101
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Want EJ, Nordström A, Morita H, Siuzdak G. From exogenous to endogenous: the inevitable imprint of mass spectrometry in metabolomics. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:459-68. [PMID: 17269703 DOI: 10.1021/pr060505+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an established technology in drug metabolite analysis and is now expanding into endogenous metabolite research. Its utility derives from its wide dynamic range, reproducible quantitative analysis, and the ability to analyze biofluids with extreme molecular complexity. The aims of developing mass spectrometry for metabolomics range from understanding basic biochemistry to biomarker discovery and the structural characterization of physiologically important metabolites. In this review, we will discuss the techniques involved in this exciting area and the current and future applications of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Want
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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102
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Go EP, Uritboonthai W, Apon JV, Trauger SA, Nordstrom A, O'Maille G, Brittain SM, Peters EC, Siuzdak G. Selective metabolite and peptide capture/mass detection using fluorous affinity tags. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1492-9. [PMID: 17343404 PMCID: PMC2530906 DOI: 10.1021/pr060608s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new and general methodology is described for the targeted enrichment and subsequent direct mass spectrometric characterization of sample subsets bearing various chemical functionalities from highly complex mixtures of biological origin. Specifically, sample components containing a chemical moiety of interest are first selectively labeled with perfluoroalkyl groups, and the entire sample is then applied to a perfluoroalkyl-silylated porous silicon (pSi) surface. Due to the unique hydrophobic and lipophobic nature of the perfluorinated tags, unlabeled sample components are readily removed using simple surface washes, and the enriched sample fraction can then directly be analyzed by desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry (DIOS-MS). Importantly, this fluorous-based enrichment methodology provides a single platform that is equally applicable to both peptide as well as small molecule focused applications. The utility of this technique is demonstrated by the enrichment and mass spectrometric analysis of both various peptide subsets from protein digests as well as amino acids from serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden P. Go
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wilasinee Uritboonthai
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Junefredo V. Apon
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anders Nordstrom
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Grace O'Maille
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Scott M. Brittain
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Eric C. Peters
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
- Corresponding authors to whom all correspondence should be addressed, email addresses: , and
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Corresponding authors to whom all correspondence should be addressed, email addresses: , and
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103
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Bakhtiar R, Ramos L, Tse FLS. HIGH-THROUGHPUT MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF XENOBIOTICS IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120008809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bakhtiar
- a Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , 59 Route 10, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, U.S.A
| | - Luis Ramos
- a Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , 59 Route 10, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, U.S.A
| | - Francis L. S. Tse
- a Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , 59 Route 10, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, U.S.A
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104
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Mas S, Villas-Bôas SG, Hansen ME, Akesson M, Nielsen J. A comparison of direct infusion MS and GC-MS for metabolic footprinting of yeast mutants. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:1014-22. [PMID: 17022091 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent technical advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have propelled this technology to the forefront of methods employed in metabolome analysis. Here, we compare two distinct analytical approaches based on MS for their potential in revealing specific metabolic footprints of yeast single-deletion mutants. Filtered fermentation broth samples were analyzed by GC-MS and direct infusion ESI-MS. The potential of both methods in producing specific and, therefore, discriminant metabolite profiles was evaluated using samples from several yeast deletion mutants grown in batch-culture conditions with glucose as the carbon source. The mutants evaluated were cat8, gln3, ino2, opi1, and nil1, all with deletion of genes involved in nutrient sensing and regulation. From the analysis, we found that both methods can be used to classify mutants, but the classification depends on which metabolites are measured. Thus, the GC-MS method is good for classification of mutants with altered nitrogen regulation as it primarily measures amino acids, whereas this method cannot classify mutants involved in regulation of phospholipids metabolism as well as the direct infusion MS (DI-MS) method. From the analysis, we find that it is possible to discriminate the mutants in both the exponential and stationary growth phase, but the data from the exponential growth phase provide more physiological relevant information. Based on the data, we identified metabolites that are primarily involved in discrimination of the different mutants, and hereby providing a link between high-throughput metabolome analysis, strain classification, and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Mas
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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105
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Analytical methods from the perspective of method standardization. TOPICS IN CURRENT GENETICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/4735_2007_0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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106
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López-Ferrer D, Cañas B, Vázquez J, Lodeiro C, Rial-Otero R, Moura I, Capelo J. Sample treatment for protein identification by mass spectrometry-based techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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107
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Pendyala G, Want EJ, Webb W, Siuzdak G, Fox HS. Biomarkers for NeuroAIDS: The Widening Scope of Metabolomics. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 2:72-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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108
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Smith CA, O'Maille G, Want EJ, Qin C, Trauger SA, Brandon TR, Custodio DE, Abagyan R, Siuzdak G. METLIN: a metabolite mass spectral database. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 27:747-51. [PMID: 16404815 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000179845.53213.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1642] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous metabolites have gained increasing interest over the past 5 years largely for their implications in diagnostic and pharmaceutical biomarker discovery. METLIN (http://metlin.scripps.edu), a freely accessible web-based data repository, has been developed to assist in a broad array of metabolite research and to facilitate metabolite identification through mass analysis. METLINincludes an annotated list of known metabolite structural information that is easily cross-correlated with its catalogue of high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) spectra, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra, and LC/MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Smith
- The Scripps Research Institute, Molecular Biology and Center for Mass Spectrometry, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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109
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Garg U, Dasouki M. Expanded newborn screening of inherited metabolic disorders by tandem mass spectrometry: Clinical and laboratory aspects. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:315-32. [PMID: 16563365 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Newborn screening started in the 1960s for the purpose of identifying phenylketonuric patients to begin early intervention and to prevent mental retardation in these patients. Soon thereafter, screening programs expanded to include additional genetic disorders added individually one at a time. In the 1980s, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was introduced in clinical laboratories, and in the 1990s, the technique was used for newborn screening. Unlike measuring one analyte at a time, MS/MS allows measurement of >40 analytes, in a few minutes with the use of a single assay. Currently, MS/MS is being used for the identification of several amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid disorders. Several states in the United States and many other countries are using MS/MS in newborn screening. However, there is a significant disparity among different newborn screening programs for disorders being screened by MS/MS and many other challenges are faced by the expanded newborn screening. It is anticipated that in the future the use of MS/MS in newborn screening will expand both at the analyte and geographic levels. Clinicians and laboratory scientists should become familiar with MS/MS, disorders being screened in their patients' population and the future of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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110
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Want EJ, Cravatt BF, Siuzdak G. The expanding role of mass spectrometry in metabolite profiling and characterization. Chembiochem 2006; 6:1941-51. [PMID: 16206229 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has a strong history in drug-metabolite analysis and has recently emerged as the foremost technology in endogenous metabolite research. The advantages of mass spectrometry include a wide dynamic range, the ability to observe a diverse number of molecular species, and reproducible quantitative analysis. These attributes are important in addressing the issue of metabolite profiling, as the dynamic range easily exceeds nine orders of magnitude in biofluids, and the diversity of species ranges from simple amino acids to lipids to complex carbohydrates. The goals of the application of mass spectrometry range from basic biochemistry to clinical biomarker discovery with challenges in generating a comprehensive profile, data analysis, and structurally characterizing physiologically important metabolites. The precedent for this work has already been set in neonatal screening, as blood samples from millions of neonates are tested routinely by mass spectrometry as a diagnostic tool for inborn errors of metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the background from which contemporary metabolite research emerged, the techniques involved in this exciting area, and the current and future applications of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Want
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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111
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Zoppa M, Gallo L, Zacchello F, Giordano G. Method for the quantification of underivatized amino acids on dry blood spots from newborn screening by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 831:267-73. [PMID: 16388997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In our study we have developed an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of underivatized amino acids on dry blood spots. The sensitive and specific instrumental performances permitted the chromatographic separation of 40 amino acids and their isomers within 10 min. The method has been set up for cases of suspected metabolic diseases revealed by newborn screening. What is new is that it is applied on the same blood spots used for newborn screening, instead of plasma, in order to avoid involvement of doctors, increased anxiety for parents, stress for patients for plasma collection, long time of waiting and further costs for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Zoppa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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112
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Want EJ, O'Maille G, Smith CA, Brandon TR, Uritboonthai W, Qin C, Trauger SA, Siuzdak G. Solvent-Dependent Metabolite Distribution, Clustering, and Protein Extraction for Serum Profiling with Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 78:743-52. [PMID: 16448047 DOI: 10.1021/ac051312t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of metabolite profiling is to monitor all metabolites within a biological sample for applications in basic biochemical research as well as pharmacokinetic studies and biomarker discovery. Here, novel data analysis software, XCMS, was used to monitor all metabolite features detected from an array of serum extraction methods, with application to metabolite profiling using electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (ESI-LC/MS). The XCMS software enabled the comparison of methods with regard to reproducibility, the number and type of metabolite features detected, and the similarity of these features between different extraction methods. Extraction efficiency with regard to metabolite feature hydrophobicity was examined through the generation of unique feature density distribution plots, displaying feature distribution along chromatographic time. Hierarchical clustering was performed to highlight similarities in the metabolite features observed between the extraction methods. Protein extraction efficiency was determined using the Bradford assay, and the residual proteins were identified using nano-LC/MS/MS. Additionally, the identification of four of the most intensely ionized serum metabolites using FTMS and tandem mass spectrometry was reported. The extraction methods, ranging from organic solvents and acids to heat denaturation, varied widely in both protein removal efficiency and the number of mass spectral features detected. Methanol protein precipitation followed by centrifugation was found to be the most effective, straightforward, and reproducible approach, resulting in serum extracts containing over 2000 detected metabolite features and less than 2% residual protein. Interestingly, the combination of all approaches produced over 10,000 unique metabolite features, a number that is indicative of the complexity of the human metabolome and the potential of metabolomics in biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Want
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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113
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Deng C, Wang B, Liu L. Fast Diagnosis of Neonatal Phenylketonuria by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Following Microwave-Assisted Silylation. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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114
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Abstract
The ultimate goal of cancer proteomics is to adapt proteomic technologies for routine use in clinical laboratories for the purpose of diagnostic and prognostic classification of disease states, as well as in evaluating drug toxicity and efficacy. Analysis of tumor-specific proteomic profiles may also allow better understanding of tumor development and the identification of novel targets for cancer therapy. The biological variability among patient samples as well as the huge dynamic range of biomarker concentrations are currently the main challenges facing efforts to deduce diagnostic patterns that are unique to specific disease states. While several strategies exist to address this problem, we focus here on cancer classification using mass spectrometry (MS) for proteomic profiling and biomarker identification. Recent advances in MS technology are starting to enable high-throughput profiling of the protein content of complex samples. For cancer classification, the protein samples from cancer patients and noncancer patients or from different cancer stages are analyzed through MS instruments and the MS patterns are used to build a diagnostic classifier. To illustrate the importance of feature selection in cancer classification, we present a method based on support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), demonstrated on two cancer datasets from ovarian and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagath C Rajapakse
- BioInformatics Research Centre, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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115
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Abstract
The development of HPLC-atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has presented clinical laboratories with a powerful analytic tool. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current status of HPLC-MS in the clinical laboratory; to discuss the challenges to mass spectrometry in this setting; and to present some of the latest developments in instrumentation and illustrate their potential application. Currently, the major clinical applications for HPLC-MS are neonatal screening for metabolic disorders, therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant and HIV/AIDS drugs, and toxicological investigations. The major barrier to the uptake of this technology in the clinical laboratory is the initial capital outlay for instrumentation. A secondary reason is the lack of suitably trained scientists. The challenges that clinical HPLC-MS face are (I) ease of use and automation, (2) interpatient variability in relation to matrix effects, (3) availability of suitable internal standards, and (4) harmonization of methods to meet regulatory requirements. The development of the triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass analyzer allows the quantification power of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer to be combined with the scanning ability of an ion trap.This hybrid instrument allows different permutations of scan combinations. The combination of selected reactant monitoring and MS3 is an attractive combination for quantification. The ion source, atmospheric pressure photoionization, has recently been developed and is well suited to nonpolar analytes, although its role is yet to be established. This ion source complements other interfaces used in HPLC-MS. Both of these advances in instrumentation add to the potential applications of HPLC-MS. How HPLC-MS goes forward into the clinical laboratory is dependent on clinical scientists, instrument manufacturers, and regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Taylor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Australian Bioanalytical Services Pty Ltd, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia.
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116
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Bouchoux G, Leblanc D, Bertrand W, McMahon TB, Szulejko JE, Berruyer-Penaud F, Mó O, Yáñez M. Protonation Thermochemistry of Selected Hydroxy- and Methoxycarbonyl Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:11851-9. [PMID: 16366636 DOI: 10.1021/jp054955l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase basicities of a representative set of hydroxy- and methoxycarbonyl compounds (hydroxyacetone, 1, 3-hydroxybutanone, 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanone, 3, 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4, 4-hydroxy-2-butanone, 5, 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 6, methoxyacetone, 7, 3-methoxy-2-butanone, 8, 4-methoxy-2-butanone, 9, and 5-methoxy-2-pentanone, 10) were experimentally determined by the equilibrium method using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance and high-pressure mass spectrometry techniques. The latter method allows the measurement of proton transfer equilibrium constants at various temperatures and thus the estimate of both the proton affinities and the protonation entropies of the relevant species. Quantum chemical calculations at the G3 and the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//6-31G(d) levels of theory were undertaken in order to find the most stable structures of the neutrals 1-10 and their protonated forms. Conformational and vibrational analyses have been done with the aim of obtaining a theoretical estimate of the protonation entropies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bouchoux
- Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR CNRS 7651, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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117
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Chace DH, Spitzer A. Analyzing proteomic expression in a clinical screening environment using mass spectrometry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2005; 2:453-4. [PMID: 16097879 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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118
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Okuno S, Wada Y. Measurement of serum salicylate levels by solid-phase extraction and desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:1000-4. [PMID: 16059881 DOI: 10.1002/jms.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of the matrix-free laser desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry (DIOS-MS) to measuring serum drug levels was examined by analyzing serum salicylic acid. The optimized and simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) allowed good recovery, 88.9 +/- 5.8%, for 1.4 mM (200 mg/L) of salicylic acid in serum. The negative ion MS allowed measurements of deprotonated molecules without interference from other signals. Using a deuterium-labeled internal standard, good linearity was obtained in the 0.14 to 4.2 mM (20-600 mg/L) range, which was sufficient for monitoring the therapeutic anti-inflammatory dose. SPE followed by DIOS-MS is anticipated to be a method of measuring drug levels in blood and may allow high throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Okuno
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Innovation Plaza Osaka, Izumi, Osaka 594-1144, Japan
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119
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Chace DH, Kalas TA. A biochemical perspective on the use of tandem mass spectrometry for newborn screening and clinical testing. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:296-309. [PMID: 15766731 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The first newborn screen was a clinical test to detect a disorder of the biochemistry of the amino acid, phenylalanine. This disorder, known as phenylketonuria, produces profound mental retardation if not detected and treated early in life. Early screening programs relied on inexpensive population screening techniques that have all but been replaced by more accurate analytical methods such as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). MS/MS enables a multianalyte approach for detecting biochemical disorders such that a metabolic profile is obtained rather than a single analyte measurement. The metabolic profile has clearly shown improvements in the detection of diseases such as phenylketonuria and several new disorders arising from errors in fatty acid oxidation and organic acid metabolism. MS/MS is a powerful tool for accessing the metabolic status of a newborn and can detect both inborn metabolic errors as well as examine the effect of acquired diseases or pharmacologic intervention on intermediary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H Chace
- Pediatrix Analytical, 90 Emerson Lane, Bridgeville, PA 15017, USA.
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120
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Shekhawat PS, Matern D, Strauss AW. Fetal fatty acid oxidation disorders, their effect on maternal health and neonatal outcome: impact of expanded newborn screening on their diagnosis and management. Pediatr Res 2005; 57:78R-86R. [PMID: 15817498 PMCID: PMC3582391 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000159631.63843.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD) are recessively inherited errors of metabolism. Newborns with FAOD typically present with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, hepatic failure, and cardiomyopathy. Late presentations include episodic myopathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and arrhythmias. Sudden unexpected death can occur at any age and can be confused with sudden infant death syndrome. Some FAOD are associated with intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity, and pregnancy complications in the heterozygous mother, such as severe preeclampsia, acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP), or hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. Maternal pregnancy complications occur primarily in mothers carrying a fetus with long-chain l-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency or general trifunctional protein deficiencies. FAOD as a group represent the most common inborn errors of metabolism, and presymptomatic diagnosis of FAOD is the key to reduce morbidity and avoid mortality. The application of tandem mass spectrometry to newborn screening provides an effective means to identify most FAOD patients presymptomatically. At the beginning of 2005, 36 state newborn screening programs have mandated or adopted this technology resulting in a marked increase in the number of asymptomatic neonates with FAOD diagnosed. To ensure the long-term benefits of such screening programs, pediatricians and other health care providers must be educated about these disorders and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem S Shekhawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA.
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121
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Taylor PJ. Matrix effects: the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:328-34. [PMID: 15766734 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 904] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled by an electrospray ion source to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is the current analytical method of choice for quantitation of analytes in biological matrices. With HPLC-ESI-MS/MS having the characteristics of high selectivity, sensitivity, and throughput, this technology is being increasingly used in the clinical laboratory. An important issue to be addressed in method development, validation, and routine use of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS is matrix effects. Matrix effects are the alteration of ionization efficiency by the presence of coeluting substances. These effects are unseen in the chromatogram but have deleterious impact on methods accuracy and sensitivity. The two common ways to assess matrix effects are either by the postextraction addition method or the postcolumn infusion method. To remove or minimize matrix effects, modification to the sample extraction methodology and improved chromatographic separation must be performed. These two parameters are linked together and form the basis of developing a successful and robust quantitative HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Due to the heterogenous nature of the population being studied, the variability of a method must be assessed in samples taken from a variety of subjects. In this paper, the major aspects of matrix effects are discussed with an approach to address matrix effects during method validation proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Taylor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Australian Bioanalytical Services Pty Ltd, , 3rd Floor-R wing, Building One, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
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122
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Abstract
The post-genomics era has brought with it ever increasing demands to observe and characterise variation within biological systems. This variation has been studied at the genomic (gene function), proteomic (protein regulation) and the metabolomic (small molecular weight metabolite) levels. Whilst genomics and proteomics are generally studied using microarrays (genomics) and 2D-gels or mass spectrometry (proteomics), the technique of choice is less obvious in the area of metabolomics. Much work has been published employing mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and vibrational spectroscopic techniques, amongst others, for the study of variations within the metabolome in many animal, plant and microbial systems. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, putting the current status of the field of metabolomics in context, and providing examples of applications for each technique employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick B Dunn
- Bioanalytical Sciences Group, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Faraday Building, Sackville Street, P. O. Box 88, Manchester, UKM60 1QD.
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123
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Lafaye A, Labarre J, Tabet JC, Ezan E, Junot C. Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry and 15N Metabolic Labeling for Quantitative Metabolic Profiling. Anal Chem 2005; 77:2026-33. [PMID: 15801734 DOI: 10.1021/ac048657g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, i.e., the global analysis of cellular metabolites, is becoming a powerful tool for gaining insights into biological functions in the postgenomic context. However, absolute quantitation of endogenous metabolites in biological media remains an issue, and available technologies for the analysis of metabolome still lack robustness and accuracy. We describe here a new method based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and (15)N uniform metabolic labeling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for accurate and absolute quantitation of nitrogen-containing cell metabolites in metabolic profiling experiments. As a proof of concept study, eight sulfur metabolites involved in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway (i.e., cysteine, homocysteine, methionine, gamma-glutamylcysteine, cystathionine, reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione, and S-adenosylhomocysteine) were simultaneously quantified. The analytical method has been validated by studies of stability, selectivity, precision, and linearity and by the determination of the limits of detection and quantification. It was then applied to the analysis of extracts from cadmium-treated yeasts. In these conditions, the intracellular concentrations of most of the metabolites involved in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway were increased when compared to control extracts. These data correlate with previous proteomic results and also underline the importance of glutathione in cadmium detoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lafaye
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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124
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Piraud M, Vianey-Saban C, Bourdin C, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, Boyer S, Elfakir C, Bouchu D. A new reversed-phase liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method for analysis of underivatised amino acids: evaluation for the diagnosis and the management of inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:3287-97. [PMID: 16235234 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-six compounds of biological interest for the diagnosis of inherited disorders of amino acids (AA) metabolism have previously been demonstrated to be detectable in positive mode electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), after separation by ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The separation method used tridecafluoroheptanoic acid as ion-pairing agent, and a gradient of acetonitrile for the elution of the most retained compounds. This method had previously been demonstrated to be suitable for the qualitative diagnosis of many AA disorders, and for the quantitative measurement of 16 AA in biological fluids, using their stable isotope labelled (SIL) AA as internal standard. For quantification of the other AA, an internal standard was chosen among the available SIL-AA, as close as possible to the analyte to be measured, in terms of structural analogy, and of retention time in the chromatographic system. The performances of the quantitative analysis of the other AA to be measured are reported here. They show validated results for several AA, allowing their accurate quantification, with another SIL-AA as internal standard. For some other AA, quantitative results were not accurate, allowing only semi-quantitative or qualitative determination for these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piraud
- Service de Biochimie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, and Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, France.
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125
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Hortin GL. Can Mass Spectrometric Protein Profiling Meet Desired Standards of Clinical Laboratory Practice? Clin Chem 2005; 51:3-5. [PMID: 15613702 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.043281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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126
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Kopka J, Fernie A, Weckwerth W, Gibon Y, Stitt M. Metabolite profiling in plant biology: platforms and destinations. Genome Biol 2004; 5:109. [PMID: 15186482 PMCID: PMC463050 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2004-5-6-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal use of genome sequences and gene-expression resources requires powerful phenotyping platforms, including those for systematic analysis of metabolite composition. The most used technologies for metabolite profiling, including mass spectral, nuclear magnetic resonance and enzyme-based approaches, have various advantages and disadvantages, and problems can arise with reliability and the interpretation of the huge datasets produced. These techniques will be useful for answering important biological questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany.
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127
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Halket JM, Zaikin VV. Derivatization in mass spectrometry-3. Alkylation (arylation). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2004; 10:1-19. [PMID: 15100474 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The review is devoted to alkylation (arylation) as a widely employed derivatization procedure for the protection of OH (carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, sulfonic acids, alcohols, polyols, phenols, enols), SH (thiols) and NH (amines, amides) groups in order to increase volatility, to improve the chromatographic properties and, if possible, mass spectral properties of derivatives. Chemical aspects of derivatization and various alkylation (arylation) reagents and reaction procedures are described. Specific mass spectral (electron ionization, chemical ionization) features of derivatives helpful in identification, structure elucidation, profiling and quantitative determination of the above-mentioned polar compounds by coupled gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography are discussed. Some common analytical applications of the procedures in organic chemistry, clinical chemistry, environmental chemistry etc. are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Halket
- Drug Control Centre, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NN, UK.
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128
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Chace DH, Kalas TA, Naylor EW. Use of tandem mass spectrometry for multianalyte screening of dried blood specimens from newborns. Clin Chem 2003; 49:1797-817. [PMID: 14578311 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.022178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade laboratories that test for metabolic disorders have introduced tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which is more sensitive, specific, reliable, and comprehensive than traditional assays, into their newborn-screening programs. MS/MS is rapidly replacing these one-analysis, one-metabolite, one-disease classic screening techniques with a one-analysis, many-metabolites, many-diseases approach that also facilitates the ability to add new disorders to existing newborn-screening panels. METHODS During the past few years experts have authored many valuable articles describing various approaches to newborn metabolic screening by MS/MS. We attempted to document key developments in the introduction and validation of MS/MS screening for metabolic disorders. Our approach used the perspective of the metabolite and which diseases may be present from its detection rather than a more traditional approach of describing a disease and noting which metabolites are increased when it is present. CONTENT This review cites important historical developments in the introduction and validation of MS/MS screening for metabolic disorders. It also offers a basic technical understanding of MS/MS as it is applied to multianalyte metabolic screening and explains why MS/MS is well suited for analysis of amino acids and acylcarnitines in dried filter-paper blood specimens. It also describes amino acids and acylcarnitines as they are detected and measured by MS/MS and their significance to the identification of specific amino acid, fatty acid, and organic acid disorders. CONCLUSIONS Multianalyte technologies such as MS/MS are suitable for newborn screening and other mass screening programs because they improve the detection of many diseases in the current screening panel while enabling expansion to disorders that are now recognized as important and need to be identified in pediatric medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H Chace
- Pediatrix Screening, PO Box 219, 90 Emerson Lane, Bridgeville, PA 15017, USA.
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129
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Go EP, Shen Z, Harris K, Siuzdak G. Quantitative Analysis with Desorption/Ionization on Silicon Mass Spectrometry Using Electrospray Deposition. Anal Chem 2003; 75:5475-9. [PMID: 14710827 DOI: 10.1021/ac034376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry (DIOS-MS) is demonstrated as a quantitative analytical tool when coupled to electrospray deposition (ESD). In this study, we illustrate the utility of DIOS-MS in the quantitative analysis of a peptide and two amino acids with deuterated and structural analogues used as internal standards. An important feature of this approach is the incorporation of ESD to improve sample homogeneity across the porous silicon surface. ESD allowed for a marked improvement in quantitative analysis due to its applicability to LC-DIOS, and because of the absence of matrix, sample can be deposited at very low flow rates (150 nL/min). Experiments comparing the traditional dried droplet and ESD methods show that ESD samples exhibit significantly improved quantitation and much higher sample-to-sample reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden P Go
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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130
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Petricoin
- NCI-FDA Clinical Proteomics Program, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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131
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Chace DH. Mass spectrometry-based diagnostics: the upcoming revolution in disease detection has already arrived. Clin Chem 2003; 49:1227-8; author reply 1228-9. [PMID: 12816936 DOI: 10.1373/49.7.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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132
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Mims D, Hercules D. Quantification of bile acids directly from urine by MALDI-TOF-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:609-16. [PMID: 12638043 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2002] [Revised: 12/16/2002] [Accepted: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to quantify mixtures of bile acids using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry directly from urine has been demonstrated. Six cholic acid derivatives were selected for analysis: taurocholic acid (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), and glycolithocholic acid (GCDCA). Urine samples were pre-concentrated and purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns. The method was optimized to eliminate suppression effects, and proved to be reproducible from day to day. Calibration curves averaged from three days were obtained for the bile acids directly from urine, and then tested for their ability to accurately determine concentrations from one measurement. In summary, a simple, rapid method has been developed for the quantification of bile salts from urine with SPE clean-up by MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- DebraLynn Mims
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37214, USA
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133
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Dobrowolski SF, Banas RA, Suzow JG, Berkley M, Naylor EW. Analysis of common mutations in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase gene: new assays to increase the sensitivity and specificity of newborn screening for galactosemia. J Mol Diagn 2003; 5:42-7. [PMID: 12552079 PMCID: PMC1907369 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2002] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical galactosemia is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) gene. Prospective newborn screening for galactosemia is routine and utilizes the universally collected newborn dried blood specimen on filter paper. Screening for galactosemia is achieved through analysis of total galactose (galactose and galactose-1-phosphate) and/or determining the activity of the GALT enzyme. While this approach is effective, environmental factors and the high frequency of the Duarte D2 mutation (N314D) does lead to false positive results. Using DNA derived from the original newborn dried blood specimen and Light Cycler technology a panel of five assays able to detect the four most frequently encountered classical galactosemia alleles (Q188R, S135L, K285N, and L195P) and the N314D Duarte variant mutation are described. The five assays are performed simultaneously using common conditions. Including DNA preparation, set-up, amplification, and analysis the genotype data for all five loci is obtained in less than 2 hours. The assays are easily interpreted and amenable to high-throughput newborn screening. Mutational analysis is useful to reduce false positive results, differentiate D/G mixed heterozygotes from classical galactosemia, and to clearly identify a very high percentage of those affected by classical galactosemia.
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134
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Dobrowolski SF, Angeletti J, Banas RA, Naylor EW. Real time PCR assays to detect common mutations in the biotinidase gene and application of mutational analysis to newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2003; 78:100-7. [PMID: 12618081 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of biotin metabolism caused by defects in the biotinidase gene. Symptoms of biotinidase deficiency are resolved or prevented with oral biotin supplementation and as such newborn screening is performed to prospectively identify affected individuals prior to the onset of symptoms. Biotinidase deficiency is detected by determining the activity of the biotinidase enzyme utilizing the newborn dried blood spot and colorimetric end point analysis. While newborn screening by enzyme analysis is effective, external factors may compromise results of the enzyme analysis and difficulty is encountered in distinguishing between complete and partial enzyme deficiencies. In the United States, the four mutations most commonly associated with complete biotinidase deficiency are c98:d7i3, Q456H, R538C, and the double mutation D444H:A171T. Partial biotinidase deficiency is almost universally attributed to the D444H mutation. To more effectively distinguish between profound and partial biotinidase deficiency, a panel of assays utilizing real time PCR and melting curve analysis using Light Cycler technology was developed. Employing DNA extracted from the original dried blood specimens from newborns identified through prospective newborn screening as presumptive positive for biotinidase deficiency, the specimens were analyzed for the presence of the five common mutations. Using this approach it was possible to separate newborns with partial and complete deficiency from each other as well as from many of those with false positive results. In most cases it was also possible to correlate the genotype with the degree of residual enzyme activity present. In newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency, we have shown that the analysis of common mutations is useful in distinguishing between partial and complete enzyme deficiency as well as improving specificity. Combining biotinidase enzyme analysis with genotypic data also increases the sensitivity of screening for biotinidase deficiency and provides information useful to clinicians earlier than would otherwise be possible.
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135
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Trauger SA, Junker T, Siuzdak G. Investigating Viral Proteins and Intact Viruses with Mass Spectrometry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36113-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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136
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Chace DH, Kalas TA, Naylor EW. The application of tandem mass spectrometry to neonatal screening for inherited disorders of intermediary metabolism. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2002; 3:17-45. [PMID: 12142359 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to serve as a practical guide for geneticists to current applications of tandem mass spectrometry to newborn screening. By making dried-blood spot analysis more sensitive, specific, reliable, and inclusive, tandem mass spectrometry has improved the newborn detection of inborn errors of metabolism. Its innate ability to detect and quantify multiple analytes from one prepared blood specimen in a single analysis permits broad recognition of amino acid, fatty acid, and organic acid disorders. An increasing number of newborn screening programs are either utilizing or conducting pilot studies with tandem mass spectrometry. It is therefore imperative that the genetics community be familiar with tandem mass spectrometric newborn screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald H Chace
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Neo Gen Screening, Bridgeville, Pennsylvania 15017, USA.
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137
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Frycák P, Husková R, Adam T, Lemr K. Atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry of purine and pyrimidine markers of inherited metabolic disorders. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:1242-1248. [PMID: 12489084 DOI: 10.1002/jms.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Purines and pyrimidines are of interest owing to their significance in processes in living organisms. Mass spectrometry is a promising analytical tool utilized in their analysis. Two atmospheric pressure ionization (API) methods (electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)) in both negative and positive modes applied to selected purine and pyrimidine metabolites (markers of inherited metabolic disorders) were studied. APCI is less sensitive to alkali metal cations present in a sample and offers higher response than ESI for studied compounds. Both of the techniques afford quasi-molecular ions, but fragmentation also occurs to a certain extent. However, the application of collision-induced dissociation of quasi-molecular ions is essential to confirm a certain metabolite in a sample. Fragmentation of both positive and negative ions was evaluated using multi-stage mass spectrometric experiments. Typical neutral losses correspond to molecules NH(3), H(2)O, HCN, CO, H(2)NCN, HNCO and CO(2). The ion [NCO](-) arises in the negative mode. The cleavage of the glycosidic C-N bond is characteristic for relevant metabolites. Other neutral losses (CH(2)O, C(2)H(4)O(2) and C(3)H(6)O(3)) originate from fragmentation of the glycosidic part of the molecules. In addition to fragmentation, the formation of adducts of some ions with applied solvents (H(2)O, CH(3)OH) was observed. The composition of the solution infused into the ion source affects the appearance of the mass spectra. Tandem mass spectra allow one to distinguish compounds with the same molecular mass (uridine-pseudouridine and adenosine-2'-deoxyguanosine). Flow injection analysis APCI-MS/MS was tested on model samples of human urines corresponding to adenosine deaminase deficiency and xanthine oxidase deficiency. In both cases, the results showed potential diagnostic usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Frycák
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacký University, Tr Svobody 8, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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138
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Jones PM, Bennett MJ. The changing face of newborn screening: diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism by tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 324:121-8. [PMID: 12204433 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, 1935 Motor Street, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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139
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Bakhtiar R, Ramos L, Tse FL. Quantification of methylphenidate in rat, rabbit and dog plasma using a chiral liquid-chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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140
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Kiernan UA, Black JA, Williams P, Nelson RW. High-Throughput Analysis of Hemoglobin from Neonates Using Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.6.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urban A Kiernan
- Intrinsic Bioprobes, Inc., 625 S. Smith Rd., Suite 22, Tempe, AZ 85281
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
| | - Jeff A Black
- Perkin Elmer Life Sciences-Norton, 3985 Eastern Rd., Norton, OH 44203
| | - Peter Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
| | - Randall W Nelson
- Intrinsic Bioprobes, Inc., 625 S. Smith Rd., Suite 22, Tempe, AZ 85281
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141
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Abstract
This review is based on a selection of research papers published mainly in the last decade and it describes various analytical aspects of separation and detection of neuroactive steroids in biological matrices.
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142
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Hastings CA, Norton SM, Roy S. New algorithms for processing and peak detection in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:462-467. [PMID: 11857732 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two new algorithms for automated processing of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) data are presented. These algorithms were developed from an analysis of the noise and artifact distribution in such data. The noise distribution was analyzed by preparing histograms of the signal intensity in LC/MS data. These histograms are well fit by a sum of two normal distributions in the log scale. One new algorithm, median filtering, provides increased performance compared to averaging adjacent scans in removing noise that is not normally distributed in the linear scale. Another new algorithm, vectorized peak detection, provides increased robustness with respect to variation in the noise and artifact distribution compared to methods based on determining an intensity threshold for the entire dataset. Vectorized peak detection also permits the incorporation of existing algorithms for peak detection in ion chromatograms and/or mass spectra. The application of these methods to LC/MS spectra of complex biological samples is described.
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143
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144
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Chace DH, DiPerna JC, Kalas TA, Johnson RW, Naylor EW. Rapid Diagnosis of Methylmalonic and Propionic Acidemias. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.11.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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145
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Chace DH, DiPerna JC, Mitchell BL, Sgroi B, Hofman LF, Naylor EW. Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Acylcarnitines in Dried Postmortem Blood Specimens Collected at Autopsy from Infants with Unexplained Cause of Death. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.7.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Deaths from inherited metabolic disorders may remain undiagnosed after postmortem examination and may be classified as sudden infant death syndrome. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) may reveal disorders of fatty acid oxidation in deaths of previously unknown cause.
Methods: We obtained filter-paper blood from 7058 infants from United States and Canadian Medical Examiners. Acylcarnitine and amino acid profiles were obtained by MS/MS. Specialized interpretation was used to evaluate profiles for disorders of fatty acid, organic acid, and amino acid metabolism. The analyses of postmortem blood specimens were compared with the analyses of bile specimens, newborn blood specimens, and specimens obtained from older infants at risk for metabolic disorders.
Results: Results on 66 specimens suggested diagnoses of metabolic disorders. The most frequently detected disorders were medium-chain and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies (23 and 9 cases, respectively), glutaric acidemia type I and II deficiencies (3 and 8 cases, respectively), carnitine palmitoyl transferase type II/translocase deficiencies (6 cases), severe carnitine deficiency (4 cases), isovaleric acidemia/2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies (4 cases), and long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/trifunctional protein deficiencies (4 cases).
Conclusions: Postmortem metabolic screening can explain deaths in infants and children and provide estimates of the number of infant deaths attributable to inborn errors of metabolism. MS/MS is cost-effective for analysis of postmortem specimens and should be considered for routine use by Medical Examiners and pathologists in unexpected/unknown infant and child death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bethany Sgroi
- Neo Gen Screening, PO Box 219, Bridgeville, PA 15017
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