101
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Abstract
PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is a key regulator of cell growth, metabolism and survival. The frequent activation of the PI3K pathway in cancer has stimulated widespread interest in identifying potent and selective inhibitors of PI3K isoforms. The present paper highlights recent progress in identifying such molecules and the challenges that remain for efforts to pharmacologically target the PI3K family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Knight
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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102
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Pritchard KM, Al-Rawi J, Bradley C. Synthesis, identification and antiplatelet evaluation of 2-morpholino substituted benzoxazines. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:1200-10. [PMID: 17336427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of 2-morpholino substituted benzoxazines have been prepared in order to test their effectiveness against ADP and collagen induced platelet aggregation. The reaction of 2-thio-1,3-benzoxazines with morpholine has been generalised to enable the use of substituted benzoxazines. Two separate methods were used to prepare 7-O-2-morpholino substituted benzoxazines from 7-hydroxy-2-morpholino benzoxazines. Antiplatelet testing was carried out on 15 of the title compounds. 7-(2-Chloroethoxy)-8-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-4H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one 15d and 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-8-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-4H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one 16d showed potent activity against ADP and collagen induced platelet aggregation. The structures of the newly prepared compounds were confirmed by microanalysis as well as the analysis of IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylene M Pritchard
- School of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 199 Bendigo 3552, Australia.
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103
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Huang W, Liu MZ, Li Y, Tan Y, Yang GF. Design, syntheses, and antitumor activity of novel chromone and aurone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5191-7. [PMID: 17524655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of new chromone analogues bearing heterocyclic thioether moiety and aurone analogues bearing cyclic tertiary amine moiety were designed and synthesized under microwave irradiation. The synthetic protocol was found to present many advantages, such as higher yields, shorter reaction time (10-20 min), mild condition, and readily isolation of the products. The synthesized compounds were assayed for their antitumor activity against four kinds of human solid tumor cell lines including HCCLM-7, Hep-2, MDA-MB-435S, and SW-480. Two compounds, (Z)-2-((4-benzyl-piperazin-1-yl)methylene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one 5e and (Z)-2-((4-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)methylene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one 5f, were identified as the most promising candidates with the IC(50) values in the range of 4.1-13.1 microM. Further cell cycle studies revealed that compounds 5e and 5f arrest the cell cycle in G(0)/G(1) phase and displayed apoptosis-inducing effect on Hep-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China
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104
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Ballou LM, Selinger ES, Choi JY, Drueckhammer DG, Lin RZ. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling by 2-(morpholin-1-yl)pyrimido[2,1-alpha]isoquinolin-4-one. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:24463-70. [PMID: 17562705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704741200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is hyperactivated in many human tumors, including hamartomas associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Several small molecules such as LY294002 inhibit mTOR kinase activity, but they also inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) at similar concentrations. Compound 401 is a synthetic inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) that also targets mTOR but not PI3K in vitro (Griffin, R. J., Fontana, G., Golding, B. T., Guiard, S., Hardcastle, I. R., Leahy, J. J., Martin, N., Richardson, C., Rigoreau, L., Stockley, M., and Smith, G. C. (2005) J. Med. Chem. 48, 569-585). We used 401 to test the cellular effect of mTOR inhibition without the complicating side effects on PI3K. Treatment of cells with 401 blocked the phosphorylation of sites modified by mTOR-Raptor and mTOR-Rictor complexes (ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 Thr(389) and Akt Ser(473), respectively). By contrast, there was no direct inhibition of Akt Thr(308) phosphorylation, which is dependent on PI3K. Similar effects were also observed in cells that lack DNA-PK. The proliferation of TSC1-/- fibroblasts was inhibited in the presence of 401, but TSC1+/+ cells were resistant. In contrast to rapamycin, long-term treatment of TSC1-/- cells with 401 did not up-regulate phospho-Akt Ser(473). Because increased Akt activity promotes survival, this may explain why the level of apoptosis was increased in the presence of 401 but not rapamycin. These results suggest that mTOR kinase inhibitors might be more effective than rapamycins in controlling the growth of TSC hamartomas and other tumors that depend on elevated mTOR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Ballou
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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105
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Chan N, Lewis D, Kelly M, Ng ESM, Schriemer DC. Frontal Affinity Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry for Ligand Discovery and Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527610907.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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106
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Hollick JJ, Rigoreau LJM, Cano-Soumillac C, Cockcroft X, Curtin NJ, Frigerio M, Golding BT, Guiard S, Hardcastle IR, Hickson I, Hummersone MG, Menear KA, Martin NMB, Matthews I, Newell DR, Ord R, Richardson CJ, Smith GCM, Griffin RJ. Pyranone, Thiopyranone, and Pyridone Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Related Kinases. Structure−Activity Relationships for DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibition, and Identification of the First Potent and Selective Inhibitor of the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1958-72. [PMID: 17371003 DOI: 10.1021/jm061121y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships have been investigated for inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and ATM kinase by a series of pyran-2-ones, pyran-4-ones, thiopyran-4-ones, and pyridin-4-ones. A wide range of IC50 values were observed for pyranones and thiopyranones substituted at the 6-position, with the 3- and 5-positions proving intolerant to substitution. Related pyran-2-ones, pyran-4-ones, and thiopyran-4-ones showed similar IC50 values against DNA-PK, whereas the pyridin-4-one system proved, in general, ineffective at inhibiting DNA-PK. Extended libraries exploring the 6-position of 2-morpholino-pyran-4-ones and 2-morpholino-thiopyrano-4-ones identified the first highly potent and selective ATM inhibitor 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one (151C; ATM; IC50=13 nM) and revealed constrained SARs for ATM inhibition compared with DNA-PK. One of the most potent DNA-PK inhibitors identified, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(morpholin-4-yl)pyran-4-one (16; DNA-PK; IC50=220 nM) effectively sensitized HeLa cells to the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Hollick
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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107
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Fu R, Xu X, Dang Q, Chen F, Bai X. Rapid Access to Pyrimido[5,4-c]isoquinolines via a Sulfur Monoxide Extrusion Reaction. Org Lett 2007; 9:571-4. [PMID: 17286365 DOI: 10.1021/ol0627146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The scope of a sulfur monoxide extrusion reaction of pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]benzothiazepines leading to pyrimido[5,4-c]isoquinolines was investigated. Thus, selective oxidation followed by nucleophilic displacement of the oxidized side chain sulfur group and subsequent extrusion reaction of sulfur monoxide in the ring, which can be conducted in a two-step sequence or in a one-pot procedure, produced novel pyrimido[5,4-c]isoquinolines, a class of compounds with potential biological and pharmaceutical applications. [reaction: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhong Fu
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PRC
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108
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Barbeau OR, Cano-Soumillac C, Griffin RJ, Hardcastle IR, Smith GCM, Richardson C, Clegg W, Harrington RW, Golding BT. Quinolinone and pyridopyrimidinone inhibitors of DNA-dependent protein kinase. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2670-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b705095j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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109
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Ganina OG, Veselov IS, Grishina GV, Fedorov AY, Beletskaya IP. Synthesis of 4-aminopolymethoxycoumarins from 4-hydroxycoumarin triflates. Russ Chem Bull 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-006-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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110
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Salles B, Calsou P, Frit P, Muller C. The DNA repair complex DNA-PK, a pharmacological target in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:185-93. [PMID: 16563661 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A line of investigation in the search for sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy or radiotherapy relies on the selection of DNA repair inhibitors. In the area of DNA repair mechanisms, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) represents a key complex. Indeed DNA-PK is involved in the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) process that corresponds to the major activity responsible for cell survival after ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic treatment producing DNA double strand breaks. DNA-PK belongs to the PI3-K related kinase family and specific inhibitors have been recently selected and evaluated as radio- and chemo-sensitizers. These drugs, along with other ways to inhibit the DSBs repair process, are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR CNRS 5089, Toulouse, France.
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111
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Hardcastle IR, Cockcroft X, Curtin NJ, El-Murr MD, Leahy JJJ, Stockley M, Golding BT, Rigoreau L, Richardson C, Smith GCM, Griffin RJ. Discovery of potent chromen-4-one inhibitors of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) using a small-molecule library approach. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7829-46. [PMID: 16302822 DOI: 10.1021/jm050444b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) have been defined for substituted chromen-4-ones. For the 2-amino-substituted benzo[h]chromen-4-ones, a morpholine substituent at this position was essential for activity. Small libraries of 6- and 7-alkoxy-substituted chromen-4-ones showed that a number of 7-alkoxy-substituted chromenones displayed improved activity. Focused libraries incorporating 6-, 7-, and 8-aryl and heteroaryl substituents were prepared. In these cases, 6- and 7-substitution was disfavored, whereas 8-substitution was largely tolerated. Surprisingly, two compounds, 2-N-morpholino-8-dibenzofuranyl-chromen-4-one (NU7427, 32{38}) and the 2-N-morpholino-8-dibenzothiophenyl-chromen-4-one (NU7441, 32{26}) were excellent inhibitors (IC50 vs DNA-PK = 40 and 13 nM, respectively). The ring-saturated analogue 2-N-morpholino-8-(6',7',8',9'-tetrahydrodibenzothiophene)chromen-4-one, 36, retained potent activity (IC50 vs DNA-PK = 23 nM). The dibenzothiophene 32{38} sensitized HeLa cells to ionizing radiation in vitro, with dose modification factors of 2.5 at 10% survival being observed at 0.5 microM. The cytotoxicity of the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide was also potentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Hardcastle
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Natural Sciences--Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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112
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Abbott BM, Thompson PE. Analysis of anti-PDE3 activity of 2-morpholinochromone derivatives reveals multiple mechanisms of anti-platelet activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:969-73. [PMID: 16290931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of synthetic 2-morpholinochromones have been evaluated as inhibitors of platelet phosphodiesterase, PDE3A. While previous assertions about the anti-PDE3 activity of this class have been confirmed, in some cases the reported anti-platelet activities clearly derive from a non-PDE3 regulated mechanism. The potential utility of 2-morpholinochromones either as PDE3 inhibitors and/or anti-thrombotic agents thus remains only poorly examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Abbott
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill 3128, Australia
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113
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Fitzmaurice RJ, Etheridge ZC, Jumel E, Woolfson DN, Caddick S. Microwave enhanced palladium catalysed coupling reactions: A diversity-oriented synthesis approach to functionalised flavones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:4814-6. [PMID: 17345738 DOI: 10.1039/b610734f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microwave enhanced diversity-oriented synthesis (MEDOS) using palladium catalysed protocols is introduced as a powerful new strategy for the synthesis of systematically modified small molecules and is highlighted by application to functionalised flavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Fitzmaurice
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London, UK WC1H 0AJ
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114
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Nutley BP, Smith NF, Hayes A, Kelland LR, Brunton L, Golding BT, Smith GCM, Martin NMB, Workman P, Raynaud FI. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a novel prototype DNA-PK inhibitor NU7026. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:1011-8. [PMID: 16249792 PMCID: PMC2361671 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the in vitro time dependence of radiosensitisation, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of NU7026, a novel inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). At a dose of 10 μM, which is nontoxic to cells per se, a minimum NU7026 exposure of 4 h in combination with 3 Gy radiation is required for a significant radiosensitisation effect in CH1 human ovarian cancer cells. Following intravenous administration to mice at 5 mg kg−1, NU7026 underwent rapid plasma clearance (0.108 l h−1) and this was largely attributed to extensive metabolism. Bioavailability following interperitoneal (i.p.) and p.o. administration at 20 mg kg−1 was 20 and 15%, respectively. Investigation of NU7026 metabolism profiles in plasma and urine indicated that the compound undergoes multiple hydroxylations. A glucuronide conjugate of a bis-hydroxylated metabolite represented the major excretion product in urine. Identification of the major oxidation site as C-2 of the morpholine ring was confirmed by the fact that the plasma clearance of NU7107 (an analogue of NU7026 methylated at C-2 and C-6 of the morpholine ring) was four-fold slower than that of NU7026. The pharmacokinetic simulations performed predict that NU7026 will have to be administered four times per day at 100 mg kg−1 i.p. in order to obtain the drug exposure required for radiosensitisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Nutley
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - N F Smith
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - A Hayes
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - L R Kelland
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - L Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - B T Golding
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - G C M Smith
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 327 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - N M B Martin
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 327 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - F I Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK. E-mail:
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115
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Cowell IG, Durkacz BW, Tilby MJ. Sensitization of breast carcinoma cells to ionizing radiation by small molecule inhibitors of DNA-dependent protein kinase and ataxia telangiectsia mutated. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 71:13-20. [PMID: 16293233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA-PK and ATM are members of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase like kinase (PIKK) family of serine/threonine protein kinases and have critical roles in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. Genetic loss of either activity leads to pronounced sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). Hence, these enzymes are potential targets to confer enhanced radiosensitivity on tumour cells. We show that novel inhibitors of either DNA-PK or ATM sensitize breast carcinoma cells to IR. Radiosensitization was accompanied by an apparent DNA repair deficit as measured by the persistence of IR-induced foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (gammaH2AX foci). These specific inhibitors also allowed us to probe the biochemistry and kinetics of histone H2AX phosphorylation following gamma-irradiation in breast cancer cells with the aim of validating H2AX as a biomarker for DNA-PK or ATM inhibition in vivo. ATM inhibition reduced the initial average intensity of gammaH2AX foci while inhibition of DNA-PK had only a small effect on the initial phosphorylation of H2AX. However, simultaneous treatment with both compounds dramatically reduced gammaH2AX focus intensity, consistent with the reported role of ATM and DNA-PK in IR induced phosphorylation of H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Cowell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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