yet, despite the significant efforts over the past decades and the substantial gain in knowledge of the biology of pre-malignant lesions of the head and neck, no tangible indications for chemoprevention have emerged for this disease. The negative results observed in the earlier larger studies using retinoids did not encourage further trials with these agents. Attention has been more recently focused on epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) as well as cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors with early studies showing encouraging responses but rather poor tolerance to therapy. Natural compounds have gained more interest recently given preclinical evidence of activity as well as a low side effect profile. We herein offer a comprehensive overview of the field of chemoprevention in HNSCC with an in depth analysis of the challenges we face and discuss a road map for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Missak Haigentz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jan B Vermorken
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Robert P Takes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
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107
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Zhang XQ, Zhang HM, Sun XE, Yuan ZJ, Feng YG. Inhibitory effects and mechanism of 5-fluorouracil combined with celecoxib on human gastric cancer xenografts in nude mice. Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:105-111. [PMID: 25452783 PMCID: PMC4247324 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) is one of the most commonly used drugs to treat gastric cancer; however, drug-resistance in cancer cells reduces the efficacy of 5-Fu. Celecoxib may be able to reduce resistance to 5-Fu chemotherapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of a combination of 5-Fu and celecoxib on implanted gastric cancer xenografts in nude mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. A tumor-bearing nude mice model was established. The mice were divided into blank control, 5-Fu, celecoxib and combination groups. The weight change and the tumor inhibition rate in each group were calculated. Immunocytochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting methods were used to observe hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) expression in the SGC7901 cells. Inhibition of the growth of the implanted gastric cancer was observed in the 5-Fu, celecoxib and combination groups. In the celecoxib and combination treatment groups, the mean tumor mass was significantly less than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the mean tumor mass in the combination treatment group was significantly less than that in the 5-Fu group (P<0.05). The tumor inhibition rates in the 5-Fu, celecoxib and combination groups were 26.36, 59.70 and 88.37%, respectively. The combination group exhibited the highest inhibition rate; the inhibition rates of the combination and celecoxib groups were significantly higher compared with the 5-Fu group (P<0.05). The expression levels of HIF-2, ABCG2 and Oct-4 mRNA and protein were high in the blank control group, and were further increased in the 5-Fu group. However, in the celecoxib and combination groups, the expression levels were lower compared with those in the control group. Significant differences were identified among the 5-Fu, celecoxib and combination groups (P<0.01). Celecoxib has antitumor effects in vivo. The mechanism may be associated with the reduced expression of cancer stem cell markers HIF-2α, Oct-4 and ABCG2. 5-Fu and celecoxib have a synergistic antitumor effect. The mechanism associated with the amelioration of resistance to chemotherapy in gastric cancer and the enhancement of the effect of chemotherapy may be via the reduction of the expression of HIF-2α, ABCG2, Oct-4 and other cancer stem cell markers in the tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-E Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Zhou-Jie Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Guang Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
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108
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Kekatpure VD, Singh M, Selvam S, Shetkar G, Hedne NC, Trivedi NP, Siddappa G, Govindan SV, Suresh A, Rangarajan B, Dannenberg AJ, Kuriakose MA. Factors predicting outcome after salvage treatment for stage IV oral squamous cell carcinoma: Evidence of the potential importance of the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway. Head Neck 2014; 37:1142-9. [PMID: 24771596 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined the clinicopathological factors that predicted outcome after salvage treatment for stage IV oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Additionally, the prognostic significance of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) pathway was evaluated. METHODS Thirty-one patients who underwent salvage surgery were included. COX-2 and mPGES-1 levels were quantified by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The 2-year disease-free and overall survival rates were 46% and 53%, respectively. Adequacy of initial treatment, tobacco smoking, and the presence of pathological risk factors were predictive of mortality. In patients who had not received chemotherapy before salvage surgery, high levels of intratumoral COX-2 and mPGES-1 were associated with poor prognosis. By contrast, high intratumoral COX-2 and mPGES-1 after chemotherapy were associated with improved outcomes. CONCLUSION Clinicopathological factors may inform treatment decisions in patients with stage IV OSCC. Expression patterns of COX-2 and mPGES-1 correlated with outcome and warrant further investigation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1142-1149, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram D Kekatpure
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Sumithra Selvam
- Department of Biostatistics, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Girish Shetkar
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Naveen C Hedne
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Nirav P Trivedi
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Gangotri Siddappa
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Sindhu V Govindan
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Amritha Suresh
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Bharath Rangarajan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Moni Abraham Kuriakose
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Health City, Bangalore, India
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109
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Mu XY, Dong XL, Sun J, Ni YH, Dong Z, Li XL, Sun EL, Yi Z, Li G. Simultaneous blockage of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 in a human xenotransplanted lung cancer model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:69-73. [PMID: 24528083 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of erlotinib combined with celecoxib in a lung cancer xenograft model were here explored with a focus on possible mechanisms. A xenotransplanted lung cancer model was established in nude mice using the human lung cancer cell A549 cell line and animals demonstrating tumour growth were randomly divided into four groups: control, erlotinib, celecoxib and combined (erotinib and celecoxib). The tumor major axis and short diameter were measured twice a week and after 40 days tissues were collected for immunohistochemical analyses of Bcl-2 and Bax positive cells and Western-blotting analyses for the epidermal growth factor recepto (EGFR), P-EGFR, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Tumor size in the combined group was smaller than in the others (p<0.01) and the percentage of Bcl-2 positive cells was fewer in most cases (p<0.01), while that of Bax positive cells was greater than in the erlotinib and celecoxib groups (P>0.05). Western blotting showed decreased expression of P-EGFR and COX-2 with both erlotinib and celecoxib treatments, but most pronouncedly in the combined group (P<0.05). Simultaneous blockage of the EGFR and COX-2 signal pathways exerted stronger growth effects in our human xenotransplanted lung cancer model than inhibition of either pathway alone. The anti-tumor effects were accompanied by synergetic inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis, activation of p-EGFR and expression of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Mu
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Eastern Hospital Care in Department of Respiration, Jinan, China E-mail :
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110
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ZHANG XIAOQIAN, SUN XIUE, LIU WENDONG, FENG YUGUANG, ZHANG HONGMEI, SHI LIHONG, SUN XIUNING, LI YANQING, GAO ZHIXING. Synergic effect between 5-fluorouracil and celecoxib on hypoxic gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1160-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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111
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LI MING, TAN SHIYUN, WANG XIAOFAN. Paeonol exerts an anticancer effect on human colorectal cancer cells through inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and COX-2 expression. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2845-53. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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112
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Holtzhausen A, Zhao F, Evans KS, Hanks BA. Early Carcinogenesis Involves the Establishment of Immune Privilege via Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1: Translational Implications in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:438. [PMID: 25339948 PMCID: PMC4186479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prolonged genetic pressure has been conjectured to be necessary for the eventual development of tumor immune evasion mechanisms, recent work is demonstrating that early genetic mutations are capable of moonlighting as both intrinsic and extrinsic modulators of the tumor immune microenvironment. The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO) immunoregulatory enzyme is emerging as a key player in tumor-mediated immune tolerance. While loss of the tumor suppressor, BIN-1, and the over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 have been implicated in intrinsic regulation of IDO, recent findings have demonstrated the loss of TβRIII and the upregulation of Wnt5a by developing cancers to play a role in the extrinsic control of IDO activity by local dendritic cell populations residing within tumor and tumor-draining lymph node tissues. Together, these genetic changes are capable of modulating paracrine signaling pathways in the early stages of carcinogenesis to establish a site of immune privilege by promoting the differentiation and activation of local regulatory T cells. Additional investigation of these immune evasion pathways promises to provide opportunities for the development of novel strategies to synergistically enhance the efficacy of the evolving class of T cell-targeted "checkpoint" inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Holtzhausen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Fei Zhao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Kathy S Evans
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Brent A Hanks
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
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113
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Lee JH, Kim B, Jin WJ, Kim JW, Kim HH, Ha H, Lee ZH. Trolox inhibits osteolytic bone metastasis of breast cancer through both PGE2-dependent and independent mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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114
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Saeki T, Inui H, Fujioka S, Fukuda S, Nomura A, Nakamura Y, Park EY, Sato K, Kanamoto R. Staurosporine synergistically potentiates the deoxycholate-mediated induction of COX-2 expression. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/8/e12143. [PMID: 25168879 PMCID: PMC4246598 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer‐related death in western countries, and thus there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanism of colorectal tumorigenesis. A diet that is rich in fat increases the risk of colorectal tumorigenesis. Bile acids, which are secreted in response to the ingestion of fat, have been shown to increase the risk of colorectal tumors. The expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, an inducible isozyme of cyclooxygenase, is induced by bile acids and correlates with the incidence and progression of cancers. In this study, we investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in the bile‐acid‐mediated induction of COX‐2 expression. We found that staurosporine (sts), a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, synergistically potentiated the deoxycholate‐mediated induction of COX‐2 expression. Sts did not increase the stabilization of COX‐2 mRNA. The sts‐ and deoxycholate‐mediated synergistic induction of COX‐2 expression was suppressed by a membrane‐permeable Ca2+ chelator, a phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor, a nuclear factor‐κB pathway inhibitor, and inhibitors of canonical and stress‐inducible mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways. Inhibition was also observed using PKC inhibitors, suggesting the involvement of certain PKC isozymes (η, θ, ι, ζ, or μ). Our results indicate that sts exerts its potentiating effects via the phosphorylation of p38. However, the effects of anisomycin did not mimic those of sts, indicating that although p38 activation is required, it does not enhance deoxycholate‐induced COX‐2 expression. We conclude that staurosporine synergistically enhances deoxycholate‐induced COX‐2 expression in RCM‐1 colon cancer cells. e12143 The expression of COX‐2, an inducible isozyme of cyclooxygenase, correlates with the incidence and progression of cancers, and bile acids have been shown to induce COX‐2 expression. We investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in the bile‐acid‐mediated induction of COX‐2 expression, and we found that staurosporine, a potent PKC inhibitor, synergistically potentiated the deoxycholate‐mediated induction of COX‐2 expression. Staurosporine exerted its potentiating effects via the phosphorylation of p38, and the involvement of certain PKC isozymes was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Saeki
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Inui
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saya Fujioka
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suguru Fukuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumi Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Food Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eun Young Park
- Laboratory of Food Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Sato
- Laboratory of Food Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kanamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
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115
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Adefuye AO, Sales KJ, Katz AA. Seminal plasma induces the expression of IL-1α in normal and neoplastic cervical cells via EP2/EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway. J Mol Signal 2014; 9:8. [PMID: 25237386 PMCID: PMC4166412 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial etiology usually presenting in sexually active women. Exposure of neoplastic cervical epithelial cells to seminal plasma (SP) has been shown to promote the growth of cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo by inducing the expression of inflammatory mediators including pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-1α is a pleotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine induced in several human cancers and has been associated with virulent tumor phenotype and poorer prognosis. Here we investigated the expression of IL-1α in cervical cancer, the role of SP in the regulation of IL-1α in neoplastic cervical epithelial cells and the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation. Methods and results Real-time quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the elevated expression of IL-1α mRNA in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma tissue explants, compared with normal cervix. Using immunohistochemistry, IL-1α was localized to the neoplastically transformed squamous, columnar and glandular epithelium in all cases of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas explants studied. We found that SP induced the expression of IL-α in both normal and neoplastic cervical tissue explants. Employing HeLa (adenocarcinoma) cell line as a model system we identified PGE2 and EGF as possible ligands responsible for SP-mediated induction of IL-1α in these neoplastic cells. In addition, we showed that SP activates EP2/EGFR/PI3kinase-Akt signaling to induce IL-1α mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in normal cervical tissue explants the induction of IL-1α by SP is via the activation of EP2/EGFR/PI3 kinase-Akt signaling. Conclusion SP-mediated induction of IL-1α in normal and neoplastic cervical epithelial cells suggests that SP may promote cervical inflammation as well as progression of cervical cancer in sexually active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthonio O Adefuye
- MRC/UCT Receptor Biology Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private bag X3 Observatory 7935, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Kurt J Sales
- MRC/UCT Receptor Biology Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private bag X3 Observatory 7935, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Arieh A Katz
- MRC/UCT Receptor Biology Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Private bag X3 Observatory 7935, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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116
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Lozano-Mena G, Sánchez-González M, Juan ME, Planas JM. Maslinic acid, a natural phytoalexin-type triterpene from olives--a promising nutraceutical? Molecules 2014; 19:11538-59. [PMID: 25093990 PMCID: PMC6271970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene found in a variety of natural sources, ranging from herbal remedies used in traditional Asian medicine to edible vegetables and fruits present in the Mediterranean diet. In recent years, several studies have proved that maslinic acid exerts a wide range of biological activities, i.e. antitumor, antidiabetic, antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antiparasitic and growth-stimulating. Experimental models used for the assessment of maslinic acid effects include established cell lines, which have been often used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, and also animal models of different disorders, which have confirmed the effects of the triterpene in vivo. Overall, and supported by the lack of adverse effects in mice, the results provide evidence of the potential of maslinic acid as a nutraceutical, not only for health promotion, but also as a therapeutic adjuvant in the treatment of several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Lozano-Mena
- Departament de Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Sánchez-González
- Departament de Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Emília Juan
- Departament de Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana M Planas
- Departament de Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Upregulation of COX-2 in the lung cancer promotes overexpression of multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) via PGE2-dependent pathway. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:189-96. [PMID: 24909729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is apparent that lung cancer is associated with inflammation, with accompanying hallmark elevations of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. However, the effects of these changes on MRP efflux transporters have not been thoroughly investigated before. Here, we report that upregulation of COX-2 can induce overexpression of MRP4 in both A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines and mouse lung cancer models. In A549 cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment induced upregulation of COX-2 and MRP4 together, but not other MRP transporters. Transient overexpression of human COX-2 cDNA also specifically increased COX-2 and MRP4. Moreover, COX inhibitor treatment and COX-2-specific siRNA significantly inhibited the upregulation of MRP4. Additionally, PMA-treatment increased extracellular PGE2 levels, likely due to increased MRP4 function. Likewise, COX-2-specific siRNA reduced extracellular PGE2 levels. Furthermore, COX-2 upregulation resulted in an increase in mPGES-1, an enzyme responsible for PGE2 production. Finally, metastasized lung cancer model mice exhibited increased expression levels of COX-2 and MRP4, as well as mPGES-1. In conclusion, the present study suggests that overexpression of MRP4 in lung cancer may be attributable to COX-2 upregulation via a PGE2-dependent pathway.
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Liu Z, Duan ZJ, Chang JY, Zhang ZF, Chu R, Li YL, Dai KH, Mo GQ, Chang QY. Sinomenine sensitizes multidrug-resistant colon cancer cells (Caco-2) to doxorubicin by downregulation of MDR-1 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98560. [PMID: 24901713 PMCID: PMC4047020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance in multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells over expressing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) encoded by the MDR1 gene, is a major obstacle to successful chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. Previous studies have indicated that sinomenine can enhance the absorption of various P-gp substrates. In the present study, we investigated the effect of sinomenine on the chemoresistance in colon cancer cells and explored the underlying mechanism. We developed multidrug-resistant Caco-2 (MDR-Caco-2) cells by exposure of Caco-2 cells to increasing concentrations of doxorubicin. We identified overexpression of COX-2 and MDR-1 genes as well as activation of the NF-κB signal pathway in MDR-Caco-2 cells. Importantly, we found that sinomenine enhances the sensitivity of MDR-Caco-2 cells towards doxorubicin by downregulating MDR-1 and COX-2 expression through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings provide a new potential strategy for the reversal of P-gp-mediated anticancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail: (ZJD); (QYC)
| | - Jiu-Yang Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi-feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Rui Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke-Hang Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang-quan Mo
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qing-Yong Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail: (ZJD); (QYC)
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119
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Shen P, Wang A, He M, Wang Q, Zheng S. Increased circulating Lin(-/low) CD33(+) HLA-DR(-) myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:639-50. [PMID: 23701406 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) can be induced or expanded in tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients. The frequency of MDSC denoted here as Lin(-/low) CD33(+) HLA-DR(-) was investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The clinical relevance of MDSC and patients' characteristics were examined. Also, MDSC-related immune regulatory pathways in these patients were discussed. METHODS The quantity of MDSC was tested in peripheral blood of patients with HCC (n = 63) and healthy donors (n = 56). The expressions of interferon (IFN)-γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 and arginase (ARG)-1 were analyzed. Co-culturing with anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated T lymphocytes was used to determine the suppressive effect of MDSC on the T lymphocytes. RESULTS Patients with treatment-naive HCC had an increased subpopulation of Lin(-/low) CD33(+) HLA-DR(-) cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with characteristics of MDSC and associated to the stage (P = 0.0004). Patients with splenomegaly had a higher frequency of circulating MDSC. Also, COX-2, MMP-13 and VEGF were expressed differently associated with the alteration of MDSC. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence showing an increased population of Lin(-/low) CD33(+) HLA-DR(-) MDSC in the peripheral blood of HCC patients. Our data also suggest that MMP-13 and COX-2 in PBMC may play a new important role companied with MDSC in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Guda K, Fink SP, Milne GL, Molyneaux N, Ravi L, Lewis SM, Dannenberg AJ, Montgomery CG, Zhang S, Willis J, Wiesner GL, Markowitz SD. Inactivating mutation in the prostaglandin transporter gene, SLCO2A1, associated with familial digital clubbing, colon neoplasia, and NSAID resistance. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:805-12. [PMID: 24838973 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HPGDand SLCO2A1 genes encode components of the prostaglandin catabolic pathway, with HPGD encoding the degradative enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), and SLCO2A1 encoding the prostaglandin transporter PGT that brings substrate to 15-PGDH. HPGD-null mice show increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), marked susceptibility to developing colon tumors, and resistance to colon tumor prevention by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). But in humans, HPGD and SLCO2A1 mutations have only been associated with familial digital clubbing. We, here, characterize a family with digital clubbing and early-onset colon neoplasia. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation (G104X) in the SLCO2A1 gene segregating in 3 males with digital clubbing. Two of these males further demonstrated notably early-onset colon neoplasia, 1 with an early-onset colon cancer and another with an early-onset sessile serrated colon adenoma. Two females also carried the mutation, and both these women developed sessile serrated colon adenomas without any digital clubbing. Males with clubbing also showed marked elevations in the levels of urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite, PGE-M, whereas, female mutation carriers were in the normal range. Furthermore, in the male proband, urinary PGE-M remained markedly elevated during NSAID treatment with either celecoxib or sulindac. Thus, in this human kindred, a null SLCO2A1 allele mimics the phenotype of the related HPGD-null mouse, with increased prostaglandin levels that cannot be normalized by NSAID therapy, plus with increased colon neoplasia. The development of early-onset colon neoplasia in male and female human SLCO2A1 mutation carriers suggests that disordered prostaglandin catabolism can mediate inherited susceptibility to colon neoplasia in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Guda
- Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and
| | - Courtney G Montgomery
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Joseph Willis
- Pathology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Georgia L Wiesner
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Departments of Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio;
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Fujii R, Imanishi Y, Shibata K, Sakai N, Sakamoto K, Shigetomi S, Habu N, Otsuka K, Sato Y, Watanabe Y, Ozawa H, Tomita T, Kameyama K, Fujii M, Ogawa K. Restoration of E-cadherin expression by selective Cox-2 inhibition and the clinical relevance of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:40. [PMID: 24887090 PMCID: PMC4030015 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by the downregulation of E-cadherin has been thought to promote metastasis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is presumed to contribute to cancer progression through its multifaceted function, and recently its inverse relationship with E-cadherin was suggested. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether selective Cox-2 inhibitors restore the expression of E-cadherin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, and to examine the possible correlations of the expression levels of EMT-related molecules with clinicopathological factors in HNSCC. METHODS We used quantitative real-time PCR to examine the effects of three selective Cox-2 inhibitors, i.e., celecoxib, NS-398, and SC-791 on the gene expressions of E-cadherin (CDH-1) and its transcriptional repressors (SIP1, Snail, Twist) in the human HNSCC cell lines HSC-2 and HSC-4. To evaluate the changes in E-cadherin expression on the cell surface, we used a flowcytometer and immunofluorescent staining in addition to Western blotting. We evaluated and statistically analyzed the clinicopathological factors and mRNA expressions of Cox-2, CDH-1 and its repressors in surgical specimens of 40 patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). RESULTS The selective Cox-2 inhibitors upregulated the E-cadherin expression on the cell surface of the HNSCC cells through the downregulation of its transcriptional repressors. The extent of this effect depended on the baseline expression levels of both E-cadherin and Cox-2 in each cell line. A univariate analysis showed that higher Cox-2 mRNA expression (p = 0.037), lower CDH-1 mRNA expression (p = 0.020), and advanced T-classification (p = 0.036) were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis in TSCC. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that lower CDH-1 mRNA expression was the independent risk factor affecting lymph node metastasis (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the appropriately selective administration of certain Cox-2 inhibitors may have an anti-metastatic effect through suppression of the EMT by restoring E-cadherin expression. In addition, the downregulation of CDH-1 resulting from the EMT may be closely involved in lymph node metastasis in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yorihisa Imanishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Sood R, Flint-Ashtamker G, Borenstein D, Barki-Harrington L. Upregulation of prostaglandin receptor EP1 expression involves its association with cyclooxygenase-2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91018. [PMID: 24614038 PMCID: PMC3948724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While many signals cause upregulation of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2), much less is known about mechanisms that actively downregulate its expression. We have recently shown that the prostaglandin EP1 receptor reduces the expression of COX-2 in a pathway that facilitates its ubiquitination and degradation via the 26S proteasome. Here we show that an elevation of COX-2 intracellular levels causes an increase in the endogenous expression of prostaglandin EP1. The increase in EP1 levels does not occur at the transcriptional level, but is rather associated with complex formation between the receptor and COX-2, which occurs both in vitro and in mammalian tissues. The EP1-COX-2 complex is disrupted following binding of arachidonic acid to COX-2 and accompanied by a parallel reduction in EP1 levels. We propose that a transient interaction between COX-2 and EP1 constitutes a feedback loop whereby an increase in COX-2 expression elevates EP1, which ultimately acts to downregulate COX-2 by expediting its proteasomal degradation. Such a post translational mechanism may serve to control both the ligand-generating system of COX-2 and its reception system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapita Sood
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Galit Flint-Ashtamker
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dafna Borenstein
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liza Barki-Harrington
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
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123
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Silica-induced chronic inflammation promotes lung carcinogenesis in the context of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Neoplasia 2014; 15:913-24. [PMID: 23908592 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between inflammation and lung tumor development has been clearly demonstrated. However, little is known concerning the molecular events preceding the development of lung cancer. In this study, we characterize a chemically induced lung cancer mouse model in which lung cancer developed in the presence of silicotic chronic inflammation. Silica-induced lung inflammation increased the incidence and multiplicity of lung cancer in mice treated with N-nitrosodimethylamine, a carcinogen found in tobacco smoke. Histologic and molecular analysis revealed that concomitant chronic inflammation contributed to lung tumorigenesis through induction of preneoplastic changes in lung epithelial cells. In addition, silica-mediated inflammation generated an immunosuppressive microenvironment in which we observed increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), transforming growth factor-β1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), as well as the presence of regulatory T cells. Finally, the K-RAS mutational profile of the tumors changed from Q61R to G12D mutations in the inflammatory milieu. In summary, we describe some of the early molecular changes associated to lung carcinogenesis in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment and provide novel information concerning the mechanisms underlying the formation and the fate of preneoplastic lesions in the silicotic lung.
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Garcia M, Velez R, Romagosa C, Majem B, Pedrola N, Olivan M, Rigau M, Guiu M, Gomis RR, Morote J, Reventós J, Doll A. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor suppresses tumour progression of prostate cancer bone metastases in nude mice. BJU Int 2014; 113:E164-77. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology; Research Institute Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Roberto Velez
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Barcelona Spain
| | - Cleofé Romagosa
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pathology; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Barcelona Spain
| | - Blanca Majem
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology; Research Institute Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Pedrola
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology; Research Institute Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology; Research Institute Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marina Rigau
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology; Research Institute Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marc Guiu
- Oncology Programme; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona); Barcelona Spain
| | - Roger R. Gomis
- Oncology Programme; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB-Barcelona); Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan Morote
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Urology; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jaume Reventós
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology; Research Institute Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Basic Science; International University of Catalonia; Barcelona Spain
| | - Andreas Doll
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology; Research Institute Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Basic Science; International University of Catalonia; Barcelona Spain
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Yusup G, Akutsu Y, Mutallip M, Qin W, Hu X, Komatsu-Akimoto A, Hoshino I, Hanari N, Mori M, Akanuma N, Isozaki Y, Matsubara H. A COX-2 inhibitor enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1146-52. [PMID: 24535229 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis that has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in several types of cancers. The function of COX-2 in tumor progression has been recently elucidated. In tumors in which COX-2 is overexpressed, the antitumor effects are suppressed. We examined the effects of celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, in enhancing the antitumor effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) by reducing the COX-2 activity. We used the human esophageal squamous cell lines TE2 and T.Tn treated with celecoxib and 5-FU/radiation, after which cell viability assays were performed. Changes in the expressions of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRT) mRNA and PGE2 were also measured. In addition, apoptotic changes, and the invasion and migration activity in both the celecoxib and 5-FU treated cells were evaluated. The experiments showed that T.Tn and TE2 proliferation was strongly inhibited by the combination of 5-FU/radiation and the COX-2 inhibitor. Inhibiting the COX-2 activity induced a reduction in PGE2 levels in TE2/T.Tn cells. Following treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor and 5-FU, the OPRT expression was upregulated and the DPD expression was downregulated in the resistant cells. In addition, the combination treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor and 5-FU markedly inhibited both the cell invasion and migration activity. Therefore, COX-2 inhibitors can be useful enhancers of antitumor drugs and radiotherapy for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulbostan Yusup
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasunori Akutsu
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Muradil Mutallip
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Aki Komatsu-Akimoto
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Isamu Hoshino
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hanari
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mikito Mori
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoki Akanuma
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuka Isozaki
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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SAITO TERUYOSHI, TAMURA DAI, ASANO RYUJI. Usefulness of selective COX-2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents against canine mammary tumors. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1637-44. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ogawa F, Amano H, Ito Y, Matsui Y, Hosono K, Kitasato H, Satoh Y, Majima M. Aspirin reduces lung cancer metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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128
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Lack of association between cyclooxygenase 2-765G/C gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk in Ahvaz, west-south Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:997-1001. [PMID: 24402873 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases are key enzymes in conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) increases prostaglandins in neoplastic tissue. COX-2 has important roles in cell proliferation cancers, angiogenesis, and alzheimer. COX-2 is up-regulated in several types of cancer, and it is hypothesized that COX-2 expression may be genetically influenced. Our main objective was to evaluated the association of polymorphism COX-2 with risk of breast cancer in khouzestan province, and the second objective of the study was to evaluate the association with biochemistry parameters. This study consisting of 150 patients with breast cancer and 120 normal DNA was extracted from the white blood cells. Polymorphism cox2 gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction according to the standard methods. The profile lipids and estrogen were measured in two groups by standard methods. Chi square analysis showed that there was no association between breast cancer risk and COX-2 -765G>C genotype and alleles. Also, no association were observed between -765G>C polymorphism and biochemistry parameters. A multiple logistic regression model with cox2 genotypes and LDL and HDL as covariates revealed that there is no significant association between cox2 genotypes and risk of breast cancer, but higher values of LDL and HDL significantly increase risk of breast cancer.
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Averett C, Arora S, Zubair H, Singh S, Bhardwaj A, Singh AP. Molecular Targets of Honokiol: A Promising Phytochemical for Effective Cancer Management. Enzymes 2014; 36:175-93. [PMID: 27102704 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802215-3.00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical, present in the aerial parts of plants classified under the genus Magnolia. It has been an important constituent of Asian traditional medicine and is used against many ailments. Honokiol possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. Consequently, there has been immense interest in exploring its utility as a novel chemopreventive and therapeutic agent against several malignancies. In this chapter, we review the structure-function relationship of honokiol and its derivative compounds, the impact of honokiol on various phenotypes associated with cancer progression and metastasis, and its prominent molecular targets and pharmacokinetics. Clearly, the available data generate significant interest in this novel phytochemical and emerging information continues to provide strong support for its potential applicability in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courey Averett
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Sumit Arora
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Arun Bhardwaj
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Ajay P Singh
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
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Troppan K, Deutsch A, Gerger A, Stojakovic T, Beham-Schmid C, Wenzl K, Neumeister P, Pichler M. The derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic factor in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:369-74. [PMID: 24357794 PMCID: PMC3899779 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With growing evidence on the role of inflammation in cancer biology, the systemic inflammatory response has been postulated as having prognostic significance in a wide range of different cancer types. Recently, the derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) has been proposed as an easily determinable prognostic factor in cancer patients. Nevertheless, its prognostic significance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients has never been explored. Methods: Data from 290 consecutive DLBCL patients, diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 at a single Austrian centre, were evaluated retrospectively. The prognostic influence of the dNLR and other clinico-pathological factors including age, lactate dehydrogenase, cell of origin category and Ann Arbor stage on 5-year overall- (OS) and disease-free (DFS) survival was studied by Kaplan–Meier curves. To evaluate the independent prognostic relevance of dNLR, univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were applied. Results: An independent significant association between high dNLR and poor clinical outcome in multivariate analysis for OS (HR=2.02, confidence interval (CI) 95%=1.17–3.50, P=0.011), as well as DFS (HR=2.15, CI 95%=1.04–4.47, P=0.038), was identified. Conclusion: In the present study, we showed that a high dNLR at diagnosis of DLBCL represents an independent poor prognostic factor for clinical outcome. Our data encourage the further validation of this easily available parameter in prospective studies and as a potential stratification tool in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Troppan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - A Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - A Gerger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - T Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - C Beham-Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - K Wenzl
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - P Neumeister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - M Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
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Huang KH, Kuo KL, Ho IL, Chang HC, Chuang YT, Lin WC, Lee PY, Chang SC, Chiang CK, Pu YS, Chou CT, Hsu CH, Liu SH. Celecoxib-induced cytotoxic effect is potentiated by inhibition of autophagy in human urothelial carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82034. [PMID: 24349176 PMCID: PMC3857231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, can elicit anti-tumor effects in various malignancies. Here, we sought to clarify the role of autophagy in celecoxib-induced cytotoxicity in human urothelial carcinoma (UC) cells. The results shows celecoxib induced cellular stress response such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, phosopho-SAPK/JNK, and phosopho-c-Jun as well as autophagosome formation in UC cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), bafilomycin A1 or ATG7 knockdown potentiated celecoxib-induced apoptosis. Up-regulation of autophagy by rapamycin or GFP-LC3B-transfection alleviated celecoxib-induced cytotoxicity in UC cells. Taken together, the inhibition of autophagy enhances therapeutic efficacy of celecoxib in UC cells, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy against UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-How Huang
- Graduate institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Kuo
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Ho
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Chuang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yi Lee
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chen Chang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tso Chou
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsun Hsu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hasegawa K, Ishikawa K, Kawai S, Torii Y, Kawamura K, Kato R, Tsukada K, Udagawa Y. Overcoming paclitaxel resistance in uterine endometrial cancer using a COX-2 inhibitor. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2937-44. [PMID: 24100466 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors have been reported to potentially modulate the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs by affecting multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) expression. In the present study, we investigated the association between COX-2 and MDR1 expression in endometrial cancers and evaluated the effects of the COX-2 inhibitor, etodolac, in combination with paclitaxel on paclitaxel-resistant endometrial cancer cells. The relationship between COX-2 and MDR1 mRNA expression was examined by quantitative PCR in 36 endometrial cancer specimens. The paclitaxel-resistant cell line OMC-2P was established from OMC-2 cells. Paclitaxel (1 µg/ml) with or without etodolac (10 µg/ml) was added to OMC-2 and OMC-2P cells, and COX-2 and MDR1 mRNA expression levels were examined. The concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the supernatant of each cell line was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The function of MDR1 was determined by intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 using flow cytometry, and the concentration of intracellular paclitaxel was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. We found a positive relationship between COX-2 and MDR1 mRNA expression in endometrial cancer. Both COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 production were elevated in resistant OMC-2P cells when compared to non-resistant OMC-2 cells. Additionally, MDR1 mRNA expression was markedly upregulated in OMC-2P cells. In OMC-2 cells, COX-2 and MDR1 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated by paclitaxel treatment and downregulated by co-administration with etodolac. In OMC-2P cells, COX-2 mRNA expression was also significantly upregulated by paclitaxel treatment and tended to be downregulated by co-administration with etodolac. Moreover, co-administration of paclitaxel and etodolac suppressed the induction of MDR1 mRNA. Rhodamine 123 efflux was increased in OMC-2P cells when compared to the efflux in the OMC-2 cells and was increased in response to paclitaxel treatment. Co-administration of paclitaxel and etodolac in both cell lines resulted in decreased rhodamine 123 efflux. The actual concentration of intracellular paclitaxel in OMC-2P cells was significantly lower than that in OMC-2 cells treated with paclitaxel alone and was significantly increased after co-administration of paclitaxel and etodolac. These findings suggest that paclitaxel resistance may be associated with COX-2 and MDR1 expression in cancer cells. Co-administration of COX-2 inhibitors and paclitaxel may have a key role in modulating or overcoming paclitaxel resistance in endometrial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University, Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi 454‑8509, Japan
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Saba NF, Hurwitz SJ, Kono SA, Yang CS, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Sica G, Müller S, Moreno-Williams R, Lewis M, Grist W, Chen AY, Moore CE, Owonikoko TK, Ramalingam S, Beitler JJ, Nannapaneni S, Shin HJC, Grandis JR, Khuri FR, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer with celecoxib and erlotinib: results of a phase ib and pharmacokinetic study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 7:283-91. [PMID: 24085777 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and COX-2 inhibitors synergistically inhibit head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis in preclinical studies. We conducted a phase I and pharmacokinetic study with the erlotinib and celecoxib combination in patients with advanced premalignant lesions. Thirty-six subjects with oral leukoplakia, mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia, or carcinoma in situ were screened for study participation; 12 consented and received therapy for a median of 5.38 months. Erlotinib was escalated following a standard 3+3 design at 50, 75, and 100 mg orally daily and celecoxib was fixed at 400 mg twice daily for 6 months. Biopsy of lesions and cytobrush of normal mucosa were performed at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Erlotinib pharmacokinetics were analyzed in 10 subjects. The maximum tolerated dose of erlotinib with celecoxib 400 mg BID was 50 mg per day with skin rash being the main observed toxicity. Overall histologic response rate was 63% (complete response, 43%; partial response, 14%; stable disease, 29%; and disease progression, 14%). With median follow-up of 36 months, mean time to progression to higher-grade dysplasia or carcinoma was 25.4 months. Downregulation of EGFR and p-ERK in follow-up biopsies correlated with response to treatment. Larger average erlotinib V/F (approximately 308 L) and CL/F (8.3 L/h) compared with previous studies may be related to relatively large average bodyweights. Average erlotinib t1/2 was 25.6 hours. Encouraging responses to the celecoxib and erlotinib combination correlated with EGFR pathway inhibition. Although erlotinib-related rash was the main limitation to dose escalation, the intervention was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil F Saba
- Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Di Franco S, Todaro M, Dieli F, Stassi G. Colorectal cancer defeating? Challenge accepted! Mol Aspects Med 2013; 39:61-81. [PMID: 23927966 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal tumours are actually considered as aberrant organs, within it is possible to notice a different stage of cell growth and differentiation. Their origin is reported to arise from a subpopulation of tumour cells endowed with, just like the healthy stem cells, self-renewal and aberrant multi-lineage differentiation capacity likely to be called colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) fate, since their origin, reflects the influences from their microenvironment (or niche) both in the maintenance of stemness, in promoting their differentiation, and in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, responsible of CSCs dissemination and subsequent formation of metastatic lesions. The tumour cells heterogeneity and their immuno-response resistance nowadays probably responsible of the failure of the conventional therapies, make this research field an open issue. Even more importantly, our increasing understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate CSC quiescence and cell cycle regulation, self-renewal, chemotaxis and resistance to cytotoxic agents, is expected to eventually result in tailor-made therapies with a significant impact on the morbidity and overall survival of colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Di Franco
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Liborio Giuffre' 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Liborio Giuffre' 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - F Dieli
- Division of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Department of Biotechnology and Medical and Forensic Biopathological (DIBIMEF), Palermo, Italy
| | - G Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Liborio Giuffre' 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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135
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Mohebati A, Milne GL, Zhou XK, Duffield-Lillico AJ, Boyle JO, Knutson A, Bosworth BP, Kingsley PJ, Marnett LJ, Brown PH, Akpa EG, Szabo E, Dannenberg AJ. Effect of zileuton and celecoxib on urinary LTE4 and PGE-M levels in smokers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:646-55. [PMID: 23682075 PMCID: PMC3707304 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) use arachidonic acid for the synthesis of eicosanoids that have been implicated in carcinogenesis and cardiovascular disease. The ability of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, to redirect arachidonic acid into the 5-LO pathway can potentially reduce its efficacy as a chemopreventive agent and increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Levels of urinary prostaglandin E metabolite (PGE-M) and leukotriene E4 (LTE4), biomarkers of the COX and 5-LO pathways, are elevated in smokers. Here, we investigated the effects of zileuton, a 5-LO inhibitor, versus zileuton and celecoxib for 6 ± 1 days on urinary PGE-M and LTE4 levels in smokers. Treatment with zileuton led to an 18% decrease in PGE-M levels (P = 0.03); the combination of zileuton and celecoxib led to a 62% reduction in PGE-M levels (P < 0.001). Levels of LTE4 decreased by 61% in subjects treated with zileuton alone (P < 0.001) and were unaffected by the addition of celecoxib. Although zileuton use was associated with a small overall decrease in PGE-M levels, increased PGE-M levels were found in a subset (19 of 52) of subjects. Notably, the addition of celecoxib to the 5-LO inhibitor protected against the increase in urinary PGE-M levels (P = 0.03). In conclusion, zileuton was an effective inhibitor of 5-LO activity resulting in marked suppression of urinary LTE4 levels and possible redirection of arachidonic acid into the COX-2 pathway in a subset of subjects. Combining celecoxib and zileuton was associated with inhibition of both the COX-2 and 5-LO pathways manifested as reduced levels of urinary PGE-M and LTE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mohebati
- Department of Surgery (Head and Neck Service), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Niraula S, Pond G, de Wit R, Eisenberger M, Tannock IF, Joshua AM. Influence of concurrent medications on outcomes of men with prostate cancer included in the TAX 327 study. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7:E74-81. [PMID: 23671512 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The TAX 327 trial was pivotal in establishing docetaxel in castration refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Various commonly prescribed and over-the-counter co-administered medications are thought to exhibit anti-neoplastic properties and/or could potentially have pharmacokinectic interactions with docetaxel lessening the effectiveness of chemotherapy. METHODS To examine the effect of on prostate cancer outcomes within this trial, we examined overall survival, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response, percent PSA reduction, pain response and QOL responses for 14 families of medications including metformin, digoxin, verapamil, proton pump inhibitors, nitrates, statins, cox-2 inhibitors, warfarin, heparins, ascorbic acid, selenium, tocopherol, antidepressants and erythropoietin. RESULTS Our findings did not reveal any medication that had a significant additive or synergistic effect with docetaxel. We did note, however, that patients on digoxin or verapamil had poorer overall survival, possibly due to a trend of fewer cycles of administered chemotherapy being administered to the verapamil group, consistent with a pharmacokinectic interaction. CONCLUSIONS These data are only hypothesis-generating given the statistical limitations, but may form a basis for similar future analysis in other malignancies. The data suggest the need to be aware of pharmacokinectic interactions with medications that may interact with docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Niraula
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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Takahashi-Yanaga F. Activator or inhibitor? GSK-3 as a new drug target. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:191-9. [PMID: 23643839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthase, thereby inhibiting glycogen synthesis from glucose. However, this serine/threonine kinase is now known to regulate numerous cellular processes through a number of signaling pathways important for cell proliferation, stem cell renewal, apoptosis and development. Because of these diverse roles, malfunction of this kinase is also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases, such as nervous system disorders, diabetes, bone formation, inflammation, cancer and heart failure. Therefore, GSK-3 is recognized as an attractive target for the development of new drugs. The present review summarizes the roles of GSK-3 in the insulin, Wnt/β-catenin and hedgehog signaling pathways including the regulation of their activities. The roles of GSK-3 in the development of human diseases within the context of its participation in various signaling pathways are also summarized. Finally, the possibility of new drug development targeting this kinase is discussed with recent information about inhibitors and activators of GSK-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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138
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Chen C, Xu W, Wang CM. Combination of celecoxib and doxorubicin increases growth inhibition and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2517-22. [PMID: 23452119 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.781170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have been shown to enhance antitumor activity of therapeutic agents in a variety of solid tumor cells. However, this has not been well established in hematopoietic tumors, especially in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study was designed to investigate the effects of the combination of celecoxib, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, and doxorubicin on cell growth and apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Co-treatment with celecoxib and doxorubicin significantly inhibited cell growth and induced cell apoptosis in the acute leukemia cell line HL60 and primary AML cells. The growth inhibition effect was accompanied by down-regulation of the expression of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), the key regulators of cell cycle progression, which was associated with arrest of cells at G0/G1 phase. The pro-apoptotic effect was accompanied by down-regulation of the expression of survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, which mediated anti-apoptosis in AML cells. These results provide the first evidence that the growth inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects of celecoxib and doxorubicin on AML cells are synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital , Zaozhuang , China
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139
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The down-regulation of Notch1 inhibits the invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inactivating the cyclooxygenase-2/Snail/E-cadherin pathway in vitro. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1016-25. [PMID: 23053901 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in cancer, but the mechanism by which Notch1 participates in invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is unclear. AIMS Our purpose is to confirm the anti-invasion and anti-migration effects of the down-regulation of Notch1 in HCC cells. METHODS The invasion and migration capacities of HCC cells were detected with Transwell cell culture chambers. The expressions of Notch1, Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD), E-cadherin, Snail, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed by RT-PCR and/or western blotting. Notch1 and Snail were down-regulated by RNA interference, and COX-2 was inhibited by NS-398. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by MTT and flow cytometry. RESULTS In HCC cells, Snail, Notch1, and COX-2 were up-regulated, and E-cadherin was down-regulated in mRNA and/or protein levels. The down-regulation of Snail or Notch1 or the inhibition of COX-2, respectively, can increase the mRNA and protein expressions of E-cadherin and decrease the invasion and migration capabilities of HCC cell. Down-regulated Notch1 or inhibited COX-2 can reduce the mRNA and protein expressions of Snail. The down-regulation of Notch1 can also reduce the protein expression of COX-2. However, exogenous PGE2 can reverse the role of down-regulated Notch1. The results of MTT and flow cytometry showed that down-regulated Notch1 did not affect HCC cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulated Notch1 may be an effective approach to inactivating Snail/E-cadherin by regulating COX-2, which results in inhibiting the invasion and migration of HCC cells. The inhibitory effects of down-regulated Notch1 on cell invasion and migration were independent of apoptosis.
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140
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Cekanova M, Uddin MJ, Bartges JW, Callens A, Legendre AM, Rathore K, Wright L, Carter A, Marnett LJ. Molecular imaging of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine transitional cell carcinomas in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:466-76. [PMID: 23531445 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme COX-2 is induced at high levels in tumors but not in surrounding normal tissues, which makes it an attractive target for molecular imaging of cancer. We evaluated the ability of novel optical imaging agent, fluorocoxib A to detect urinary bladder canine transitional cell carcinomas (K9TCC). Here, we show that fluorocoxib A uptake overlapped with COX-2 expression in primary K9TCC cells in vitro. Using subcutaneously implanted primary K9TCC in athymic mice, we show specific uptake of fluorocoxib A by COX-2-expressing K9TCC xenograft tumors in vivo. Fluorocoxib A uptake by COX-2-expressing xenograft tumors was blocked by 70% (P < 0.005) when pretreated with the COX-2 selective inhibitor, celecoxib (10 mg/kg), 4 hours before intravenous administration of fluorocoxib A (1 mg/kg). Fluorocoxib A was taken up by COX-2-expressing tumors but not by COX-2-negative human UMUC-3 xenograft tumors. UMUC-3 xenograft tumors with no expression of COX-2 showed no uptake of fluorocoxib A. In addition, fluorocoxib A uptake was evaluated in five dogs diagnosed with TCC. Fluorocoxib A specifically detected COX-2-expressing K9TCC during cystoscopy in vivo but was not detected in normal urothelium. Taken together, our findings show that fluorocoxib A selectively bound to COX-2-expressing primary K9TCC cells in vitro, COX-2-expressing K9TCC xenografts tumors in nude mice, and heterogeneous canine TCC during cystoscopy in vivo. Spontaneous cancers in companion animals offer a unique translational model for evaluation of novel imaging and therapeutic agents using primary cancer cells in vitro and in heterogeneous cancers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cekanova
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive A122, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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141
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Jones V, Katiyar SK. Emerging phytochemicals for prevention of melanoma invasion. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:251-8. [PMID: 23474498 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin diseases due to its propensity to metastasize. Once diagnosed with metastatic melanoma, most patients will die of their disease within 2years. As suppression of metastases requires long-term interventions, potential anti-metastatic agents must not only be efficacious but also have low toxicity. Many phytochemicals used in traditional medicine have low toxicity and recent studies suggest that some are promising candidates for the prevention or treatment of metastatic melanoma. Here, we review the recent literature regarding phytochemicals that have shown inhibitory effects on melanoma cell migration or invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Jones
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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142
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Zhou L, Zhang N, Song W, You N, Li Q, Sun W, Zhang Y, Wang D, Dou K. The significance of Notch1 compared with Notch3 in high metastasis and poor overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57382. [PMID: 23468978 PMCID: PMC3585338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor, and the mechanisms underlying the development of HCC remain unclear. Notch1 and Notch3 may be involved in malignant transformation, although their roles remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS HCC tissues were stained with anti-Notch1 or -Notch3 antibody. The migration and invasion capacities of the cells were measured with transwell cell culture chambers. RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of Notch1 and Notch3 mRNA. Additionally, western blot analysis was used to assess the protein expression of Notch1, Notch3, CD44v6, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). RNA interference was used to down-regulate the expression of Notch1 and Notch3. Cell viability was assessed using MTT. RESULTS Based on immunohistochemistry, high Notch1 expression was correlated with tumor size, tumor grade, metastasis, venous invasion and AJCC TNM stage. High Notch3 expression was only strongly correlated with metastasis, venous invasion and satellite lesions. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that patients with high Notch1 or Notch3 expression were at a significantly increased risk for shortened survival time. In vitro, the down-regulation of Notch1 decreased the migration and invasion capacities of HCC cells by regulating CD44v6, E-cadherin, MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA via the COX-2 and ERK1/2 pathways. Down-regulation of Notch3 only decreased the invasion capacity of HCC cells by regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 via the ERK1/2 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Based on the migration and invasion of HCC, we hypothesize that targeting Notch1 may be more useful than Notch3 for designing novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for HCC in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Desheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, People’s Republic of China
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143
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Shin DM, Zhang H, Saba NF, Chen AY, Nannapaneni S, Amin ARMR, Müller S, Lewis M, Sica G, Kono S, Brandes JC, Grist WJ, Moreno-Williams R, Beitler JJ, Thomas SM, Chen Z, Shin HJC, Grandis JR, Khuri FR, Chen ZG. Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer by simultaneous blocking of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathways: preclinical and clinical studies. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1244-56. [PMID: 23422093 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the efficacy and underlying molecular mechanism of a novel chemopreventive strategy combining EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (COX-2I). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the inhibition of tumor cell growth by combined EGFR-TKI (erlotinib) and COX-2I (celecoxib) treatment using head and neck cancer cell lines and a preventive xenograft model. We studied the antiangiogenic activity of these agents and examined the affected signaling pathways by immunoblotting analysis in tumor cell lysates and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analyses on the mouse xenograft tissues and blood, respectively. Biomarkers in these signaling pathways were studied by IHC, EIA, and an antibody array analysis in samples collected from participants in a phase I chemoprevention trial of erlotinib and celecoxib. RESULTS The combined treatment inhibited head and neck cancer cell growth significantly more potently than either single agent alone in cell line and xenograft models, and resulted in greater inhibition of cell-cycle progression at G1 phase than either single drug. The combined treatment modulated the EGFR and mTOR signaling pathways. A phase I chemoprevention trial of combined erlotinib and celecoxib revealed an overall pathologic response rate of 71% at time of data analysis. Analysis of tissue samples from participants consistently showed downregulation of EGFR, pERK, and pS6 levels after treatment, which correlated with clinical response. CONCLUSION Treatment with erlotinib combined with celecoxib offers an effective chemopreventive approach through inhibition of EGFR and mTOR pathways, which may serve as potential biomarkers to monitor the intervention of this combination in the clinic. Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 1244-56. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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144
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Wejksza K, Lee-Chang C, Bodogai M, Bonzo J, Gonzalez FJ, Lehrmann E, Becker K, Biragyn A. Cancer-produced metabolites of 5-lipoxygenase induce tumor-evoked regulatory B cells via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2575-84. [PMID: 23408836 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells facilitate distant metastasis through the induction of immunosuppressive regulatory B cells, designated tBregs. We report in this study that, to do this, breast cancer cells produce metabolites of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway such as leukotriene B4 to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in B cells. Inactivation of leukotriene B4 signaling or genetic deficiency of PPARα in B cells blocks the generation of tBregs and thereby abrogates lung metastasis in mice with established breast cancer. Thus, in addition to eliciting fatty acid oxidation and metabolic signals, PPARα initiates programs required for differentiation of tBregs. We propose that PPARα in B cells and/or tumor 5-lipoxygenase pathways represents new targets for pharmacological control of tBreg-mediated cancer escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wejksza
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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145
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Shimokawa M, Haraguchi M, Kobayashi W, Higashi Y, Matsushita S, Kawai K, Kanekura T, Ozawa M. The transcription factor Snail expressed in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and down-regulates COX-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:1078-82. [PMID: 23261444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare, but highly malignant variant of SCC. The presence of spindle-shaped cells with a sarcomatous appearance, which are derived from squamous cells, suggests that these cells are produced as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a complex process in which epithelial cells lose their polarity and cell-cell contacts, while also acquiring increased motility and invasiveness. Snail regulates EMT by binding to proximal E-boxes in the promoter region of E-cadherin and repressing its transcription. When examining the expression of EMT markers and Snail in spindle cell SCCs, we found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was down-regulated. Since it has been shown that COX-2 is constitutively overexpressed in a variety of malignancies, including colon, gastric, and lung carcinomas, the down-regulation of COX-2 expression was unexpected. The presence of E-box-like sequences in the promoter region of COX-2 prompted us to perform a more detailed analysis. We introduced a Snail expression vector into keratinocyte-derived cell lines (HaKaT, HSC5, and A431 cells), and isolated stable transfectants. We determined that COX-2 expression was down-regulated in cells expressing Snail. Consistent with these observations, reporter assays revealed that COX-2 promoter activity was repressed upon Snail overexpression. Thus Snail down-regulates COX-2 in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Shimokawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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146
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Tokar EJ, Person RJ, Sun Y, Perantoni AO, Waalkes MP. Chronic exposure of renal stem cells to inorganic arsenic induces a cancer phenotype. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:96-105. [PMID: 23137061 PMCID: PMC3921970 DOI: 10.1021/tx3004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic in the drinking water is a multisite human carcinogen that potentially targets the kidney. Recent evidence also indicates that developmental arsenic exposure impacts renal carcinogenesis in humans and mice. Emerging theory indicates that cancer may be a disease of stem cells (SCs) and that there are abundant active SCs during early life. Therefore, we hypothesized that inorganic arsenic targets SCs, or partially differentiated progenitor cells (PCs), for oncogenic transformation. Thus, a rat kidney SC/PC cell line, RIMM-18, was chronically exposed to low-level arsenite (500 nM) for up to 28 weeks. Multiple markers of acquired cancer phenotype were assessed biweekly during arsenic exposure, including secreted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, proliferation rate, colony formation in soft agar, and cellular invasiveness. Arsenic exposure by 10 weeks and after also induced marked and sustained increases in colony formation, indicative of the loss of contact inhibition, and increased invasiveness, both cancer cell characteristics. Compared to the passage-matched control, chronic arsenic exposure caused exposure-duration dependent increases in secreted MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, Cox-2 expression, and more rapid proliferation (all >2-fold), characteristics typical of cancer cells. Dysregulation of SC maintenance genes and signaling pathways are common during oncogenesis. During arsenite exposure, expression of several genes associated with normal kidney development and SC regulation and differentiation (i.e., Wt-1, Wnt-4, Bmp-7, etc.) were aberrantly altered. Arsenic-exposed renal SCs produced more nonadherent spheroid bodies that grew much more aggressively in Matrigel, typical of cancer SCs (CSCs). The transformed cells also showed gene overexpression typical of renal SCs/CSCs (CD24, Osr1, Ncam) and arsenic adaptation such as overexpression of Mt-1, Mt2, Sod-1, and Abcc2. These data suggest that inorganic arsenic induced an acquired cancer phenotype in vitro in these rat kidney SCs potentially forming CSCs and, consistent with data in vivo, indicate that these multipotent SCs may be targets of arsenic during renal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Tokar
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Rachel J. Person
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Alan O. Perantoni
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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147
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Jiang J, Dingledine R. Role of prostaglandin receptor EP2 in the regulations of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012. [PMID: 23192657 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Population studies, preclinical, and clinical trials suggest a role for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, PTGS2) in tumor formation and progression. The downstream prostanoid receptor signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis are poorly understood, although prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), a major COX-2 metabolite which is usually upregulated in the involved tissues, presumably plays important roles in tumor biology. Taking advantage of our recently identified novel selective antagonist for the EP2 (PTGER2) subtype of PGE(2) receptor, we demonstrated that EP2 receptor activation could promote prostate cancer cell growth and invasion in vitro, accompanied by upregulation of the tumor-promoting inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6. Our results suggest the involvement of prostaglandin receptor EP2 in cancer cell proliferation and invasion possibly via its inflammatory actions, and indicate that selective blockade of the PGE(2)-EP2 signaling pathway via small molecule antagonists might represent a novel therapy for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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148
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Gangadhara S, Barrett-Lee P, Nicholson RI, Hiscox S. Pro-metastatic tumor–stroma interactions in breast cancer. Future Oncol 2012; 8:1427-42. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of breast cancer-related deaths are due to metastatic disease. Reciprocal and complex interactions between epithelial tumor cells and the various components of the tumor microenvironment influence tumor progression and metastases although the molecular mechanisms underlying these metastasis-promoting effects are not fully characterized. Identifying and understanding pathways of tumor–stroma cross-talk are likely to lead to the development of novel prognostic biomarkers for metastasis and strategies to prevent metastasis at its earliest stages, resulting in improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath Gangadhara
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Velindre Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Robert I Nicholson
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Stephen Hiscox
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, UK
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149
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Cekanova M, Uddin MJ, Legendre AM, Galyon G, Bartges JW, Callens A, Martin-Jimenez T, Marnett LJ. Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of fluorocoxib A: pilot study of novel cyclooxygenase-2-targeted optical imaging agent in a canine model. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:116002. [PMID: 23117797 PMCID: PMC3484194 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.11.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated preclinical single-dose safety, pharmacokinetic properties, and specific uptake of the new optical imaging agent fluorocoxib A in dogs. Fluorocoxib A, N-[(5-carboxy-X-rhodaminyl)but-4-yl]-2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetamide, selectively binds and inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, which is overexpressed in many cancers. Safety pilot studies were performed in research dogs following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg fluorocoxib A. Blood and urine samples collected three days after administration of each dose of fluorocoxib A revealed no evidence of toxicity, and no clinically relevant adverse events were noted on physical examination of exposed dogs over that time period. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed in additional research dogs from plasma collected at several time points after i.v. administration of fluorocoxib A using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The pharmacokinetic studies using 1 mg/kg showed a peak of fluorocoxib A (92±28 ng/ml) in plasma collected at 0.5 h. Tumor specific uptake of fluorocoxib A was demonstrated using a dog diagnosed with colorectal cancer expressing COX-2. Our data support the safe single-dose administration and in vivo efficacy of fluorocoxib A, suggesting a high potential for successful translation to clinical use as an imaging agent for improved tumor detection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cekanova
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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150
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Yu LX, Zhou L, Li M, Li ZW, Wang DS, Zhang SG. The Notch1/cyclooxygenase-2/Snail/E-cadherin pathway is associated with hypoxia-induced hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion and migration. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:362-70. [PMID: 23124652 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide; however, the prognosis of HCC patients remains poor. This poor prognosis is mainly attributed to the high rate of intrahepatic and distant metastasis. HCC often occurs in a hypoxic environment and hypoxia can activate metastatic programs, ultimately leading to tumor recurrence or metastasis. Thus, the discovery and subsequent development of novel agents to block HCC invasion and migration are the primary objectives of hepatic cancer research. The Notch1 signaling pathway might be involved in hypoxia-induced carcinoma metastasis. However, the mechanisms by which Notch1 mediates cell metastasis, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma, are not yet entirely clear. The results of the present study show that hypoxia increases the invasion and migration capacities of different HCC cells. Activation of the Notch1 signaling pathway contributes to hypoxia-induced invasion and migration in HCC cells. The activated Notch1 signaling pathway can regulate Snail/E-cadherin through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) under hypoxic conditions. The above results suggest that the Notch1/COX-2/Snail/E-cadherin pathway is possibly associated with hypoxia-induced invasion and migration in HCC cells. Thus, targeting Notch1 may be useful for devising novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xiang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100039, PR China
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