101
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Whitfield DM. Plausible transition states for glycosylation reactions. Carbohydr Res 2012; 356:180-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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102
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Enugala R, Carvalho LCR, Dias Pires MJ, Marques MMB. Stereoselective Glycosylation of Glucosamine: The Role of the
N
‐Protecting Group. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2482-501. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Enugala
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - Luísa C. R. Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - Marina J. Dias Pires
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
| | - M. Manuel B. Marques
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica 2829‐516 Caparica (Portugal), Fax: (+351) 21‐294‐8550
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103
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Geng Y, Qin Q, Ye XS. Lewis acids as α-directing additives in glycosylations by using 2,3-O-carbonate-protected glucose and galactose thioglycoside donors based on preactivation protocol. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5255-70. [PMID: 22607015 DOI: 10.1021/jo3002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic or stoichiometric amounts of Lewis acids were found to be very effective α-directing additives in the stereoselective glycosylations of diverse 2,3-O-carbonate-protected glucose and galactose thioglycoside donors by preactivation protocol. The poor stereoselectivities of 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-O-carbonate protected thioglycoside donors in glycosyl coupling reactions were greatly improved, and excellent α-stereoselectivities were achieved by the addition of 0.2 equiv of BF(3)·OEt(2). On the other hand, the β-selectivities of 4,6-di-O-benzyl-2,3-O-carbonate-protected thioglucoside donor toward glycosylations were reversed completely to the α-selectivities by the use of 1 equiv of SnCl(4), making the stereoselectivity controllable. Furthermore, the poor stereoselectivities of 4,6-di-O-benzyl-2,3-O-carbonate-protected thiogalactoside donor in glycosylations were also improved by using SnCl(4) as additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
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104
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Efficient activation of thioglycosides with N-(p-methylphenylthio)-ε-caprolactam-TMSOTf. Carbohydr Res 2012; 354:40-8. [PMID: 22542575 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-(p-Methylphenylthio)-ε-caprolactam (1) in combination with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) provides an efficient thiophilic promoter system, capable of activating different thioglycosides. Both 'armed' and 'disarmed' thioglycosyl donors were activated for glycosidic bond formation. Notably, this reagent combination works well in reactivity-based one-pot oligosaccharide assembly strategy.
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105
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Furukawa T, Hinou H, Nishimura SI. Strict Stereocontrol by 2,4-O-Di-tert-butylsilylene Group on β-Glucuronylations. Org Lett 2012; 14:2102-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300634x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Furukawa
- Graduate School of Life Science and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hinou
- Graduate School of Life Science and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Life Science and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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106
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Kumar R, Whitfield DM. Could Diastereoselectivity in the Presence of O-2 Chiral Nonparticipating Groups Be an Indicator of Glycopyranosyl Oxacarbenium Ions in Glycosylation Reactions? J Org Chem 2012; 77:3724-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202563f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kumar
- National Research Council, Institute for Biological Sciences, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Dennis M. Whitfield
- National Research Council, Institute for Biological Sciences, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada K1A 0R6
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107
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Fascione MA, Adshead SJ, Mandal PK, Kilner CA, Leach AG, Turnbull WB. Mechanistic studies on a sulfoxide transfer reaction mediated by diphenyl sulfoxide/triflic anhydride. Chemistry 2012; 18:2987-97. [PMID: 22294491 PMCID: PMC3743163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxides are frequently used in organic synthesis as chiral auxiliaries and reagents to mediate a wide variety of chemical transformations. For example, diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride can be used to activate a wide range of glycosyl donors including hemiacetals, glycals and thioglycosides. In this way, an alcohol, enol or sulfide is converted into a good leaving group for subsequent reaction with an acceptor alcohol. However, reaction of diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride with oxathiane-based thioglycosides, and other oxathianes, leads to a different process in which the thioglycoside is oxidised to a sulfoxide. This unexpected oxidation reaction is very stereoselective and proceeds under anhydrous conditions in which the diphenyl sulfoxide acts both as oxidant and as the source of the oxygen atom. Isotopic labelling experiments support a reaction mechanism that involves the formation of oxodisulfonium (S-O-S) dication intermediates. These intermediates undergo oxygen-exchange reactions with other sulfoxides and also allow interconversion of axial and equatorial sulfoxides in oxathiane rings. The reversibility of the oxygen-exchange reaction suggests that the stereochemical outcome of the oxidation reaction may be under thermodynamic control, which potentially presents a novel strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Fascione
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Sophie J Adshead
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Pintu K Mandal
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Colin A Kilner
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
| | - Andrew G Leach
- AstraZenecaAlderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF (UK)
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry, University of LeedsLeeds, LS2 9 JT (UK), Fax: (+44) 1133436565 E-mail:
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108
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Basu N, Kumar Maity S, Ghosh R. Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA)–TMSOTf: an efficient activator system for glycosylation reactions based on thioglycosides. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21851h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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109
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Christina AE, Es DVD, Dinkelaar J, Overkleeft HS, Marel GAVD, Codée JDC. β-Rhamnosides from 6-thio mannosides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2686-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17623h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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110
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Codée JDC, Walvoort MTC, de Jong AR, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA. Mannuronic Acids: Reactivity and Selectivity. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2011.624284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D. C. Codée
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ana-Rae de Jong
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- a Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands
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111
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Toward automated oligosaccharide synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11872-923. [PMID: 22127846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Hsu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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112
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Auf dem Weg zur automatisierten Oligosaccharid- Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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113
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Crich D. Methodology development and physical organic chemistry: a powerful combination for the advancement of glycochemistry. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9193-209. [PMID: 21919522 PMCID: PMC3215858 DOI: 10.1021/jo2017026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective outlines work in the Crich group on the diastereoselective synthesis of the so-called difficult classes of glycosidic bond: the 2-deoxy-β-glycopyranosides, the β-mannopyranosides, the α-sialosides, the α-glucopyranosides, and the β-arabinofuranosides with an emphasis on the critical interplay between mechanism and methodology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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114
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Yang L, Zhu J, Zheng XJ, Tai G, Ye XS. A highly α-stereoselective synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments of the Vi antigen from Salmonella typhi and their antigenic activities. Chemistry 2011; 17:14518-26. [PMID: 22095754 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a convenient approach to the synthesis of the repeating α-(1→4)-linked N-acetyl galactosaminuronic acid units from the capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi is reported. The exclusively α-stereoselective glycosylation reactions were achieved by using oxazolidinone-protected glycosides as building blocks based on a pre-activation protocol. Di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides were prepared by this short and efficient approach in high yields. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments show that our synthetic tri- and tetrasaccharide had much higher antigenic activities than previously reported ones in the inhibition of antibody binding by the native polysaccharide. The results demonstrate that the antigenic activities of saccharides can be strengthened greatly by increasing the number of acetyl groups present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
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115
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Kaeothip S, Demchenko AV. Expeditious oligosaccharide synthesis via selective, semi-orthogonal, and orthogonal activation. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1371-88. [PMID: 21663897 PMCID: PMC3129461 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional strategies for oligosaccharide synthesis often require extensive protecting and/or leaving group manipulations between each glycosylation step, thereby increasing the total number of synthetic steps while decreasing the efficiency of the synthesis. In contrast, expeditious strategies allow for the rapid chemical synthesis of complex carbohydrates by minimizing extraneous chemical manipulations. Oligosaccharide synthesis by selective activation of one leaving group over another is one such expeditious strategy. Herein, the significant improvements that have recently emerged in the area of the selective activation are discussed. The development of orthogonal strategy further expands the scope of the selective activation methodology. Surveyed in this article, are representative examples wherein these excellent innovations have been applied to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophon Kaeothip
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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116
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Walvoort MTC, Moggré GJ, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dideoxy-β-d-mannopyranosyl Uronates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7301-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201179p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T. C. Walvoort
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Moggré
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Lodder
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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117
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Ainge GD, Compton BJ, Hayman CM, Martin WJ, Toms SM, Larsen DS, Harper JL, Painter GF. Chemical synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4941-51. [PMID: 21574597 DOI: 10.1021/jo200588u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) isolated from mycobacteria have been identified as an important class of phosphoglycolipids with significant immune-modulating properties. We present here the synthesis of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside (PIM(6)) 1 and the first reported functional biology of a synthetic PIM(6). Key steps in the synthetic protocol included the selective glycosylation of an inositol 2,6-diol with a suitably protected mannosyl donor and construction of the glycan core utilizing a [3 + 4] thio-glycosylation strategy. The target 1 was purified by reverse phase chromatography and characterized by standard spectroscopic methods, HPLC, and chemical modification by deacylation to dPIM(6). The (1)H NMR spectrum of synthetic dPIM(6) obtained from 1 matched that of dPIM(6) obtained from nature. PIM(6) (1) exhibited dendritic cell-dependent suppression of CD8(+) T cell expansion in a human mixed lymphocyte reaction consistent with the well established immunosuppressive activity of whole mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Ainge
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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118
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Higuchi K, Tayu M, Kawasaki T. Active thionium species mediated functionalization at the 2α-position of indole derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6728-30. [PMID: 21556439 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11645b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) mediates functionalization at the 2α-position of indole derivatives. Carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles were directly introduced via a one-pot procedure in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Higuchi
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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119
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Gold H, Munneke S, Dinkelaar J, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. A practical synthesis of capped 4-methylumbelliferyl hyaluronan disaccharides and tetrasaccharides as potential hyaluronidase substrates. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1467-78. [PMID: 21536258 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of hyaluronan dimers and tetramers equipped with a 4-methylumbelliferyl group at the reducing end to potentially allow monitoring of hyaluronidase activities is described. The 4-OH at the non-reducing glucuronate in the presented series is either removed or methylated to prohibit transglycosylase reactions, leading to a total of four probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gold
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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120
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Christina AE, van den Bos LJ, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Galacturonic Acid Lactones in the Synthesis of All Trisaccharide Repeating Units of the Zwitterionic Polysaccharide Sp1. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1692-706. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102363d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alphert E. Christina
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert J. van den Bos
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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121
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122
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Peng P, Ye XS. O,O-Dimethylthiophosphonosulfenyl bromide-silver triflate: a new powerful promoter system for the preactivation of thioglycosides. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:616-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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123
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Pragani R, Seeberger PH. Total synthesis of the Bacteroides fragilis zwitterionic polysaccharide A1 repeating unit. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:102-7. [PMID: 21142035 DOI: 10.1021/ja1087375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all bacteria capsular polysaccharides are T-cell-independent antigens that do not promote immunoglobulin class switching from IgM to IgG nor memory responses. In contrast, zwitterionic polysaccharides activate T-cell-dependent immune responses by major histocompatability complex class II presentation, a mechanism previously believed to be reserved for peptidic antigens. The best studied zwitterionic polysaccharide, polysaccharide A1 (PS A1) is found on the capsule of the commensal bacteria Bacteroides fragilis . Its potent immunomodulatory properties have been linked to postoperative intra-abdominal abscess formation. Here, we report the synthesis of the PS A1 tetrasaccharide repeating unit (2) as a tool to investigate the biological role of this polysaccharide. A modular synthetic strategy originating from the reducing end of the PS A1 repeating unit was unsuccessful and illustrated the limitations of glycosylation reactions between highly armed glycosylating agents and poor nucleophiles. Thus, a [3 + 1] glycosylation relying on trisaccharide 5 and pyruvalated galactose 6 was used to complete the first total synthesis of the PS A1 repeating unit (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Pragani
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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124
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Macé Y, Blazejewski JC, Pradet C, Magnier E. Self-Immolative Reduction of Trifluoromethyl Sulfoxides Promoted by Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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125
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Ali A, van den Berg RJ, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JD. The methylsulfonylethoxymethyl (Msem) as a hydroxyl protecting group in oligosaccharide synthesis. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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126
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Liu C, Richards MR, Lowary TL. Probing the Effect of Acylation on Arabinofuranose Ring Conformation in Di- and Trisaccharide Fragments of Mycobacterial Arabinogalactan. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4992-5007. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100575a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Liu
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
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127
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Yang L, Ye XS. A highly alpha-selective glycosylation for the convenient synthesis of repeating alpha-(1-->4)-linked N-acetyl-galactosamine units. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1713-21. [PMID: 20591420 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The repeating GalpNAc-alpha-(1-->4)-GalpNAc unit is part of a series of essential structures that can be found in many important biomolecules such as the glycoproteins and the O-antigenic polysaccharides of clinically important bacterial strains. In this paper, we describe an exclusive alpha-selective glycosylation reaction, using a 4,6-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-acetyloxazolidinone-protected thioglycoside as the glycosyl donor, under pre-activation conditions, with only half amount of the promoter, providing the product GalpNAc-alpha-(1-->4)-GalpNAc in high isolated yield. This reaction can be also applied to increasing the length of the repeating structure, which is of significant use in further synthesis of branched or linear oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
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128
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Boutureira O, Rodríguez MA, Díaz Y, Matheu MI, Castillón S. Studies on the Zn(II)-mediated electrophilic selenocyclization and elimination of 3,4-O-isopropylidene-protected hydroxyalkenyl sulfides: synthesis of a 2-phenylselenenyl glycal. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1041-5. [PMID: 20381018 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a mild and efficient Zn(II)-mediated electrophilic selenocyclization reaction of readily available and stable 3,4-O-isopropylidene-protected hydroxyalkenyl sulfides to 2-deoxy-2-phenylselenenyl-1-thio-glycosides. This material was transformed into a 2-phenylselenenyl glycal in a controlled manner using an activation-elimination sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Boutureira
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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129
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Maity SK, Patra A, Ghosh R. Convergent synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit related to the O-antigenic polysaccharide of Escherichia coli 78. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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130
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Wei G, Kumar V, Xue J, Locke RD, Matta KL. The first chemical synthesis of novel MeO-3-GlcUA derivative of hyaluronan-based disaccharide to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of hyaluronic acid synthases (HASs). Tetrahedron Lett 2009; 50:6543-6545. [PMID: 20161585 PMCID: PMC2808046 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The first chemical synthesis of MeO-3-GlcUAβ(1→3)GlcNAc-UDP to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of hyaluronic acid synthases (HASs) is described. Construction of the desired β(1→3)-linked disaccharide 10 was achieved very efficiently by coupling MeO-3-GlcUA donor 3 with the suitable protected GlcNTroc acceptor 4 using BF(3(.) )Et(2)O as Lewis acid. Chemoselective removal of anomeric NAP, phosphorylation, hydrogenation, coupling with UMP-morpholidate and finally complete deprotection gave the target compound 1 in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Wei
- Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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131
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Macé Y, Urban C, Pradet C, Blazejewski JC, Magnier E. Aromatic and Benzylic C-H Bond Functionalization Upon Reaction between Nitriles and Perfluoroalkyl Sulfoxides. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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132
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Dinkelaar J, de Jong AR, van Meer R, Somers M, Lodder G, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Stereodirecting effect of the pyranosyl C-5 substituent in glycosylation reactions. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4982-91. [PMID: 19489535 DOI: 10.1021/jo900662v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The stereodirecting effect of the glycosyl C-5 substituent has been investigated in a series of d-pyranosyl thioglycoside donors and related to their preferred positions in the intermediate (3)H(4) and (4)H(3) half-chair oxacarbenium ions. Computational studies showed that an axially positioned C-5 carboxylate ester can stabilize the (3)H(4) half-chair oxacarbenium ion conformer by donating electron density from its carbonyl function into the electron-poor oxacarbenium ion functionality. A similar stabilization can be achieved by a C-5 benzyloxymethyl group, but the magnitude of this stabilization is significantly smaller than for the C-5 carboxylate ester. As a result, the preference of the C-5 benzyloxymethyl to occupy an axial position in the half-chair oxacarbenium ions is much reduced compared to the C-5 carboxylate ester. To minimize steric interactions, a C-5 methyl group prefers to adopt an equatorial position and therefore favors the (4)H(3) half-chair oxacarbenium ion. When all pyranosyl substituents occupy their favored position in one of the two intermediate half-chair oxacarbenium ions, highly stereoselective glycosylations can be achieved as revealed by the excellent beta-selectivity of mannuronate esters and alpha-selectivity of 6-deoxygulosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dinkelaar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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133
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Smoot JT, Demchenko AV. Oligosaccharide synthesis: from conventional methods to modern expeditious strategies. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2009; 62:161-250. [PMID: 19501706 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(09)00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T Smoot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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134
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Olsson JD, Oscarson S. Synthesis of phosphorylated Neisseria meningitidis inner core lipopolysaccharide structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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135
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Ali A, van den Berg RJ, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, Codée JD. Methylsulfonylethoxycarbonyl (Msc) and fluorous propylsulfonylethoxycarbonyl (FPsc) as hydroxy-protecting groups in carbohydrate chemistry. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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136
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Dinkelaar J, Gold H, Overkleeft HS, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA. Synthesis of Hyaluronic Acid Oligomers using Chemoselective and One-Pot Strategies. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4208-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9003713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dinkelaar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Gold
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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137
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138
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139
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Witte MD, Horst D, Wiertz EJHJ, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a chitobiose-based peptide N-glycanase inhibitor library. J Org Chem 2009; 74:605-16. [PMID: 19072094 DOI: 10.1021/jo801906s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide N-glycanase (PNGase), the enzyme responsible for the deglycosylation of N-linked glycoproteins, has an active site related to that of cysteine proteases. Chitiobiose was equipped with electrophilic traps often used in cysteine protease inhibitors, and the resulting compounds were evaluated as PNGase inhibitors. We found that the electrophilic trap of the inhibitor has a great influence on the potency of the compounds with the chloromethyl ketone inhibitor being the first potent C-glycoside-based PNGase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Witte
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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140
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Son SH, Tano C, Furuike T, Sakairi N. Pre-activation of fully acetylated dodecyl thioglycosides with BSP–Tf2O led to efficient glycosylation at low temperature. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:285-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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141
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Hashimoto S, Nakamura S, Tsuda T, Suzuki N. Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Azido-2-deoxy-β-D-mannosides Using the Phosphate Method. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(f)108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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142
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El Ashry ESH, Rashed N, Ibrahim ESI. Challenges in the stereocontrolled syntheses of β-rhamnosides. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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143
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Synthesis of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of O-antigenic polysaccharide of Salmonella enteritidis by use of unique and odorless dodecyl thioglycosyl donors. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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144
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Wang Z, Gilbert M, Eguchi H, Yu H, Cheng J, Muthana S, Zhou L, Wang PG, Chen X, Huang X. Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen Globo-H and Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen 4. Adv Synth Catal 2008; 350:1717-1728. [PMID: 20305750 PMCID: PMC2842016 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides have attracted much attention due to their important biological properties. Herein, we report the first chemoenzymatic syntheses of two globo series of ganglioside oligosaccharides, Globo-H 1 and stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) 2. The common precursor SSEA-3 pentasaccharide for these two compounds was assembled rapidly using the pre-activation based one-pot glycosylation method. The stereoselectivity in forming the 1,2-cis linkage in SSEA-3 was attributed to a steric buttressing effect of the donor rather than electronic properties of the glycosyl donors. SSEA-3 was then successfully fucosylated by the fucosyltransferase WbsJ and sialylated by sialyltransferases CST-I and PmST1 producing Globo-H and SSEA-4 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606 USA
| | - Michel Gilbert
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Biological Sciences, Glycobiology Program, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Hironobu Eguchi
- The Ohio State University, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Jiansong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Saddam Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Luyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606 USA
| | - Peng George Wang
- The Ohio State University, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 602, Toledo, Ohio 43606 USA
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145
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Xiong DC, Zhang LH, Ye XS. Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide-Silver Triflate: A New Powerful Promoter System for the Activation of Thioglycosides. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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146
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Murakami T, Sato Y, Shibakami M. Stereoselective glycosylations using benzoylated glucosyl halides with inexpensive promoters. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1297-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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147
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Geng Y, Zhang LH, Ye XS. Stereoselectivity investigation on glycosylation of oxazolidinone protected 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose donors based on pre-activation protocol. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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148
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Mydock LK, Demchenko AV. Superarming the S-benzoxazolyl glycosyl donors by simple 2-O-benzoyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl protection. Org Lett 2008; 10:2103-6. [PMID: 18447363 DOI: 10.1021/ol800345j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The strategic placement of common protecting groups led to the discovery of a new method for "superarming" glycosyl donors. Conceptualized from our previous studies on the O-2/O-5 Cooperative Effect, it was determined that S-benzoxazolyl glycosyl donors possessing both a participating moiety at C-2 and an electronically armed lone pair at O-5, such as the superarmed glycosyl donor shown above, were exceptionally reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel K Mydock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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149
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Crich D, Cai F, Yang F. A stable, commercially available sulfenyl chloride for the activation of thioglycosides in conjunction with silver trifluoromethanesulfonate. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1858-62. [PMID: 18374318 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
p-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride is a stable commercially available sulfenyl chloride that, in conjunction with silver triflate, cleanly activates a wide range of thioglycosides for glycosylation at -78 degrees C in CH(2)Cl(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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150
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Nokami T, Shibuya A, Yoshida JI. Electrochemical Conversion of Thioglycosides to Glycosyl Triflates. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2008. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.20.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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