101
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Owczarek K, Kubica P, Kudłak B, Rutkowska A, Konieczna A, Rachoń D, Namieśnik J, Wasik A. Determination of trace levels of eleven bisphenol A analogues in human blood serum by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1362-1368. [PMID: 30045557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals showing structural or functional similarity to bisphenol A (BPA), commonly called BPA analogues, have recently drawn scientific attention due to their common industrial and commercial application as a substitute for BPA. In the European Union, the use of BPA has been severely restricted by law due to its endocrine disrupting properties. Unfortunately, it seems that all BPA analogues show comparable biological activity, including hormonal disruption, toxicity and genotoxicity. Until now, the knowledge about human exposure to BPA analogues is scarce, mainly due to the lack of the data concerning their occurrence in human derived biological samples. This study presents the development of an analytical method for determination of trace levels of eleven BPA analogues in human blood serum samples. The method involves fast and simple liquid-liquid extraction, using low sample and solvent volumes. Chromatographic separation of analytes was optimized using one-factor-at-a-time approach (mobile phase composition, gradient shape, chromatographic column selection, separation temperature, etc.). The method allows for effective separation of the analytes, even in the case of configurational isomers (bisphenol M and bisphenol P). The calibration curves for all analytes were linear in the range tested. The limits of detection and quantitation were in the range of 0.0079÷0.039ng/mL and 0.024÷0.12ng/mL respectively. Compound-dependent recovery values were in the rage of 88÷138%. Matrix effects were mitigated with the help of matrix-matched calibration curves prepared for every batch of samples. Results obtained after the analysis of 245 real human blood serum samples indicate that human beings are exposed to different BPA analogues, that are present in the environment and in common, daily use products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Owczarek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 str, 80-223 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Kubica
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 str, 80-223 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Błażej Kudłak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 str, 80-223 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Konieczna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 str, 80-223 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 str, 80-223 Gdańsk, Poland.
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102
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Huang RP, Liu ZH, Yin H, Dang Z, Wu PX, Zhu NW, Lin Z. Bisphenol A concentrations in human urine, human intakes across six continents, and annual trends of average intakes in adult and child populations worldwide: A thorough literature review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:971-981. [PMID: 29898562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial raw material that is widely applied in daily products. BPA is also an endocrine-disrupting chemical that may adversely affect humans. This review thoroughly collected data on BPA concentration in human urine and determined main influencing factors. The average BPA intake of humans across six continents or the average value worldwide was calculated based on a simple model. Results showed that the average BPA intake was ranked from high to low as follows: Oceania, Asia, Europe, and North America in the child population and Oceania, Europe, Asia, and North America in the adult population. The annual trend of the average BPA intake was similar between the adult and child populations. The BPA intake in the two populations evidently decreased from 2000 to 2008 and then slightly increased from 2008 to 2011. The BPA intake in the child population started to decrease again from 2011, whereas the corresponding intake in the adult population continued to increase. The distinct difference likely contributed to the wide prohibition of the use of BPA in food-related products for children in many countries since 2009; the bans effectively decreased the total BPA exposure in the child population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Ping Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping-Xiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Neng-Wu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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103
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Gestational and lactational exposure to dichlorinated bisphenol A induces early alterations of hepatic lipid composition in mice. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 31:565-576. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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104
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Jin H, Zhu J, Chen Z, Hong Y, Cai Z. Occurrence and Partitioning of Bisphenol Analogues in Adults' Blood from China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:812-820. [PMID: 29243481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Widespread human exposure and associated adverse health effects led to regulations on the usage of bisphenol A (BPA). Several bisphenol analogues (BPs) have been introduced as BPA alternatives in various applications. However, these BPs have been shown to exhibit similar or even stronger endocrine-disrupting activities compared with that of BPA. Currently, information on the human exposure to BPA alternatives remains limited. In this study, nine BPs were quantified in 81 pairs of plasma and red blood cell (RBC) samples from Chinese participants. In human plasma, the predominant BPs was BPA, bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF), with the mean concentrations of 0.40, 0.15, and 0.073 ng/mL, respectively. BPA (accounting for 63% of total BPs) and BPS (18%) were the major BPs in the RBC fraction. Mass fractions in plasma (Fp) were found to be highest for BPS (mean, 0.78), followed by BPAF (0.71) and BPA (0.67), indicating strong partitioning to the plasma fraction. However, bisphenol AP was more frequently detected in the RBC fraction. Estimated total daily intake (EDI) of BPA was in the range of 0.0048-0.75 μg/kg bw/day for the participants, and adults aged >50 years had comparatively lower EDI. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the occurrence and partitioning of BPA alternatives in paired human plasma and RBCs from the Chinese general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Yanjun Hong
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education , Shenzhen 518057, China
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105
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Jalal N, Surendranath AR, Pathak JL, Yu S, Chung CY. Bisphenol A (BPA) the mighty and the mutagenic. Toxicol Rep 2017; 5:76-84. [PMID: 29854579 PMCID: PMC5977157 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used synthetic compounds on the planet. Upon entering the diet, its highest concentration (1-104 ng/g of tissue) has been recorded in the placenta and fetus. This accumulation of BPA can have many health hazards ranging from the easy to repair single strand DNA breaks (SSBs) to error prone double strand DNA breaks (DSBs). Although the Human liver can efficiently metabolize BPA via glucuronidation and sulfation pathways, however the by-product Bisphenol-o-quinone has been shown to act as a DNA adduct. Low doses of BPA have also been shown to interact with various signaling pathways to disrupt normal downstream signaling. Analysis has been made on how BPA could interact with several signaling pathways such as NFκB, JNK, MAPK, ER and AR that eventually lead to disease morphology and even tumorigenesis. The role of low dose BPA is also discussed in dysregulating Ca2+ homeostasis of the cell by inhibiting calcium channels such as SPCA1/2 to suggest a new direction for future research in the realms of BPA induced disease morphology and mutagenicity.
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Key Words
- BISPHENOL A (BPA) CCID: 6623
- Bisphenol A (BPA)
- Ca2+ homeostasis
- Cancer
- DES, diethyl stilbesterol
- DNA damage
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- FAO/WHO, Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization
- FDA, Food and Drugs Administration
- GC–MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- IGF1R
- IGF1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
- LLE, liquid/liquid extraction
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Mutations
- SPCA1 inhibition
- SPCA1, secretory pathway calcium ATPase1
- SPE, solid phase extraction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Jalal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, Nankai district, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Janak L. Pathak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, Nankai district, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi Yu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, Nankai district, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Y. Chung
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, Nankai district, People’s Republic of China
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106
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Gorecki S, Bemrah N, Roudot AC, Marchioni E, Le Bizec B, Faivre F, Kadawathagedara M, Botton J, Rivière G. Human health risks related to the consumption of foodstuffs of animal origin contaminated by bisphenol A. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:333-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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107
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Russo G, Barbato F, Grumetto L. Monitoring of bisphenol A and bisphenol S in thermal paper receipts from the Italian market and estimated transdermal human intake: A pilot study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:68-75. [PMID: 28463702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic xenoestrogen widely used in various industrial fields, can be present, in its un-reacted form, as an additive in thermal paper. BPA is virtually ubiquitous in industrialized societies and humans are exposed to this chemical via dietary and non-dietary sources. Since in 2015 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) indicated that thermal paper is the second source of BPA exposure after the food chain, some suppliers replaced BPA with its analogue Bisphenol S (BPS), speculatively supposed to be safer. In this work BPA and BPS concentration levels were determined in thermal paper receipts collected in Italy from 50 different sources by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. BPA was found in 44 samples at mean concentration of 107.47μg/100mg of paper (from below Limits of Quantification (LOQ) to 1533.733μg/100mg of paper). BPS was found in 31 samples at mean concentration of 41.97μg/100mg of paper (from below the LOQ to 357.989μg/100mg of paper). 26 samples were positive to both BPA and BPS. The estimate daily intake (EDI) values of BPA and BPS occurring through dermal absorption were calculated for 70kg body weight individuals. For general population, they were 0.0625μg/day for BPA and 0.0244μg/day for BPS, based on the mean content of bisphenols found. For occupationally exposed individuals, they were 66.8μg/day for BPA and 15.6μg/day for BPS, based on the worst scenario. Such levels would produce a dermal intake below the Tolerable Day Intake established by EFSA (4μg/kg·bw/day); nevertheless, the occurrence of co-exposure to dietary and non-dietary sources should be considered in the health risk assessment, mainly for people frequently exposed to thermal paper contact for occupational reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Barbato
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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108
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Song S, Shao M, Wang W, He Y, Dai X, Wang H, Liu L, Guo F. Development and evaluation of microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted methods based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample preparation approach for the determination of bisphenol analogues in serum and sediments. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4610-4618. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yajuan He
- National Institute of Metrology; China
| | | | - Huiyu Wang
- National Institute of Metrology; China
- Tianjin University of Technology; China
| | | | - Feng Guo
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; China
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109
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Ho KL, Yuen KK, Yau MS, Murphy MB, Wan Y, Fong BMW, Tam S, Giesy JP, Leung KSY, Lam MHW. Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates of Bisphenol A: Chemical Synthesis and Correlation Between Their Urinary Levels and Plasma Bisphenol A Content in Voluntary Human Donors. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:410-420. [PMID: 28770280 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are major products of Phase II metabolism of BPA in humans. In the past, their determination in body fluids usually involves tedious enzymatic hydrolysis and multiresidual analysis. The recent availability of authentic standards of these conjugates enables our better understand of the human metabolism of BPA and the distribution of their metabolites in body fluids. In this work, we report the chemical synthesis and purification of BPA mono- and di-glucuronide and BPA mono- and di-sulfate. Their levels, as well as that of BPA, in 140 paired human plasma and urine samples collected randomly from voluntary donors in Hong Kong SAR, China, were determined by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). BPA was found in more than 135 human plasma and urine samples. Its Phase II metabolites, ranging from N.D. to 36.7 µg g-1-creatinine, also were detected in 139 of the 140 urine samples. Good correlation (r = 0.911) between molar concentration of BPA in the plasma and that of "total urinary BPA" (i.e., ln [(BPA + ∑ BPA phase II conjugate)molar concentration]) was observed. Direct quantification of Phase II metabolites of BPA in human urine can be a useful assessment tool for population exposure to this potent endocrine disrupting chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Lok Ho
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Ka-Ki Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Shan Yau
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret B Murphy
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wan
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonnie M-W Fong
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidney Tam
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelvin S-Y Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael H-W Lam
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
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110
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Higher urinary bisphenol A concentration and excessive iodine intake are associated with nodular goiter and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170678. [PMID: 28684549 PMCID: PMC5529210 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether bisphenol A (BPA) levels and excessive iodine intake were associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and nodular goiter (NG). We determined total BPA concentrations (TBC) in paired serum and urine samples, and urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) in urine samples collected from PTC patients, NG patients, and healthy individuals, then compared BPA concentrations and UIC within and between each patient group. The results showed that there were no gender-specific differences in serum TBC and UIC in each group, and no differences across all patient groups. Urinary BPA concentrations (UBC) were higher in the NG and PTC groups compared with the control group. UBC showed gender-specific differences in the NG and PTC group. Furthermore, UIC were higher in the NG and PTC groups compared with the control group. Higher UBC and excessive iodine intake were risk factors for NG and PTC according to multivariate logistic regression analysis. There was a significant correlation between UBC and UIC in each group. These data suggested that higher UBC and excessive iodine intake are associated with NG and PTC. The metabolic and functional pathways between BPA and iodine are potentially linked to the pathogenesis and progression of NG and PTC.
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111
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Nicolucci C, Errico S, Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C, Diano N. Human exposure to Bisphenol A and liver health status: Quantification of urinary and circulating levels by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:105-112. [PMID: 28346880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A selective and highly sensitive analytical methodology for determination of Bisphenol A in human plasma was developed and validated. The method was based on selective liquid/solid extraction, combined with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode and negative ionization. The linearity of the detector response was verified in human plasma over the concentration range 0.100-200ngmL-1. The detection limit was 0.03ngmL-1 and the quantification limit was 0.100ngmL-1. The analytical features of the proposed in-house validated method were satisfactory: precision was <10% and recoveries were around 84-104%. The matrix effect was studied and compensated using deuterated labeled standard. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated analyzing human plasma samples from individuals affected by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Bisphenol A was detected above the detection limit in all samples. The data show a persistence of unconjugated Bisphenol A levels in plasma and indicate a chronic Bisphenol A exposure of the target organ, suggesting an association between liver health status and Bisphenol A exposure. The results from our study are valuable for further investigation with large sample size and longitudinal study designs, necessary to confirm the observed association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nicolucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via S. M. di Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Errico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via S. M. di Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hepatogastroenterology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hepatogastroenterology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hepatogastroenterology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Diano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via S. M. di Costantinopoli, 16, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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112
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Sun Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Ashfaq M, Dai L, Xie X, Yu CP. Fate and mass balance of bisphenol analogues in wastewater treatment plants in Xiamen City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:542-549. [PMID: 28318793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the well-known endocrine disrupting ability of bisphenol A (BPA), its production and usage have been regulated. Consequently, other bisphenol analogues (BPs) have been used as the replacement of BPA. Despite their widespread use, few studies have investigated the occurrence and fate of BPs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, we conducted a city-wide monitoring survey and collected the wastewater and sludge samples from seven WWTPs in Xiamen, China over seven days. The concentrations of dissolved and adsorbed BPs in the influent and effluent, together with the BP concentrations in the sludge were determined. Five BPs, including BPA, BPAF, BPE, BPF, and BPS, were widely detected. The medium concentrations of BPA, BPAF, BPE, BPF, and BPS were 1318, 0.282, 3.70, 50.0, and 48.0 ng/L in the influent, 177, 0.714, 3.64, BLD, and BLD in the effluent, and 343, 3.09, BLD, 56.5, 1.01 μg/kg in the sludge. Spatial variations were observed, which implied the industrial origin of BPA. The efficiencies of BP removal from aqueous phase were evaluated, and results showed that BPA, BPF, and BPS were highly removed with removal efficiencies higher than 78%, while BPAF and BPE were resistant in WWTPs. Mass load calculations showed that 2075 g BPs entered into the WWTPs in Xiamen City each day, while 246 g and 63 g were discharged via effluent and excess sludge, respectively. Mass balance analysis showed that BPS and BPA were mainly biodegraded, BPF were mainly adsorbed and biodegraded, BPAF was resistant to biodegradation, while BPE was resistant to both biodegradation and adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yuwen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Lanhua Dai
- General Water of Xiamen Sewage Co., Ltd., No. 200 Wenxingdong Road, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xie
- General Water of Xiamen Sewage Co., Ltd., No. 200 Wenxingdong Road, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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113
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Zhang DH, Zhou EX, Yang ZL. Waterborne exposure to BPS causes thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish larvae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176927. [PMID: 28467477 PMCID: PMC5415059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is widely used as a raw material in industry, resulting in its ubiquitous distribution in natural environment, including the aqueous environment. However, the effect of BPS on the thyroid endocrine system is largely unknown. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to BPS at 1, 3, 10, and 30 μg/L, from 2 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 168hpf. Bioconcentration of BPS and whole-body thyroid hormones (THs), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations as well as transcriptional profiling of key genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were examined. Chemical analysis indicated that BPS was accumulated in zebrafish larvae. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly decreased at ≥ 10 and 30 μg/L of BPS, respectively. However, TSH concentration was significantly induced in the 10 and 30 μg/L BPS-treated groups. After exposure to BPS, the mRNA expression of corticotrophin releasing hormone (crh) and thyroglobulin (tg) genes were up-regulated at ≥10 μg/L of BPS, in a dose-response manner. The transcription of genes involved in thyroid development (pax8) and synthesis (sodium/iodide symporter, slc5a5) were also significantly increased in the 30 μg/L of BPS treatment group. Moreover, exposure to 10 μg/L or higher concentration of BPS significantly up-regulated genes related to thyroid hormone metabolism (deiodinases, dio1, dio2 and uridinediphosphate glucoronosyltransferases, ugt1ab), which might be responsible for the altered THs levels. However, the transcript of transthyretin (ttr) was significantly down-regulated at ≥ 3 μg/L of BPS, while the mRNA levels of thyroid hormone receptors (trα and trβ) and dio3 remained unchanged. All the results indicated that exposure to BPS altered the whole-body THs and TSH concentrations and changed the expression profiling of key genes related to HPT axis, thus triggering thyroid endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Hua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - En-Xiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhu-Lin Yang
- Research Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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114
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Liu J, Li J, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Luo F, Li S, Yang L, Moez EK, Dinu I, Martin JW. Bisphenol A Metabolites and Bisphenol S in Paired Maternal and Cord Serum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2456-2463. [PMID: 28110528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human studies show associations between maternal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and developmental effects in children, yet biomonitoring of BPA metabolites in maternal and fetal serum remains limited, and less is known for BPA alternatives. BPA-glucuronide, BPA-sulfate, and bisphenol S (BPS) were quantified in 61 pairs of maternal and cord sera from Chinese participants. Total BPS was only detectable in four maternal (<0.03-0.07 ng/mL) and seven cord sera (<0.03-0.12 ng/mL), indicating low exposure but providing the first evidence that BPS crosses the human placenta. Total BPA metabolites in cord serum were significantly higher than in maternal serum (p < 0.05), suggesting that these may be formed in the fetus or cleared more slowly from the fetoplacental compartment. Unlike the pharmacokinetic results from controlled oral exposure studies in which BPA-glucuronide is the major BPA metabolite, here, BPA-sulfate was the dominant metabolite (GM: 0.06 and 0.08 ng/mL), significantly higher than BPA-glucuronide (GM: 0.02 and 0.04 ng/mL) (p < 0.01) in both maternal and cord sera. Moreover, the proportion of BPA-sulfate increased with total BPA. These are the first human data for BPA metabolites in paired maternal and cord serum, and results suggest that the human fetus and pregnant mother have unique exposure to BPA metabolites. Direct analysis of BPA metabolites in serum provides complementary information for evaluating early life-stage exposure and risks of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Liu
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100022, China
| | - Fengji Luo
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuming Li
- Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing 100022, China
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115
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Koestel ZL, Backus RC, Tsuruta K, Spollen WG, Johnson SA, Javurek AB, Ellersieck MR, Wiedmeyer CE, Kannan K, Xue J, Bivens NJ, Givan SA, Rosenfeld CS. Bisphenol A (BPA) in the serum of pet dogs following short-term consumption of canned dog food and potential health consequences of exposure to BPA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1804-1814. [PMID: 27932218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely present endocrine disruptor chemical found in many household items. Moreover, this chemical can bioaccumulate in various terrestrial and aquatic sources; thereby ensuring continual exposure of animals and humans. For most species, including humans, diet is considered the primary route of exposure. However, there has been little investigation whether commercial-brands of dog foods contain BPA and potential health ramifications of BPA-dietary exposure in dogs. We sought to determine BPA content within dog food, whether short-term consumption of these diets increases serum concentrations of BPA, and potential health consequences, as assessed by potential hematological, serum chemistry, cortisol, DNA methylation, and gut microbiome changes, in dogs associated with short-term dietary exposure to BPA. Fourteen healthy privately-owned dogs were used in this study. Blood and fecal samples were collected prior to dogs being placed for two-weeks on one of two diets (with one considered to be BPA-free), and blood and fecal samples were collected again. Serum/plasma samples were analyzed for chemistry and hematology profiles, cortisol concentrations, 5-methylcytosine in lymphocytes, and total BPA concentrations. Fecal samples were used for microbiome assessments. Both diets contained BPA, and after two-weeks of being on either diet, dogs had a significant increase in circulating BPA concentrations (pre-samples=0.7±0.15ng/mL, post-samples=2.2±0.15ng/mL, p<0.0001). Elevated BPA concentrations positively correlated with increased plasma bicarbonate concentrations and associated with fecal microbiome alterations. Short-term feeding of canned dog food increased circulating BPA concentrations in dogs comparable to amounts detected in humans, and greater BPA concentrations were associated with serum chemistry and microbiome changes. Dogs, who share our internal and external environments with us, are likely excellent indicators of potential human health concerns to BPA and other environmental chemicals. These findings may also have relevance to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe L Koestel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Robert C Backus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kaoru Tsuruta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - William G Spollen
- Department of Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Angela B Javurek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Department of Agriculture Experimental Station-Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Charles E Wiedmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Nathan J Bivens
- Department of DNA Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Scott A Givan
- Department of Informatics Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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116
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Andra SS, Austin C, Yang J, Patel D, Arora M. Recent advances in simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A and its conjugates in human matrices: Exposure biomarker perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:770-781. [PMID: 27586167 PMCID: PMC5099122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human exposures to bisphenol A (BPA) has attained considerable global health attention and represents one of the leading environmental contaminants with potential adverse health effects including endocrine disruption. Current practice of measuring of exposure to BPA includes the measurement of unconjugated BPA (aglycone) and total (both conjugated and unconjugated) BPA; the difference between the two measurements leads to estimation of conjugated forms. However, the measurement of BPA as the end analyte leads to inaccurate estimates from potential interferences from background sources during sample collection and analysis. BPA glucuronides (BPAG) and sulfates (BPAS) represent better candidates for biomarkers of BPA exposure, since they require in vivo metabolism and are not prone to external contamination. In this work, the primary focus was to review the current state of the art in analytical methods available to quantitate BPA conjugates. The entire analytical procedure for the simultaneous extraction and detection of aglycone BPA and conjugates is covered, from sample pre-treatment, extraction, separation, ionization, and detection. Solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatograph and tandem mass spectrometer analysis provides the most sensitive detection and quantification of BPA conjugates. Discussed herein are the applications of BPA conjugates analysis in human exposure assessment studies. Measuring these potential biomarkers of BPA exposure has only recently become analytically feasible and there are limitations and challenges to overcome in biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Christine Austin
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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117
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Asimakopoulos AG, Xue J, De Carvalho BP, Iyer A, Abualnaja KO, Yaghmoor SS, Kumosani TA, Kannan K. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to 57 xenobiotics and its association with oxidative stress in a population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:573-581. [PMID: 26654562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress arises from excessive free radicals in the body and is a trigger for numerous diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Elevated exposure to environmental chemicals can contribute to oxidative stress. The association between exposure to xenobiotics and oxidative stress, however, has rarely been studied. In this study, urinary concentrations of 57 xenobiotics (antimicrobials, parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, and phthalates metabolites) were determined in a population from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to delineate association with the oxidative stress biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHDG). We collected 130 urine samples and analyzed for 57 xenobiotics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods. The association between unadjusted and creatinine- or specific gravity-adjusted concentrations of xenobiotics and 8OHDG was examined by Pearson correlations and multiple regression analysis. High concentrations of mCPP (a metabolite of di-n-octyl phthalate; DnOP) and mCMHP (a metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate; DEHP) were found in urine. In addition, the concentrations of bisphenol S (BPS) were higher than those of bisphenol A (BPA). The concentrations of metabolites of DEHP, phthalic acid, BPA, BPS, and methyl-protocatechuic acid were significantly associated with 8OHDG. This is the first biomonitoring study to report exposure of the Saudi population to a wide range of environmental chemicals and provides evidence that environmental chemical exposures contribute to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Bruno Pereira De Carvalho
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Archana Iyer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, Vitamin D Pharmacogenomics Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Omer Abualnaja
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soonham Sami Yaghmoor
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha Abdullah Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research, Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research, Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States.
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118
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Pastor-Belda M, Bastida D, Campillo N, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Motas M, Viñas P. A study of the influence on diabetes of free and conjugated bisphenol A concentrations in urine: Development of a simple microextraction procedure using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:458-465. [PMID: 27497306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The association between bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and adult health status is examined by measuring the urinary BPA concentration using a miniaturized technique based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both the free bioactive and the glucuronide conjugated forms of BPA were measured, the glucuronide form usually being predominant. The main analogs of BPA, including bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol F (BPF) and biphenol (BP) were also determined. Several parameters affecting enzymatic hydrolysis, derivatization by in-situ acetylation and the DLLME stages were carefully optimized by means of multivariate designs. DLLME parameters were 2mL urine, 1mL acetone and 100μL chloroform, and hydrolysis was performed using β-glucuronidase and sulfatase at pH 5. No matrix effect was observed and quantification was carried out by aqueous calibration with a surrogate standard. Detection limits were in the range 0.01-0.04ngmL(-1). The intraday and interday precisions were lower than 11% in terms of relative standard deviation. Satisfactory values for all compounds were obtained in recovery studies (92-117%) at two concentration levels. Other bisphenols (BPF, BPZ and BP) were not detected in the urine samples, while BPA was the only bisphenol detected in the free form (creatinine adjusted) at concentration levels ranging from the detection limit to 15.9ngg(-1), and total BPA was detected at concentrations ranging from 0.46 to 24.5ngg(-1) levels. A comparison of the BPA content for both groups of patients revealed that slightly higher mean values were obtained for both free BPA and total BPA for diabetic patients, than for non-diabetic patients. However, a statistical comparison of the contents of BPA revealed that there were no significant differences. The procedure was validated using a certified reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pastor-Belda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - David Bastida
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María D Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Motas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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119
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A fast method for bisphenol A and six analogues (S, F, Z, P, AF, AP) determination in urine samples based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 154:511-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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120
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Strong AL, Miller DFB, Buechlein AM, Fang F, Glowacki J, McLachlan JA, Nephew KP, Burow ME, Bunnell BA. Bisphenol A alters the self-renewal and differentiation capacity of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23273747.2016.1200344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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121
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Chen D, Kannan K, Tan H, Zheng Z, Feng YL, Wu Y, Widelka M. Bisphenol Analogues Other Than BPA: Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Toxicity-A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5438-53. [PMID: 27143250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 972] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA). Following stringent regulations on the production and usage of BPA, several bisphenol analogues have been produced as a replacement for BPA in various applications. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of bisphenol analogues (other than BPA) in the environment, consumer products and foodstuffs, human exposure and biomonitoring, and toxicity. Whereas BPA was still the major bisphenol analogue found in most environmental monitoring studies, BPF and BPS were also frequently detected. Elevated concentrations of BPAF, BPF, and BPS (i.e., similar to or greater than that of BPA) have been reported in the abiotic environment and human urine from some regions. Many analogues exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, dioxin-like effects, and neurotoxicity in laboratory studies. BPAF, BPB, BPF, and BPS have been shown to exhibit estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activities similar to or even greater than that of BPA. Knowledge gaps and research needs have been identified, which include the elucidation of environmental occurrences, persistence, and fate of bisphenol analogues (other than BPA), sources and pathways for human exposure, effects on reproductive systems and the mammary gland, mechanisms of toxicity from coexposure to multiple analogues, metabolic pathways and products, and the impact of metabolic modification on toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhengui Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Margaret Widelka
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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122
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Urine and serum biomonitoring of exposure to environmental estrogens I: Bisphenol A in pregnant women. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:129-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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123
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Determination of free and conjugated forms of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in human biological fluids by GC−MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1145-58. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Humans are exposed to hazardous substances including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These compounds have been associated with some diseases such as cancer and ascribed adverse effects on life-essential organs. Results: The method, which allows the determination of both free and conjugated forms of EDCs, involves the liquid–liquid extraction from the sample with ethyl acetate, followed by its preconcentration and clean-up by SPE in a continuous system for the subsequent determination by GC–MS. The proposed method affords very low LODs and RSD. Conclusion: This allowed its successful application to the determination of EDCs in human urine, blood and breast milk. The most frequently founded were methylparaben, ethylparaben, bisphenol A and triclosan.
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124
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Obesogen effects after perinatal exposure of 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol (Bisphenol S) in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicology 2016; 357-358:11-20. [PMID: 27241191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A were removed from consumer products and replaced by chemical substitutes such as Bisphenol S (BPS). Based on their structural similarity, BPS may be obesogen like Bisphenol A in mice. Our objective was to determine the impact of BPS on lipid homeostasis in C57Bl/6 mice after perinatal and chronic exposure. Pregnant mice were exposed to BPS via the drinking water (0.2; 1.5; 50μg/kg bw/d). Treatment began at gestational day 0 and continued in offspring up to 23-weeks old. Then, offspring mice were fed with a standard or high fat diet. The body weight, food consumption, fat mass and energy expenditure were measured. A lipid load test was performed to check the postprandial triglyceridemia. Plasma parameters and mRNA gene expression in adipose tissues were also analysed. BPS induced overweight in male mice offspring fed with a HFD at the two highest doses. There was no change in food intake and energy expenditure. The overweight was correlated to the fat mass, hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. The plasma triglyceride clearance was significantly increased with BPS and tyloxapol(®) (triglyceride clearance inhibitor) reversed this phenomenon. BPS induced alteration in mRNA expression of marker genes involved in adipose tissue homeostasis: hormone sensitive lipase, PPARγ, insulin receptor, SOCS3 and adiponectin. This is the first time that BPS is described as obesogenic at low doses and after perinatal and chronic exposure in male mice. BPS potentiated the obesity induced by a HFD by inducing the lipid storage linked to faster lipid plasma clearance.
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125
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Occupational exposure of cashiers to Bisphenol A via thermal paper: urinary biomonitoring study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:935-46. [PMID: 27126703 PMCID: PMC4927604 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose As an essential component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in numerous industrial and consumer products. BPA may cause adverse health effects because of its endocrine activity. General population exposure to this compound mainly through diet is well documented. Thermal paper was also identified as a source of BPA through dermal intake. In this study, we investigated whether frequent contact with thermal paper is associated with an increase in urinary BPA excretion. Methods We evaluated the exposure to BPA in cashiers and in non-occupationally exposed workers from several workplaces. Urinary BPA was quantified in free (unconjugated) and total (unconjugated plus conjugated) forms in 24-h and spot urine samples using LC–MS/MS. BPA concentration in thermal paper was also measured from each workplace. In addition, participants provided information on job, food and drink, tobacco consumption and hands wash during the sampling period through a questionnaire. Results Urine samples were collected from 90 cashiers and 44 controls. Free and total BPA were detected in all samples. The median urinary total BPA concentration was 3.54 µg/L (2.89 µg/g creatinine) for controls and 8.92 µg/L (6.76 µg/g creatinine) for cashiers. For the free BPA, the median urinary concentration was 0.20 µg/L (0.21 µg/g creatinine) for controls and 0.28 µg/L (0.22 µg/g creatinine) for cashiers. Any correlation was found between the urinary concentration levels and the number of thermal receipts handled. Hand washes frequency, age, job length of service and tobacco consumption had also no effect on the BPA excretions. Conclusion A significant increase in urinary total BPA concentration was observed for cashiers handling daily thermal paper receipts. However, no significant increase was observed in urinary free BPA concentration. These findings are particularly interesting for risk assessment since all available data on occupational exposure to BPA through thermal paper were obtained from models or from simulated experiments.
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Gerona RR, Pan J, Zota AR, Schwartz JM, Friesen M, Taylor JA, Hunt PA, Woodruff TJ. Direct measurement of Bisphenol A (BPA), BPA glucuronide and BPA sulfate in a diverse and low-income population of pregnant women reveals high exposure, with potential implications for previous exposure estimates: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2016; 15:50. [PMID: 27071747 PMCID: PMC4828888 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous, endocrine-disrupting environmental contaminant that increases risk of some adverse developmental effects. Thus, it is important to characterize BPA levels, metabolic fate and sources of exposure in pregnant women. METHODS We used an improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytic method to directly and simultaneously measure unconjugated BPA (uBPA), BPA glucuronide and BPA sulfate in the urine of a population of ethnically and racially diverse, and predominately low-income pregnant women (n = 112) in their second trimester. We also administered a questionnaire on dietary and non-dietary sources of exposure to BPA. RESULTS We found universal and high exposure to uBPA and its metabolites: median concentrations were 0.25, 4.67, and 0.31 μg/g creatinine for uBPA, BPA glucuronide, and BPA sulfate, respectively. The median Total BPA (uBPA + BPA in glucuronide and sulfate forms) level was more than twice that measured in U.S. pregnant women in NHANES 2005-2006, while 30 % of the women had Total BPA levels above the 95th percentile. On average, Total BPA consisted of 71 % BPA in glucuronide form, 15 % BPA in sulfate form and 14 % uBPA, however the proportion of BPA in sulfate form increased and the proportion of uBPA decreased with Total BPA levels. Occupational and non-occupational contact with paper receipts was positively associated with BPA in conjugated (glucuronidated + sulfated) form after adjustment for demographic characteristics. Recent consumption of foods and beverages likely to be contaminated with BPA was infrequent among participants and we did not observe any positive associations with BPA analyte levels. CONCLUSION The high levels of BPA analytes found in our study population may be attributable to the low-income status of the majority of participants and/or our direct analytic method, which yields a more complete evaluation of BPA exposure. We observed near-universal exposure to BPA among pregnant women, as well as substantial variability in BPA metabolic clearance, raising additional concerns for effects on fetal development. Our results are consistent with studies showing thermal paper receipts to be an important source of exposure, point to the difficulty pregnant women have avoiding BPA exposure on an individual level, and therefore underscore the need for changes in BPA regulation and commerce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy R. Gerona
- />Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, Mailstop 0132, 550 16th Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Janet Pan
- />Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, Mailstop 0132, 550 16th Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Ami R. Zota
- />Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, Mailstop 0132, 550 16th Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
- />Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Suite 414, Washington, DC 20052 USA
| | - Jackie M. Schwartz
- />Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, Mailstop 0132, 550 16th Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Matthew Friesen
- />Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, Mailstop 0132, 550 16th Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Julia A. Taylor
- />Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, 114 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- />School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 647521, Pullman, WA 99164-7521 USA
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- />Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, Mailstop 0132, 550 16th Street, 7th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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Hauck ZZ, Huang K, Li G, van Breemen RB. Determination of bisphenol A-glucuronide in human urine using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:400-406. [PMID: 26754133 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Used widely as a plasticizer and as a monomer for plastics, bisphenol A (BPA) is under investigation as a possible endocrine disrupter. As an indication of systemic exposure, a fast and accurate assay was developed for the major BPA metabolite in human urine, BPA-monoglucuronide (BPA-G), using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). METHODS Urine samples were prepared using solid-phase mixed-mode reversed-phase/anion-exchange extraction. BPA-G was measured using UHPLC/MS/MS with an amide UHPLC column interfaced to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with negative ion electrospray, collision-induced dissociation and selected reaction monitoring. [(13) C12 ]-BPA-G was used as a surrogate standard. RESULTS By measuring the glucuronide metabolite of BPA, potential interference due to BPA contamination from containers, solvents, pipette, etc., was avoided. The standard curve had a linear regression coefficient of 0.999, and the intra- and inter-assay variations were less than 10%. The assay was validated according to FDA guidelines. CONCLUSIONS A fast, accurate, and highly selective method for the determination of BPA-G in human urine was developed and validated using UHPLC/MS/MS. This method is suitable for assessing human exposure to BPA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Z Hauck
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guannan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, M/C 781, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Caballero-Casero N, Lunar L, Rubio S. Analytical methods for the determination of mixtures of bisphenols and derivatives in human and environmental exposure sources and biological fluids. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 908:22-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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129
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Yalcin EB, Kulkarni SR, Slitt AL, King R. Bisphenol A sulfonation is impaired in metabolic and liver disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 292:75-84. [PMID: 26712468 PMCID: PMC4724572 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used industrial chemical and suspected endocrine disruptor to which humans are ubiquitously exposed. The liver metabolizes and facilitates BPA excretion through glucuronidation and sulfonation. The sulfotransferase enzymes contributing to BPA sulfonation (detected in human and rodents) is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of metabolic and liver disease on BPA sulfonation in human and mouse livers. METHODS The capacity for BPA sulfonation was determined in human liver samples that were categorized into different stages of metabolic and liver disease (including obesity, diabetes, steatosis, and cirrhosis) and in livers from ob/ob mice. RESULTS In human liver tissues, BPA sulfonation was substantially lower in livers from subjects with steatosis (23%), diabetes cirrhosis (16%), and cirrhosis (18%), relative to healthy individuals with non-fatty livers (100%). In livers of obese mice (ob/ob), BPA sulfonation was lower (23%) than in livers from lean wild-type controls (100%). In addition to BPA sulfonation activity, Sult1a1 protein expression decreased by 97% in obese mouse livers. CONCLUSION Taken together these findings establish a profoundly reduced capacity of BPA elimination via sulfonation in obese or diabetic individuals and in those with fatty or cirrhotic livers versus individuals with healthy livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine B Yalcin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Supriya R Kulkarni
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States.
| | - Roberta King
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States.
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130
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Chen M, Fan Z, Zhao F, Gao F, Mu D, Zhou Y, Shen H, Hu J. Occurrence and Maternal Transfer of Chlorinated Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol in Pregnant Women and Their Matching Embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:970-7. [PMID: 26691760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure has recently raised concerns over the health risks of endocrine disruptors; however, little is known about their extent and the mechanisms of maternal transfer in the embryo stage. In this study, bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and their six chlorinated derivatives were quantified in decidua samples from 25 pregnant women and their matching embryos, which were collected as chorionic villi samples. Monochloro-BPA (MCBPA), dichloro-BPA (DCBPA), monochloro-NP (MCNP), and dichloro-NP (DCNP) were detected in over 70% of the decidua or chorionic villi samples, while BPA, NP, trichloro-BPA (TCBPA), and tetrachloro-BPA (TeCBPA) were detected in less than half. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of MCBPA, DCBPA, NP, MCNP, and DCNP in chorionic villi samples were 0.13, 0.17, 5.33, 4.52, and 2.44 ng/g dw, respectively, higher than those in maternal decidua samples, which were 0.10, 0.12, 3.27, 1.85, and 0.74 ng/g dw, respectively, while the GM concentration of BPA was lower in chorionic villi samples (0.09 ng/g dw) than in maternal decidua (0.10 ng/g dw). The ratios of the average lipid-normalized concentrations of chemicals in chorionic villi to those in maternal decidua (EMR) were calculated to be 1.53 for MCNP and 2.38 for DCNP, while those of BPA, MCBPA, DCBPA, and NP were lower than 1 (0.39-0.97). Such obvious difference in maternal transfer is probably due to their different affinities to plasma proteins, as exemplified by the correlation between EMR and the binding affinities to T4 transport proteins (TTR). This is the first report on the occurrence and maternal transfer of chlorinated derivatives of BPA and NP in human embryos and decidua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhanlan Fan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fanrong Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fumei Gao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Mu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuyin Zhou
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huan Shen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University , Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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131
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Grignon C, Venisse N, Rouillon S, Brunet B, Bacle A, Thevenot S, Migeot V, Dupuis A. Ultrasensitive determination of bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives in urine using a high-throughput UPLC-MS/MS method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2255-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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132
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Boucher JG, Boudreau A, Ahmed S, Atlas E. In Vitro Effects of Bisphenol A β-D-Glucuronide (BPA-G) on Adipogenesis in Human and Murine Preadipocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1287-93. [PMID: 26018136 PMCID: PMC4671229 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to common environmental substances, such as bisphenol A (BPA), has been associated with a number of negative health outcomes. In vivo, BPA is rapidly converted to its predominant metabolite, BPA-glucuronide (BPA-G), which has long been believed to be biologically inactive because it lacks estrogenic activity. However, the effects of BPA-G on cellular metabolism have not been characterized. In the present study we examined the effect of BPA-G on adipogenesis. METHODS The effect of BPA-G on the differentiation of human and 3T3L1 murine preadipocytes was evaluated in vitro by quantifying lipid accumulation and the expression of adipogenic markers. RESULTS Treatment of 3T3L1 preadipocytes with 10 μM BPA-G induced a significant increase in lipid accumulation, mRNA expression of the adipogenic markers sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 (SREBF1) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and protein levels of LPL, aP2, and adipsin. Treatment of primary human preadipocytes with BPA-G also induced adipogenesis as determined by aP2 levels. Co-treatment of cells with the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist fulvestrant (ICI) significantly inhibited the BPA-G-induced increase in LPL and aP2 levels, whereas treatment with ICI alone had no effect. Moreover, BPA-G did not display any significant estrogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to report that BPA-G induces adipocyte differentiation and is not simply an inactive metabolite. The fact that BPA-G induced adipogenesis and was inhibited by an ER antagonist yet showed no estrogenic activity suggests that it has no classical ER transcriptional activation function and acts through a pathway that remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Boucher
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:E1-E150. [PMID: 26544531 PMCID: PMC4702494 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1292] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, a substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding of plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions and how exposures in animals and humans-especially during development-may lay the foundations for disease later in life. At this point in history, we have much stronger knowledge about how EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, and epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects in exposed individuals as well as their descendants. Causal links between exposure and manifestation of disease are substantiated by experimental animal models and are consistent with correlative epidemiological data in humans. There are several caveats because differences in how experimental animal work is conducted can lead to difficulties in drawing broad conclusions, and we must continue to be cautious about inferring causality in humans. In this second Scientific Statement, we reviewed the literature on a subset of topics for which the translational evidence is strongest: 1) obesity and diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male reproduction; 4) hormone-sensitive cancers in females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; and 7) neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria for studies were those conducted predominantly in the past 5 years deemed to be of high quality based on appropriate negative and positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size and experimental design, and mammalian animal studies with exposure levels in a range that was relevant to humans. We also focused on studies using the developmental origins of health and disease model. No report was excluded based on a positive or negative effect of the EDC exposure. The bulk of the results across the board strengthen the evidence for endocrine health-related actions of EDCs. Based on this much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, these findings can be much better translated to human health. Armed with this information, researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers can guide regulators and policymakers as they make responsible decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gore
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - V A Chappell
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S E Fenton
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J A Flaws
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - A Nadal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - G S Prins
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J Toppari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R T Zoeller
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Andra SS, Charisiadis P, Arora M, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Makris KC. Biomonitoring of human exposures to chlorinated derivatives and structural analogs of bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:352-79. [PMID: 26521216 PMCID: PMC6415542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The high reactivity of bisphenol A (BPA) with disinfectant chlorine is evident in the instantaneous formation of chlorinated BPA derivatives (ClxBPA) in various environmental media that show increased estrogen-activity when compared with that of BPA. The documented health risks associated with BPA exposures have led to the gradual market entry of BPA structural analogs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), etc. A suite of exposure sources to ClxBPA and BPA analogs in the domestic environment is anticipated to drive the nature and range of halogenated BPA derivatives that can form when residual BPA comes in contact with disinfectant in tap water and/or consumer products. The primary objective of this review was to survey all available studies reporting biomonitoring protocols of ClxBPA and structural BPA analogs (BPS, BPF, BPB, etc.) in human matrices. Focus was paid on describing the analytical methodologies practiced for the analysis of ClxBPA and BPA analogs using hyphenated chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, because current methodologies for human matrices are complex. During the last decade, an increasing number of ecotoxicological, cell-culture and animal-based and human studies dealing with ClxBPA exposure sources and routes of exposure, metabolism and toxicity have been published. Up to date findings indicated the association of ClxBPA with metabolic conditions, such as obesity, lipid accumulation, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. We critically discuss the limitations, research needs and future opportunities linked with the inclusion of ClxBPA and BPA analogs into exposure assessment protocols of relevant epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Manish Arora
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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135
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Veiga-Lopez A, Kannan K, Liao C, Ye W, Domino SE, Padmanabhan V. Gender-Specific Effects on Gestational Length and Birth Weight by Early Pregnancy BPA Exposure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E1394-403. [PMID: 26406292 PMCID: PMC4702459 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Effects of prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) on gestational and birth outcomes are controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between prenatal exposure to BPA and birth and gestational outcomes. design, setting, participants, and outcome: Levels of unconjugated (uBPA) and BPA glucuronide in 80 matching samples of pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy and at delivery and matching term cord blood obtained from a prospective study conducted at the University of Michigan Hospitals were determined using a methodology validated in the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences funded Round Robin study and related to pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS Highest levels of uBPA were found in maternal term samples followed by first trimester maternal (M1) samples and cord blood. A 2-fold increase in M1 uBPA was associated with 55-g less birth weight when male and female pregnancies were combined and 183-g less birth weight with only female pregnancies. A 2-fold increase in maternal term uBPA was associated with an increased gestational length of 0.7 days for all pregnancies and 1.1 days for only female pregnancies. CONCLUSION Higher uBPA exposure levels during first trimester and term are associated with sex-specific reduction in birth weight and increase in gestational length, respectively. Race, parity, and employment have an effect on BPA exposure. Because low birth weight is associated with adverse health outcomes, effect of early pregnancy BPA levels on reducing birth weight highlights the risk posed by developmental exposure to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics (A.V.-L., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Wadsworth Center (K.K.), New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208; and Department of Biostatistics (W.Y.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.E.D., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics (A.V.-L., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Wadsworth Center (K.K.), New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208; and Department of Biostatistics (W.Y.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.E.D., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Chunyang Liao
- Department of Pediatrics (A.V.-L., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Wadsworth Center (K.K.), New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208; and Department of Biostatistics (W.Y.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.E.D., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Pediatrics (A.V.-L., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Wadsworth Center (K.K.), New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208; and Department of Biostatistics (W.Y.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.E.D., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Steven E Domino
- Department of Pediatrics (A.V.-L., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Wadsworth Center (K.K.), New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208; and Department of Biostatistics (W.Y.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.E.D., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics (A.V.-L., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Wadsworth Center (K.K.), New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208; and Department of Biostatistics (W.Y.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.E.D., V.P.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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136
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Deng C, Zhong Y, He Y, Ge Y, Song G. Selective determination of trace bisphenol a using molecularly imprinted silica nanoparticles containing quenchable fluorescent silver nanoclusters. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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137
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Martinez AM, Cheong A, Ying J, Xue J, Kannan K, Leung YK, Thomas MA, Ho SM. Effects of High-Butterfat Diet on Embryo Implantation in Female Rats Exposed to Bisphenol A. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:147. [PMID: 26510865 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor associated with poor pregnancy outcomes in human and rodents. The effects of butterfat diets on embryo implantation and whether it modifies BPA's actions are currently unknown. We aimed to determine the effects of butterfat diet on embryo implantation success in female rats exposed to an environmentally relevant dose of BPA. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to dietary butterfat (10% or 39% kcal/kg body weight [BW]) in the presence or absence of BPA (250 μg/kg BW) or ethinylestradiol (0.1 μg/kg BW) shortly before and during pregnancy to assess embryo implantation potentials by preimplantation development and transport, in vitro blastulation, outgrowth, and implantation. On gestational day (GD) 4.5, rats treated with BPA alone had higher serum total BPA level (2.3-3.7 ng/ml). They had more late-stage preimplantation embryos, whereas those receiving high butterfat (HBF) diet had the most advanced-stage embryos; dams cotreated with HBF and BPA had the most number of advanced embryos. BPA markedly delayed embryo transport to the uterus, but neither amount of butterfat had modifying effects. An in vitro implantation assay showed HBF doubled the outgrowth area, with BPA having no effect. In vivo, BPA reduced the number of implanted embryos on GD8, and cotreatment with HBF eliminated this adverse effect. HBF diet overall resulted in more and larger GD8 embryos. This study reveals the implantation disruptive effects of maternal exposure to an environmentally relevant dose of BPA and identifies HBF diet as a modifier of BPA in promoting early embryonic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Martinez
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ana Cheong
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jun Ying
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael A Thomas
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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138
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Development of an extraction method based on new porous organogel materials coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for the rapid quantification of bisphenol A in urine. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1414:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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139
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Buscher B, van de Lagemaat D, Gries W, Beyer D, Markham DA, Budinsky RA, Dimond SS, Nath RV, Snyder SA, Hentges SG. Quantitative analysis of unconjugated and total bisphenol A in human urine using solid-phase extraction and UPLC-MS/MS: method implementation, method qualification and troubleshooting. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1005:30-8. [PMID: 26465088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the presented investigation was to document challenges encountered during implementation and qualification of a method for bisphenol A (BPA) analysis and to develop and discuss precautions taken to avoid and to monitor contamination with BPA during sample handling and analysis. Previously developed and published HPLC-MS/MS methods for the determination of unconjugated BPA (Markham et al. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 34 (2010) 293-303) [17] and total BPA (Markham et al. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 38 (2014) 194-203) [20] in human urine were combined and transferred into another laboratory. The initial method for unconjugated BPA was developed and evaluated in two independent laboratories simultaneously. The second method for total BPA was developed and evaluated in one of these laboratories to conserve resources. Accurate analysis of BPA at sub-ppb levels is a challenging task as BPA is a widely used material and is ubiquitous in the environment at trace concentrations. Propensity for contamination of biological samples with BPA is reported in the literature during sample collection, storage, and/or analysis. Contamination by trace levels of BPA is so pervasive that even with extraordinary care, it is difficult to completely exclude the introduction of BPA into biological samples and, consequently, contamination might have an impact on BPA biomonitoring data. The applied UPLC-MS/MS method was calibrated from 0.05 to 25ng/ml. The limit of quantification was 0.1ng/ml for unconjugated BPA and 0.2ng/ml for total BPA, respectively, in human urine. Finally, the method was applied to urine samples derived from 20 volunteers. Overall, BPA can be analyzed in human urine with acceptable recovery and repeatability if sufficient measures are taken to avoid contamination throughout the procedure from sample collection until UPLC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dieter Beyer
- Bayer Pharma Aktiengesellschaft, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh V Nath
- SABIC Research & Technology Pvt., Ltd., Bangalore, India
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140
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Estimation of in vivo and in vitro exposure to bisphenol A as food contaminant. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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141
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Analytical methods for the assessment of endocrine disrupting chemical exposure during human fetal and lactation stages: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 892:27-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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142
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Guidry VT, Longnecker MP, Aase H, Eggesbø M, Zeiner P, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Knudsen GP, Bertelsen RJ, Ye X, Calafat AM, Engel SM. Measurement of Total and Free Urinary Phenol and Paraben Concentrations over the Course of Pregnancy: Assessing Reliability and Contamination of Specimens in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:705-11. [PMID: 25782115 PMCID: PMC4492266 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposures to environmental phenols and parabens may be harmful, especially in utero. Prior studies have demonstrated high within-person variability of urinary concentrations across pregnancy. OBJECTIVES We sought to measure phenol and paraben biomarker concentrations for the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort (MoBa) study, assess within-person variability, and investigate any possible external phenol or paraben contamination of specimens. METHODS We collected three spot urine samples at approximately 17, 23, and 29 weeks gestation in a hospital setting and added a preservative containing ethyl paraben. We measured urinary concentrations and within-person variability for phenols and parabens in a MoBa sample (n = 45), including a subgroup of 15 participants previously randomly selected for a bisphenol A (BPA) exposure study who had unusually high total BPA concentrations. Additionally, we compared reliability results for total, conjugated, and free concentrations of phenolic compounds. RESULTS We detected total and free BPA, butyl paraben, propyl paraben, and methyl paraben in 100% of samples, total benzophenone-3 in 95% of samples, and infrequently detected free benzophenone-3 and total and free 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for total, conjugated, and free concentrations ranged from relatively low for BPA to moderate for propyl paraben. ICCs were generally similar overall and by subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Using conjugated concentrations improved reliability estimates only for BPA. Measuring total and free concentrations, an approach that may be useful for future studies, allowed us to identify likely BPA and butyl paraben contamination of archived MoBa urine specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia T Guidry
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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143
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Corrales J, Kristofco LA, Steele WB, Yates BS, Breed CS, Williams ES, Brooks BW. Global Assessment of Bisphenol A in the Environment: Review and Analysis of Its Occurrence and Bioaccumulation. Dose Response 2015; 13:1559325815598308. [PMID: 26674671 PMCID: PMC4674187 DOI: 10.1177/1559325815598308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Because bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical, we examined over 500 peer-reviewed studies to understand its global distribution in effluent discharges, surface waters, sewage sludge, biosolids, sediments, soils, air, wildlife, and humans. Bisphenol A was largely reported from urban ecosystems in Asia, Europe, and North America; unfortunately, information was lacking from large geographic areas, megacities, and developing countries. When sufficient data were available, probabilistic hazard assessments were performed to understand global environmental quality concerns. Exceedances of Canadian Predicted No Effect Concentrations for aquatic life were >50% for effluents in Asia, Europe, and North America but as high as 80% for surface water reports from Asia. Similarly, maximum concentrations of BPA in sediments from Asia were higher than Europe. Concentrations of BPA in wildlife, mostly for fish, ranged from 0.2 to 13 000 ng/g. We observed 60% and 40% exceedences of median levels by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Europe and Asia, respectively. These findings highlight the utility of coordinating global sensing of environmental contaminants efforts through integration of environmental monitoring and specimen banking to identify regions for implementation of more robust environmental assessment and management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Lauren A. Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - W. Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Brian S. Yates
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Christopher S. Breed
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - E. Spencer Williams
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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144
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Stein TP, Schluter MD, Steer RA, Guo L, Ming X. Bisphenol A Exposure in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism Res 2015; 8:272-83. [PMID: 25641946 PMCID: PMC4474754 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is believed to involve genetic and environmental components. This study focused on the plasticizer, Bisphenol-A (BPA). The major pathway for BPA metabolism and excretion is via glucuronidation. To determine whether there was a relationship between BPA exposure and ASD, urine specimens were collected from 46 children with ASD and 52 controls. Free and total BPA concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry. The fraction glucuronidated was calculated from the difference. A metabolomics study was done to investigate metabolite distribution in the urine. (i) Most of the BPA excreted in the urine was as the glucuronide; (ii) about 20% of the ASD children had BPA levels beyond the 90th percentile (>50 ng/mL) of the frequency distribution for the total sample of 98 children; (iii) Mann-Whitney U tests and multiple regression analyses found significant differences (P < 0.05) between the groups in total and % bound BPA; and (iv) the metabolomics analyses showed the number of absolute partial correlations >|0.30| between metabolite concentrations and total BPA was ∼3 times greater with the ASD group than the controls (P < 0.001), and the number of absolute partial correlations > |0.30| for % bound BPA was ∼15 times higher with ASD (P < 0.001). The results suggest there is an association between BPA and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Peter Stein
- Department of Surgery, Rowan University-SOM, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, New Jersey, 08084
| | - Margaret D Schluter
- Department of Surgery, Rowan University-SOM, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, New Jersey, 08084
| | - Robert A Steer
- Department of Psychiatry, Rowan University-SOM, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, New Jersey, 08084
| | - Lining Guo
- Metabolon Inc., 617 Davis Drive, Suite 400, Durham, North Carolina, 27713
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurology, Rutgers University -New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, New Jersey, 07103
| | - Xue Ming
- Sleep Medicine Center, JFK Hospital, Seton Hall University, Edison, New Jersey, 08820
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145
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Mahmoudi A, Ghorbel H, Bouallegui Z, Marrekchi R, Isoda H, Sayadi S. Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol protect from bisphenol A effects in livers and kidneys of lactating mother rats and their pups'. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:413-25. [PMID: 25963946 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical found in hard plastics and the coatings of food and drinks cans which can behave in a similar way to estrogen and other hormones in the human body. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of the treatment with oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol olive leaves rich extracts in reducing functional perturbations and oxidative stress arising from BPA treatment in livers and kidneys of lactating mother rats and their pups'. For this, four groups of lactating mothers were used: controls (group A), treated with bisphenol A (group B), treated with bisphenol A and oleuropein (group C) and with bisphenol A and hydroxytyrosol (group D). As results, we had found, in BPA treated group, either in mothers or in their pups', a significant decrease in morphological parameters, in catalase activity and in total antioxidant capacity associated to an increase in malondialdehyde levels in livers and kidneys. For these rats, the histological aspect showed, also, deep changes. Indeed, we had observed, in livers, hepatocellular necrosis associated to leucocytes infiltration and in kidneys tubular and glomerular necrosis. The co-treatments with BPA and oleuropein (group C) or with BPA and hydroxytyrosol (group D) ameliorate all morphological, biochemical and histological parameters as compared to BPA treated group B. The analysis of BPA and its derivatives with LC-MS/MS showed changes in their localizations between serum, livers or kidneys in all studied groups. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the hepato-protective and reno-protective effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol olive leaves extracts from BPA and its derivates toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Héla Ghorbel
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Zouhair Bouallegui
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rim Marrekchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Habib Bourguiba, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Liu ZH, Lu GN, Yin H, Dang Z, Rittmann B. Removal of natural estrogens and their conjugates in municipal wastewater treatment plants: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5288-5300. [PMID: 25844648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews studies focusing on the removal performance of natural estrogens in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Key factors influencing removal include: sludge retention time (SRT), aeration, temperature, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and substrate concentration. Batch studies show that natural estrogens should biodegrade well; however, batch observations do not always agree with observations from full-scale municipal WWTPs. To explain this discrepancy, deconjugation kinetics of estrogen conjugates in lab-scale studies were examined and compared. Most estrogen conjugates with slow deconjugation rates are unlikely to be easily removed; others could be cleaved in WWTP settings. Nevertheless, some estrogens cleaved from their conjugates may be found in treated effluent, because deconjugation requires several hours or longer, and there is insufficient rest time for the biodegradation of the cleaved natural estrogens in the WWTP. Therefore, WWTP removals of natural estrogens are likely to be underestimated when estrogen conjugates are present in raw wastewater. This review suggests that biodeconjugation of estrogen conjugates should be enhanced to more effectively remove natural estrogens in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-hua Liu
- †College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong China
| | - Gui-ning Lu
- †College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong China
| | - Hua Yin
- †College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong China
| | - Zhi Dang
- †College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong China
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- §Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
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147
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Bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol determination in serum by Hybrid Solid Phase Extraction–Precipitation Technology technique tailored to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 986-987:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang T, Sun H, Qin X, Gan Z, Kannan K. PFOS and PFOA in paired urine and blood from general adults and pregnant women: assessment of urinary elimination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5572-5579. [PMID: 25367642 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in human blood are well documented, information on elimination of these chemicals is limited. In this study, PFOS and PFOA were analyzed in 81 whole blood-urine paired samples from general adults and pregnant women in Tianjin, China. PFOS and PFOA were detected in 48 and 76% of adult urine (AU) samples, with geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 0.011 and 0.008 ng/mL, respectively; whereas relatively low PFOS and PFOA concentrations were found in maternal urine (MU) samples, with GM concentrations of 0.006 and 0.003 ng/mL, respectively. For PFOA, the coefficients of Pearson's correlation between whole blood concentrations and creatinine-adjusted and creatinine-unadjusted urinary concentrations were 0.348 (p = 0.013) and 0.417 (p = 0.002), respectively. The GM urinary elimination rates of PFOS (PFOSUER) and PFOA (PFOAUER) were 16 and 25%, respectively, for adults. These results indicate that urine is an important pathway of excretion of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The partitioning ratios of PFAS concentration between urine and whole blood (PFASU/B) in pregnant women (PFOSU/B, 0.0004; PFOAU/B, 0.0011) were significantly lower (p = 0.025 for PFOSU/B, p = 0.017 for PFOAU/B) than the ratios found in non-pregnant women (PFOSU/B, 0.0013; PFOAU/B, 0.0028). Furthermore, our results suggest a clear gender difference in the urinary elimination of PFOA, with male adults (31%) having significantly higher PFOAUER than that of female adults (19%). PFOSUER was significantly inversely correlated with age (r = -0.334, p = 0.015); these findings suggest that urinary elimination of PFOS is faster in young adults than in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Street, Tianjin, 300071, China
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149
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Arbuckle TE, Marro L, Davis K, Fisher M, Ayotte P, Bélanger P, Dumas P, LeBlanc A, Bérubé R, Gaudreau É, Provencher G, Faustman EM, Vigoren E, Ettinger AS, Dellarco M, MacPherson S, Fraser WD. Exposure to free and conjugated forms of bisphenol A and triclosan among pregnant women in the MIREC cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:277-84. [PMID: 25494523 PMCID: PMC4384201 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are two nonpersistent chemicals that have been frequently measured in spot urine samples from the general population but less so in pregnant women; however, data are limited on the free (bioactive) and conjugated forms of these phenols. OBJECTIVES The Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study addressed these data gaps by utilizing stored maternal urine samples from a large multicenter cohort study of Canadian pregnant women. METHODS Concentrations of free and conjugated forms of BPA and TCS were measured in about 1,890 first-trimester urine samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using isotope dilution. RESULTS The glucuronides of BPA and TCS were the predominant forms of these chemicals measured (detected in 95% and 99% of samples, respectively), whereas the free forms were detected in 43% and 80% of samples, respectively. The geometric mean urinary concentrations for glucuronides of BPA and TCS were 0.80 μg/L (95% CI: 0.75, 0.85) and 12.30 μg/L (95% CI: 11.08, 13.65), respectively. Significant predictors of BPA included maternal age < 25 vs. ≥ 35 years, current smoking, low vs. high household income, and low vs. high education. For TCS, urinary concentrations were significantly higher in women ≥ 25 years of age, never vs. current smokers, and women with high household income and high education. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study represent the largest national-level data on urinary concentrations of free and conjugated forms of BPA and TCS in pregnant women and suggest that maternal characteristics predicting elevated urinary concentrations of these phenols largely act in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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150
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Aekplakorn W, Chailurkit LO, Ongphiphadhanakul B. Relationship of serum bisphenol A with diabetes in the Thai population, National Health Examination Survey IV, 2009. J Diabetes 2015; 7:240-9. [PMID: 24720399 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies of the association between bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and diabetes have been inconsistent. The present study determined serum BPA concentrations in the Thai population and their association with hyperglycemia and diabetes. METHODS In all, 2581 serum samples from the Thai National Health Examination Survey (2009) were used to determine BPA levels. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥100 and <126 mg/dL. Diabetes was defined as a history of a physician's diagnosis or fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association of serum BPA with IFG and diabetes. RESULTS Of 2581 samples tested, BPA was detected in 2135 samples (weighted percentage 78.1%), with a geometric mean concentration of 0.34 ng/mL BPA. Serum BPA levels were significantly higher among those with diabetes or IFG compared with normoglycemic individuals (0.52 and 0.38 vs 0.33 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with the first quartile (≤0.071 ng/mL), the overall adjusted odds ratios (OR) of serum BPA concentration in the third and fourth quartiles (0.319-0.745 and ≥0.746 ng/mL, respectively) for IFG were 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19, 2.49) and 1.23 (95% CI 0.80, 1.89), respectively; for diabetes, the adjusted OR were 1.88 (95% CI 1.18, 2.99) and 1.83 (95% CI 1.12, 2.95), respectively, with a slightly stronger association among men than in women. CONCLUSIONS Serum BPA concentrations were not associated with IFG, but were positively associated with diabetes in the Thai population. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichai Aekplakorn
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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