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Brennstuhl MJ, Tarquinio C, Strub L, Montel S, Rydberg JA, Kapoula Z. Benefits of immediate EMDR vs. eclectic therapy intervention for victims of physical violence and accidents at the workplace: a pilot study. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2013; 34:425-34. [PMID: 23805927 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2012.759633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on 34 victims of aggression at the workplace, less than 48 hours following the incident of aggression. We compared victims who received an EMDR emergency protocol (URG-EMDR; n = 19) that we developed with those who received a method of intervention called eclectic therapy (n = 15). The results show that URG-EMDR therapy, provided within 48 hours, resulted in a greater decrease in perceived stress and a lower PCL-S score than eclectic therapy did. The scores were lower in both groups after 24 hours, and after 3 months, the drop was significantly greater among the victims treated with the URG-EMDR protocol; none of the EMDR-treated patients exhibited symptoms of posttraumatic stress.
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Lee CW, Cuijpers P. A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2013; 44:231-9. [PMID: 23266601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is now considered evidence based practice in the treatment of trauma symptoms. Yet in a previous meta-analysis, no significant effect was found for the eye movement component. However methodological issues with this study may have resulted in a type II error. The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine current published studies to test whether eye movements significantly affect the processing of distressing memories. METHOD A systematic review of the literature revealed two groups of studies. The first group comprised 15 clinical trials and compared the effects of EMDR therapy with eye movements to those of EMDR without the eye movements. The second group comprised 11 laboratory trials that investigated the effects of eye movements while thinking of a distressing memory versus the same procedure without the eye movements in a non-therapy context. The total number of participants was 849. RESULTS The effect size for the additive effect of eye movements in EMDR treatment studies was moderate and significant (Cohen's d = 0.41). For the second group of laboratory studies the effect size was large and significant (d = 0.74). The strongest effect size difference was for vividness measures in the non-therapy studies (d = 0.91). The data indicated that treatment fidelity acted as a moderator variable on the effect of eye movements in the therapy studies. CONCLUSIONS Results were discussed in terms of current theories that suggest the processes involved in EMDR are different from other exposure based therapies.
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Empirically Supported Treatments and Efficacy Trials: What Steps Do We Still Need to Take? JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOTHERAPY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10879-013-9236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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104
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Pagani M, Högberg G, Fernandez I, Siracusano A. Correlates of EMDR Therapy in Functional and Structural Neuroimaging: A Critical Summary of Recent Findings. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging investigations of the effects of psychotherapies treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), have reported findings consistent with modifications in cerebral blood flow (CBF; single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), in neuronal volume and density (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), and more recently in brain electric signal (electroencephalography [EEG]). Additionally in the recent past, EMDR-related neurobiological changes were monitored by EEG during therapy itself and showed a shift of the maximal activation from emotional limbic to cortical cognitive brain regions. This was the first time in which neurobiological changes occurring during any psychotherapy session have been reported, making EMDR the first psychotherapy with a proven neurobiological effect. The purpose of this article was to review the results of functional and structural changes taking place at PTSD treatment and presented during the period of 1999–2012 by various research groups. The reported pathophysiological changes are presented by neuropsychological technique and implemented methodology and critically analyzed.
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105
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Leeds AM. The Future of EMDR. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.7.3.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lobenstine F, Courtney D. A Case Study: The Integration of Intensive EMDR and Ego State Therapy to Treat Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Anxiety. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.7.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study used a quantitative, single-case study design to examine the effectiveness of the integration of intensive eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and ego state therapy for the treatment of an individual diagnosed with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The participant received 25.5 hr of treatment in a 3-week period, followed with 12 hr of primarily supportive therapy over the next 6-week period. Clinical symptoms decreased as evidenced by reduction in scores from baseline to 6-week follow-up on the following scales: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) from 46 (severe depression) to 15 (mild mood disorder), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) from 37 (severe anxiety) to 25 (moderate anxiety), and Impact of Events Scale from 50 (severe PTSD symptoms) to 12 (below PTSD cutoff). Scores showed further reductions at 6-month follow-up. Results show the apparent effectiveness of the integration of intensive EMDR and ego state work.
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What is the role of eye movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a review. Behav Cogn Psychother 2012; 41:290-300. [PMID: 23102050 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465812000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy continues to exist regarding how EMDR works and whether its mechanisms differ from those at work in standard exposure techniques. AIMS To investigate first whether eye movement bilateral stimulation is an essential component of EMDR and, second, the current status of its theoretical basis. METHOD A systematic search for relevant articles was conducted in databases using standard methodology. RESULTS Clinical research evidence is contradictory as to how essential EMs are in PTSD treatment. More positive support is provided by analogue studies. With regards to potential theoretical support, some evidence was found suggesting bilateral stimulation first increases access to episodic memories; and second that it could act on components of working memory which makes focusing on the traumatic memories less unpleasant and thereby improves access to these memories. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest support for the contention that EMs are essential to this therapy and that a theoretical rationale exists for their use. Choice of EMDR over trauma-focused CBT should therefore remain a matter of patient choice and clinician expertise; it is suggested, however, that EMs may be more effective at reducing distress, and thereby allow other components of treatment to take place.
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108
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Ho M, Lee C. Cognitive behaviour therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic disorder – is it all in the homework then? EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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109
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EMDR therapy: An overview of current and future research. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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110
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Lohr JM, Lilienfeld SO, Rosen GM. Anxiety and its treatment: promoting science-based practice. J Anxiety Disord 2012; 26:719-27. [PMID: 22858898 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article we analyze ways that psychological science can inform the treatment of anxiety disorders. We focus on experimental psychopathology research to describe the structure of anxiety and the functions of danger, safety, predictability and controllability in contributing to disorder. We then address science-based practice in terms of principles of change and the benefits from the self-corrective nature of science, contrasting this form of practice with treatments that are not grounded in basic learning theory. Models for dissemination and implementation of science-based practices are described and related to practitioner attitudes regarding scientific evidence. Finally, we consider practice implications when treatments are, and are not, based on the informative role of clinical psychological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Lohr
- Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 727201, United States.
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Tarquinio C, Brennstuhl M, Reichenbach S, Rydberg J, Tarquinio P. Prise en charge précoce de victimes de viols et présentation d’un protocole d’urgence de thérapie EMDR. SEXOLOGIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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112
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Tarquinio C, Brennstuhl M, Reichenbach S, Rydberg J, Tarquinio P. Early treatment of rape victims: Presentation of an emergency EMDR protocol. SEXOLOGIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sexol.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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113
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114
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Hood HK, Antony MM. Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment of Specific Phobias in Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3253-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Shiner B, D’Avolio LW, Nguyen TM, Zayed MH, Young-Xu Y, Desai RA, Schnurr PP, Fiore LD, Watts BV. Measuring Use of Evidence Based Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2012; 40:311-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10488-012-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Posttraumatic stress disorder at the end of life: extant research and proposed psychosocial treatment approach. Palliat Support Care 2012; 9:407-18. [PMID: 22104417 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951511000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
According to some estimates, 84% of people experience a traumatic event during their lives (Vrana & Lauterbach, 1994), and 15% to 24% then develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many carry with them lasting effects of trauma as they age and enter the last phase of life. PTSD manifests in unique ways at the end of life, possibly disrupting factors associated with a positive dying process, including social support, medical communication, life review, and acceptance of death. Terminally ill people with PTSD may suffer more emotional distress, lower quality of life, and poorer medical prognosis than those without PTSD. Unfortunately, healthcare providers may not be trained to address this issue. This article reviews the literature concerning how PTSD may affect the end of life and proposes an intervention model based on a palliative care philosophy.
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Makinson RA, Young JS. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Where Counseling and Neuroscience Meet. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Call JA, Pfefferbaum B, Jenuwine MJ, Flynn BW. Practical legal and ethical considerations for the provision of acute disaster mental health services. Psychiatry 2012; 75:305-22. [PMID: 23244009 DOI: 10.1521/psyc.2012.75.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mental health professionals who provide emergency psychosocial assistance in the immediate aftermath of disasters do so in the midst of crisis and chaos. Common roles undertaken by disaster mental health professionals include treating existing conditions of disaster survivors and providing psychosocial support to front line responders and those acutely affected. Other roles include participating in multidisciplinary health care teams as well as monitoring and supporting team members' mental health. When, in the immediate aftermath of a disaster, mental health professionals provide such assistance, they may take on legal and ethical responsibilities that they are not fully aware of or do not fully comprehend. Unfortunately, not much has been written about these obligations, and professional organizations have provided little guidance. Thus, the purpose of the present article is to outline and discuss an analysis framework and suggest recommendations that mental health professionals can use to help guide their actions during the chaos immediate post disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Call
- Crisis Management Consultants, Inc, in Edmond, Oklahoma, USA.
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Fleming J. The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitizationand Reprocessing in the Treatment of TraumatizedChildren and Youth. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.6.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a summary of all the studies that have investigated eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment of traumatized children and adolescents. The effectiveness of the treatment is revealed in more than 15 studies. This article considers the differences between Type I and Type II traumas and specifically examines the effects of EMDR on traumatic stress experienced by children and youth following Type I and Type II traumas. There is a considerable body of research evaluating EMDR treatment of Type I traumas, showing strong evidence for its efficacy, but there are few studies that have specifically investigated EMDR treatment of Type II traumas. The effect of EMDR on various symptoms and problem areas is also examined. Recommendations are made for the clinical application of EMDR and for further research.
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120
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van den Hout MA, Engelhard IM, Beetsma D, Slofstra C, Hornsveld H, Houtveen J, Leer A. EMDR and mindfulness. Eye movements and attentional breathing tax working memory and reduce vividness and emotionality of aversive ideation. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2011; 42:423-31. [PMID: 21570931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) are effective in reducing the subjective impact of negative ideation. In both treatments, patients are encouraged to engage in a dual-task (eye movements (EM) in the case of EMDR and attentional breathing (AB) in the case of MBCT) while they experience negative thoughts or images. Working memory theory explains the effects of EM by suggesting that it taxes limited working memory resources, thus rendering the image less vivid and emotional. It was hypothesized that both AB and EM tax working memory and that both reduce vividness and emotionality of negative memories. METHODS Working memory taxation by EM and AB was assessed in healthy volunteers by slowing down of reaction times. In a later session, participants retrieved negative memories during recall only, recall + EM and recall + AB (study 1). Under improved conditions the study was replicated (study 2). RESULTS In both studies and to the same degree, attentional breathing and eye movements taxed working memory. Both interventions reduced emotionality of memory in study 1 but not in study 2 and reduced vividness in study 2 but not in study 1. LIMITATIONS EMDR is more than EM and MBCT is more than AB. Memory effects were assessed by self reports. CONCLUSIONS EMDR and MBCT may (partly) derive their beneficial effects from taxing working memory during recall of negative ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A van den Hout
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pratchett LC, Daly K, Bierer LM, Yehuda R. New approaches to combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:2339-54. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.604030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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122
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Lohr JM. What is (and what is not) the meaning of evidence‐based psychosocial intervention? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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123
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Farrell D, Keenan P, Ali MW, Bilal S, Tareen S, Keenan L, Rana M. Training Pakistani mental health workers in EMDR in the aftermath of the 2005 earthquake in Northern Pakistan. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2011.589599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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124
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Lilienfeld SO. Distinguishing scientific from pseudoscientific psychotherapies: Evaluating the role of theoretical plausibility, with a little help from Reverend Bayes. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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125
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van den Hout MA, Engelhard IM, Rijkeboer MM, Koekebakker J, Hornsveld H, Leer A, Toffolo MB, Akse N. EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections. Behav Res Ther 2011; 49:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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126
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Kristjánsdóttir K, Lee CW. A Comparison of Visual Versus Auditory Concurrent Tasks on Reducing the Distress and Vividness of Aversive Autobiographical Memories. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.5.2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the benefits of eye movement similar to that used in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on reducing the vividness and emotionality of negative autobiographical memories. It was hypothesized, based on the working memory model, that any task that disrupts working memory would reduce the vividness and emotionality of distressing memories. In addition, it was predicted that the more visual a memory, the greater the reduction in vividness by a concurrent visual task over an auditory task (counting). Thirty-six nonclinical participants were asked to recall an unpleasant autobiographical memory while performing each of three dual-attention tasks: eye movement, listening to counting, or control (short exposure). Results showed that vividness and emotionality ratings of the memory decreased significantly after eye movement and counting, and that eye movement produced the greatest benefit. Furthermore, eye movement facilitated greater decrease in vividness irrespective of the modality of the memory. Although this is not consistent with the hypothesis from a working memory model of mode-specific effects, it is consistent with a central executive explanation. Implications for enhancing exposure treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are discussed.
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127
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The efficacy and psychophysiological correlates of dual-attention tasks in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:1-11. [PMID: 20709492 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the psychophysiological correlates and the effectiveness of different dual-attention tasks used during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Sixty-two non-clinical participants with negative autobiographical memories received a single session of EMDR without eye movements, or EMDR that included eye movements of either varied or fixed rate of speed. Subjective units of distress and vividness of the memory were recorded at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 1 week follow-up. EMDR-with eye movements led to greater reduction in distress than EMDR-without eye movements. Heart rate decreased significantly when eye movements began; skin conductance decreased during eye movement sets; heart rate variability and respiration rate increased significantly as eye movements continued; and orienting responses were more frequent in the eye movement than no-eye movement condition at the start of exposure. Findings indicate that the eye movement component in EMDR is beneficial, and is coupled with distinct psychophysiological changes that may aid in processing negative memories.
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128
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Wampold BE, Imel ZE, Laska KM, Benish S, Miller SD, Flűckiger C, Del Re AC, Baardseth TP, Budge S. Determining what works in the treatment of PTSD. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:923-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lahad M, Farhi M, Leykin D, Kaplansky N. Preliminary study of a new integrative approach in treating post-traumatic stress disorder: SEE FAR CBT. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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130
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Posmontier B, Dovydaitis T, Lipman K. Sexual violence: psychiatric healing with eye movement reprocessing and desensitization. Health Care Women Int 2010; 31:755-68. [PMID: 20623397 DOI: 10.1080/07399331003725523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sexual violence, which affects one in three women worldwide, can result in significant psychiatric morbidity and suicide. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) offers health care providers the option of a brief psychiatric intervention that can result in psychiatric healing in as few as four sessions. Because health care providers often hear stories of sexual violence from their patients, they are in an ideal position to make recommendations for treatment. The purpose of this article is to introduce health care providers to the technique of EMDR, review safety and appropriateness, and discuss clinical and research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie Posmontier
- College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101, USA.
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131
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Nardo D, Högberg G, Looi JCL, Larsson S, Hällström T, Pagani M. Gray matter density in limbic and paralimbic cortices is associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome in PTSD patients. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:477-85. [PMID: 19942229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is converging evidence of gray matter (GM) structural alterations in different limbic structures in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate GM density in PTSD in relation to trauma load, and to assess the GM differences between responders (R) and non-responders (NR) to EMDR therapy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of 21 subjects exposed to occupational trauma, who developed PTSD (S), and of 22 who did not (NS), were compared by means of an optimized Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis as implemented in SPM. Within S, further comparisons were made between 10 R and 5 NR. A regression analysis between GM density and the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire (TAQ) was also performed on all 43 subjects. Results showed a significantly lower GM density in S as compared to NS in the left posterior cingulate and the left posterior parahippocampal gyrus. Moreover, NR showed a significantly lower GM density as compared to R in bilateral posterior cingulate, as well as anterior insula, anterior parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala in the right hemisphere. Regression analysis showed that GM density negatively correlated with trauma load in bilateral posterior cingulate, left anterior insula, and right anterior parahippocampal gyrus. In conclusion, a GM lower density in limbic and paralimbic cortices were found to be associated with PTSD diagnosis, trauma load, and EMDR treatment outcome, suggesting a view of PTSD characterized by memory and dissociative disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Nardo
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and vision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 81:240-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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133
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van den Hout MA, Engelhard IM, Smeets MAM, Hornsveld H, Hoogeveen E, de Heer E, Toffolo MBJ, Rijkeboer M. Counting during recall: Taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Rademaker AR, Vermetten E, Kleber RJ. Multimodal Exposure-Based Group Treatment for Peacekeepers With PTSD: A Preliminary Evaluation. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08995600903206420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R. Rademaker
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , Utrecht University, and Research Institute for Psychology & Health , Utrecht , The Netherlands
- b Research Centre Department of Military Mental Healthcare , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Eric Vermetten
- b Research Centre Department of Military Mental Healthcare , Utrecht , The Netherlands
- c Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Rolf J. Kleber
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , Utrecht University, and Research Institute for Psychology & Health , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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135
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La dissociation : un concept central dans la compréhension du traumatisme. EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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136
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Rodenburg R, Benjamin A, de Roos C, Meijer AM, Stams GJ. Efficacy of EMDR in children: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2009; 29:599-606. [PMID: 19616353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in children with post-traumatic stress symptoms was meta-analytically examined from the perspective of incremental efficacy. Overall post-treatment effect size for EMDR was medium and significant (d=.56). Results indicate efficacy of EMDR when effect sizes are based on comparisons between the EMDR and the non-established trauma treatment or the no-treatment control groups, and the incremental efficacy when effect sizes are based on comparisons between the EMDR and the established (CBT) trauma treatment. The discussion focuses on the future replication of EMDR findings and further research on post-traumatic stress in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos Rodenburg
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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137
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138
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Bronner MB, Beer R, Jozine van Zelm van Eldik M, Grootenhuis MA, Last BF. Reducing acute stress in a 16-year old using trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Dev Neurorehabil 2009; 12:170-4. [PMID: 19466626 DOI: 10.1080/17518420902858975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TF-CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for the treatment of acute stress in an adolescent. METHODS A combination of TF-CBT and EMDR was provided to a 16-year-old girl with distressing memories, anxiety and flashbacks. For measurement of the efficacy of the treatment package, the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) was used. RESULTS Acute stress reactions decreased considerably after treatment and remained stable. CRIES-13 scores showed substantial reduction in stress scores. The girl reported no more flashbacks of the injury, sleeping difficulties or recurrent and distressing memories. CONCLUSION This case study illustrates the potential efficacy of a combination of TF-CBT and EMDR for patients with acute stress reactions. Future studies should examine the efficacy of this treatment package in a large sample of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon Brigitte Bronner
- Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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139
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Mendes DD, Mello MF, Ventura P, Passarela CDM, Mari JDJ. A systematic review on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Int J Psychiatry Med 2009; 38:241-59. [PMID: 19069570 DOI: 10.2190/pm.38.3.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common psychotherapy approach for the treatment of PTSD. Nevertheless, previous reviews on the efficacy of several types of psychotherapy were unable to detect differences between CBT and other psychotherapies. The purpose of this study was to conduct systematic review on the efficacy ofCBT in comparison with studies that used other psychotherapy techniques. METHOD Databases were searched using the following terms: posttraumatic stress disorder/stress disorder, treatment/psychotherapy/behavior cognitive therapy, randomized trials, and adults. Randomized clinical trials published between 1980 and 2005 and that compared CBT with other treatments for PTSD was included. The main outcomes were remission, clinical improvement, dropout rates and changes in symptoms. RESULTS The 23 clinical trials included in the review comprised 1923 patients: 898 in the treatment group and 1,025 in the control group. CBT had better remission rates than EMDR (RR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.16; 0.79; p = 0.01) or supportive therapies (RR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.25; 0.74; p = 0.002, completer analysis). CBT was comparable to Exposure Therapy (ET) (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.58; 1.40; p = 0.64), and cognitive therapy (CT) (RR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.67; 1.51; p = 0.98) in terms of efficacy and compliance. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that specific therapies, such as CBT, exposure therapy and cognitive therapy are equally effective, and more effective than supportive techniques in the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise D Mendes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psiquiatria, Brazil.
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140
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Cook JM, Biyanova T, Coyne JC. Comparative Case Study of Diffusion of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Two Clinical Settings: Empirically Supported Treatment Status Is Not Enough. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 40:518-524. [PMID: 25360060 DOI: 10.1037/a0015144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth comparative case study was conducted of two attempts at diffusion of an empirically supported, but controversial, psychotherapy: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). One Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) treatment setting in which there was substantial uptake was compared with a second VA setting in which it was not adopted. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 mental health clinicians at the first site, and 19 at the second. Critical selling points for EMDR were a highly regarded champion, the observability of effects with patients, and personally experiencing its effects during a role training session. Compatibility with existing psychotherapist practices and values further allowed the therapy to become embedded in the organizational culture. At the second site, a sense that EMDR was not theoretically coherent or compelling overwhelmed other considerations, including its empirical status. Comparative studies contrasting settings in which innovative therapies are implemented versus those in which they were rejected may aid in refining theories of and strategies for dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook
- Yale University and National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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141
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Albright DL, Thyer B. Does EMDR reduce post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in combat veterans? BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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142
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Scientific resistance to research, training and utilization of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in treating post-war disorders. Soc Sci Med 2008; 67:1737-46. [PMID: 18950925 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Barber's [(1961). Resistance by scientists to scientific discovery. Science, 134, 596-602] analysis of scientists' resistance to discoveries is examined in relation to an 18-year controversy between the dominant cognitive-behavioral paradigm or zeitgeist and its chief rival - eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating trauma-related disorders. Reasons for persistent opposition to training, utilization and research into an identified 'evidence-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder' (EBT-PTSD) within US military and veterans' agencies closely parallels Barber's description of resistance based upon socio-cultural factors and scientific bias versus genuine scientific skepticism. The implications of sustained resistance to EMDR for combat veterans and other trauma sufferers are discussed. A unified or super-ordinate goal is offered to reverse negative trends impacting current and future mental healthcare of military personnel, veterans and other trauma survivors, and to bridge the scientific impasse.
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143
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Bloomgarden A, Calogero RM. A randomized experimental test of the efficacy of EMDR treatment on negative body image in eating disorder inpatients. Eat Disord 2008; 16:418-27. [PMID: 18821365 DOI: 10.1080/10640260802370598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is being used by some clinicians to treat eating disorders. Although there is anecdotal and case study data supporting its use, there are no controlled studies examining its effectiveness with this population. This study examined the short and long-term effects of EMDR in a residential eating disorders population. A randomized, experimental design compared 43 women receiving standard residential eating disorders treatment (SRT) to 43 women receiving SRT and EMDR therapy (SRT+EMDR) on measures of negative body image and other clinical outcomes. SRT+EMDR reported less distress about negative body image memories and lower body dissatisfaction at posttreatment, 3-month, and 12-month follow-up, compared to SRT. Additional comparisons revealed no differences between the conditions pre to posttreatment on other measures of body image and clinical outcomes. The empirical evidence reported here suggests that EMDR may be used to treat specific aspects of negative body image in conjunction with SRT, but further research is necessary to determine whether or not EMDR is effective for treating the variety of eating pathology presented by eating disorder inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bloomgarden
- Private Practice, 2130 Pine Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, USA.
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144
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Dental fear in children: clinical consequences. Suggested behaviour management strategies in treating children with dental fear. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008; 9 Suppl 1:41-6. [PMID: 18328248 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM This is to present an overview of behavioural management techniques in the dental situation, and to prepare guidelines for the treatment of dentally fearful children, focusing on the behavioural management approach. REVIEW The literature related to the behavioural management of children in the dental setting was reviewed. Using this material a provisional set of guidelines for behaviour management strategies in treating children with dental fear was developed. CONCLUSIONS Effective behavioural strategies that can be used by the dentist are discussed, from a theoretical as well as from a clinical point of view. In addition, available research studies are discussed and suggestions for guidelines in dental practice are presented.
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145
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Gunter RW, Bodner GE. How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: Support for a working-memory account. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46:913-31. [PMID: 18565493 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W Gunter
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Administration Building, Room A275, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4.
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146
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Lee CW, Drummond PD. Effects of eye movement versus therapist instructions on the processing of distressing memories. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22:801-8. [PMID: 17890048 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of components of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was tested by randomly assigning 48 participants to either an eye movement or an eye stationary condition and to one of two types of therapist instructions (reliving or distancing). Participants were university students (mean age 23) who were asked to recall a personal distressing memory with measures of distress and vividness taken before and after treatment, and at follow-up. There was no significant effect of therapist's instruction on the outcome measures. There was a significant reduction in distress for eye movement at post-treatment and at follow-up but overall no significant reduction in vividness. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant reduction in vividness only for the eye movement and distancing instruction condition. The results were consistent with other evidence that the mechanism of change in EMDR is not the same as traditional exposure.
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147
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Högberg G, Pagani M, Sundin O, Soares J, Aberg-Wistedt A, Tärnell B, Hällström T. Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: outcome is stable in 35-month follow-up. Psychiatry Res 2008; 159:101-8. [PMID: 18336919 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may follow major psychological trauma. The disorder is longstanding, even chronic, and there is a need for effective treatment. The most effective short-term treatments are cognitive behavioural therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Twenty subjects with chronic PTSD following occupational health hazards from "person under train" accidents or assault at work were treated with five sessions of EMDR. They were assessed with psychometric scales and diagnostic interviews before treatment, directly after treatment, at 8 months, and at 35 months after the end of Therapy. The primary outcome variable was full diagnosis of PTSD according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Results from interview-based and self-evaluation psychometric scales were used as secondary outcome variables. Immediately following treatment, the patients were divided up into two groups, initial remitters (12 of 20) and non-remitters (8 of 20). There were no drop-outs during therapy, but three patients withdrew during follow-up. The initial result was maintained at the 35-month follow-up. The secondary outcome variables also showed a significant immediate change towards normality that was stable during the long-term follow-up. After 3 years of follow-up, 83% of the initial remitters had full working capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Högberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Psychiatry, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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148
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Cottraux J, Note I, Yao SN, de Mey-Guillard C, Bonasse F, Djamoussian D, Mollard E, Note B, Chen Y. Randomized controlled comparison of cognitive behavior therapy with Rogerian supportive therapy in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: a 2-year follow-up. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2008; 77:101-10. [PMID: 18230943 DOI: 10.1159/000112887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there have been no studies comparing cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with Rogerian therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder. METHOD Sixty outpatients with DSM-IV chronic post-traumatic stress disorder were randomized into two groups for 16 weekly individual sessions of CBT or Rogerian supportive therapy (ST) at two centers. No medication was prescribed. Measures included the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale (PCLS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Quality of Life. The general criterion of improvement (GCI) was a score of less than 44 on the PCLS. RESULTS Forty-two patients were evaluated at post-test, 38 at week 52 and 25 at week 104. At post-test, the rate of patients leaving the trial due to worsening or lack of effectiveness was significantly higher in the ST group (p = 0.004). At this point, no between-group difference was found on the GCI and any of the rating scales. Intent-to-treat analysis found no difference for the GCI, but patients in the CBT group showed greater improvement on the PCLS and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Naturalistic follow-up showed sustained improvement without between-group differences at weeks 52 and 104. CONCLUSIONS CBT retained significantly more patients in treatment than ST, but its effects were equivalent to those of ST in the completers. CBT was better in the dimensional intent-to-treat analysis at post-test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cottraux
- Anxiety Disorder Unit, Hôpital Neurologique, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.
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149
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Benedek DM, Fullerton C, Ursano RJ. First responders: mental health consequences of natural and human-made disasters for public health and public safety workers. Annu Rev Public Health 2007; 28:55-68. [PMID: 17367284 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
First responders, including military health care workers, public health service workers, and state, local, and volunteer first responders serve an important role in protecting our nation's citizenry in the aftermath of disaster. Protecting our nation's health is a vital part of preserving national security and the continuity of critical national functions. However, public health and public safety workers experience a broad range of health and mental health consequences as a result of work-related exposures to natural or man-made disasters. This chapter reviews recent epidemiologic studies that broaden our understanding of the range of health and mental health consequences for first responders. Evidence-based psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions for posttraumatic distress reactions and psychiatric disorders are outlined. Finally, the application of public health intervention models for the assessment and management of distress responses and mental disorders in first-responder communities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Benedek
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
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150
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Benish SG, Imel ZE, Wampold BE. The relative efficacy of bona fide psychotherapies for treating post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 28:746-58. [PMID: 18055080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychotherapy has been found to be an effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but meta-analyses have yielded inconsistent results on relative efficacy of psychotherapies in the treatment of PTSD. The present meta-analysis controlled for potential confounds in previous PTSD meta-analyses by including only bona fide psychotherapies, avoiding categorization of psychotherapy treatments, and using direct comparison studies only. The primary analysis revealed that effect sizes were homogenously distributed around zero for measures of PTSD symptomology, and for all measures of psychological functioning, indicating that there were no differences between psychotherapies. Additionally, the upper bound of the true effect size between PTSD psychotherapies was quite small. The results suggest that despite strong evidence of psychotherapy efficaciousness vis-à-vis no treatment or common factor controls, bona fide psychotherapies produce equivalent benefits for patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Benish
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53703, USA.
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