101
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Moradi CP, Morrison AM, Klippenstein SJ, Goldsmith CF, Douberly GE. Propargyl + O2 Reaction in Helium Droplets: Entrance Channel Barrier or Not? J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:13626-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407652f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Moradi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alexander M. Morrison
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Stephen J. Klippenstein
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - C. Franklin Goldsmith
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gary E. Douberly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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102
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Lynch PT, Annesley CJ, Aul CJ, Yang X, Tranter RS. Recombination of Allyl Radicals in the High Temperature Fall-Off Regime. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4750-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402484v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Lynch
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Christopher J. Annesley
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Christopher J. Aul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Xueliang Yang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Robert S. Tranter
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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103
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Fridlyand A, Lynch PT, Tranter RS, Brezinsky K. Single Pulse Shock Tube Study of Allyl Radical Recombination. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4762-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402391n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Fridlyand
- Department of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Patrick T. Lynch
- Chemical Science and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Robert S. Tranter
- Chemical Science and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kenneth Brezinsky
- Department of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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104
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Sun C, Liu Y, Xu B, Li X, Meng L, Zhang S. Theoretical study on the mechanism and kinetics for the reaction of HNCO with CN radical: HNCO+CN→HCN+NCO or HNCO+CN→HNCN+CO? COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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105
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Yang J, Zhao L, Cai J, Qi F, Li Y. Photoionization Mass Spectrometric and Kinetic Modeling of Low‐pressure Pyrolysis of Benzene. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/26/03/245-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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106
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Molecular mechanisms in the pyrolysis of unsaturated chlorinated hydrocarbons: formation of benzene rings. 2. Experimental and kinetic modeling studies. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4198-213. [PMID: 23597210 DOI: 10.1021/jp3120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of formation of benzene rings during the pyrolysis of dichloro- and trichloroethylenes has been investigated by the method of laser powered homogeneous pyrolysis coupled with product analysis by gas chromatography. Additionally, selected (co)pyrolyses between the chlorinated ethylenes, CH2Cl2, C4Cl4, C4Cl6, and C2H2 have been performed to explicitly probe the roles of 2C3 and C4/C2 reaction pairs in aromatic growth. The presence of odd-carbon products in neat C4Cl6 pyrolyses indicates that 2C3 processes are operative in these systems; however, comparison with product yields from C2HCl3 suggests that C4/C2 processes dominate most other systems. This is further evidenced by an absence of C3 and other odd-carbon species in (co)pyrolyses with dichloromethane which should seed C3-based growth. The reactions of perchlorinated C4 species C4Cl5, C4Cl3, and C4Cl4 with C2Cl2 were subsequently explored through extensive kinetic simulations of the possible reaction pathways based on previous kinetic models and the exhaustive quantum chemical investigations of our preceding work. The experimental and theoretical results strongly suggest that, at moderate temperatures, aromatic ring formation from chlorinated ethylenes normally follows a Diels-Alder coupling of C4 and C2 molecular units followed by internal shifts; the one exception is the C4Cl4 + C2Cl2 system, where steric factors lead to the formation of nonaromatic products. There is little evidence for radical-based routes in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J McIntosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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107
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Molecular Mechanisms in the Pyrolysis of Unsaturated Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Formation of Benzene Rings. 1. Quantum Chemical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4183-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J. McIntosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Douglas K. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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108
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Miller JA, Klippenstein SJ. Dissociation of Propyl Radicals and Other Reactions on a C3H7 Potential. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2718-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312712p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Miller
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Stephen J. Klippenstein
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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109
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Miller JA, Klippenstein SJ. Determining phenomenological rate coefficients from a time-dependent, multiple-well master equation: “species reduction” at high temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:4744-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44337j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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110
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Xu H, Pratt ST. Photoionization Cross Section of the Propargyl Radical and Some General Ideas for Estimating Radical Cross Sections. J Phys Chem A 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309874q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - S. T. Pratt
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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111
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Zhang X, Sander SP, Stanton JF. Detection of the Far-IR ν12 Bending Level in Propargyl: A Complete Set of Fundamentals for an Important Radical. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10338-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305390p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena,
California 91109-8099, United States
| | - Stanley P. Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena,
California 91109-8099, United States
| | - John F. Stanton
- Institute for Theoretical
Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas 78712, United States
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112
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Savee JD, Soorkia S, Welz O, Selby TM, Taatjes CA, Osborn DL. Absolute photoionization cross-section of the propargyl radical. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:134307. [PMID: 22482552 DOI: 10.1063/1.3698282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation and multiplexed time-resolved photoionization mass spectrometry we have measured the absolute photoionization cross-section for the propargyl (C(3)H(3)) radical, σ(propargyl) (ion)(E), relative to the known absolute cross-section of the methyl (CH(3)) radical. We generated a stoichiometric 1:1 ratio of C(3)H(3):CH(3) from 193 nm photolysis of two different C(4)H(6) isomers (1-butyne and 1,3-butadiene). Photolysis of 1-butyne yielded values of σ(propargyl)(ion)(10.213 eV)=(26.1±4.2) Mb and σ(propargyl)(ion)(10.413 eV)=(23.4±3.2) Mb, whereas photolysis of 1,3-butadiene yielded values of σ(propargyl)(ion)(10.213 eV)=(23.6±3.6) Mb and σ(propargyl)(ion)(10.413 eV)=(25.1±3.5) Mb. These measurements place our relative photoionization cross-section spectrum for propargyl on an absolute scale between 8.6 and 10.5 eV. The cross-section derived from our results is approximately a factor of three larger than previous determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Savee
- Sandia National Laboratories, Combustion Research Facility, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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113
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Goldsmith CF, Magoon GR, Green WH. Database of Small Molecule Thermochemistry for Combustion. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9033-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303819e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Franklin Goldsmith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute, 14195 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Gregory R. Magoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William H. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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114
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Fischer KH, Herterich J, Fischer I, Jaeqx S, Rijs AM. Phenylpropargyl Radicals and Their Dimerization Products: An IR/UV Double Resonance Study. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:8515-22. [PMID: 22830569 DOI: 10.1021/jp306075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin H. Fischer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Herterich
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sander Jaeqx
- FOM institute for plasma physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, 3934 MN Nieuwegein,
The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Toernooiveld
7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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115
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Mebel AM, Landera A. Product branching ratios in photodissociation of phenyl radical: a theoretical ab initio/Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus study. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:234305. [PMID: 22779591 DOI: 10.1063/1.4726455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio CCSD(T)/CBS//B3LYP/6-311G** calculations of the potential energy surface for possible dissociation channels of the phenyl radical are combined with microcanonical Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus calculations of reaction rate constants in order to predict statistical product branching ratios in photodissociation of c-C(6)H(5) at various wavelengths. The results indicate that at 248 nm the photodissociation process is dominated by the production of ortho-benzyne via direct elimination of a hydrogen atom from the phenyl radical. At 193 nm, the statistical branching ratios are computed to be 63.4%, 21.1%, and 14.4% for the o-C(6)H(4) + H, l-C(6)H(4) ((Z)-hexa-3-ene-1,5-diyne) + H, and n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products, respectively, in a contradiction with recent experimental measurements, which showed C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) as the major product. Although two lower energy pathways to the i-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products are identified, they appeared to be kinetically unfavorable and the computed statistical branching ratio of i-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) does not exceed 1%. To explain the disagreement with experiment, we optimized conical intersections between the ground and the first excited electronic states of C(6)H(5) and, based on their structures and energies, suggested the following photodissociation mechanism at 193 nm: c-C(6)H(5) 1 → absorption of a photon → electronically excited 1 → internal conversion to the lowest excited state → conversion to the ground electronic state via conical intersections at CI-2 or CI-3 → non-statistical decay of the vibrationally excited radical favoring the formation of the n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) products. This scenario can be attained if the intramolecular vibrational redistribution in the CI-2 or CI-3 structures in the ground electronic state is slower than their dissociation to n-C(4)H(3) + C(2)H(2) driven by the dynamical preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
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116
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Matsugi A, Miyoshi A. Reactions of o-benzyne with propargyl and benzyl radicals: potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9722-8. [PMID: 22678346 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of o-benzyne with propargyl and benzyl radicals have been investigated computationally. The possible reaction pathways have been explored by quantum chemical calculations at the M06-2X/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level and the mechanisms have been investigated by the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory/master-equation calculations. It was found that the o-benzyne associates with the propargyl and benzyl radicals without pronounced barriers and the activated adducts easily isomerize to five-membered ring species. Indenyl radical and fluorene + H were predicted to be dominantly produced by the reactions of o-benzyne with propargyl and benzyl radicals, respectively, with the rate constants close to the high-pressure limits at temperatures below 2000 K. The related reactions on the two potential energy surfaces, namely, the reaction between fulvenallenyl radical and acetylene and the decomposition reactions of indenyl and α-phenylbenzyl radicals were also investigated. The high reactivity of o-benzyne toward the resonance stabilized radicals suggested a potential role of o-benzyne as a precursor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsugi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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117
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Goldsmith CF, Green WH, Klippenstein SJ. Role of O2 + QOOH in Low-Temperature Ignition of Propane. 1. Temperature and Pressure Dependent Rate Coefficients. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3325-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210722w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Franklin Goldsmith
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - William H. Green
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen J. Klippenstein
- Chemical Sciences
and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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118
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Cavallotti C, Polino D, Frassoldati A, Ranzi E. Analysis of Some Reaction Pathways Active during Cyclopentadiene Pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3313-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212151p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cavallotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria
chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Polino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria
chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Frassoldati
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria
chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Eliseo Ranzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria
chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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119
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Matsugi A, Miyoshi A. Computational study on the recombination reaction between benzyl and propargyl radicals. INT J CHEM KINET 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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120
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Sebree JA, Kidwell NM, Selby TM, Amberger BK, McMahon RJ, Zwier TS. Photochemistry of Benzylallene: Ring-Closing Reactions to Form Naphthalene. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1153-63. [PMID: 22148423 DOI: 10.1021/ja209189g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Sebree
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana 47907-2084,
United States
| | - Nathanael M. Kidwell
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana 47907-2084,
United States
| | - Talitha M. Selby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Washington County, 400
University Drive, West Bend, Wisconsin 53095,
United States
| | - Brent K. Amberger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322,
United States
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322,
United States
| | - Timothy S. Zwier
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana 47907-2084,
United States
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121
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Kaiser RI, Gu X, Zhang F, Maksyutenko P. Crossed beam reactions of methylidyne [CH(X2Π)] with D2-acetylene [C2D2(X1Σg+)] and of D1-methylidyne [CD(X2Π)] with acetylene [C2H2(X1Σg+)]. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:575-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22635e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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122
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Miller JA, Klippenstein SJ. Comment on “Automatic estimation of pressure-dependent rate coefficients” (J. W. Allen, C. F. Goldsmith, and W. H. Green, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 14, 1131–1155). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8431-3; discussion 8434. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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123
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Narendrapurapu BS, Simmonett AC, Schaefer HF, Miller JA, Klippenstein SJ. Combustion Chemistry: Important Features of the C3H5 Potential Energy Surface, Including Allyl Radical, Propargyl + H2, Allene + H, and Eight Transition States. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14209-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp206389q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beulah S. Narendrapurapu
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Andrew C. Simmonett
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - James A. Miller
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen J. Klippenstein
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States
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124
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Parker DDSN, Zhang DF, Kaiser DRI, Kislov DVV, Mebel DAM. Indene Formation under Single-Collision Conditions from the Reaction of Phenyl Radicals with Allene and Methylacetylene-A Crossed Molecular Beam and Ab Initio Study. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:3035-47. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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125
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Parker DSN, Zhang F, Kaiser RI. Phenoxy Radical (C6H5O) Formation under Single Collision Conditions from Reaction of the Phenyl Radical (C6H5, X2A1) with Molecular Oxygen (O2, X3Σg–): The Final Chapter? J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11515-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp206160q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorian S. N. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2275, United States
| | - Fangtong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2275, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2275, United States
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126
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Kaiser RI, Goswami M, Maksyutenko P, Zhang F, Kim YS, Landera A, Mebel AM. A Crossed Molecular Beams and Ab Initio Study on the Formation of C6H3 Radicals. An Interface between Resonantly Stabilized and Aromatic Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10251-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205795h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - M. Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - P. Maksyutenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - F. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Y. S. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Alexander Landera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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127
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Matsugi A, Suma K, Miyoshi A. Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Allyl + Allyl and Allyl + Propargyl Recombination Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7610-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203520j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsugi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Suma
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akira Miyoshi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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128
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Heats of formation and hydrogenation of fused bicyclic benzene isomers: The use of Ring Conserving Isodesmic Reactions. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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129
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Comandini A, Brezinsky K. Theoretical study of the formation of naphthalene from the radical/π-bond addition between single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5547-59. [PMID: 21557589 DOI: 10.1021/jp200201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The experimental investigations performed in the 1960s on the o-benzyne + benzene reaction as well as the more recent studies on reactions involving π-electrons highlight the importance of π-bonding for different combustion processes related to PAH's and soot formation. In the present investigation radical/π-bond addition reactions between single-ring aromatic compounds have been proposed and computationally investigated as possible pathways for the formation of two-ring fused compounds, such as naphthalene, which serve as precursors to soot formation. The computationally generated optimized structures for the stationary points were obtained with uB3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) calculations, while the energies of the optimized complexes were refined using the uCCSD(T) method and the cc-pVDZ basis set. The computations have addressed the relevance of a number of radical/π-bond addition reactions including the singlet benzene + o-benzyne reaction, which leads to formation of naphthalene and acetylene through fragmentation of the benzobicyclo[2,2,2]octatriene intermediate. For this reaction, the high-pressure limit rate constants for the individual elementary reactions involved in the overall process were evaluated using transition state theory analysis. Other radical/π-bond addition reactions studied were between benzene and triplet o-benzyne, between benzene and phenyl radical, and between phenyl radicals, for all of which potential energy surfaces were produced. On the basis of the results of these reaction studies, it was found necessary to propose and subsequently confirm additional, alternative pathways for the formation of the types of PAH compounds found in combustion systems. The potential energy surface for one reaction in particular, the phenyl + phenyl addition, is shown to contain a low-energy channel leading to formation of naphthalene that is energetically comparable to the other examined conventional pathways leading to formation of biphenyl compounds. This channel is the first evidence of a reaction which involves an aromatic radical adding to the nonradical π-bond site of another aromatic radical which leads directly to a fused ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Comandini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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130
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Cherchneff I. The formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in evolved circumstellar environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1051/eas/1146019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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131
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Parker DSN, Zhang F, Kim YS, Kaiser RI, Mebel AM. On the formation of resonantly stabilized C5H3 radicals--a crossed beam and ab initio study of the reaction of ground state carbon atoms with vinylacetylene. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:593-601. [PMID: 21194192 DOI: 10.1021/jp109800h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion environments is linked to resonance stabilized free radicals. Here, we investigated the reaction dynamics of ground state carbon atoms, C((3)P(j)), with vinylacetylene at two collision energies of 18.8 kJ mol(-1) and 26.4 kJ mol(-1) employing the crossed molecular beam technique leading to two resonantly stabilized free radicals. The reaction was found to be governed by indirect scattering dynamics and to proceed without an entrance barrier through a long-lived collision complex to reach the products, n- and i-C(5)H(3) isomers via tight exit transition states. The reaction pathway taken is dependent on whether the carbon atom attacks the π electron density of the double or triple bond, both routes have been compared to the reactions of atomic carbon with ethylene and acetylene. Electronic structure/statistical theory calculations determined the product branching ratio to be 2:3 between the n- and i-C(5)H(3) isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian S N Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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132
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Sabbe MK, Van Geem KM, Reyniers MF, Marin GB. First principle-based simulation of ethane steam cracking. AIChE J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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133
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Maksyutenko P, Zhang F, Gu X, Kaiser RI. A crossed molecular beam study on the reaction of methylidyne radicals [CH(X2Π)] with acetylene [C2H2(X1Σg+)]—competing C3H2+ H and C3H + H2channels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:240-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01529f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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134
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related species have been suggested to play a key role in the astrochemical evolution of the interstellar medium, but the formation mechanism of even their simplest building block--the aromatic benzene molecule--has remained elusive for decades. Here we demonstrate in crossed molecular beam experiments combined with electronic structure and statistical calculations that benzene (C(6)H(6)) can be synthesized via the barrierless, exoergic reaction of the ethynyl radical and 1,3-butadiene, C(2)H + H(2)CCHCHCH(2) → C(6)H(6) + H, under single collision conditions. This reaction portrays the simplest representative of a reaction class in which aromatic molecules with a benzene core can be formed from acyclic precursors via barrierless reactions of ethynyl radicals with substituted 1,3-butadiene molecules. Unique gas-grain astrochemical models imply that this low-temperature route controls the synthesis of the very first aromatic ring from acyclic precursors in cold molecular clouds, such as in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. Rapid, subsequent barrierless reactions of benzene with ethynyl radicals can lead to naphthalene-like structures thus effectively propagating the ethynyl-radical mediated formation of aromatic molecules in the interstellar medium.
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135
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Tranter RS, Klippenstein SJ, Harding LB, Giri BR, Yang X, Kiefer JH. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the self-reaction of phenyl radicals. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:8240-61. [PMID: 20701334 DOI: 10.1021/jp1031064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A combination of experiment and theory is applied to the self-reaction kinetics of phenyl radicals. The dissociation of phenyl iodide is observed with both time-of-flight mass spectrometry, TOF-MS, and laser schlieren, LS, diagnostics coupled to a diaphragmless shock tube for temperatures ranging from 1276 to 1853 K. The LS experiments were performed at pressures of 22 +/- 2, 54 +/- 7, and 122 +/- 6 Torr, and the TOF-MS experiments were performed at pressures in the range 500-700 Torr. These observations are sensitive to both the dissociation of phenyl iodide and to the subsequent self-reaction of the phenyl radicals. The experimental observations indicate that both these reactions are more complicated than previously assumed. The phenyl iodide dissociation yields approximately 6% C(6)H(4) + HI in addition to the major and commonly assumed C(6)H(5) + I channel. The self-reaction of phenyl radicals does not proceed solely by recombination, but also through disproportionation to benzene + o-/m-/p-benzynes, with comparable rate coefficients for both. The various channels in the self-reaction of phenyl radicals are studied with ab initio transition state theory based master equation calculations. These calculations elucidate the complex nature of the C(6)H(5) self-reaction and are consistent with the experimental observations. The theoretical predictions are used as a guide in the development of a model for the phenyl iodide pyrolysis that accurately reproduces the observed laser schlieren profiles over the full range of the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Tranter
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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136
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Thomas PS, Kline ND, Miller TA. Ã−X̃ Absorption of Propargyl Peroxy Radical (H−C≡C−CH2OO·): A Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopic and Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12437-46. [PMID: 21050020 DOI: 10.1021/jp108158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 120 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Neal D. Kline
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 120 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Terry A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 120 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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137
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Zhang X, Sander SP, Chaimowitz A, Ellison GB, Stanton JF. Detection of Vibrational Bending Mode ν8 and Overtone Bands of the Propargyl Radical, HCCCH2 X̃ 2B1. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12021-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105605f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, United States
| | - Stanley P. Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109-8099, United States
| | - Adam Chaimowitz
- Chemistry Department, Pomona College, 645 N. College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - G. Barney Ellison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - John F. Stanton
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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138
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Scheer AM, Mukarakate C, Robichaud DJ, Ellison GB, Nimlos MR. Radical Chemistry in the Thermal Decomposition of Anisole and Deuterated Anisoles: An Investigation of Aromatic Growth. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:9043-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102046p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Scheer
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Calvin Mukarakate
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - David J. Robichaud
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - G. Barney Ellison
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Mark R. Nimlos
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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139
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Thomas PS, Miller TA. Cavity ringdown spectroscopy of the NIR A∼-X∼ electronic transition of allyl peroxy radical (H2CCH–CH2OO·). Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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140
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Soorkia S, Trevitt AJ, Selby TM, Osborn DL, Taatjes CA, Wilson KR, Leone SR. Reaction of the C2H Radical with 1-Butyne (C4H6): Low-Temperature Kinetics and Isomer-Specific Product Detection. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:3340-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911132r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satchin Soorkia
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Talitha M. Selby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Washington County, West Bend, Wisconsin 53095
| | - David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Craig A. Taatjes
- Combustion Research Facility, Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720
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141
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Miller JA, Klippenstein SJ, Georgievskii Y, Harding LB, Allen WD, Simmonett AC. Reactions between Resonance-Stabilized Radicals: Propargyl + Allyl. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4881-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp910604b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Miller
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
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142
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Newby JJ, Müller CW, Liu CP, Zwier TS. Probing E/Z Isomerization on the C10H8 Potential Energy Surface with Ultraviolet Population Transfer Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:1611-20. [PMID: 20067293 DOI: 10.1021/ja908103u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh J. Newby
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084
| | - Christian W. Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084
| | - Ching-Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084
| | - Timothy S. Zwier
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084
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143
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144
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145
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Hoyermann K, Maarfeld S, Nacke F, Nothdurft J, Olzmann M, Wehmeyer J, Welz O, Zeuch T. Rate coefficients for cycloalkyl + O reactions and product branching in the decomposition of chemically activated cycloalkoxy radicals: an experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:8953-67. [DOI: 10.1039/b925920a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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146
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Castiglioni L, Vukovic S, Crider PE, Lester WA, Neumark DM. Intramolecular competition in the photodissociation of C3D3 radicals at 248 and 193 nm. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10714-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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147
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Hansen N, Li W, Law ME, Kasper T, Westmoreland PR, Yang B, Cool TA, Lucassen A. The importance of fuel dissociation and propargyl + allyl association for the formation of benzene in a fuel-rich 1-hexene flame. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12112-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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148
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Lories X, Vandooren J, Peeters D. Cycle formation from acetylene addition on C4H3 radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:3762-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b921563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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149
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da Silva G, Bozzelli JW. The C7H5 Fulvenallenyl Radical as a Combustion Intermediate: Potential New Pathways to Two- and Three-Ring PAHs. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:12045-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp907230b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel da Silva
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
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150
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Vázquez J, Harding ME, Gauss J, Stanton JF. High-Accuracy Extrapolated ab Initio Thermochemistry of the Propargyl Radical and the Singlet C3H2 Carbenes. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:12447-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9029908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juana Vázquez
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael E. Harding
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - John F. Stanton
- Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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