101
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Paramagnetic ring current effects in anti-aromatic structures subject to substitution/annelation quantified by spatial magnetic properties (TSNMRS). Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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102
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Yoshida T, Takahashi K, Ide Y, Kishi R, Fujiyoshi JY, Lee S, Hiraoka Y, Kim D, Nakano M, Ikeue T, Yamada H, Shinokubo H. Benzonorcorrole NiII
Complexes: Enhancement of Paratropic Ring Current and Singlet Diradical Character by Benzo-Fusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Material Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Shimane University; 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8540 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun-ya Fujiyoshi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Yuya Hiraoka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Shimane University; 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8540 Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Material Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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103
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Yoshida T, Takahashi K, Ide Y, Kishi R, Fujiyoshi JY, Lee S, Hiraoka Y, Kim D, Nakano M, Ikeue T, Yamada H, Shinokubo H. Benzonorcorrole NiII
Complexes: Enhancement of Paratropic Ring Current and Singlet Diradical Character by Benzo-Fusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2209-2213. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Material Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Shimane University; 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8540 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun-ya Fujiyoshi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Yuya Hiraoka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Shimane University; 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8540 Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Material Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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104
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Morgan MM, Rautiainen JM, Piers WE, Tuononen HM, Gendy C. Divergent reactivity of nucleophilic 1-bora-7a-azaindenide anions. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:734-741. [PMID: 29239418 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of 1-bora-7a-azaindenide anions, prepared in moderate to excellent yields by reduction of the appropriate 1-bora-7a-azaindenyl chlorides with KC8 in THF, with alkyl halides and carbon dioxide were studied. With alkyl halides (CH2Cl2, CH3I and BrCH(D)CH(D)tBu), the anions behave as boron anions, alkylating the boron centre via a classic SN2 mechanism. This was established with DFT methods and via experiments utilizing the neo-hexyl stereoprobe BrCH(D)CH(D)tBu. These reactions were in part driven by a re-aromatization of the six membered pyridyl ring upon formation of the product. Conversely, in the reaction of the 1-bora-7a-azaindenide anions with CO2, a novel carboxylation of the C-2 carbon alpha to boron was observed. Computations indicated that while carboxylation of the boron centre was kinetically feasible, the products of B-carboxylation were not thermodynamically favored relative to the observed C-2 carboxylated species, which were formed preferably due to the generation of both C-C and B-O bonds. In these products, the pyridyl ring remains non-aromatic, in part accounting for the observed reversibility of carboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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105
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Grenz DC, Schmidt M, Kratzert D, Esser B. Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes with Low-Lying LUMO Energy Levels as Potential n-Type Materials. J Org Chem 2018; 83:656-663. [PMID: 29231725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ambipolar organic semiconductors are of high interest for organic field-effect transistors. For n-type conduction, low LUMO energies are required. Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes (DBPs) are promising compounds; however, few derivatives exist with energetically low-lying LUMO levels. Here, we present DBP derivatives with LUMO energies down to -3.73 eV and small bandgaps down to 1.63 eV determined through cyclic voltammetry, UV/vis absorption spectroscopy, and TDDFT calculations. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a 1D π-stacking mode. The addition of arylalkynyl substituents at the five-membered rings in a facile and versatile synthetic route allowed for tuning of the band gaps and LUMO energies. The synthetic route can easily be modified to access a variety of DBP derivatives. The LUMO energies of the DBP derivatives presented herein make them attractive for an application in n-type or ambipolar field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Grenz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and ‡Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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106
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Tasior M, Hassanein K, Mazur LM, Sakellari I, Gray D, Farsari M, Samoć M, Santoro F, Ventura B, Gryko DT. The role of intramolecular charge transfer and symmetry breaking in the photophysics of pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-dione. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22260-22271. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reveals structurally unique π-expanded pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole and its non-typical photophysical behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Tasior
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Leszek M. Mazur
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Ioanna Sakellari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH)
- Heraklion
- Greece
| | - David Gray
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH)
- Heraklion
- Greece
| | - Maria Farsari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH)
- Heraklion
- Greece
| | - Marek Samoć
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- CNR-Institute of Organometallic Compounds
- Area della Ricerca del CNR
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | | | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
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107
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Hacker AS, Pavano M, Wood JE, Immoos CE, Hashimoto H, Genis SP, Frantz DK. Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Fluoreno[2,1-a]fluorenedione and Fluoreno[1,2-a]fluorenedione. J Org Chem 2017; 83:510-515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S. Hacker
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
| | - Mauricio Pavano
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
| | - James E. Wood
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
| | - Chad E. Immoos
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
| | - Hannah Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
| | - Sam P. Genis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
| | - Derik K. Frantz
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
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108
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Fujimoto K, Osuka A. Effective stabilization of a planar phosphorus(iii) center embedded in a porphyrin-based fused aromatic skeleton. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8231-8239. [PMID: 29568471 PMCID: PMC5857933 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03882h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar phosphorus(iii) centers were effectively stabilized by structural constraint as well as aromatic stabilization in porphyrin-based fused π-conjugated frameworks.
Organophosphorus(iii) compounds usually take on stable pyramidal structures with a large inversion barrier of 30–35 kcal mol–1. In contrast, diphenylphosphine-fused Ni(ii) porphyrin, where the phosphorus atom is directly attached at the meso-position and embedded in a rigid skeleton, exhibits a considerably planarized phosphorus center. Here we report the synthesis of a mesityl-substituted Ni(ii) porphyrin analogue, 6, which allowed an evaluation of the inversion barrier (ΔG‡203) by variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy which showed it to be exceptionally small, at 14.0 kcal mol–1. The observed small inversion barrier has been attributed to conformational constraint imposed by the fused structure. In addition, it was thought that the planar transition state is stabilized by the Ni(ii) porphyrin network that allows the contribution of a 22π-aromatic circuit involving phosphorus lone-pair electrons. Along this postulate, we attempted to engineer diarylphosphine-fused porphyrins with smaller inversion barriers by replacing the fused benzene rings with five-membered heterocyclic rings such as thiophene, benzothiophene, benzofuran, indole, benzothiophene 1,1-dioxide, and thiophene 1,1-dioxide. In that order, the aromatic character of the heterocycle decreases, which leads to increasing contribution of the 22π-aromatic circuit. Actually, the inversion barrier of the phosphorus center becomes smaller in this order and reaches 8.7 kcal mol–1 for thiophene 1,1-dioxide-fused Ni(ii) porphyrin 15, supporting the postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8502 , Japan .
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8502 , Japan .
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109
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Dressler JJ, Zhou Z, Marshall JL, Kishi R, Takamuku S, Wei Z, Spisak SN, Nakano M, Petrukhina MA, Haley MM. Synthesis of the Unknown Indeno[1,2‐
a
]fluorene Regioisomer: Crystallographic Characterization of Its Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222-0100 USA
| | - Jonathan L. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Shota Takamuku
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222-0100 USA
| | - Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222-0100 USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222-0100 USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
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110
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Dressler JJ, Zhou Z, Marshall JL, Kishi R, Takamuku S, Wei Z, Spisak SN, Nakano M, Petrukhina MA, Haley MM. Synthesis of the Unknown Indeno[1,2-a]fluorene Regioisomer: Crystallographic Characterization of Its Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15363-15367. [PMID: 28985444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Of the five possible indenofluorene regioisomers, examples of a fully conjugated indeno[1,2-a]fluorene scaffold have so far remained elusive. This work reports the preparation and characterization of 7,12-dimesitylindeno[1,2-a]fluorene as a highly reactive species. Experimental and computational data support the notion of a molecule with pronounced diradical character that exists in a triplet ground state. As such, both NICS and ACID calculations suggest that the indeno[1,2-a]fluorene scaffold is weakly Baird aromatic. Reduction of the unstable red solid with Cs metal produces the dianion of the title compound, from which single crystals could be obtained and X-ray data acquired, thus fully corroborating the proposed indeno[1,2-a]fluorene hydrocarbon core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Dressler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222-0100, USA
| | - Jonathan L Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute, Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shota Takamuku
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute, Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222-0100, USA
| | - Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222-0100, USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute, Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222-0100, USA
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
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111
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Konishi A, Okada Y, Nakano M, Sugisaki K, Sato K, Takui T, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzo[a,f]pentalene: Harmonization of the Antiaromatic and Singlet Biradical Character. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15284-15287. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center
for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yui Okada
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nakano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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112
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Jin Z, Teo YC, Teat SJ, Xia Y. Regioselective Synthesis of [3]Naphthylenes and Tuning of Their Antiaromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15933-15939. [PMID: 28956438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons containing four-membered cyclobutadienoids (CBDs) are of great fundamental and technical interest due to the antiaromaticity brought by CBD circuits. However, their synthesis has been challenging, hampering the exploration and understanding of such systems. We report efficient synthesis of a series of unprecedented [3]naphthylene regioisomers in high yields, where three naphthalenoids are fused through two CBDs in linear, angular, and bent regioconnectivity. Their synthesis was enabled by exclusively regioselective catalytic arene-norbornene annulation (CANAL) between dibromonaphthalenes and benzooxanorbornadienes, followed by aromatization. [3]Naphthylene regioisomers exhibited distinct optoelectronic properties. Nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography revealed the strong effect of the fusion pattern on the local antiaromaticity and aromaticity in fused CBDs and naphthalenoids, respectively. Thus, our synthetic strategy allows facile access to extended CBD-fused π-systems with tunable local antiaromaticity and aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yew Chin Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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113
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Barker JE, Frederickson CK, Jones MH, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Synthesis and Properties of Quinoidal Fluorenofluorenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:5312-5315. [PMID: 28901775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and optoelectronic properties of 24 π-electron, formally antiaromatic fluoreno[3,2-b]fluorene and fluoreno[4,3-c]fluorene (FF), are presented. The solid-state structure of [4,3-c]FF along with computationally analogous molecules shows that the outer rings are aromatic while the central four rings possess a bond-localized 2,6-naphthoquinodimethane motif. The antiaromaticity and biradical character of the FFs is assessed computationally, the results of which indicate the dominance of the closed-shell ground state for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Michael H Jones
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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114
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Takahashi N, Kato SI, Yamaji M, Ueno M, Iwabuchi R, Shimizu Y, Nitani M, Ie Y, Aso Y, Yamanobe T, Uehara H, Nakamura Y. Tetraalkoxyphenanthrene-Fused Hexadecadehydro[20]- and Tetracosadehydro[30]annulenes: Syntheses, Aromaticity/Antiaromaticity, Electronic Properties, and Self-Assembly. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8882-8896. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Takahashi
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Kato
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamaji
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ueno
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Iwabuchi
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yui Shimizu
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masashi Nitani
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamanobe
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroki Uehara
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakamura
- Division
of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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115
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Petersen JF, Frederickson CK, Marshall JL, Rudebusch GE, Zakharov LN, Hammerich O, Haley MM, Nielsen MB. Expanded Indacene–Tetrathiafulvalene Scaffolds: Structural Implications for Redox Properties and Association Behavior. Chemistry 2017; 23:13120-13130. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fabritius Petersen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Conerd K. Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Jonathan L. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Gabriel E. Rudebusch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR-Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1433 USA
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
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116
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Li X, Meng Y, Yi P, Stępień M, Chmielewski PJ. Pyridine-Fused Bis(Norcorrole) through Hantzsch-Type Cyclization: Enhancement of Antiaromaticity by an Aromatic Bridge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10810-10814. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Yankui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Pinggui Yi
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50 383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50 383 Wrocław Poland
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117
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Li X, Meng Y, Yi P, Stępień M, Chmielewski PJ. Pyridine-Fused Bis(Norcorrole) through Hantzsch-Type Cyclization: Enhancement of Antiaromaticity by an Aromatic Bridge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Yankui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Pinggui Yi
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50 383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50 383 Wrocław Poland
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118
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Ayub R, Bakouri OE, Jorner K, Solà M, Ottosson H. Can Baird's and Clar's Rules Combined Explain Triplet State Energies of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons with Fused 4nπ- and (4n + 2)π-Rings? J Org Chem 2017; 82:6327-6340. [PMID: 28535673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that can be labeled as "aromatic chameleons" are π-conjugated compounds that are able to adjust their π-electron distributions so as to comply with the different rules of aromaticity in different electronic states. We used quantum chemical calculations to explore how the fusion of benzene rings onto aromatic chameleonic units represented by biphenylene, dibenzocyclooctatetraene, and dibenzo[a,e]pentalene modifies the first triplet excited states (T1) of the compounds. Decreases in T1 energies are observed when going from isomers with linear connectivity of the fused benzene rings to those with cis- or trans-bent connectivities. The T1 energies decreased down to those of the parent (isolated) 4nπ-electron units. Simultaneously, we observe an increased influence of triplet state aromaticity of the central 4n ring as given by Baird's rule and evidenced by geometric, magnetic, and electron density based aromaticity indices (HOMA, NICS-XY, ACID, and FLU). Because of an influence of triplet state aromaticity in the central 4nπ-electron units, the most stabilized compounds retain the triplet excitation in Baird π-quartets or octets, enabling the outer benzene rings to adapt closed-shell singlet Clar π-sextet character. Interestingly, the T1 energies go down as the total number of aromatic cycles within a molecule in the T1 state increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona , c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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119
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Liu J, Ma J, Zhang K, Ravat P, Machata P, Avdoshenko S, Hennersdorf F, Komber H, Pisula W, Weigand JJ, Popov AA, Berger R, Müllen K, Feng X. π-Extended and Curved Antiaromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7513-7521. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ke Zhang
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Prince Ravat
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Machata
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stanislav Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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120
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Frederickson CK, Rose BD, Haley MM. Explorations of the Indenofluorenes and Expanded Quinoidal Analogues. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:977-987. [PMID: 28207235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly conjugated hydrocarbons have attracted interest for use as active materials in electronic devices such as organic field effect transistors (OFET) and organic photovoltaics (OPV). In this Account, we review our progress in synthesizing and studying a new class of small molecules for potential use as organic semiconductors. The idea originated from prior research on octadehydrodibenz[12]annulene, as the system can undergo double transannular cyclization to yield the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene skeleton. Subsequent functionalization afforded the first stable, well-characterized indeno[1,2-b]fluorene derivatives, albeit in minute quantities (tens of milligrams). The preparation of these formally antiaromatic compounds has since been optimized: the new synthetic routes utilize inexpensive starting materials, involve robust and high-yielding transformations, and are amenable to considerably larger scale reaction. We have since researched the chemical space of indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes and related quinoidal structures by substitution with a number of functional groups and by permutation of the indenofluorene scaffold. These modifications have allowed us to explore fundamental concepts such as biradical character and antiaromaticity, important considerations when tuning electronic properties to yield functional organic materials. Altering the outer rings by exchange of carbocycles for heterocycles or by inclusion of additional rings as part of the fully conjugated skeleton is one strategy we have examined. Fusing these different aryl groups to s-indacene revealed a dependence of the antiaromaticity of the indacene core upon the outer group. Computational analysis of a series of indeno[1,2-b]fluorene derivatives uncovered an array of different levels of antiaromaticity in the core of the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene derivatives, with one of the benzothiophene derivatives calculated to be as antiaromatic as the parent s-indacene itself. Conversely, we have prepared compounds with expanded cores, starting with the naphthalene-based fluoreno[4,3-c]fluorene, which was produced through a similar route as the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene, using a dione as the key intermediate. Similar to indeno[1,2-b]fluorene, fluoreno[4,3-c]fluorene showed a closed shell ground state, with no evidence of open shell character even upon heating to 170 °C. Increasing the size of the quinoidal core to three rings afforded a diindeno[b,i]anthracene (DIAn) derivative, a compound with a much more complex electronic picture. To produce DIAn, a new synthetic route was devised involving a Friedel-Crafts alkylation to form the five-membered ring and a DDQ oxidation to produce the final compound. DIAn displayed NMR signals that were broadened at room temperature and disappeared when heated, indicative of a molecule with significant biradical character. Extensive computational and experimental investigation verified the controllable expression of its biradical character, with DIAn best described with a ground state that lies between a closed shell compound and a open-shell singlet biradical, with ready access to a thermally populated triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conerd K. Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Bradley D. Rose
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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121
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Morgan MM, Patrick EA, Rautiainen JM, Tuononen HM, Piers WE, Spasyuk DM. Zirconocene-Based Methods for the Preparation of BN-Indenes: Application to the Synthesis of 1,5-Dibora-4a,8a-diaza-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexaaryl-4,8-dimethyl-s-indacenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Morgan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Evan A. Patrick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box
35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box
35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Warren E. Piers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Denis M. Spasyuk
- Canadian Light Source Inc. 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3,Canada
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122
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Chaolumen, Murata M, Wakamiya A, Murata Y. Dithieno-Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon with a Pyracylene Moiety: Strong Antiaromatic Contribution to the Electronic Structure. Org Lett 2017; 19:826-829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaolumen
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Michihisa Murata
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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123
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Oshima H, Fukazawa A, Yamaguchi S. Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Pentalenes with Enhanced Hückel Antiaromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Oshima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Furo, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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124
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Oshima H, Fukazawa A, Yamaguchi S. Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Pentalenes with Enhanced Hückel Antiaromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3270-3274. [PMID: 28067436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pentalenes represent highly reactive Hückel antiaromatics with 8π electrons. Usually, pentalenes are stabilized by incorporation of two benzene rings in a fused fashion. In dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes, however, the high aromaticity of the fused benzene rings compromises the inherent antiaromaticity of the pentalene core. Herein, we disclose that this forfeited antiaromaticity can be restored by fusing four additional aromatic rings onto the peripheral positions of dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes. Such polycyclic pentalenes were prepared by successive transannular cyclizations via in situ-generated tetrakisdehydro[16]annulenes. The thus obtained compounds showed intriguing properties, for example, characteristic absorptions in the visible-to-near-infrared (NIR) region and low reduction potentials. These results hence afford a design principle to produce highly antiaromatic yet stable pentalenes. The antiaromaticity of the pentalene core can be widely tuned via the degree of aromaticity of the peripherally fused rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Oshima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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125
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Mauksch M, Tsogoeva SB. 4N electron aromatic cycles in polycyclic hydrocarbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:14066-14072. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02288c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antiaromatic frameworks become aromatic in polycyclics through fusion, resulting in 4N electron hydrocarbons that possess aromatic properties by energetic, magnetic and geometric criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauksch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Computer Chemistry Center
- 91052 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
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