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Truncating PREX2 mutations activate its GEF activity and alter gene expression regulation in NRAS-mutant melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1296-305. [PMID: 26884185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513801113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PREX2 (phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent Rac-exchange factor 2) is a PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) binding protein that is significantly mutated in cutaneous melanoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Here, genetic and biochemical analyses were conducted to elucidate the nature and mechanistic basis of PREX2 mutation in melanoma development. By generating an inducible transgenic mouse model we showed an oncogenic role for a truncating PREX2 mutation (PREX2(E824)*) in vivo in the context of mutant NRAS. Using integrative cross-species gene expression analysis, we identified deregulated cell cycle and cytoskeleton organization as significantly perturbed biological pathways in PREX2 mutant tumors. Mechanistically, truncation of PREX2 activated its Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, abolished binding to PTEN and activated the PI3K (phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase)/Akt signaling pathway. We further showed that PREX2 truncating mutations or PTEN deletion induces down-regulation of the tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator CDKN1C (also known as p57(KIP2)). This down-regulation occurs, at least partially, through DNA hypomethylation of a differentially methylated region in chromosome 11 that is a known regulatory region for expression of the CDKN1C gene. Together, these findings identify PREX2 as a mediator of NRAS-mutant melanoma development that acts through the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway to regulate gene expression of a cell cycle regulator.
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Tissot T, Ujvari B, Solary E, Lassus P, Roche B, Thomas F. Do cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects drive the structure of tumor ecosystems? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:147-54. [PMID: 26845682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
By definition, a driver mutation confers a growth advantage to the cancer cell in which it occurs, while a passenger mutation does not: the former is usually considered as the engine of cancer progression, while the latter is not. Actually, the effects of a given mutation depend on the genetic background of the cell in which it appears, thus can differ in the subclones that form a tumor. In addition to cell-autonomous effects generated by the mutations, non-cell-autonomous effects shape the phenotype of a cancer cell. Here, we review the evidence that a network of biological interactions between subclones drives cancer cell adaptation and amplifies intra-tumor heterogeneity. Integrating the role of mutations in tumor ecosystems generates innovative strategies targeting the tumor ecosystem's weaknesses to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazzio Tissot
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Eric Solary
- INSERM U1170, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; University Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrice Lassus
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Unité mixte internationale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes (UMI IRD/UPMC UMMISCO), 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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103
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Fang B. RAS signaling and anti-RAS therapy: lessons learned from genetically engineered mouse models, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:27-38. [PMID: 26350096 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of oncogenic RAS genes are frequently detected in human cancers. The studies in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) reveal that Kras-activating mutations predispose mice to early onset tumors in the lung, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, most of these tumors do not have metastatic phenotypes. Metastasis occurs when tumors acquire additional genetic changes in other cancer driver genes. Studies on clinical specimens also demonstrated that KRAS mutations are present in premalignant tissues and that most of KRAS mutant human cancers have co-mutations in other cancer driver genes, including TP53, STK11, CDKN2A, and KMT2C in lung cancer; APC, TP53, and PIK3CA in colon cancer; and TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and MED12 in pancreatic cancer. Extensive efforts have been devoted to develop therapeutic agents that target enzymes involved in RAS posttranslational modifications, that inhibit downstream effectors of RAS signaling pathways, and that kill RAS mutant cancer cells through synthetic lethality. Recent clinical studies have revealed that sorafenib, a pan-RAF and VEGFR inhibitor, has impressive benefits for KRAS mutant lung cancer patients. Combination therapy of MEK inhibitors with either docetaxel, AKT inhibitors, or PI3K inhibitors also led to improved clinical responses in some KRAS mutant cancer patients. This review discusses knowledge gained from GEMMs, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies on RAS-mediated tumorigenesis and anti-RAS therapy. Emerging evidence demonstrates that RAS mutant cancers are heterogeneous because of the presence of different mutant alleles and/or co-mutations in other cancer driver genes. Effective subclassifications of RAS mutant cancers may be necessary to improve patients' outcomes through personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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104
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The RAF-MEK-ERK pathway: targeting ERK to overcome obstacles to effective cancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:269-89. [PMID: 25826360 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Currently, dozens of BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors targeting RAF-MEK-ERK pathway have been introduced into clinical trials for cancer therapy. However, after 6-8 months of initial response, acquired drug resistance among the majority of those treated patients sharply diminished their clinical efficacy. DISCUSSION Important mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance of BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors have been elucidated. Continually, ERK1/2 locates in the critical position and features unique characteristics, such as activating hundreds of substrates, participating in feedback regulation, being catalyzed by MEK specifically and no acquired resistant mutation. CONCLUSION Taking in account the inspiring outcomes of ERK inhibitors in preclinical research, ERK1/2 might be the optimal target to overcome acquired drug resistance in RAF-MEK-ERK pathway.
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105
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Fiala O, Buchler T, Mohelnikova-Duchonova B, Melichar B, Matejka VM, Holubec L, Kulhankova J, Bortlicek Z, Bartouskova M, Liska V, Topolcan O, Sedivcova M, Finek J. G12V and G12A KRAS mutations are associated with poor outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with bevacizumab. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6823-30. [PMID: 26662311 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations are found in 35-45 % of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. Although the association between the RAS signaling and angiogenesis is well known, the negative predictive value of KRAS mutation has not been established in patients treated with bevacizumab. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between specific KRAS mutation types and outcome of patients with metastatic CRC treated with bevacizumab. The study included 404 patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) treated with bevacizumab. Clinical data obtained from the clinical registry CORECT were retrospectively analyzed. The shortest survival was observed in patients with tumors harboring G12V or G12A KRAS mutation (G12V/A). The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for patients with tumors harboring G12V/A KRAS mutation was 6.6 and 16.8 compared to 11.6 and 26.3 months for patients with tumors harboring other KRAS mutation type (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001), while the survival of patients harboring other KRAS mutation types was comparable to those with tumors harboring wild-type KRAS gene. In the Cox multivariable analysis, KRAS G12V/A mutation type remains a significant factor predicting both PFS (HR = 2.18, p < 0.001) and OS (HR = 2.58, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that there is a significant difference in biological behavior between tumors harboring G12V/A and other KRAS mutations. Moreover, comparison of the survival of patients with tumors harboring G12V/A KRAS mutations with those harboring wild-type KRAS gene revealed that G12V/A KRAS mutations are prognostic biomarker for inferior PFS and OS in patients with mCRC treated with bevacizumab in univariate as well as multivariable analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Fiala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, alej Svobody 80, CZ-304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic. .,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Plzeň, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Martin Matejka
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, alej Svobody 80, CZ-304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Lubos Holubec
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, alej Svobody 80, CZ-304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kulhankova
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, alej Svobody 80, CZ-304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Bortlicek
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Bartouskova
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Plzeň, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgery, Medical School and Teaching Hospital Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Topolcan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical School and Teaching Hospital Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Sedivcova
- Bioptic Laboratory, Ltd., Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Jindrich Finek
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical School and Teaching Hospital Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, alej Svobody 80, CZ-304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Cancer, more than any other human disease, now has a surfeit of potential molecular targets poised for therapeutic exploitation. Currently, a number of attractive and validated cancer targets remain outside of the reach of pharmacological regulation. Some have been described as undruggable, at least by traditional strategies. In this article, we outline the basis for the undruggable moniker, propose a reclassification of these targets as undrugged, and highlight three general classes of this imposing group as exemplars with some attendant strategies currently being explored to reclassify them. Expanding the spectrum of disease-relevant targets to pharmacological manipulation is central to reducing cancer morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lazo
- Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0735; ,
| | - Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0735; ,
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107
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Kuzu OF, Nguyen FD, Noory MA, Sharma A. Current State of Animal (Mouse) Modeling in Melanoma Research. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:81-94. [PMID: 26483610 PMCID: PMC4597587 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the considerable progress in understanding the biology of human cancer and technological advancement in drug discovery, treatment failure remains an inevitable outcome for most cancer patients with advanced diseases, including melanoma. Despite FDA-approved BRAF-targeted therapies for advanced stage melanoma showed a great deal of promise, development of rapid resistance limits the success. Hence, the overall success rate of melanoma therapy still remains to be one of the worst compared to other malignancies. Advancement of next-generation sequencing technology allowed better identification of alterations that trigger melanoma development. As development of successful therapies strongly depends on clinically relevant preclinical models, together with the new findings, more advanced melanoma models have been generated. In this article, besides traditional mouse models of melanoma, we will discuss recent ones, such as patient-derived tumor xenografts, topically inducible BRAF mouse model and RCAS/TVA-based model, and their advantages as well as limitations. Although mouse models of melanoma are often criticized as poor predictors of whether an experimental drug would be an effective treatment, development of new and more relevant models could circumvent this problem in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer F Kuzu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Felix D Nguyen
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad A Noory
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Arati Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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108
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Abeillon-du Payrat J, Caron P, Borson-Chazot F. [What's new in follicular thyroid cancer management in 2014?]. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2015; 75 Suppl 1:S2-12. [PMID: 25617919 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4266(14)70022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The American Thyroid Association has presented new guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. These guidelines tend to appreciate more accurately the individual risk of patients, to adapt accordingly the treatment and the follow up. The initial risk stratification has been completed, especially precising the risk of N1 patients, follicular thyroid cancers, and the prognostic impact of molecular markers. Indications, doses and modalities of radioiodine (RAI) have been reevaluated, restricting its utilization in order to avoid overtreatment of low risk patients. Moreover the response to initial treatment allows to restratify the risk of the patients, and to adapt the monitoring and the thyroid hormone therapy management. The risk of suppressive thyroid hormone therapy has also to be considered. Concerning advanced thyroid cancer, prognosis is mainly depending on its RAI sensitivity. The systemic treatment of progressive, threatening refractory cancers is nowadays based on targeted therapy. However none of these treatments has demonstrated an improvement in overall survival, and side effects are frequent. Fagin et al presented promising results concerning short term treatment with selective inhibitors of the MAPK pathway, able to partially restore RAI sensitivity of refractory lesions in murine models, and recently in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abeillon-du Payrat
- Hospices civils de Lyon, fédération d'endocrinologie, groupement hospitalier Est, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron, Cedex, France; Université Lyon 1, faculté de médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France.
| | - P Caron
- Service d'endocrinologie et maladies métaboliques, Pôle cardiovasculaire et métabolique, hôpital Larrey, 24, chemin de Pouvourville, TSA 30030, 31059 Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - F Borson-Chazot
- Hospices civils de Lyon, fédération d'endocrinologie, groupement hospitalier Est, 59, boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron, Cedex, France; Université Lyon 1, faculté de médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, centre de recherche en cancérologie, Lyon-Est, centre Léon-Bérard, bâtiment Cheney D, 28, rue Laënnec, 69373 Lyon, Cedex 08, France
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109
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Sheridan C, Downward J. Overview of KRAS-Driven Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 70:14.35.1-14.35.16. [PMID: 26331885 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1435s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
KRAS, the most frequently mutated oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer, has been utilized extensively to model human lung adenocarcinomas. The results from such studies have enhanced considerably an understanding of the relationship between KRAS and the development of lung cancer. Detailed in this overview are the features of various KRAS-driven genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of non-small cell lung cancer, their utilization, and the potential of these models for the study of lung cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Sheridan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Downward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Lung Cancer Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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110
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Wang L, Yu Y, Chow DC, Yan F, Hsu CC, Stossi F, Mancini MA, Palzkill T, Liao L, Zhou S, Xu J, Lonard DM, O'Malley BW. Characterization of a Steroid Receptor Coactivator Small Molecule Stimulator that Overstimulates Cancer Cells and Leads to Cell Stress and Death. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:240-52. [PMID: 26267537 PMCID: PMC4536575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
By integrating growth pathways on which cancer cells rely, steroid receptor coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3) represent emerging targets in cancer therapeutics. High-throughput screening for SRC small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) uncovered MCB-613 as a potent SRC small molecule "stimulator" (SMS). We demonstrate that MCB-613 can super-stimulate SRCs' transcriptional activity. Further investigation revealed that MCB-613 increases SRCs' interactions with other coactivators and markedly induces ER stress coupled to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because cancer cells overexpress SRCs and rely on them for growth, we show that we can exploit MCB-613 to selectively induce excessive stress in cancer cells. This suggests that over-stimulating the SRC oncogenic program can be an effective strategy to kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dar-Chone Chow
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chih-Chao Hsu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabio Stossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A Mancini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suoling Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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111
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Congrès de l’association américaine de recherche contre le cancer — AACR 2015. ONCOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-015-2535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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112
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Shima F, Matsumoto S, Yoshikawa Y, Kawamura T, Isa M, Kataoka T. Current status of the development of Ras inhibitors. J Biochem 2015; 158:91-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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113
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Ling Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Wang X, Chen L, Huang Z, Zhang Y. Synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrids from farnesylthiosalicylic acid and hydroxylcinnamic acid with dual inhibitory activities of Ras-related signaling and phosphorylated NF-κB. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:4517-30. [PMID: 24848877 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of hybrids (5a–r) of farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) and hydroxylcinnamic acid were designed and synthesized. Most of the hybrids displayed potent antiproliferative activity against seven cancer cell lines in vitro, superior to FTS as well as sorafenib. The most potent compound 5f selectively inhibited cancer cells but not non-tumor liver cell proliferation in vitro, and significantly induced SMMC-7721 cell apoptosis. Interestingly, 5f could simultaneously inhibit not only Ras-related signaling but also phosphorylated NF-κB, which may synergetically contribute to the cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. Moreover, 5f showed low acute toxicity to mice and significantly inhibited the hepatoma tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
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114
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Tan XL, Bhattacharyya KK, Dutta SK, Bamlet WR, Rabe KG, Wang E, Smyrk TC, Oberg AL, Petersen GM, Mukhopadhyay D. Metformin suppresses pancreatic tumor growth with inhibition of NFκB/STAT3 inflammatory signaling. Pancreas 2015; 44:636-47. [PMID: 25875801 PMCID: PMC4399019 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To further elucidate the anticancer mechanisms of metformin against pancreatic cancer, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of metformin on pancreatic tumorigenesis in a genetically engineered mouse model and investigated its possible anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis effects. METHODS Six-week-old LSL-Kras;Trp53 mice (10 per group) were administered once daily intraperitoneally with saline (control) for 1 week or metformin (125 mg/kg) for 1 week (Met_1wk) or 3 weeks (Met_3wk) before tumor initiation. All mice continued with their respective injections for 6 weeks after tumor initiation. Molecular changes were evaluated through quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS At euthanasia, pancreatic tumor volume in the Met_1wk (median, 181.8 mm) and Met_3wk (median, 137.9 mm) groups was significantly lower than those in the control group (median, 481.1 mm; P = 0.001 and 0.0009, respectively). No significant difference was observed between the Met_1wk and Met_3wk groups (P = 0.51). These results were further confirmed using tumor weight and tumor burden measurements. Furthermore, metformin treatment decreased the phosphorylation of nuclear factor κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 as well as the expression of specificity protein 1 transcription factor and several nuclear factor κB-regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS Metformin may inhibit pancreatic tumorigenesis by modulating multiple molecular targets in inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Tan
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | | | - Shamit K. Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - William R. Bamlet
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kari G. Rabe
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Ann L. Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gloria M. Petersen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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115
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TGF-β promotes heterogeneity and drug resistance in squamous cell carcinoma. Cell 2015; 160:963-976. [PMID: 25723170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Subsets of long-lived, tumor-initiating stem cells often escape cancer therapies. However, sources and mechanisms that generate tumor heterogeneity and drug-resistant cell population are still unfolding. Here, we devise a functional reporter system to lineage trace and/or genetic ablate signaling in TGF-β-activated squamous cell carcinoma stem cells (SCC-SCs). Dissecting TGF-β's impact on malignant progression, we demonstrate that TGF-β concentrating near tumor-vasculature generates heterogeneity in TGF-β signaling at tumor-stroma interface and bestows slower-cycling properties to neighboring SCC-SCs. While non-responding progenies proliferate faster and accelerate tumor growth, TGF-β-responding progenies invade, aberrantly differentiate, and affect gene expression. Intriguingly, TGF-β-responding SCC-SCs show increased protection against anti-cancer drugs, but slower-cycling alone does not confer survival. Rather, TGF-β transcriptionally activates p21, which stabilizes NRF2, thereby markedly enhancing glutathione metabolism and diminishing effectiveness of anti-cancer therapeutics. Together, these findings establish a surprising non-genetic paradigm for TGF-β signaling in fueling heterogeneity in SCC-SCs, tumor characteristics, and drug resistance.
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116
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Kim J, Zaret KS. Reprogramming of human cancer cells to pluripotency for models of cancer progression. EMBO J 2015; 34:739-47. [PMID: 25712212 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to study live cells as they progress through the stages of cancer provides the opportunity to discover dynamic networks underlying pathology, markers of early stages, and ways to assess therapeutics. Genetically engineered animal models of cancer, where it is possible to study the consequences of temporal-specific induction of oncogenes or deletion of tumor suppressors, have yielded major insights into cancer progression. Yet differences exist between animal and human cancers, such as in markers of progression and response to therapeutics. Thus, there is a need for human cell models of cancer progression. Most human cell models of cancer are based on tumor cell lines and xenografts of primary tumor cells that resemble the advanced tumor state, from which the cells were derived, and thus do not recapitulate disease progression. Yet a subset of cancer types have been reprogrammed to pluripotency or near-pluripotency by blastocyst injection, by somatic cell nuclear transfer and by induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology. The reprogrammed cancer cells show that pluripotency can transiently dominate over the cancer phenotype. Diverse studies show that reprogrammed cancer cells can, in some cases, exhibit early-stage phenotypes reflective of only partial expression of the cancer genome. In one case, reprogrammed human pancreatic cancer cells have been shown to recapitulate stages of cancer progression, from early to late stages, thus providing a model for studying pancreatic cancer development in human cells where previously such could only be discerned from mouse models. We discuss these findings, the challenges in developing such models and their current limitations, and ways that iPS reprogramming may be enhanced to develop human cell models of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsun Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine Abramson Cancer Center Tumor Biology Program Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine Abramson Cancer Center Tumor Biology Program Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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117
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Nasti TH, Rudemiller KJ, Cochran JB, Kim HK, Tsuruta Y, Fineberg NS, Athar M, Elmets CA, Timares L. Immunoprevention of chemical carcinogenesis through early recognition of oncogene mutations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2683-95. [PMID: 25694611 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of tumors induced by environmental carcinogens has not been achieved. Skin tumors produced by polyaromatic hydrocarbons, such as 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), often harbor an H-ras point mutation, suggesting that it is a poor target for early immunosurveillance. The application of pyrosequencing and allele-specific PCR techniques established that mutations in the genome and expression of the Mut H-ras gene could be detected as early as 1 d after DMBA application. Further, DMBA sensitization raised Mut H-ras epitope-specific CTLs capable of eliminating Mut H-ras(+) preneoplastic skin cells, demonstrating that immunosurveillance is normally induced but may be ineffective owing to insufficient effector pool size and/or immunosuppression. To test whether selective pre-expansion of CD8 T cells with specificity for the single Mut H-ras epitope was sufficient for tumor prevention, MHC class I epitope-focused lentivector-infected dendritic cell- and DNA-based vaccines were designed to bias toward CTL rather than regulatory T cell induction. Mut H-ras, but not wild-type H-ras, epitope-focused vaccination generated specific CTLs and inhibited DMBA-induced tumor initiation, growth, and progression in preventative and therapeutic settings. Transferred Mut H-ras-specific effectors induced rapid tumor regression, overcoming established tumor suppression in tumor-bearing mice. These studies support further evaluation of oncogenic mutations for their potential to act as early tumor-specific, immunogenic epitopes in expanding relevant immunosurveillance effectors to block tumor formation, rather than treating established tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Kyle J Rudemiller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - J Barry Cochran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Hee Kyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Yuko Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Naomi S Fineberg
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; Birmingham, Alabama VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Laura Timares
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; Birmingham, Alabama VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
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118
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Methods to study primary tumor cells and residual tumor cells in mouse models of oncogene dependence. Methods Mol Biol 2015. [PMID: 25636480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The studies of oncogene dependence are aimed to understand an unfortunate and puzzling aspect of targeted anticancer treatments-their progression to drug resistance. Drug resistance develops from a pool of cells that survive the original treatment, called minimal residual disease. Mouse models based on tetracycline-dependent expression of transgenic oncogenes are used to imitate targeted oncogene blockade and to reproduce minimal residual disease in humans. Here we describe a novel method for generating oncogene-dependent mammary tumors using somatic transfer of transactivator-containing retroviruses into transgenic mice with tetracycline-dependent oncogenes and a method for measuring continuous mitotic activity in epithelial cells in real time.
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119
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ENGIN HBILLUR, HOFREE MATAN, CARTER HANNAH. Identifying mutation specific cancer pathways using a structurally resolved protein interaction network. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING 2015; 20:84-95. [PMID: 25592571 PMCID: PMC4299875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a method for extracting candidate cancer pathways from tumor 'omics data while explicitly accounting for diverse consequences of mutations for protein interactions. Disease-causing mutations are frequently observed at either core or interface residues mediating protein interactions. Mutations at core residues frequently destabilize protein structure while mutations at interface residues can specifically affect the binding energies of protein-protein interactions. As a result, mutations in a protein may result in distinct interaction profiles and thus have different phenotypic consequences. We describe a protein structure-guided pipeline for extracting interacting protein sets specific to a particular mutation. Of 59 cancer genes with 3D co-complexed structures in the Protein Data Bank, 43 showed evidence of mutations with different functional consequences. Literature survey reciprocated functional predictions specific to distinct mutations on APC, ATRX, BRCA1, CBL and HRAS. Our analysis suggests that accounting for mutation-specific perturbations to cancer pathways will be essential for personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. BILLUR ENGIN
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - MATAN HOFREE
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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120
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Azoulay-Alfaguter I, Strazza M, Mor A. Chaperone-mediated specificity in Ras and Rap signaling. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 50:194-202. [PMID: 25488471 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.989308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ras and Rap proteins are closely related small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPases) that share similar effector-binding domains but operate in a very different signaling networks; Ras has a dominant role in cell proliferation, while Rap mediates cell adhesion. Ras and Rap proteins are regulated by several shared processes such as post-translational modification, phosphorylation, activation by guanine exchange factors and inhibition by GTPase-activating proteins. Sub-cellular localization and trafficking of these proteins to and from the plasma membrane are additional important regulatory features that impact small GTPases function. Despite its importance, the trafficking mechanisms of Ras and Rap proteins are not completely understood. Chaperone proteins play a critical role in trafficking of GTPases and will be the focus of the discussion in this work. We will review several aspects of chaperone biology focusing on specificity toward particular members of the small GTPase family. Understanding this specificity should provide key insights into drug development targeting individual small GTPases.
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121
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Chestkov IV, Khomyakova EA, Vasilieva EA, Lagarkova MA, Kiselev SL. Molecular barriers to processes of genetic reprogramming and cell transformation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2014; 79:1297-307. [PMID: 25716723 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914120037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic reprogramming by ectopic expression of transcription factor genes induces the pluripotent state in somatic cells. This technology provides an opportunity to establish pluripotent stem cells for each person, as well as to get better understanding of epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell state. Interestingly, some of the molecular processes that accompany somatic cell reprogramming in vitro are also characteristic for tumor manifestation. Thus, similar "molecular barriers" that control the stability of epigenetic state exist for both processes of pluripotency induction and malignant transformation. The reprogramming of tumor cells is interesting in two aspects: first, it will determine the contribution of epigenetic changes in carcinogenesis; second, it gives an approach to evaluate tumor stem cells that are supposed to form the entire cell mass of the tumor. This review discusses the key stages of genetic reprogramming, the similarity and difference between the reprogramming process and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Chestkov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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122
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Suppression of TET1-dependent DNA demethylation is essential for KRAS-mediated transformation. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1827-1840. [PMID: 25466250 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation-mediated tumor suppressor gene (TSG) silencing is a central epigenetic alteration in RAS-dependent tumorigenesis. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes can depress DNA methylation by hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) bases to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Here, we report that suppression of TET1 is required for KRAS-induced DNA hypermethylation and cellular transformation. In distinct nonmalignant cell lines, oncogenic KRAS promotes transformation by inhibiting TET1 expression via the ERK-signaling pathway. This reduces chromatin occupancy of TET1 at TSG promoters, lowers levels of 5hmC, and increases levels of 5mC and 5mC-dependent transcriptional silencing. Restoration of TET1 expression by ERK pathway inhibition or ectopic TET1 reintroduction in KRAS-transformed cells reactivates TSGs and inhibits colony formation. KRAS knockdown increases TET1 expression and diminishes colony-forming ability, whereas KRAS/TET1 double knockdown bypasses the KRAS dependence of KRAS-addicted cancer cells. Thus, suppression of TET1-dependent DNA demethylation is critical for KRAS-mediated transformation.
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123
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Gordon M, Baksh S. RASSF1A: Not a prototypical Ras effector. Small GTPases 2014; 2:148-157. [PMID: 21776416 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.3.16286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras association domain family (RASSF) of genes are commonly silenced by promoter specific methylation in human cancers. After the cloning of the first two family members in early 2000 (RASSF1 and RASSF5), eight other related genes have been identified (RASSF2, 3, 4 and 6-10). The unifying motif amongst all RASSF family members is the presence of the Ras association (RA) domain that could potentially associate with the Ras family of GTPases. Detailed analyses have determined that RASSF family members are tumor suppressor proteins, activators of cell death, cell cycle modulators, microtubule stabilizers and possibly inflammatory mediators linked to NFκB. As such, exploring the biological function of this gene family is needed and if indeed RASSF proteins could be the missing link between Ras signaling and apoptosis. Several RASSF family members have been demonstrated to associate with Ras. However, there is still controversy regarding the ability of RASSF1A to utilize Ras to promote cell death and of the importance of the RASSF1A RA domain. The focus of this review is to highlight the importance of Ras binding to the RASSF family of proteins and discuss what we currently know about the biology of RASSF1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
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124
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Kim M. Cooperative interactions of PTEN deficiency and RAS activation in melanoma metastasis. Small GTPases 2014; 1:161-164. [PMID: 21686270 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.3.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma displays frequent activation of RAS/RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways as well as inactivation of CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) and PTEN tumor suppressors via genetic and epigenetic alterations. Pathogenetic roles of these melanoma-prone mutations and their genetic interactions have been established in genetically engineered mouse models. Here, we catalog frequent genetic alterations observed in human melanomas and describe mouse models of melanoma initiation and progression, including our recent study that investigated the genetic interactions of RAS activation and PTEN loss in a CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) null melanoma prone genetic background. We showed that loss of PTEN cooperates with HRAS activation, leading to increased development of melanoma and emergence of metastasis. Moreover, we observed that RNA i-mediated PTEN inactivation in RAS-driven melanomas enhanced migration and invasion with concomitant downregulation of E-cadherin, the major regulator of epithelial and mesenchymal transition, and enhanced AKT2 phosphorylation, which has been previously linked to invasion and metastasis of several cancer types, including breast and ovary. These data show that activated RAS cooperates with PTEN loss in melanoma genesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Kim
- Molecular Oncology Department; Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
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125
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Abstract
Despite more than three decades of intensive effort, no effective pharmacological inhibitors of the RAS oncoproteins have reached the clinic, prompting the widely held perception that RAS proteins are 'undruggable'. However, recent data from the laboratory and the clinic have renewed our hope for the development of RAS-inhibitory molecules. In this Review, we summarize the progress and the promise of five key approaches. Firstly, we focus on the prospects of using direct inhibitors of RAS. Secondly, we address the issue of whether blocking RAS membrane association is a viable approach. Thirdly, we assess the status of targeting RAS downstream effector signalling, which is arguably the most favourable current approach. Fourthly, we address whether the search for synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS still holds promise. Finally, RAS-mediated changes in cell metabolism have recently been described and we discuss whether these changes could be exploited for new therapeutic directions. We conclude with perspectives on how additional complexities, which are not yet fully understood, may affect each of these approaches.
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126
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Bruera G, Cannita K, Tessitore A, Russo A, Alesse E, Ficorella C, Ricevuto E. The prevalent KRAS exon 2 c.35 G>A mutation in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: A biomarker of worse prognosis and potential benefit of bevacizumab-containing intensive regimens? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 93:190-202. [PMID: 25459669 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy differently predict increased efficacy in KRAS exon 2 mutant and wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) patients. Mutant compared to wild-type status did not significantly affect progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients fit for first line bevacizumab-containing FIr-B/FOx regimen, and after progression. In patients unfit for intensive regimens, mutant status significantly affected PFS, while not OS. Codon 12 KRAS mutations differentially affect GTPase function, and confer worse clinical behaviour. Prognostic relevance of the prevalent c.35 G>A KRAS mutation was retrospectively evaluated. Fit c.35 G>A mutant patients showed significantly worse OS compared to wild-type and to other mutant. After progression and in unfit patients, c.35 G>A mutation affected significantly worse PFS and OS. c.35 G>A mutant status does not significantly affect worse PFS in patients fit for first line FIr-B/FOx, and it may depend upon effectiveness of anti-VEGF-containing intensive regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Bruera
- Medical Oncology, S. Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Katia Cannita
- Medical Oncology, S. Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Corrado Ficorella
- Medical Oncology, S. Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Enrico Ricevuto
- Medical Oncology, S. Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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127
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Barceló C, Etchin J, Mansour MR, Sanda T, Ginesta MM, Sanchez-Arévalo Lobo VJ, Real FX, Capellà G, Estanyol JM, Jaumot M, Look AT, Agell N. Ribonucleoprotein HNRNPA2B1 interacts with and regulates oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:882-892.e8. [PMID: 24998203 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) involves activation of c-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene homolog (KRAS) signaling, but little is known about the roles of proteins that regulate the activity of oncogenic KRAS. We investigated the activities of proteins that interact with KRAS in PDAC cells. METHODS We used mass spectrometry to demonstrate that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (HNRNP) A2 and B1 (encoded by the gene HNRNPA2B1) interact with KRAS G12V. We used co-immunoprecipitation analyses to study interactions between HNRNPA2B1 and KRAS in KRAS-dependent and KRAS-independent PDAC cell lines. We knocked down HNRNPA2B1 using small hairpin RNAs and measured viability, anchorage-independent proliferation, and growth of xenograft tumors in mice. We studied KRAS phosphorylation using the Phos-tag system. RESULTS We found that interactions between HRNPA2B1 and KRAS correlated with KRAS-dependency of some human PDAC cell lines. Knock down of HNRNPA2B1 significantly reduced viability, anchorage-independent proliferation, and formation of xenograft tumors by KRAS-dependent PDAC cells. HNRNPA2B1 knock down also increased apoptosis of KRAS-dependent PDAC cells, inactivated c-akt murine thymoma oncogene homolog 1 signaling via mammalian target of rapamycin, and reduced interaction between KRAS and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase. Interaction between HNRNPA2B1 and KRAS required KRAS phosphorylation at serine 181. CONCLUSIONS In KRAS-dependent PDAC cell lines, HNRNPA2B1 interacts with and regulates the activity of KRAS G12V and G12D. HNRNPA2B1 is required for KRAS activation of c-akt murine thymoma oncogene homolog 1-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, interaction with phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase, and PDAC cell survival and tumor formation in mice. HNRNPA2B1 might be a target for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Barceló
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Etchin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc R Mansour
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mireia M Ginesta
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor J Sanchez-Arévalo Lobo
- Grupo de Carcinogénesis Epitelial, Programa de Patología Molecular, CNIO-Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Grupo de Carcinogénesis Epitelial, Programa de Patología Molecular, CNIO-Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Capellà
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Estanyol
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics-UB (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Jaumot
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neus Agell
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Yeh ES, Vernon-Grey A, Martin H, Chodosh LA. Tetracycline-regulated mouse models of cancer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:pdb.top069823. [PMID: 25275112 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have proven essential to the study of mammalian gene function in both development and disease. However, traditional constitutive transgenic mouse model systems are limited by the temporal and spatial characteristics of the experimental promoter used to drive transgene expression. To address this limitation, considerable effort has been dedicated to developing conditional and inducible mouse model systems. Although a number of approaches to generating inducible GEMMs have been pursued, several have been restricted by toxic or undesired physiological side effects of the compounds used to activate gene expression. The development of tetracycline (tet)-dependent regulatory systems has allowed for circumvention of these issues resulting in the widespread adoption of these systems as an invaluable tool for modeling the complex nature of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Yeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ann Vernon-Grey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Heather Martin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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129
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Border forces and friction control epithelial closure dynamics. Biophys J 2014; 106:65-73. [PMID: 24411238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the closure dynamics of a large number of well-controlled circular apertures within an epithelial monolayer, where the collective cell migration responsible for epithelization is triggered by the removal of a spatial constraint rather than by scratching. Based on experimental observations, we propose a physical model that takes into account border forces, friction with the substrate, and tissue rheology. Border protrusive activity drives epithelization despite the presence of a contractile actomyosin cable at the periphery of the wound. The closure dynamics is quantified by an epithelization coefficient, defined as the ratio of protrusive stress to tissue-substrate friction, that allows classification of different phenotypes. The same analysis demonstrates a distinct signature for human cells bearing the oncogenic RasV12 mutation, demonstrating the potential of the approach to quantitatively characterize metastatic transformations.
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130
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Wong CC, Sagineedu SR, Sumon SH, Sidik SM, Phillips R, Lajis NH, Stanslas J. NCI in vitro and in silico anticancer screen, cell cycle pertubation and apoptosis-inducing potential of new acylated, benzylidene and isopropylidene derivatives of andrographolide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:489-501. [PMID: 25168151 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide (AGP) is the main bioactive constituent isolated from the traditional medicinal, Andrographis paniculata which contributes towards its various biological activities, including anticancer property. In this study, a series of new AGP derivatives were semi-synthesised and screened against the NCI in vitro 60 cell lines. From the screening results, we had identified SRS07 as the most potent AGP derivative, against breast and colon cancer cell lines. Subsequently, SRS07 was tested for its capability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 and HCT116 cancer cells. SRS07 effectively induced G1 cell cycle arrest in both cell lines and ultimately apoptosis by inducing DNA fragmentation in HCT116 cells. The apoptotic cell death induced by SRS07 was confirmed via FITC Annexin-V double staining. Western blot analysis of SRS07-treated HCT116 cells revealed that the compound induced apoptosis be activating caspase 8 which in turn cleaved Bid to t-Bid to initiate cell death cascade. Prediction of the possible mode of action of SRS07 by utilising NCI COMPARE analysis failed to reveal a distinct mechanism category. Hence, it is speculated that SRS07 possesses novel mechanism of action. In conclusion, SRS07 demonstrated superior in vitro anticancer profiles and emerged as a potential lead anticancer candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charng Choon Wong
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Sagineedu
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shariful Hasan Sumon
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shiran Mohamad Sidik
- Histopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roger Phillips
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Nordin H Lajis
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
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131
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Sun Q, Phan J, Friberg AR, Camper DV, Olejniczak ET, Fesik SW. A method for the second-site screening of K-Ras in the presence of a covalently attached first-site ligand. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2014; 60:11-14. [PMID: 25087006 PMCID: PMC4358732 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-014-9849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
K-Ras is a well-validated cancer target but is considered to be "undruggable" due to the lack of suitable binding pockets. We previously discovered small molecules that bind weakly to K-Ras but wanted to improve their binding affinities by identifying ligands that bind near our initial hits that we could link together. Here we describe an approach for identifying second site ligands that uses a cysteine residue to covalently attach a compound for tight binding to the first site pocket followed by a fragment screen for binding to a second site. This approach could be very useful for targeting Ras and other challenging drug targets.
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132
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and siRNAs have enormous potential as cancer therapeutics, but their effective delivery to most solid tumors has been difficult. Here, we show that a new lung-targeting nanoparticle is capable of delivering miRNA mimics and siRNAs to lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and to tumors in a genetically engineered mouse model of lung cancer based on activation of oncogenic Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (Kras) and loss of p53 function. Therapeutic delivery of miR-34a, a p53-regulated tumor suppressor miRNA, restored miR-34a levels in lung tumors, specifically down-regulated miR-34a target genes, and slowed tumor growth. The delivery of siRNAs targeting Kras reduced Kras gene expression and MAPK signaling, increased apoptosis, and inhibited tumor growth. The combination of miR-34a and siRNA targeting Kras improved therapeutic responses over those observed with either small RNA alone, leading to tumor regression. Furthermore, nanoparticle-mediated small RNA delivery plus conventional, cisplatin-based chemotherapy prolonged survival in this model compared with chemotherapy alone. These findings demonstrate that RNA combination therapy is possible in an autochthonous model of lung cancer and provide preclinical support for the use of small RNA therapies in patients who have cancer.
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133
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Li Y, Choi PS, Casey SC, Dill DL, Felsher DW. MYC through miR-17-92 suppresses specific target genes to maintain survival, autonomous proliferation, and a neoplastic state. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:262-72. [PMID: 25117713 PMCID: PMC4191901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The MYC oncogene regulates gene expression through multiple mechanisms, and its overexpression culminates in tumorigenesis. MYC inactivation reverses turmorigenesis through the loss of distinguishing features of cancer, including autonomous proliferation and survival. Here we report that MYC via miR-17-92 maintains a neoplastic state through the suppression of chromatin regulatory genes Sin3b, Hbp1, Suv420h1, and Btg1, as well as the apoptosis regulator Bim. The enforced expression of miR-17-92 prevents MYC suppression from inducing proliferative arrest, senescence, and apoptosis and abrogates sustained tumor regression. Knockdown of the five miR-17-92 target genes blocks senescence and apoptosis while it modestly delays proliferative arrest, thus partially recapitulating miR-17-92 function. We conclude that MYC, via miR-17-92, maintains a neoplastic state by suppressing specific target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter S Choi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David L Dill
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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134
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Watnick RS, Rodriguez RK, Wang S, Blois AL, Rangarajan A, Ince T, Weinberg RA. Thrombospondin-1 repression is mediated via distinct mechanisms in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:2823-35. [PMID: 25109329 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated angiogenesis is postulated to be regulated by the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. We demonstrate here that the critical step in establishing the angiogenic capability of human tumor cells is the repression of a key secreted anti-angiogenic factor, thrombospondin-1 (Tsp-1). This repression is essential for tumor formation by mammary epithelial cells and kidney cells engineered to express SV40 early region proteins, hTERT, and H-RasV12. In transformed epithelial cells, a signaling pathway leading from Ras to Tsp-1 repression induces the sequential activation of PI3 kinase, Rho and ROCK, leading to activation of Myc through phosphorylation, thereby enabling Myc to repress Tsp-1 transcription. In transformed fibroblasts, however, the repression of Tsp-1 can be achieved by an alternative mechanism involving inactivation of both p53 and pRb. We thus describe novel mechanisms by which the activation of oncogenes in epithelial cells and the inactivation of tumor suppressors in fibroblasts permits angiogenesis and, in turn, tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Watnick
- 1] Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R K Rodriguez
- 1] Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Wang
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A L Blois
- 1] Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Rangarajan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T Ince
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R A Weinberg
- 1] Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA [2] Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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135
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Pastushenko I, Vermeulen PB, Van den Eynden GG, Rutten A, Carapeto FJ, Dirix LY, Van Laere S. Mechanisms of tumour vascularization in cutaneous malignant melanoma: clinical implications. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:220-33. [PMID: 24641095 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma represents < 10% of all skin cancers but is responsible for the majority of skin-cancer-related deaths. Metastatic melanoma has historically been considered as one of the most therapeutically challenging malignancies. Fortunately, for the first time after decades of basic research and clinical investigation, new drugs have produced major clinical responses. Angiogenesis has been considered an important target for cancer treatment. Initial efforts have focused primarily on targeting endothelial and tumour-related vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Here, we review different mechanisms of tumour vascularization described in melanoma and discuss the potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario 'Lozano Blesa', Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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136
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Casey SC, Li Y, Fan AC, Felsher DW. Oncogene withdrawal engages the immune system to induce sustained cancer regression. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:24. [PMID: 25089198 PMCID: PMC4118610 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The targeted inactivation of a single oncogene can induce dramatic tumor regression, suggesting that cancers are “oncogene addicted.” Tumor regression following oncogene inactivation has been thought to be a consequence of restoration of normal physiological programs that induce proliferative arrest, apoptosis, differentiation, and cellular senescence. However, recent observations illustrate that oncogene addiction is highly dependent upon the host immune cells. In particular, CD4+ helper T cells were shown to be essential to the mechanism by which MYC or BCR-ABL inactivation elicits “oncogene withdrawal.” Hence, immune mediators contribute in multiple ways to the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of cancer, including mechanisms of tumor initiation, progression, and surveillance, but also oncogene inactivation-mediated tumor regression. Data from both the bench and the bedside illustrates that the inactivation of a driver oncogene can induce activation of the immune system that appears to be essential for sustained tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 1105, Stanford 94305-5151, CA, USA
| | - Yulin Li
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 1105, Stanford 94305-5151, CA, USA
| | - Alice C Fan
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 1105, Stanford 94305-5151, CA, USA
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 1105, Stanford 94305-5151, CA, USA
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137
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Shao DD, Xue W, Krall EB, Bhutkar A, Piccioni F, Wang X, Schinzel AC, Sood S, Rosenbluh J, Kim JW, Zwang Y, Roberts TM, Root DE, Jacks T, Hahn WC. KRAS and YAP1 converge to regulate EMT and tumor survival. Cell 2014; 158:171-84. [PMID: 24954536 PMCID: PMC4110062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells that express oncogenic alleles of RAS typically require sustained expression of the mutant allele for survival, but the molecular basis of this oncogene dependency remains incompletely understood. To identify genes that can functionally substitute for oncogenic RAS, we systematically expressed 15,294 open reading frames in a human KRAS-dependent colon cancer cell line engineered to express an inducible KRAS-specific shRNA. We found 147 genes that promoted survival upon KRAS suppression. In particular, the transcriptional coactivator YAP1 rescued cell viability in KRAS-dependent cells upon suppression of KRAS and was required for KRAS-induced cell transformation. Acquired resistance to Kras suppression in a Kras-driven murine lung cancer model also involved increased YAP1 signaling. KRAS and YAP1 converge on the transcription factor FOS and activate a transcriptional program involved in regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Together, these findings implicate transcriptional regulation of EMT by YAP1 as a significant component of oncogenic RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane D Shao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elsa B Krall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arjun Bhutkar
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxing Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anna C Schinzel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sabina Sood
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joseph Rosenbluh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jong W Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yaara Zwang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Thomas M Roberts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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138
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Mandalà M, Merelli B, Massi D. Nras in melanoma: targeting the undruggable target. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:107-22. [PMID: 24985059 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS belongs to the guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins' family, and oncogenic mutations in codons 12, 13, or 61 of RAS family occur in approximately one third of all human cancers with N-RAS mutations found in about 15-20% of melanomas. The importance of RAS signaling as a potential target in cancer is emphasized not only by the prevalence of RAS mutations, but also by the high number of RAS activators and effectors identified in mammalian cells that places the RAS proteins at the crossroads of several, important signaling networks. Ras proteins are crucial crossroads of signaling pathways that link the activation of cell surface receptors with a wide variety of cellular processes leading to the control of proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Furthermore, oncogenic ras proteins interfere with metabolism of tumor cells, microenvironment's remodeling, evasion of the immune response, and finally contributes to the metastatic process. After 40 years of basic, translational and clinical research, much is now known about the molecular mechanisms by which these monomeric guanosine triphosphatase-binding proteins promote cellular malignancy, and it is clear that they regulate signaling pathways involved in the control of cell proliferation, survival, and invasiveness. In this review we summarize the biological role of RAS in cancer by focusing our attention on the biological rational and strategies to target RAS in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Barbara Merelli
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
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139
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Gabay M, Li Y, Felsher DW. MYC activation is a hallmark of cancer initiation and maintenance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/6/a014241. [PMID: 24890832 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of most types of human tumors. MYC activation alone in many normal cells is restrained from causing tumorigenesis through multiple genetic and epigenetically controlled checkpoint mechanisms, including proliferative arrest, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. When pathologically activated in a permissive epigenetic and/or genetic context, MYC bypasses these mechanisms, enforcing many of the "hallmark" features of cancer, including relentless tumor growth associated with DNA replication and transcription, cellular proliferation and growth, protein synthesis, and altered cellular metabolism. MYC mandates tumor cell fate, by inducing stemness and blocking cellular senescence and differentiation. Additionally, MYC orchestrates changes in the tumor microenvironment, including the activation of angiogenesis and suppression of the host immune response. Provocatively, brief or even partial suppression of MYC back to its physiological levels of activation can result in the restoration of intrinsic checkpoint mechanisms, resulting in acute and sustained tumor regression, associated with tumor cells undergoing proliferative arrest, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis, as well as remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, recruitment of an immune response, and shutdown of angiogenesis. Hence, tumors appear to be "addicted" to MYC because of both tumor cell-intrinsic, cell-autonomous and host-dependent, immune cell-dependent mechanisms. Both the trajectory and persistence of many human cancers require sustained MYC activation. Multiscale mathematical modeling may be useful to predict when tumors will be addicted to MYC. MYC is a hallmark molecular feature of both the initiation and maintenance of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Gabay
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Yulin Li
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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140
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Casey SC, Li Y, Felsher DW. An essential role for the immune system in the mechanism of tumor regression following targeted oncogene inactivation. Immunol Res 2014; 58:282-91. [PMID: 24791942 PMCID: PMC4201505 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are genetically complex and can have a multitude of mutations. Consequently, it is surprising that the suppression of a single oncogene can result in rapid and sustained tumor regression, illustrating the concept that cancers are often "oncogene addicted." The mechanism of oncogene addiction has been presumed to be largely cell autonomous as a consequence of the restoration of normal physiological programs that induce proliferative arrest, apoptosis, differentiation, and/or cellular senescence. Interestingly, it has recently become apparent that upon oncogene inactivation, the immune response is critical in mediating the phenotypic consequences of oncogene addiction. In particular, CD4(+) T cells have been suggested to be essential to the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, including the shutdown of host angiogenesis and the induction of cellular senescence in the tumor. However, adaptive and innate immune cells are likely involved. Thus, the effectors of the immune system are involved not only in tumor initiation, tumor progression, and immunosurveillance, but also in the mechanism of tumor regression upon targeted oncogene inactivation. Hence, oncogene inactivation may be an effective therapeutic approach because it both reverses the neoplastic state within a cancer cell and reactivates the host immune response that remodels the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 1105, Stanford, CA, 94305-5151, USA
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141
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Khaled WT, Liu P. Cancer mouse models: past, present and future. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 27:54-60. [PMID: 24718321 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development and advances in gene targeting technology over the past three decades has facilitated the generation of cancer mouse models that recapitulate features of human malignancies. These models have been and still remain instrumental in revealing the complexities of human cancer biology. However, they will need to evolve in the post-genomic era of cancer research. In this review we will highlight some of the key developments over the past decades and will discuss the new possibilities of cancer mouse models in the light of emerging powerful gene manipulating tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Pentao Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.
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142
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Stephen AG, Esposito D, Bagni RK, McCormick F. Dragging ras back in the ring. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:272-81. [PMID: 24651010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins play a major role in human cancers but have not yielded to therapeutic attack. Ras-driven cancers are among the most difficult to treat and often excluded from therapies. The Ras proteins have been termed "undruggable," based on failures from an era in which understanding of signaling transduction, feedback loops, redundancy, tumor heterogeneity, and Ras' oncogenic role was poor. Structures of Ras oncoproteins bound to their effectors or regulators are unsolved, and it is unknown precisely how Ras proteins activate their downstream targets. These knowledge gaps have impaired development of therapeutic strategies. A better understanding of Ras biology and biochemistry, coupled with new ways of targeting undruggable proteins, is likely to lead to new ways of defeating Ras-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Stephen
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rachel K Bagni
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Room 371, 1450 3(rd) Street, P.O. Box 589001, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA.
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143
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Orth M, Lauber K, Niyazi M, Friedl AA, Li M, Maihöfer C, Schüttrumpf L, Ernst A, Niemöller OM, Belka C. Current concepts in clinical radiation oncology. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:1-29. [PMID: 24141602 PMCID: PMC3935099 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on its potent capacity to induce tumor cell death and to abrogate clonogenic survival, radiotherapy is a key part of multimodal cancer treatment approaches. Numerous clinical trials have documented the clear correlation between improved local control and increased overall survival. However, despite all progress, the efficacy of radiation-based treatment approaches is still limited by different technological, biological, and clinical constraints. In principle, the following major issues can be distinguished: (1) The intrinsic radiation resistance of several tumors is higher than that of the surrounding normal tissue, (2) the true patho-anatomical borders of tumors or areas at risk are not perfectly identifiable, (3) the treatment volume cannot be adjusted properly during a given treatment series, and (4) the individual heterogeneity in terms of tumor and normal tissue responses toward irradiation is immense. At present, research efforts in radiation oncology follow three major tracks, in order to address these limitations: (1) implementation of molecularly targeted agents and 'omics'-based screening and stratification procedures, (2) improvement of treatment planning, imaging, and accuracy of dose application, and (3) clinical implementation of other types of radiation, including protons and heavy ions. Several of these strategies have already revealed promising improvements with regard to clinical outcome. Nevertheless, many open questions remain with individualization of treatment approaches being a key problem. In the present review, the current status of radiation-based cancer treatment with particular focus on novel aspects and developments that will influence the field of radiation oncology in the near future is summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Orth
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna A. Friedl
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Minglun Li
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelius Maihöfer
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Schüttrumpf
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Ernst
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivier M. Niemöller
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Present Address: Clinic for Radiation Oncology, St. Elisabeth Hospital Ravensburg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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144
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Approach for targeting Ras with small molecules that activate SOS-mediated nucleotide exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3401-6. [PMID: 24550516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315798111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the small GTPase Ras by oncogenic mutation or constitutively active upstream receptor tyrosine kinases results in the deregulation of cellular signals governing growth and survival in ∼30% of all human cancers. However, the discovery of potent inhibitors of Ras has been difficult to achieve. Here, we report the identification of small molecules that bind to a unique pocket on the Ras:Son of Sevenless (SOS):Ras complex, increase the rate of SOS-catalyzed nucleotide exchange in vitro, and modulate Ras signaling pathways in cells. X-ray crystallography of Ras:SOS:Ras in complex with these molecules reveals that the compounds bind in a hydrophobic pocket in the CDC25 domain of SOS adjacent to the Switch II region of Ras. The structure-activity relationships exhibited by these compounds can be rationalized on the basis of multiple X-ray cocrystal structures. Mutational analyses confirmed the functional relevance of this binding site and showed it to be essential for compound activity. These molecules increase Ras-GTP levels and disrupt MAPK and PI3K signaling in cells at low micromolar concentrations. These small molecules represent tools to study the acute activation of Ras and highlight a pocket on SOS that may be exploited to modulate Ras signaling.
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145
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Vicente-Dueñas C, Hauer J, Ruiz-Roca L, Ingenhag D, Rodríguez-Meira A, Auer F, Borkhardt A, Sánchez-García I. Tumoral stem cell reprogramming as a driver of cancer: Theory, biological models, implications in cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:3-9. [PMID: 24530939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a clonal malignant disease originated in a single cell and characterized by the accumulation of partially differentiated cells that are phenotypically reminiscent of normal stages of differentiation. According to current models, therapeutic strategies that block oncogene activity are likely to selectively target tumor cells. However, recent evidences have revealed that cancer stem cells could arise through a tumor stem cell reprogramming mechanism, suggesting that genetic lesions that initiate the cancer process might be dispensable for tumor progression and maintenance. This review addresses the impact of these results toward a better understanding of cancer development and proposes new approaches to treat cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vicente-Dueñas
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucía Ruiz-Roca
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Deborah Ingenhag
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alba Rodríguez-Meira
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Franziska Auer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Isidro Sánchez-García
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Campus M. de Unamuno s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
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146
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Grabocka E, Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Jones MJK, Lubkov V, Yemanaberhan E, Taylor L, Jeng HH, Bar-Sagi D. Wild-type H- and N-Ras promote mutant K-Ras-driven tumorigenesis by modulating the DNA damage response. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:243-56. [PMID: 24525237 PMCID: PMC4063560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in KRAS are prevalent in human cancers and universally predictive of resistance to anticancer therapeutics. Although it is widely accepted that acquisition of an activating mutation endows RAS genes with functional autonomy, recent studies suggest that the wild-type forms of Ras may contribute to mutant Ras-driven tumorigenesis. Here, we show that downregulation of wild-type H-Ras or N-Ras in mutant K-Ras cancer cells leads to hyperactivation of the Erk/p90RSK and PI3K/Akt pathways and, consequently, the phosphorylation of Chk1 at an inhibitory site, Ser 280. The resulting inhibition of ATR/Chk1 signaling abrogates the activation of the G2 DNA damage checkpoint and confers specific sensitization of mutant K-Ras cancer cells to DNA damage chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Grabocka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mathew J K Jones
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Veronica Lubkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eyoel Yemanaberhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Laura Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hao Hsuan Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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147
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Chen JJ, Mikelis CM, Zhang Y, Gutkind JS, Zhang B. TRAIL induces apoptosis in oral squamous carcinoma cells--a crosstalk with oncogenic Ras regulated cell surface expression of death receptor 5. Oncotarget 2014; 4:206-17. [PMID: 23470485 PMCID: PMC3712567 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis through its death receptors (DRs) 4 and/or 5 expressed on the surface of target cells. The selectivity of TRAIL towards cancer cells has promoted clinical evaluation of recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) and its agonistic antibodies in treating several major human cancers including colon and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, little is known about their ability in killing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. In this study, we tested the apoptotic responses of a panel of seven human OSCC cell lines (HN31, HN30, HN12, HN6, HN4, Cal27, and OSCC3) to rhTRAIL and monoclonal antibodies against DR4 or DR5. We found that rhTRAIL is a potent inducer of apoptosis in most of the oral cancer cell lines tested both in vitro and in vivo. We also showed that DR5 was expressed on the surface of the tested cell lines which correlated with the cellular susceptibility to apoptosis induced by rhTRAIL and anti-DR5 antibody. By contrast, little or no DR4 was detected on the surface of OSCC3 and HN6 cells rendering cellular resistance to DR4 antibody and a reduced sensitivity to rhTRAIL. Notably, the overall TRAIL sensitivity correlated well with the levels of endogenous active Ras in the cell lines tested. Expression of a constitutively active Ras mutant (RasV12) in OSCC3 cells selectively upregulated surface expression of DR5, but not DR4, and restored TRAIL sensitivity. Our findings could have implications for the use of TRAIL receptor targeted therapies in the treatment of human OSCC tumors particularly the ones harboring constitutively active Ras mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Chen
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
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148
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Ling Y, Wang X, Zhu H, Wang Z, Xu C, Wang X, Chen L, Zhang W. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel farnesylthiosalicylic acid derivatives for cancer treatment. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:327-33. [PMID: 24435839 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) derivatives were synthesized by coupling with different substituted diamines. Their in vitro growth inhibitory activities against seven human cancer cell lines were evaluated. The results revealed that the synthetic farnesylthiosalicylamides displayed significant antitumor activities compared to the positive control FTS. Especially, compound 8f exhibited the strongest antitumor activities with IC50 values of 6.20-7.83 µM, which were one- to threefold less than those of sorafenib and six- to tenfold less than that of FTS against each cell line in vitro. Furthermore, 8f could inhibit the Ras-related signaling pathway and induce SMMC-7721 cell apoptosis superior to FTS in a dose-dependent manner. These data indicate that 8f may hold greater promise as therapeutic agent for the intervention of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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149
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Kim ST, Park KH, Shin SW, Kim YH. Dose KRAS Mutation Status Affect on the Effect of VEGF Therapy in Metastatic Colon Cancer Patients? Cancer Res Treat 2014; 46:48-54. [PMID: 24520223 PMCID: PMC3918527 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2014.46.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations affecting the KRAS gene are an established negative predictor for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of KRAS mutation as a biomarker for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) remains controversial. Materials and Methods We analyzed retrospective data from 32 CRC patients who were available for KRAS mutation status and received cytotoxic chemotherapy plus bevacizumab as a first-line therapy. Six of 32 patients received anti-EGFR therapies. We used KRAS mutation status as a predictive or prognostic factor in CRC patients receiving bevacizumab. Results We observed mutations in KRAS in 59.4% of patients. Bevacizumab was used in combination with oxaliplatin based regimens. There was no significant difference for progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with oxaliplatin based cytotoxic chemotherapy plus bevacizumab according to the status of KRAS mutation. After first-line therapy, 28 patients (87.5%) received second-line therapy. In univariate analysis, KRAS mutations did not have a major prognostic value for PFS (hazard ratio, 1.007; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.469 to 2.162; p>0.05) or OS (hazard ratio, 0.548; 95% CI, 0.226 to 1.328; p>0.05). In addition, anti-EGFR therapies did not affect the impact on OS. Conclusion KRAS mutation is neither a predictive for bevacizumab nor a prognostic for OS in CRC patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Hwa Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Shin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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150
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GRK3 is essential for metastatic cells and promotes prostate tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1521-6. [PMID: 24434559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320638111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemical mechanisms that regulate the process of cancer metastasis are still poorly understood. Because kinases, and the signaling pathways they comprise, play key roles in regulation of many cellular processes, we used an unbiased RNAi in vitro screen and a focused cDNA in vivo screen against human kinases to identify those with previously undocumented roles in metastasis. We discovered that G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3; or β-adrenergic receptor kinase 2) was not only necessary for survival and proliferation of metastatic cells, but also sufficient to promote primary prostate tumor growth and metastasis upon exogenous expression in poorly metastatic cells in mouse xenograft models. Mechanistically, we found that GRK3 stimulated angiogenesis, at least in part through down-regulation of thrombospondin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2. Furthermore, GRK3 was found to be overexpressed in human prostate cancers, especially in metastatic tumors. Taken together, these data suggest that GRK3 plays an important role in prostate cancer progression and metastasis.
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