101
|
Dai J, Tao Y, Gu X, Liu Z, Kong Y, Liu W, Ma J, Wei Y. Electrically controllable perchlorate removal based on poly(aniline-co-o
-aminophenol) doped with p
-toluene sulfonate. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology; School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Yongxin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology; School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Xiaogang Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology; School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology; School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology; School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology; School of Petrochemical Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Yong Wei
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Abstract
O₂-generating reactions are exceedingly rare in biology and difficult to mimic synthetically. Perchlorate-respiring bacteria enzymatically detoxify chlorite (ClO₂(-) ), the end product of the perchlorate (ClO(4)(-) ) respiratory pathway, by rapidly converting it to dioxygen (O₂) and chloride (Cl(-)). This reaction is catalyzed by a heme-containing protein, called chlorite dismutase (Cld), which bears no structural or sequence relationships with known peroxidases or other heme proteins and is part of a large family of proteins with more than one biochemical function. The original assumptions from the 1990s that perchlorate is not a natural product and that perchlorate respiration might be confined to a taxonomically narrow group of species have been called into question, as have the roles of perchlorate respiration and Cld-mediated reactions in the global biogeochemical cycle of chlorine. In this chapter, the chemistry and biochemistry of Cld-mediated O₂generation, as well as the biological and geochemical context of this extraordinary reaction, are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L DuBois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Nadaraja AV, Puthiyaveettil PG, Bhaskaran K. Surveillance of perchlorate in ground water, surface water and bottled water in Kerala, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2015. [PMID: 26221536 PMCID: PMC4517559 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-015-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perchlorate is an emerging water contaminant that disrupts normal functioning of human thyroid gland and poses serious threat to health, especially for pregnant women, fetus and children. RESULTS High level of perchlorate contamination in fresh water sources at places nearby ammonium perchlorate (rocket fuel) handled in bulk is reported in this study. Of 160 ground water samples analyzed from 27 locations in the State Kerala, 58 % had perchlorate above detection limit (2 μg/L) and the highest concentration observed was 7270 μg/L at Ernakulam district, this value is ~480 times higher than USEPA drinking water equivalent level (15 μg/L). Perchlorate was detected in all surface water samples analyzed (n = 10) and the highest value observed was 355 μg/L in Periyar river (a major river in the State). The bottled drinking water (n = 5) tested were free of perchlorate. CONCLUSIONS The present study underlines the need for frequent screening of water sources for perchlorate contamination around places the chemical is handled in bulk. It will help to avoid human exposure to high levels of perchlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vijaya Nadaraja
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019 India
| | | | - Krishnakumar Bhaskaran
- Environmental Technology, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019 India
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Perchlorate in der Nahrungskette: Herkunft, Umweltverhalten und Toxikologie. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-014-0877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
105
|
Yang B, Zhang M, Kanyanee T, Stamos BN, Dasgupta PK. An Open Tubular Ion Chromatograph. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11554-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503249t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
- School
of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Tinakorn Kanyanee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Brian N. Stamos
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Sijimol MR, Mohan M. Environmental impacts of perchlorate with special reference to fireworks--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:7203-10. [PMID: 25004859 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an inorganic anion that is used in solid rocket propellants, fireworks, munitions, signal flares, etc. The use of fireworks is identified as one of the main contributors in the increasing environmental perchlorate contamination. Although fireworks are displayed for entertainment, its environmental costs are dire. Perchlorates are also emerging as potent thyroid disruptors, and they have an impact on the ecology too. Many studies have shown that perchlorate contaminates the groundwater and the surface water, especially in the vicinity of fireworks manufacturing sites and fireworks display sites. The health and ecological impacts of perchlorate released in fireworks are yet to be fully assessed. This paper reviews fireworks as a source of perchlorate contamination and its expected adverse impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Sijimol
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of perchlorate in food, in particular fruits and vegetables. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
108
|
Poghosyan A, Sturchio NC, Morrison CG, Beloso AD, Guan Y, Eiler JM, Jackson WA, Hatzinger PB. Perchlorate in the Great Lakes: isotopic composition and origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11146-11153. [PMID: 25171443 DOI: 10.1021/es502796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a persistent and mobile contaminant in the environment with both natural and anthropogenic sources. Stable isotope ratios of oxygen (δ(18)O, Δ(17)O) and chlorine (δ(37)Cl) along with the abundance of the radioactive isotope (36)Cl were used to trace perchlorate sources and behavior in the Laurentian Great Lakes. These lakes were selected for study as a likely repository of recent atmospheric perchlorate deposition. Perchlorate concentrations in the Great Lakes range from 0.05 to 0.13 μg per liter. δ(37)Cl values of perchlorate from the Great Lakes range from +3.0‰ (Lake Ontario) to +4.0‰ (Lake Superior), whereas δ(18)O values range from -4.1‰ (Lake Superior) to +4.0‰ (Lake Erie). Great Lakes perchlorate has mass-independent oxygen isotopic variations with positive Δ(17)O values (+1.6‰ to +2.7‰) divided into two distinct groups: Lake Superior (+2.7‰) and the other four lakes (∼+1.7‰). The stable isotopic results indicate that perchlorate in the Great Lakes is dominantly of natural origin, having isotopic composition resembling that measured for indigenous perchlorate from preindustrial groundwaters of the western USA. The (36)Cl/Cl ratio of perchlorate varies widely from 7.4 × 10(-12) (Lake Ontario) to 6.7 × 10(-11) (Lake Superior). These (36)ClO4(-) abundances are consistent with an atmospheric origin of perchlorate in the Great Lakes. The relatively high (36)ClO4(-) abundances in the larger lakes (Lakes Superior and Michigan) could be explained by the presence of (36)Cl-enriched perchlorate deposited during the period of elevated atmospheric (36)Cl activity following thermonuclear bomb tests in the Pacific Ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armen Poghosyan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Qin X, Zhang T, Gan Z, Sun H. Spatial distribution of perchlorate, iodide and thiocyanate in the aquatic environment of Tianjin, China: environmental source analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:201-208. [PMID: 24997919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although China is the largest producer of fireworks (perchlorate-containing products) in the world, the pathways through which perchlorate enters the environment have not been characterized completely in this country. In this study, perchlorate, iodide and thiocyanate were measured in 101 water samples, including waste water, surface water, sea water and paired samples of rain water and surface runoff collected in Tianjin, China. The concentrations of the target anions were generally on the order of rain>surface water≈waste water treatment plant (WWTP) influent>WWTP effluent. High concentrations of perchlorate, iodide and thiocyanate were detected in rain samples, ranging from 0.35 to 27.3 (median: 4.05), 0.51 to 8.33 (2.92), and 1.31 to 107 (5.62) ngmL(-)(1), respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of the target anions in rain samples were significantly (r=0.596-0.750, p<0.01) positively correlated with the concentrations obtained in the paired surface runoff samples. The anions tested showed a clear spatial distribution, and higher concentrations were observed in the upper reaches of rivers, sea waters near the coast, and rain-surface runoff pairs sampled in urban areas. Our results revealed that precipitation may act as an important source of perchlorate, iodide and thiocyanate in surface water. Moreover, iodide concentrations in the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage Canal showed a good correlation with an ideal marker (acesulfame) of domestic waste water, indicating that input from domestic waste water was an important source of iodide in the surface waters of Tianjin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Qin
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Gan Z, Sun H, Yao Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Hu H, Wang R. Distribution of artificial sweeteners in dust and soil in China and their seasonal variations in the environment of Tianjin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 488-489:168-175. [PMID: 24830929 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A nationwide investigation on the occurrence of artificial sweeteners (ASs) was conducted by collecting 98 paired outdoor dust and soil samples from mainland China. The ASs were widely detected in Chinese atmospheric dry deposition and soil samples, at concentrations up to 6450 and 1280 ng/g, respectively. To give a picture on AS distribution and source in the whole environment, the concentrations and seasonal variations of ASs in Tianjin were studied, including atmosphere, soil, and water samples. The AS levels were significantly higher in Haihe river at TJW (a sampling site in central city) in winter, while no obviously seasonal trends were obtained at BYL (close to a AS factory) and the site at a wastewater treatment plant. Saccharin, cyclamate, and acesulfame were the dominant ASs in both gas and particulate phase, with concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1940 pg/m(3). Generally, gas phase concentrations of the ASs were relatively higher in summer, while opposite results were acquired for particulate phase. Wet and dry deposition fluxes were calculated based on the measured AS levels. The results indicated that both wet and dry deposition could efficiently remove ASs in the atmosphere and act as important pollutant sources for the ASs in surface environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwei Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Grantz DA, Jackson A, Vu HB, Burkey KO, McGrath MT, Harvey G. High ozone increases soil perchlorate but does not affect foliar perchlorate content. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:1460-1466. [PMID: 25603093 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.11.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O) is implicated in the natural source inventory of ClO, a hydrophilic salt that migrates to groundwater and interferes with the uptake of iodide in mammals, including humans. Tropospheric O is elevated in many urban and some rural areas in the United States and globally. We previously showed that controlled O exposure at near-ambient concentrations (up to 114 nL L, 12-h mean) did not increase foliar ClO. Under laboratory conditions, O has been shown to oxidize Cl to ClO. Plant tissues contain Cl and exhibit responses to O invoking redox reactions. As higher levels of O are associated with stratospheric incursion and with developing megacities, we have hypothesized that exposure of vegetation to such elevated O may increase foliar ClO. This would contribute to ClO in environments without obvious point sources. At these high O concentrations (up to 204 nL L, 12-h mean; 320 nL L maximum), we demonstrated an increase in the ClO concentration in surface soil that was linearly related to the O concentration. There was no relationship of foliar ClO with O exposure or dose (stomatal uptake). Accumulation of ClO varied among species at low O, but this was not related to soil surface ClO or to foliar ClO concentrations following exposure to O. These data extend our previous conclusions to the highest levels of plausible O exposure, that tropospheric O contributes to environmental ClO through interaction with the soil but not through increased foliar ClO.
Collapse
|
112
|
Anan’ev V, Miklin M, Kriger L. Reactions of atomic oxygen with the chlorate ion and the perchlorate ion. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
113
|
Perchlorate exposure and thyroid function in ammonium perchlorate workers in Yicheng, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4926-38. [PMID: 24810578 PMCID: PMC4053892 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of low level dust on the thyroid function of workers chronically exposed to ammonium perchlorate (AP) is uncertain and controversial. The aim of this study was to examine whether workers in China with long-term (>3 years) occupational exposure to low levels of AP dust had affected thyroid homeostasis. Mean occupational exposures to AP dust ranged from 0.43 to 1.17 mg/m3. Geometric means of post-shift urinary perchlorate levels were 20.5 µg/L for those exposed and 12.8 µg/L for the controls. No significant differences were found for thyroid function parameters of FT3, FT4, or log TSH or for TPO prevalence or thyroglobulin levels. Additionally, no differences in findings were observed for complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemical profile, or pulmonary function test. Median urinary iodine levels of 172 and 184 µg/L showed that the workers had sufficient iodine intake. This study found no effect on thyroid function from long term, low-level documented exposure to ammonium perchlorate. It is the first study to report both thyroid status parameters and urinary perchlorate, a biomarker of internal perchlorate exposure, in occupationally exposed workers in China.
Collapse
|
114
|
Andraski BJ, Jackson WA, Welborn TL, Böhlke JK, Sevanthi R, Stonestrom DA. Soil, plant, and terrain effects on natural perchlorate distribution in a desert landscape. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:980-994. [PMID: 25602827 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.11.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO) is a contaminant that occurs naturally throughout the world, but little is known about its distribution and interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. The objectives of this Amargosa Desert, Nevada study were to determine (i) the local-scale distribution of shallow-soil (0-30 cm) ClO with respect to shrub proximity (far and near) in three geomorphic settings (shoulder slope, footslope, and valley floor); (ii) the importance of soil, plant, and terrain variables on the hillslope-distribution of shallow-soil and creosote bush [ (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Coville] ClO; and (iii) atmospheric (wet plus dry, including dust) deposition of ClO in relation to soil and plant reservoirs and cycling. Soil ClO ranged from 0.3 to 5.0 μg kg. Within settings, valley floor ClO was 17× less near shrubs due in part to enhanced leaching, whereas shoulder and footslope values were ∼2× greater near shrubs. Hillslope regression models (soil, = 0.42; leaf, = 0.74) identified topographic and soil effects on ClO deposition, transport, and cycling. Selective plant uptake, bioaccumulation, and soil enrichment were evidenced by leaf ClO concentrations and Cl/ClO molar ratios that were ∼8000× greater and 40× less, respectively, than soil values. Atmospheric deposition ClO flux was 343 mg ha yr, ∼10× that for published southwestern wet-deposition fluxes. Creosote bush canopy ClO (1310 mg ha) was identified as a previously unrecognized but important and active reservoir. Nitrate δO analyses of atmospheric deposition and soil supported the leaf-cycled-ClO input hypothesis. This study provides basic data on ClO distribution and cycling that are pertinent to the assessment of environmental impacts in desert ecosystems and broadly transferable to anthropogenically contaminated systems.
Collapse
|
115
|
Calderón R, Palma P, Parker D, Molina M, Godoy FA, Escudey M. Perchlorate levels in soil and waters from the Atacama Desert. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 66:155-161. [PMID: 24165784 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an anion that originates as a contaminant in ground and surface waters. The presence of perchlorate in soil and water samples from northern Chile (Atacama Desert) was investigated by ion chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Results indicated that perchlorate was found in five of seven soils (cultivated and uncultivated) ranging from 290 ± 1 to 2,565 ± 2 μg/kg. The greatest concentration of perchlorate was detected in Humberstone soil (2,565 ± 2 μg/kg) associated with nitrate deposits. Perchlorate levels in Chilean soils are greater than those reported for uncultivated soils in the United States. Perchlorate was also found in superficial running water ranging from 744 ± 0.01 to 1,480 ± 0.02 μg/L. Perchlorate water concentration is 30-60 times greater than levels established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (24.5 μg/L) for drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Calderón
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O`Higgins 3363, C 40-33, 7254758, Santiago, Chile,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Gan Z, Sun H, Wang R, Deng Y. Occurrence and exposure evaluation of perchlorate in outdoor dust and soil in mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:99-106. [PMID: 24140686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A total of 98 paired soil and outdoor dust samples were collected across mainland China for survey of perchlorate. Perchlorate was detected in all of the soil and outdoor dust samples. High levels of perchlorate were found in soil, ranging from 0.001 to 216 mg/kg in Northern China and from 0.001 to 25.8 mg/kg in Southern China. Even higher perchlorate concentrations were detected in dust samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.132 to 5,300 mg/kg in Northern China, and from 0.270 to 3,700 mg/kg in Southern China. This is the first known report of perchlorate in dust samples. The high perchlorate levels in soil and dust may raise concern on the potential risk for organisms and human. The daily perchlorate intakes were evaluated based on our measured perchlorate concentrations via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact of soil and dust for both children and adults, respectively. In general, the exposure from soil does not appear to lead to perchlorate intakes exceeding the US EPA reference for both children and adults. However, children can be at risk from exposure to perchlorate via dust, and it needs considerable concern for both children and adults at the sites with high dust perchlorate concentrations. After comparison with other possible exposure pathways, such as from drinking water, we suggested that dust may be an important potential source of perchlorate exposure in China, and further study is needed, especially for indoor dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Ruonan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
McLanahan ED, White P, Flowers L, Schlosser PM. The use of PBPK models to inform human health risk assessment: case study on perchlorate and radioiodide human lifestage models. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:356-366. [PMID: 23901895 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are often submitted to or selected by agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, for consideration for application in human health risk assessment (HHRA). Recently, U.S. EPA evaluated the human PBPK models for perchlorate and radioiodide for their ability to estimate the relative sensitivity of perchlorate inhibition on thyroidal radioiodide uptake for various population groups and lifestages. The most well-defined mode of action of the environmental contaminant, perchlorate, is competitive inhibition of thyroidal iodide uptake by the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). In this analysis, a six-step framework for PBPK model evaluation was followed, and with a few modifications, the models were determined to be suitable for use in HHRA to evaluate relative sensitivity among human lifestages. Relative sensitivity to perchlorate was determined by comparing the PBPK model predicted percent inhibition of thyroidal radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) by perchlorate for different lifestages. A limited sensitivity analysis indicated that model parameters describing urinary excretion of perchlorate and iodide were particularly important in prediction of RAIU inhibition; therefore, a range of biologically plausible values available in the peer-reviewed literature was evaluated. Using the updated PBPK models, the greatest sensitivity to RAIU inhibition was predicted to be the near-term fetus (gestation week 40) compared to the average adult and other lifestages; however, when exposure factors were taken into account, newborns were found to be populations that need further evaluation and consideration in a risk assessment for perchlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva D McLanahan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Grantz DA, Burkey KO, Jackson WA, Vu HB, McGrath MT, Harvey G. Perchlorate content of plant foliage reflects a wide range of species-dependent accumulation but not ozone-induced biosynthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:690-696. [PMID: 23642565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4(-)) interferes with uptake of iodide in humans. Emission inventories do not explain observed distributions. Ozone (O3) is implicated in the natural origin of ClO4(-), and has increased since pre-industrial times. O3 produces ClO4(-)in vitro from Cl(-), and plant tissues contain Cl(-) and redox reactions. We hypothesize that O3 exposure may induce plant synthesis of ClO4(-). We exposed contrasting crop species to environmentally relevant O3 concentrations. In the absence of O3 exposure, species exhibited a large range of ClO4(-) accumulation but there was no relationship between leaf ClO4(-) and O3, whether expressed as exposure or cumulative flux (dose). Older, senescing leaves accumulated more ClO4(-) than younger leaves. O3 exposed vegetation is not a source of environmental ClO4(-). There was evidence of enhanced ClO4(-) content in the soil surface at the highest O3 exposure, which could be a significant contributor to environmental ClO4(-).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Grantz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Kearney Agricultural Center, 9240 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Küçük K, Çelik Y, Şahin R, Karabulut B, Andaç Ö, Dege N. Molecular structure and EPR spectral studies of trans-Bis(perchlorato-κO)tetrakis(1-vinyl-1Himidazole-κN3)copper(II). Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
120
|
Hua W, Verreault D, Allen HC. Surface Prevalence of Perchlorate Anions at the Air/Aqueous Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:4231-4236. [PMID: 26296170 DOI: 10.1021/jz402009f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Air/aqueous interfaces provide a unique environment for many chemical, environmental, and biological processes. To gain insight, molecular-level understanding of the interfacial water organization and ion distributions at these interfaces is required. Here, the air/aqueous interface of NaClO4 salt solutions was investigated by means of conventional and heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation (HD-VSFG) spectroscopy. It is found that perchlorate (ClO4(-)) ions exist in the interfacial region and prefer to reside on average above their counterions. This finding is inferred from the average orientation of the OH transition dipole moment of interfacial water molecules governed by the direction of the net electric field arising from the interfacial ion distributions. At the air/aqueous interface of NaClO4 salt solutions, the net dipole moments of hydrogen-bonded water molecules are oriented preferentially toward the vapor phase. Contrary to some other salts (e.g., sulfates), the presence of ClO4(-) may cause a full reversal in the direction of the interfacial electric field at a higher concentration (≥1.7 M). Another interpretation for the positive Im χ((2)) spectra of NaClO4 salt solutions could be an increase in the population of water species contributing positively to the net OH transition dipole moment. Regardless of the mechanism, this effect becomes even more pronounced with increasing salt concentration.
Collapse
|
121
|
Perchlorate and halophilic prokaryotes: implications for possible halophilic life on Mars. Extremophiles 2013; 18:75-80. [PMID: 24150694 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-013-0594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In view of the finding of perchlorate among the salts detected by the Phoenix Lander on Mars, we investigated the relationships of halophilic heterotrophic microorganisms (archaea of the family Halobacteriaceae and the bacterium Halomonas elongata) toward perchlorate. All strains tested grew well in NaCl-based media containing 0.4 M perchlorate, but at the highest perchlorate concentrations, tested cells were swollen or distorted. Some species (Haloferax mediterranei, Haloferax denitrificans, Haloferax gibbonsii, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloarcula vallismortis) could use perchlorate as an electron acceptor for anaerobic growth. Although perchlorate is highly oxidizing, its presence at a concentration of 0.2 M for up to 2 weeks did not negatively affect the ability of a yeast extract-based medium to support growth of the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. These findings show that presence of perchlorate among the salts on Mars does not preclude the possibility of halophilic life. If indeed the liquid brines that may exist on Mars are inhabited by salt-requiring or salt-tolerant microorganisms similar to the halophiles on Earth, presence of perchlorate may even be stimulatory when it can serve as an electron acceptor for respiratory activity in the anaerobic Martian environment.
Collapse
|
122
|
Bhaskaran K, Vijaya Nadaraja A, Tumbath S, Babu Shah L, Gangadharan Puthiya Veetil P. Phytoremediation of perchlorate by free floating macrophytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:901-906. [PMID: 23872336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation of perchlorate by free floating macrophytes (Eichornia, Pistia, Salvinia and Lemna) was evaluated in this study. Among the plants tested, Pistia showed 63.8 ± 4% (w/v) removal of 5 mg/L level perchlorate in 7 days, whereas the removal was absent in other plants. Phyto-accumulation (18.2%) and rhizo-degradation (45.68%) were identified as the mechanisms involved in perchlorate removal in Pistia. Whole plant extraction yielded 45.4 μg perchlorate/g dry weight biomass in 7 days period. High intensity of light and presence of nitrate negatively affected perchlorate removal by Pistia. An enrichment of Pistia root homogenate exhibited faster reduction of perchlorate where 100mg/L of the compound was reduced completely in 48 h under anoxic condition. A novel perchlorate reducing bacterium, isolated from Pistia root homogenate enrichment was identified as Acinetobacter sp. NIIST (Genbank JX467695).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Bhaskaran
- Environmental Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-India), Industrial Estate (PO), Thiruvananthapuram-19, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genes for chlorate reduction in six bacterial strains were analyzed in order to gain insight into the metabolism. A newly isolated chlorate-reducing bacterium (Shewanella algae ACDC) and three previously isolated strains (Ideonella dechloratans, Pseudomonas sp. strain PK, and Dechloromarinus chlorophilus NSS) were genome sequenced and compared to published sequences (Alicycliphilus denitrificans BC plasmid pALIDE01 and Pseudomonas chloritidismutans AW-1). De novo assembly of genomes failed to join regions adjacent to genes involved in chlorate reduction, suggesting the presence of repeat regions. Using a bioinformatics approach and finishing PCRs to connect fragmented contigs, we discovered that chlorate reduction genes are flanked by insertion sequences, forming composite transposons in all four newly sequenced strains. These insertion sequences delineate regions with the potential to move horizontally and define a set of genes that may be important for chlorate reduction. In addition to core metabolic components, we have highlighted several such genes through comparative analysis and visualization. Phylogenetic analysis places chlorate reductase within a functionally diverse clade of type II dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductases, part of a larger family of enzymes with reactivity toward chlorate. Nucleotide-level forensics of regions surrounding chlorite dismutase (cld), as well as its phylogenetic clustering in a betaproteobacterial Cld clade, indicate that cld has been mobilized at least once from a perchlorate reducer to build chlorate respiration. IMPORTANCE Genome sequencing has identified, for the first time, chlorate reduction composite transposons. These transposons are constructed with flanking insertion sequences that differ in type and orientation between organisms, indicating that this mobile element has formed multiple times and is important for dissemination. Apart from core metabolic enzymes, very little is known about the genetic factors involved in chlorate reduction. Comparative analysis has identified several genes that may also be important, but the relative absence of accessory genes suggests that this mobile metabolism relies on host systems for electron transport, regulation, and cofactor synthesis. Phylogenetic analysis of Cld and ClrA provides support for the hypothesis that chlorate reduction was built multiple times from type II dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductases and cld. In at least one case, cld has been coopted from a perchlorate reduction island for this purpose. This work is a significant step toward understanding the genetics and evolution of chlorate reduction.
Collapse
|
124
|
Lakshmi J, Vasudevan S. Graphene-a promising material for removal of perchlorate (ClO4-) from water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5114-5124. [PMID: 23354618 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A batch adsorption process was applied to investigate the removal of perchlorate (ClO4 (-)) from water by graphene. In doing so, the thermodynamic adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were also carried out. Graphene was prepared by a facile liquid-phase exfoliation. Graphene was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and zeta potential measurements. A systematic study of the adsorption process was performed by varying pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The adsorption efficiency of graphene was 99.2 %, suggesting that graphene is an excellent adsorbent for ClO4 (-) removal from water. The rate constants for all these kinetic models were calculated, and the results indicate that second-order kinetics model was well suitable to model the kinetic adsorption of ClO4 (-). Equilibrium data were well described by the typical Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The experimental results showed that graphene is an excellent perchlorate adsorbent with an adsorbent capacity of up to 0.024 mg/g at initial perchlorate concentration of 2 mg/L and temperature of 298 K. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Graphene removed the perchlorate present in the water and reduced it to a permissible level making it drinkable.
Collapse
|
125
|
Isobe T, Ogawa SP, Sugimoto R, Ramu K, Sudaryanto A, Malarvannan G, Devanathan G, Ramaswamy BR, Munuswamy N, Ganesh DS, Sivakumar J, Sethuraman A, Parthasarathy V, Subramanian A, Field J, Tanabe S. Perchlorate contamination of groundwater from fireworks manufacturing area in South India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:5627-5637. [PMID: 23108714 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate contamination was investigated in groundwater and surface water from Sivakasi and Madurai in the Tamil Nadu State of South India. Sensitive determination of perchlorate (LOQ = 0.005 μg/L) was achieved by large-volume (500 μL) injection ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of perchlorate were <0.005-7,690 μg/L in groundwater (n = 60), <0.005-30.2 μg/L in surface water (n = 11), and 0.063-0.393 μg/L in tap water (n = 3). Levels in groundwater were significantly higher in the fireworks factory area than in the other locations, indicating that the fireworks and safety match industries are principal sources of perchlorate pollution. This is the first study that reports the contamination status of perchlorate in this area and reveals firework manufacture to be the pollution source. Since perchlorate levels in 17 out of 57 groundwater samples from Sivakasi, and none from Madurai, exceeded the drinking water guideline level proposed by USEPA (15 μg/L), further investigation on human health is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
|
127
|
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nerenberg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Liebensteiner MG, Pinkse MWH, Schaap PJ, Stams AJM, Lomans BP. Archaeal (per)chlorate reduction at high temperature: an interplay of biotic and abiotic reactions. Science 2013; 340:85-7. [PMID: 23559251 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate and chlorate anions [(per)chlorate] exist in the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources, where they can serve as electron acceptors for bacteria. We performed growth experiments combined with genomic and proteomic analyses of the hyperthermophile Archaeoglobus fulgidus that show (per)chlorate reduction also extends into the archaeal domain of life. The (per)chlorate reduction pathway in A. fulgidus relies on molybdo-enzymes that have similarity with bacterial enzymes; however, chlorite is not enzymatically split into chloride and oxygen. Evidence suggests that it is eliminated by an interplay of abiotic and biotic redox reactions involving sulfur compounds. Biological (per)chlorate reduction by ancient archaea at high temperature may have prevented accumulation of perchlorate in early terrestrial environments and consequently given rise to oxidizing conditions on Earth before the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Liebensteiner
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Determination of trace level of perchlorate in Antarctic snow and ice by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using an automated sample on-line preconcentration method. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
130
|
Ye L, You H, Yao J, Kang X, Tang L. Seasonal variation and factors influencing perchlorate in water, snow, soil and corns in Northeastern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2493-2498. [PMID: 23287025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variation and influencing factors of perchlorate in snow, surface soil, rain, surface water, groundwater and corn were studied. Seven hundreds and seventy samples were collected in different periods in Harbin and its vicinity, China. Perchlorate concentrations were analyzed by ion chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Results indicate that fireworks and firecrackers display from the Spring Festival to the Lantern Festival (February 2, 2011-February 17, 2011) can result in the occurrence of perchlorate in surface soil and snow. Perchlorate distribution is affected by wind direction in winter. Melting snow which contained perchlorate can dissolve perchlorate in surface soil, and then perchlorate can percolate into groundwater so that perchlorate concentrations in groundwater increased in spring. Perchlorate concentrations in groundwater and surface water decrease after rainy season in summer. Groundwater samples collected in the floodplain areas of the Songhua River and the Ashi River contained higher perchlorate concentrations than that far away with the rivers. The corns have the ability to accumulate perchlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xi Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Mendez W, Eftim SE. Biomarkers of perchlorate exposure are correlated with circulating thyroid hormone levels in the 2007-2008 NHANES. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 118:137-144. [PMID: 22749113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies provide conflicting evidence as to whether environmental perchlorate exposure can affect levels of circulating thyroid hormones in the general population. We investigated the statistical relationships between biomarkers of perchlorate exposure and serum thyroid hormone levels in 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) subjects. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were developed to estimate the relationships between T3 and T4 levels and creatinine-adjusted urinary perchlorate excretion. The models included covariates related to gender, age, ethnicity, income, smoking status, prescription medications, and biomarkers of exposures to other goitrogenic ions and phthalate ester metabolites. Where necessary, relationships between hormone levels and covariates were represented as nonlinear smoothed terms. The effect of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis on serum hormone levels was taken into account by including a term for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the models. Regression coefficients for perchlorate were significant and negative in GAMMs predicting total T4 and free T3 levels in males, females, and for the entire cohort when phthalate ester biomarkers and other covariates were included. Coefficients for perchlorate were also significant and negative in regressions predicting free T4 levels in males and in the entire study population. The consistency of these results suggests that HPT axis controls do not completely compensate for small changes in thyroid hormone levels associated with perchlorate and phthalate ester exposures.
Collapse
|
132
|
Yang Y, Tan YM, Blount B, Murray C, Egan S, Bolger M, Clewell H. Using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to link urinary biomarker concentrations to dietary exposure of perchlorate. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1019-1027. [PMID: 22520969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to perchlorate is widespread in the United States and many studies have attempted to character the perchlorate exposure by estimating the average daily intakes of perchlorate. These approaches provided population-based estimates, but did not provide individual-level exposure estimates. Until recently, exposure activity database such as CSFII, TDS and NHANES become available and provide opportunities to evaluate the individual-level exposure to chemical using exposure surveillance dataset. In this study, we use perchlorate as an example to investigate the usefulness of urinary biomarker data for predicting exposures at the individual level. Specifically, two analyses were conducted: (1) using data from a controlled human study to examine the ability of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict perchlorate concentrations in single-spot and cumulative urine samples; and (2) using biomarker data from a population-based study and a PBPK model to demonstrate the challenges in linking urinary biomarker concentrations to intake doses for individuals. Results showed that the modeling approach was able to characterize the distribution of biomarker concentrations at the population level, but predicting the exposure-biomarker relationship for individuals was much more difficult. The type of information needed to reduce the uncertainty in estimating intake doses, for individuals, based on biomarker measurements is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuching Yang
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, RTP, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Hao J, Han MJ, Li J, Meng X. Surface modification of silver nanofilms for improved perchlorate detection by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 377:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
134
|
Nilsson T, Rova M, Smedja Bäcklund A. Microbial metabolism of oxochlorates: a bioenergetic perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:189-97. [PMID: 22735192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microbial metabolism of oxochlorates is part of the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine. Organisms capable of growth using perchlorate or chlorate as respiratory electron acceptors are also interesting for applications in biotreatment of oxochlorate-containing effluents or bioremediation of contaminated areas. In this review, we discuss the reactions of oxochlorate respiration, the corresponding enzymes, and the relation to respiratory electron transport that can contribute to a proton gradient across the cell membrane. Enzymes specific for oxochlorate respiration are oxochlorate reductases and chlorite dismutase. The former belong to DMSO reductase family of molybdenum-containing enzymes. The heme protein chlorite dismutase, which decomposes chlorite into chloride and molecular oxygen, is only distantly related to other proteins with known functions. Pathways for electron transport may be different in perchlorate and chlorate reducers, but appear in both cases to be similar to pathways found in other respiratory systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Evolutionary aspects bioenergetic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nilsson
- Karlstad University, Dept. Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Analytical methods for selected emerging contaminants in human matrices—a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2555-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
136
|
Shelor CP, Kirk AB, Dasgupta PK, Kroll M, Campbell CA, Choudhary PK. Breastfed infants metabolize perchlorate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5151-5159. [PMID: 22497505 DOI: 10.1021/es2042806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are the dominant intestinal bacteria in breastfed infants. It is known that they can reduce nitrate. Although no direct experiments have been conducted until now, inferred pathways for Bifidobacterium bifidum include perchlorate reduction via perchlorate reductase. We show that when commercially available strains of bifidobacteria are cultured in milk, spiked with perchlorate, perchlorate is consumed. We studied 13 breastfed infant-mother pairs who provided 43 milk samples and 39 infant urine samples, and 5 formula-fed infant-mother pairs who provided 21 formula samples and 21 infant urine samples. Using iodine as a conservative tracer, we determined the average urinary iodine (UI) to milk iodine (MI) concentration ratio to be 2.87 for the breastfed infants. For the same samples, the corresponding perchlorate concentration ratio was 1.37 (difference significant, p < 0.001), indicating that perchlorate is lost. For the formula fed infant group the same ratios were 1.20 and 1.58; the difference was not significant (p = 0.68). However, the small number of subjects in the latter group makes it more difficult to conclude definitively whether perchlorate reduction does or does not occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Phillip Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Kirk AB, Kroll M, Dyke JV, Ohira SI, Dias RA, Dasgupta PK. Perchlorate, iodine supplements, iodized salt and breast milk iodine content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 420:73-78. [PMID: 22335882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine if increasing maternal iodine intake through single dose tablets will decrease breast milk concentrations of the iodine-uptake inhibitor, perchlorate, through competitive inhibition. We also sought to determine if the timing of supplementation influences the fraction of iodine excreted in milk versus urine and to compare the effectiveness of iodized salt as a means of providing iodine to breastfed infants. Thirteen women who did not use supplements, seven of whom used iodized salt and six of whom used non-iodized salt, submitted four milk samples and a 24-h urine collection daily for three days. Women repeated the sampling protocol for three more days during which ~150μg of iodine were taken in the evening and again for three days with morning supplementation. Samples were analyzed using isotope-dilution inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for iodine and isotope-dilution ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for perchlorate. No statistically significant differences were observed in milk iodine or perchlorate concentrations during the two treatment periods. Estimated perchlorate intake was above the U.S. National Academy of Sciences suggested reference dose for most infants. Single daily dose iodine supplementation was not effective in decreasing milk perchlorate concentrations. Users of iodized salt had significantly higher iodine levels in milk than non-users. Iodized salt may be a more effective means of iodine supplementation than tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Schmidt F, Schnurr S, Wolf R, Braunbeck T. Effects of the anti-thyroidal compound potassium-perchlorate on the thyroid system of the zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 109:47-58. [PMID: 22204988 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The increasing pollution of aquatic habitats with anthropogenic compounds has led to various test strategies to detect hazardous chemicals. However, information on effects of pollutants in the thyroid system in fish, which is essential for growth, development and parts of reproduction, is still scarce. Other vertebrate groups such as amphibians or mammals are well-studied; so the need for further knowledge especially in fish as a favored vertebrate model test organism is evident. Modified early life-stage tests were carried out with zebrafish exposed to the known thyroid inhibitor potassium perchlorate (0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 5000 μg/L) to identify adverse effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Especially higher perchlorate concentrations led to conspicuous alterations in thyroidal tissue architecture and to effects in the pituitary. In the thyroid, severe hyperplasia at concentrations ≥ 500 μg/L together with an increase in follicle number could be detected. The most sensitive endpoint was the colloid, which showed alterations at ≥ 250 μg/L. The tinctorial properties and the texture of the colloid changed dramatically. Interestingly, effects on epithelial cell height were minor. The pituitary revealed significant proliferations of TSH-producing cells resulting in alterations in the ratio of adeno- to neurohypophysis. The liver as the main site of T4 deiodination showed severe glycogen depletion at concentrations ≥ 250 μg/L. In summary, the thyroid system in zebrafish showed effects by perchlorate from concentrations ≥ 250 μg/L, thus documenting a high sensitivity of the zebrafish thyroid gland for goitrogens. In the future, such distinct alterations could lead to a better understanding and identification of potential thyroid-disrupting chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmidt
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Levanov AV, Antipenko EE, Lunin VV. Primary stage of the reaction between ozone and chloride ions in aqueous solution: Can chloride ion oxidation by ozone proceed via electron transfer mechanism? RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024412040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
140
|
Levanov AV, Antipenko EE, Lunin VV. Primary stage of the reaction between ozone and chloride ions in aqueous solution: Oxidation of chloride ions with ozone through the mechanism of oxygen atom transfer. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024412030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
141
|
Fisher J, Lumen A, Latendresse J, Mattie D. Extrapolation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis perturbations and associated toxicity in rodents to humans: case study with perchlorate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2012; 30:81-105. [PMID: 22458857 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2012.653889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional aspects of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis in rats and humans are compared, exposing why extrapolation of toxicant-induced perturbations in the rat HPT axis to the human HPT axis cannot be accomplished using default risk assessment methodology. Computational tools, such as biologically based dose response models for the HPT axis, are recommended to perform complex animal to human extrapolations involving the HPT axis. Experimental and computational evidence are presented that suggest perchlorate acts directly on the thyroid gland in rats. The apparent escape from perchlorate-induced inhibition of thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodide in humans is discussed along with "rebound" or increased thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodide observed after discontinued clinical treatment with perchlorate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fisher
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
|
143
|
Sturchio NC, Hoaglund JR, Marroquin RJ, Beloso AD, Heraty LJ, Bortz SE, Patterson TL. Isotopic mapping of groundwater perchlorate plumes. GROUND WATER 2012; 50:94-102. [PMID: 21352209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of stable isotope ratios of chlorine and oxygen in perchlorate can, in some cases, be used for mapping and source identification of groundwater perchlorate plumes. This is demonstrated here for large, intersecting perchlorate plumes in groundwater from a region having extensive groundwater perchlorate contamination and a large population dependent on groundwater resources. The region contains both synthetic perchlorate derived from rocket fuel manufacturing and testing activities and agricultural perchlorate derived predominantly from imported Chilean (Atacama) nitrate fertilizer, along with a likely component of indigenous natural background perchlorate from local wet and dry atmospheric deposition. Most samples within each plume reflect either a predominantly synthetic or a predominantly agricultural perchlorate source and there is apparently a minor contribution from the indigenous natural background perchlorate. The existence of isotopically distinct perchlorate plumes in this area is consistent with other lines of evidence, including groundwater levels and flow paths as well as the historical land use and areal distribution of potential perchlorate sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (MC-186), 845 West Taylor Street, Rm. 2442, Chicago, IL 60607-7059, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Leavey A, Frank AL, Pinson B, Shepherd S, Burstyn I. Hypothyroidism among former workers of a nuclear weapons facility. Am J Ind Med 2011; 54:955-64. [PMID: 21692096 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation alters thyroid function, and workers at a nuclear weapons facility may be exposed to above environmental levels of radiation. METHODS Hypothyroid status was determined for 622 former workers of a nuclear weapons facility located in Texas, using a combination of measured thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and thyroid medication history, as part of an on-going health surveillance program. We classified 916 unique job titles into 35 job categories. RESULTS According to the most stringent TSH definition used in this study (0.3-3.0 IU/ml), 174 (28.0%) former workers were considered to be hypothyroid; of these 66 (41.8%) were females and 108 (23.3%) were males. In logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, and smoking status, only having worked as a material handler (n = 18) exhibited an elevated risk of developing hypothyroidism compared to other jobs (OR 3.88, 95% CI 1.43-11.07). This is one of the jobs with suspected exposure to radiation. No excess risk of hypothyroidism was observed for any of the other job categories. CONCLUSIONS There is suggestive evidence that only material handlers at this nuclear weapons facility may have elevated risk of hypothyroidism; further evaluation of thyroid health in this population is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leavey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Wu Q, Oldi JF, Kannan K. Fate of perchlorate in a man-made reflecting pond following a fireworks display in Albany, New York, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2449-2455. [PMID: 21850663 DOI: 10.1002/etc.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a widespread contaminant in aquatic environments. Despite this, the aquatic environmental fate of perchlorate released from fireworks displays is not well known. In the present study, we examined the fate of perchlorate in man-made reflecting ponds, from 2008 to 2010, following three fireworks displays in Albany, New York, USA. Immediately after the fireworks display, perchlorate in pond waters increased significantly, with concentrations from 30 to 1,480 times higher than the baseline values. Perchlorate concentrations in pond water increased from 0.11 µg/L to up to 519 µg/L, following the fireworks display in 2008. Perchlorate concentrations in pond water decreased at a first-order kinetic degradation rate, with a mean k(obs) value of 0.026 d⁻¹ and an average half-life of 29 d. The rate of perchlorate deposition into water bodies following fireworks displays was estimated to range from 670 to 2,620 g/ha. We also estimated the perchlorate ingestion rate by the inhalation of aerosols of pond water by people frequently near the ponds. The estimated daily intake of perchlorate through the ingestion of aerosols was 32% (226 ng/kg body wt), 13% (92 ng/kg body wt), and 6% (42 ng/kg body wt) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's reference dose for infants, children, and adults, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- New York State Departments of Health and Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Kiplagat IK, Doan TKO, Kubáň P, Boček P. Trace determination of perchlorate using electromembrane extraction and capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3008-15. [PMID: 22002888 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) and CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4) D) was applied to rapid and sensitive determination of perchlorate in drinking water and environmental samples. Porous polypropylene hollow fiber impregnated with 1-heptanol acted as a supported liquid membrane (SLM) and perchlorate was transported and preconcentrated in the fiber lumen on application of electric field. High selectivity of perchlorate determination and its baseline separation from major inorganic anions was achieved in CE-C(4) D using background electrolyte solution consisting of 7.5 mM L-histidine and 40 mM acetic acid at pH 4.1. The analytical method showed excellent parameters in terms of reproducibility; RSD values for migration times and peak areas at a spiked concentration of 15 μg/L of perchlorate (US EPA recommended limit for drinking water) were below 0.2 and 8.7%, respectively, in all examined water samples. Linear calibration curves were obtained for perchlorate in the concentration range 1-100 μg/L (r(2) ≥0.999) with limits of detection at 1 μg/L for tap water and at 0.25-0.35 μg/L for environmental and bottled potable water samples. Recoveries at 15 μg/L of perchlorate were between 95.9 and 106.7% with minimum and maximum recovery values for snow and bottled potable water samples, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Kiplagat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Schuttlefield JD, Sambur JB, Gelwicks M, Eggleston CM, Parkinson BA. Photooxidation of chloride by oxide minerals: implications for perchlorate on Mars. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17521-3. [PMID: 21961793 DOI: 10.1021/ja2064878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We show that highly oxidizing valence band holes, produced by ultraviolet (UV) illumination of naturally occurring semiconducting minerals, are capable of oxidizing chloride ion to perchlorate in aqueous solutions at higher rates than other known natural perchlorate production processes. Our results support an alternative to atmospheric reactions leading to the formation of high concentrations of perchlorate on Mars.
Collapse
|
148
|
Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Boas M, Bliddal S, Rasmussen AK, Main K, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Do Thyroid Disrupting Chemicals Influence Foetal Development during Pregnancy? J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:342189. [PMID: 21918727 PMCID: PMC3170895 DOI: 10.4061/2011/342189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal euthyroidism during pregnancy is crucial for normal development and, in particular, neurodevelopment of the foetus. Up to 3.5 percent of pregnant women suffer from hypothyroidism. Industrial use of various chemicals—endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)—has been shown to cause almost constant exposure of humans with possible harmful influence on health and hormone regulation. EDCs may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis by different mechanisms, and though the effect of each chemical seems scarce, the added effects may cause inappropriate consequences on, for example, foetal neurodevelopment.
This paper focuses on thyroid hormone influence on foetal development in relation to the chemicals suspected of thyroid disrupting properties with possible interactions with maternal thyroid homeostasis. Knowledge of the effects is expected to impact the general debate on the use of these chemicals. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the issue, since human studies are scarce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Hartoft-Nielsen
- Department of Medical Endocrinology PE-2131, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Yang M, Her N. Perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr.), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root in South Korea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7490-5. [PMID: 21627073 DOI: 10.1021/jf2009638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of perchlorate in soybean sprouts (Glycine max L. Merr), water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.), and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root, which are commonly consumed by people in South Korea, was determined by using an ion chromatograph coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer. For soybean sprouts (11 samples), perchlorate was detected in most (91%) of the samples at various concentrations of up to 78.4 μg/kg dry weight (DW); the mean concentration was 35.2 μg/kg DW. For water dropwort, of the 13 samples examined, four showed concentrations that were above the limit of quantification (LOQ). The mean perchlorate concentration was 20.7 μg/kg DW, and the highest perchlorate value was 39.9 μg/kg DW. Of the six lotus root samples examined, only one exhibited a detectable perchlorate concentration (17.3 μg/kg DW). For the accumulation experiments with artificially contaminated solutions, the concentrations of perchlorate in soybean sprouts gradually increased with the increase of perchlorate concentration in the solution. However, there was a decrease in the bioconcentration factor as the perchlorate concentration in the solution increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjune Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Korea Army Academy, Young-Cheon, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Xu JH, Gao NY, Deng Y, Sui MH, Tang YL. Perchlorate removal by granular activated carbon coated with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 357:474-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|