Microporous porphyrin solids

Metal-metalloporphyrin frameworks: a resurging class of functional materials

This review presents comprehensively recent progress in metal-metalloporphyrin frameworks (MMPFs) with an emphasis on versatile functionalities. Following a brief introduction of basic concepts and the potential virtues of MMPFs, we give a snapshot of the historical perspective of MMPFs since 1991. We then summarize four effective strategies implemented frequently to construct prototypal MMPFs. MMPFs represent a resurging class of promising functional materials, highlighted with diverse applications including guest-molecule adsorption and separation, catalysis, nano-thin films and light-harvesting.

Galactodendritic porphyrinic conjugates as new biomimetic catalysts for oxidation reactions

This work employed [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin] ([H2(TPPF20)], H2P1) as the platform to prepare a tetrasubstituted galactodendritic conjugate porphyrin (H2P3). After metalation with excess copper(II) acetate, H2P3 afforded a new solid porphyrin material, Cu4CuP3S. This work also assessed the ability of the copper(II) complex (CuP3) of H2P3 to coordinate with zinc(II) acetate, to yield the new material Zn4CuP3S. UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies aided full characterization of the synthesized solids. (Z)-Cyclooctene epoxidation under heterogeneous conditions helped to evaluate the catalytic activity of Cu4CuP3S and Zn4CuP3S. The efficiency of Cu4CuP3S in the oxidation of another organic substrate, catechol, was also investigated. According to the results obtained in the heterogeneous process, Cu4CuP3S mimicked the activity of cytochrome P-450 and catecholase. In addition, Cu4CuP3S was reusable after recovery and reactivation. The data obtained herein were compared with the results achieved for the copper complex (CuP1) of [H2(TPPF20)] and for CuP3 under homogeneous conditions.

Hexaethylsubporphyrins: β-alkyl analogues in the subporphyrin family

Two new subporphyrins were synthesized for the first time from a β-substituted pyrrole i.e. 3,4-diethylpyrrole via pyridine-tri-N-(3,4-diethylpyrrolyl)borane as building blocks.

Preparation of Co–N–C supported on silica spheres with high catalytic performance for ethylbenzene oxidation

In this study, Co–N–C supported on silica spheres is prepared through heat-treatment of supported metalloporphyrin in an N₂ atmosphere.

Synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical redox, solvatochromism and anion binding properties of β-tetra- and -octaphenylethynyl substituted meso-tetraphenylporphyrins

β-Phenylethynyl (PE) porphyrins exhibited unique photophysical properties and solvatochromic behavior due to ICT from the porphyrin core to PE moieties. Further, Zn(ii) porphyrins were utilized for anion sensing.

Porphyrin chemodosimeters: synthesis, electrochemical redox properties and selective ‘naked-eye’ detection of cyanide ions

β-Dicyanovinyl substituted porphyrins have been synthesized and utilized as chemodosimeters for ratiometric and colorimetric sensing of cyanide ions in CH₃CN and H₂O/CH₃CN mixture.

Preparation and catalytic applications of nanomaterials: a review

The present review systematically summarizes the synthesis and specific catalytic applications of nanomaterials such as MSN, nanoparticles, LD hydroxides, nanobubbles, quantum dots,etc.

Metal-porphyrin: a potential catalyst for direct decomposition of N(2)O by theoretical reaction mechanism investigation

The adsorption of nitrous oxide (N2O) on metal-porphyrins (metal: Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn) has been theoretically investigated using density functional theory with the M06L functional to explore their use as potential catalysts for the direct decomposition of N2O. Among these metal-porphyrins, Ti-porphyrin is the most active for N2O adsorption in the triplet ground state with the strongest adsorption energy (-13.32 kcal/mol). Ti-porphyrin was then assessed for the direct decomposition of N2O. For the overall reaction mechanism of three N2O molecules on Ti-porphyrin, two plausible catalytic cycles are proposed. Cycle 1 involves the consecutive decomposition of the first two N2O molecules, while cycle 2 is the decomposition of the third N2O molecule. For cycle 1, the activation energies of the first and second N2O decompositions are computed to be 3.77 and 49.99 kcal/mol, respectively. The activation energy for the third N2O decomposition in cycle 2 is 47.79 kcal/mol, which is slightly lower than that of the second activation energy of the first cycle. O2 molecules are released in cycles 1 and 2 as the products of the reaction, which requires endothermic energies of 102.96 and 3.63 kcal/mol, respectively. Therefore, the O2 desorption is mainly released in catalytic cycle 2 of a TiO3-porphyrin intermediate catalyst. In conclusion, regarding the O2 desorption step for the direct decomposition of N2O, the findings would be very useful to guide the search for potential N2O decomposition catalysts in new directions.

Porous metal-organic frameworks for heterogeneous biomimetic catalysis

Metalloporphyrins are the active sites in monooxygenases that oxidize a variety of substrates efficiently and under mild conditions. Researchers have developed artificial metalloporphyrins, but these structures have had limited catalytic applications. Homogeneous artificial metalloporphyrins can undergo catalytic deactivation via suicidal self-oxidation, which lowers their catalytic activity and sustainability relative to their counterparts in Nature. Heme molecules in protein scaffolds can maintain high efficiency over numerous catalytic cycles. Therefore, we wondered if immobilizing metalloporphyrin moieties within porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) could stabilize these structures and facilitate the molecular recognition of substrates and produce highly efficient biomimetic catalysis. In this Account, we describe our research to develop multifunctional porphyrinic frameworks as highly efficient heterogeneous biomimetic catalysts. Our studies indicate that porous porphyrinic frameworks provide an excellent platform for mimicking the activity of biocatalysts and developing new heterogeneous catalysts that effect new chemical transformations under mild conditions. The porous structures and framework topologies of the porphyrinic frameworks depend on the configurations, coordination donors, and porphyrin metal ions of the metalloporphyrin moieties. To improve the activity of porous porphyrinic frameworks, we have developed a two-step synthesis that introduces the functional polyoxometalates (POMs) into POM-porphyrin hybrid materials. To tune the pore structures and the catalytic properties of porphyrinic frameworks, we have designed metalloporphyrin M-H8OCPP ligands with four m-benzenedicarboxylate moieties, and introduced the secondary auxiliary ligands. The porphyrin metal ions and the secondary functional moieties that are incorporated into porous metal-organic frameworks greatly influence the catalytic properties and activities of porphyrinic frameworks in different reactions, such as the oxidation of alkylbenzenes, olefins, and hexane and the photo-oxygenation of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene and sulfides. The porphyrin metal ions and the secondary auxiliary sites in the pores can work together synergistically to enhance the catalytic activities of porphyrinic frameworks. Compared with their homogeneous counterparts, the activities and stabilities of the heterogeneous porphyrinic frameworks are remarkable: the immobilization of metalloporphyrins onto the pore surfaces of MOFs not only prevents their suicidal self-oxidation but also allows them to activate inert substrate molecules, such as cyclohexane. Moreover, because the bulky molecules cannot easily access the active sites inside the pores of porphyrinic frameworks, these porous materials demonstrate interesting size-selective catalytic properties toward substrates.

Directed synthesis of a halogen-bonded open porphyrin network

A strategy for the elaboration of a halogen-bonded porphyrin network with nano-sized tubular channels is reported.

Isomorphous free-base, Ni(ii)- and Cu(ii)-5,10,15,20-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin nitrobenzene hexasolvates with tetragonal 3D hydrogen-bonded network structures

The crystal structures of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)-21,23H-porphyrin nitrobenzene hexasolvate (1), 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrinatonickel(ii) and -copper(ii)nitrobenzene hexasolvates (2and3) are described.

A new strategy to construct metal–organic frameworks with ultrahigh chemical stability

A novel 2D MOF constructed from Fe³⁺and an imidazoyl base porphyrin ligand, using a new strategy, has ultra-high stability and can remain in saturated (~27.5 M) NaOH solution for a week.

Template-directed synthesis of metal–organic materials

This tutorial review details the emergence of template-directed synthesis of metal–organic materials (MOMs) with emphasis upon reports of MOMs in which the template is retained, template@MOMs, and structurally characterized.

The Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks

Crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are formed by reticular synthesis, which creates strong bonds between inorganic and organic units. Careful selection of MOF constituents can yield crystals of ultrahigh porosity and high thermal and chemical stability. These characteristics allow the interior of MOFs to be chemically altered for use in gas separation, gas storage, and catalysis, among other applications. The precision commonly exercised in their chemical modification and the ability to expand their metrics without changing the underlying topology have not been achieved with other solids. MOFs whose chemical composition and shape of building units can be multiply varied within a particular structure already exist and may lead to materials that offer a synergistic combination of properties.