101
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Chakrabarti S, Srinivasan J, Lall L, Rao LV, Talwar GP. Expression of biologically active human chorionic gonadotropin and its subunits by recombinant vaccinia virus. Gene 1989; 77:87-93. [PMID: 2473009 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) expression vector was used to clone the genes for coding alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Recombinant viruses VSL3 and VSS1 containing these genes were selected as blue coloured plaques on the basis of co-expression of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase in the infected cells. CV-1 cells when infected with VSL3 or VSS1 secreted 2.4 and 1.8 micrograms of alpha and beta hCG subunits, respectively, per 3 x 10(6) cells after 24 h of infection. The subunit proteins expressed individually had immunoreactivity with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific to hCG. The subunit hormonal peptides associated with each other during co-infection to form the complete hCG dimer, which was biologically active as evident from the induction of steroidogenesis in a mouse Leydig cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakrabarti
- Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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102
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Ishikawa F, Miyazono K, Hellman U, Drexler H, Wernstedt C, Hagiwara K, Usuki K, Takaku F, Risau W, Heldin CH. Identification of angiogenic activity and the cloning and expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. Nature 1989; 338:557-62. [PMID: 2467210 DOI: 10.1038/338557a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cloning and sequencing of the complementary DNA for platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor indicates that it is a novel factor distinct from previously characterized proteins. The factor, a protein with a relative molecular mass of about 45,000, stimulates endothelial cell growth and chemotaxis in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ishikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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103
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Keene JL, Matzuk MM, Otani T, Fauser BC, Galway AB, Hsueh AJ, Boime I. Expression of Biologically Active Human Follitropin in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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104
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Cosgrove DE, Campain JA, Cox GS. Chorionic gonadotropin synthesis by human tumor cell lines: examination of subunit accumulation, steady-state levels of mRNA, and gene structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 1007:44-54. [PMID: 2462449 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(89)90128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of tumor cell lines have been examined that differentially produce human chorionic gonadotropin and the isolated alpha- or beta-subunits. It has been demonstrated that all of the cell lines studied to date contain genes for both alpha- and beta-subunits, indicating that differential and exclusive expression of one subunit is not the result of a particular cell line having lost the gene for the alternate subunit as a consequence of chromosome changes accompanying cell transformation. Because many of these established cell lines are aneuploid, it is also significant that no evidence was found for gene amplification in cell lines producing alpha-subunit at very high levels compared to those with very low level expression. Analysis of restriction endonuclease digests of tumor cell DNAs has demonstrated identical patterns for beta-subunit in KpnI digests and KpnI/HindIII double digests. Polymorphisms were observed for alpha-subunit in EcoRI and HindIII digests, but these did not correspond with expression of the alpha-subunit. Significant levels of either mRNA (as determined by dot blot and Northern transfer hybridization analysis) were accompanied by corresponding elevated levels of alpha- and beta-subunits (as determined by radioimmunoassay), suggesting that regulation of subunit production most likely occurs at a pretranslational stage. However, there were apparent differences in the relative ratio of alpha- and beta-subunits and their cognate mRNAs among the cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cosgrove
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68105
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105
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Ringler GE, Kao LC, Miller WL, Strauss JF. Effects of 8-bromo-cAMP on expression of endocrine functions by cultured human trophoblast cells. Regulation of specific mRNAs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1989; 61:13-21. [PMID: 2744214 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(89)90185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is little information on the molecular events underlying the effects of cAMP on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and particularly steroidal hormone production in normal trophoblasts. We examined the effects of 8-bromo-cAMP on mRNAs encoding two components of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system, cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin, and the alpha- and beta-subunits of hCG in cultured cytotrophoblasts. cAMP caused an increase in all of these mRNAs within 24 h, whereas actin mRNA declined. alpha-hCG mRNA increased first, followed by adrenodoxin, beta-hCG and cytochrome P-450scc mRNAs. The effects of 8-bromo-cAMP on alpha- and beta-hCG, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450scc mRNAs, in cytotrophoblasts and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells, required the catalytic unit of protein kinases since H-7, a kinase inhibitor, blocked the increase in the mRNAs and prevented the stimulation of hCG and progesterone secretion. 8-Bromo-cAMP promoted a rapid increase in alpha-hCG mRNA in cytotrophoblasts in the presence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. In cytotrophoblasts, cycloheximide reduced basal and 8-bromo-cAMP-stimulated adrenodoxin mRNA abundance. In contrast, basal and cAMP-stimulated adrenodoxin mRNA was augmented by cycloheximide in JEG-3 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Ringler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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106
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Hsueh AJ, Bicsak TA, Jia XC, Dahl KD, Fauser BC, Galway AB, Czekala N, Pavlou SN, Papkoff H, Keene J. Granulosa cells as hormone targets: the role of biologically active follicle-stimulating hormone in reproduction. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1989; 45:209-73; discussion 273-7. [PMID: 2510224 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571145-6.50009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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107
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Wierman ME, Gharib SD, Chin WW. The structure and regulation of the pituitary gonadotrophin subunit genes. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1988; 2:869-89. [PMID: 2478113 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-351x(88)80022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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108
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Petra PH, Que BG, Namkung PC, Ross JB, Charbonneau H, Walsh KA, Griffin PR, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. Affinity labeling, molecular cloning, and comparative amino acid sequence analyses of sex steroid-binding protein of plasma. A multidisciplinary approach for understanding steroid-protein interaction and its physiological role. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 538:10-24. [PMID: 3190079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb48844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P H Petra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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109
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110
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Watanabe S, Chou JY. Isolation and characterization of complementary DNAs encoding human pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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111
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112
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Fox N, Solter D. Expression and cAMP-mediated regulation of the human gonadotropin alpha subunit gene in transfected mouse L-cells. Differentiation 1987; 36:255-9. [PMID: 2835276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1987.tb00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the dimeric glycoprotein hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), occurs either eutopically in placental trophoblast cells and trophoblastic tumor cells (choriocarcinoma) or ectopically in nontrophoblastic tumor cells. However, regulation of constitutive HCG-subunit mRNA production appears to differ in trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic cells, as evidenced by the fact that cAMP analogs and agonists enhance eutopic but not ectopic HCG-subunit mRNA synthesis. In the present study, we compared the effects of cAMP on HCG alpha-subunit expression in human choriocarcinoma cells and in nontrophoblastic mouse L-cells stably transfected with the HCG alpha-subunit gene. Constitutive levels of alpha-subunit expression in transfected mouse L-cells were equivalent to or exceeded those found in choriocarcinoma cells as determined by Northern blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence for alpha-subunit protein. However, cAMP-mediated induction of alpha-subunit gene expression was retained in nontrophoblastic L-cells and closely paralleled that observed in human choriocarcinoma cells. These findings indicate that cells distinctly nontrophoblastic in origin may share the necessary cellular factors for cAMP-mediated induction of alpha-subunit gene expression. Failure of ectopic HCG-producing tumor cells to be stimulated by cAMP may thus be the result of deletion or mutation of such factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fox
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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113
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Matzuk MM, Krieger M, Corless CL, Boime I. Effects of preventing O-glycosylation on the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:6354-8. [PMID: 3476951 PMCID: PMC299074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.18.6354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a member of a family of heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones that have a common alpha subunit but differ in their hormone-specific beta subunits. The beta subunit of hCG (hCG beta) is unique among the beta subunits in that it contains four mucin-like O-linked oligosaccharides attached to a carboxyl-terminal extension. To study the effects of O-glycosylation on the secretion and assembly of hCG, expression vectors containing either the hCG beta gene alone or together with the hCG alpha gene were transfected into a mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line, IdID, which exhibits a reversible defect in O-glycosylation. Our results reveal that hCG beta can be secreted normally in the absence of its O-linked oligosaccharides. hCG beta devoid of O-linked carbohydrate can also combine efficiently with hCG alpha and be secreted as an intact dimer. We conclude that in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the hCG beta O-linked chains play no role in the assembly and secretion of hCG. The normal and O-linked oligosaccharide-deficient forms of hCG secreted by these cells should prove useful in examining the role of O-linked chains on the biological function of hCG.
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114
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Queenan JT, Kao LC, Arboleda CE, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Golos TG, Cines DB, Strauss JF. Regulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator production by cultured human cytotrophoblasts. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)60899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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115
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Abstract
A cDNA (912 nucleotides) coding for human plasma sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) was characterized from a phage clone previously isolated by screening a Charon 21A human liver cDNA library with rat androgen binding protein (ABP) cDNA. The deduced amino acid sequence from the cDNA indicated that the insert was a partial clone coding for 281 amino acids starting with residue 92 (glycine) encompassing the alternating leucyl residues and the carboxyl-end 373 (histidine) as previously reported [(1986) Biochemistry 25, 7584]. The potential polyadenylation signal sequence ATTAAA is present as part of the 3'-coding region and the stop codon TAA. Both are followed by a short 20 untranslated nucleotides and a poly(A) tract of 49 nucleotides. Significant homologous sequences (76%) at the DNA level exist between human SBP and rat ABP which might suggest the possibility that both evolved from a common primordial gene. Demonstration of the presence of an SBP cDNA in a human liver cDNA library provides the first evidence that liver is the site of SBP biosynthesis.
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116
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Milsted A, Cox RP, Nilson JH. Cyclic AMP regulates transcription of the genes encoding human chorionic gonadotropin with different kinetics. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1987; 6:213-9. [PMID: 3036453 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1987.6.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Choriocarcinoma cell lines characteristically synthesize and secrete the alpha- and beta-subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as well as the intact heterodimer. Treatment of one such cell line, BeWo, with 8-bromo-adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) causes at least a 10-fold increase in the concentration of the mRNA encoding each subunit. Changes in mRNA concentrations are associated with similar changes in transcription rates of both the CG alpha and CG beta genes, although the kinetics of their transcriptional responses are different. Transcription of the alpha-subunit gene increases rapidly and becomes maximal within 1 hr after addition of 8-Br-cAMP. By contrast, transcription of the CG beta gene increases slowly and progressively for at least 8 hr after treatment with 8-Br-cAMP. The slow transcriptional response of the CG beta gene(s) appears to be unique compared to that of other cAMP-responsive genes, and suggests that the cyclic nucleotide may regulate transcription of the CG genes by different mechanisms.
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117
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Iles RK, Oliver RT, Kitau M, Walker C, Chard T. In vitro secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin by bladder tumour cells. Br J Cancer 1987; 55:623-6. [PMID: 2441730 PMCID: PMC2002027 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1987.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and alphafetoprotein (AFP) were measured in culture media from a panel of 29 cell lines including 9 bladder carcinomas, 5 'normal' bladder epithelia, 10 germ cell tumours, and 5 miscellaneous tumours and 'normal' cell lines. In 7 of the 9 bladder carcinomas and 4 of the 5 'normal' bladder epithelia, the media contained hCG at levels ranging from between 34 and 3,600 IU l(-1). All other cell lines, including the 10 germ cell tumour lines gave negative results for hCG. These findings indicate that in vitro secretion of hCG is a common feature of normal and neoplastic bladder transitional epithelia, and support the hypothesis that parts of the genito-urinary epithelium have a potential for hCG production.
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118
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Primate Sequences. Primates 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-512511-6.50005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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119
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Maurer RA, Beck A. Isolation and nucleotide sequence analysis of a cloned cDNA encoding the beta-subunit of bovine follicle-stimulating hormone. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1986; 5:363-9. [PMID: 3096676 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1986.5.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two different cDNAs containing sequences coding for the beta-subunit of bovine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH-beta) have been isolated from a phage lambda gt11 bovine pituitary cDNA library. The complete nucleotide sequence of both clones was determined, and the combined sequence represents most of FSH-beta mRNA. The combined sequence contains 46 nucleotides of 5'-untranslated sequence followed by 387 nucleotides of coding sequence. The coding sequence predicts a 19-amino-acid amino-terminal precursor segment followed by the 110-amino-acid sequence of mature bovine FSH-beta. The cDNA sequence demonstrates the presence of a long 3'-untranslated region containing 1295 bases followed by a segment representing the poly(A) portion of the mRNA. Thus, the combined sequence of the cDNAs suggests a minimal size of 1.7 kb for FSH-beta mRNA. Analysis of FSH-beta sequences present in bovine pituitary mRNA demonstrated the presence of an mRNA with a size of about 2.0 kb. This apparent discrepancy is probably due to the presence of a several-hundred nucleotide tract of poly(A) at the 3' terminus of the mRNA. Comparison of the amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA with the known amino acid sequence of the beta-subunit of FSH from several different species demonstrates that the protein has been highly conserved.
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120
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Trinh KY, Wang NC, Hew CL, Crim LW. Molecular cloning and sequencing of salmon gonadotropin beta subunit. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 159:619-24. [PMID: 2428617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin (GTH) was purified from the pituitaries of the Pacific chinook salmon using a combination of stepwise ethanol precipitation and concanavalin-A affinity chromatography. The alpha and beta subunits were dissociated and fractionated by C-18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile gradient. An enriched cDNA library was screened for the beta-GTH gene(s) using two synthetic oligonucleotides based on partial protein data. A positive, full-size clone (E3) was identified and sequenced. It contains 657 base pairs and codes for a 142-amino-acid precursor protein. The mature salmon beta-GTH (119 amino acids) is structurally homologous to human luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin. The effect of testosterone implantation on pituitary GTH and beta-GTH mRNA was examined with radioimmunoassay and Northern blot analysis. There was a corresponding increase in both the pituitary GTH and mRNA levels.
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121
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Esch FS, Mason AJ, Cooksey K, Mercado M, Shimasaki S. Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of the cDNA for the precursor of the beta chain of bovine follicle stimulating hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:6618-21. [PMID: 3092216 PMCID: PMC386555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.17.6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plays essential roles in the maintenance and development of oocytes and spermatozoa in normal reproductive physiology. FSH possesses two subunits, alpha and beta, the latter being responsible for FSH biological specificity. We have cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding the FSH beta chain from a bovine anterior pituitary cDNA library. The mature molecule is 109 amino acids long and is preceded by a 20-amino acid putative signal peptide. RNA gel blot analysis of bovine pituitary RNA shows that the mRNA encoding beta chain of FSH is approximately 1.7 kilobases in length.
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122
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Rasmussen UB, Wohlrab H. Bovine cardiac mitochondrial ADP/ATP-carrier: two distinct mRNAs and an unusually short 3'-noncoding sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 138:850-7. [PMID: 3017341 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
cDNA clones for bovine cardiac mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier have been isolated. They hybridize with two mRNAs that differ in size by about 300 nucleotides. The concentration ratio and total abundance of the two mRNAs varies among bovine tissues (heart, liver, kidney, and uterus). At least one of them has an unusually short 3'-noncoding sequence, which includes the two consensus cleavage/polyadenylation signal sequences CATTG and ATTAAA. The 3'-end shows complementarity to regions of human U4 small nuclear RNA. The predicted amino acid sequence confirms the reported sequence from Val207 to the C-terminal Val297, which has been proposed (residue 279-291) to contribute to a nucleotide binding site.
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123
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McLean J, Fielding C, Drayna D, Dieplinger H, Baer B, Kohr W, Henzel W, Lawn R. Cloning and expression of human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:2335-9. [PMID: 3458198 PMCID: PMC323291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.8.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
cDNA and genomic cloning has been used to determine the mRNA and amino acid sequence of human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCATase; EC 2.3.1.43). The mature protein was found to contain 416 amino acid residues with a hydrophobic leader sequence of 24 amino acids. An unusual feature of the message is that the poly(A) signal AATAAA overlaps the COOH-terminal glutamic acid and stop codons, and the 3' untranslated region is only 23 bases. The protein itself is distinguished by a number of extended sequences of hydrophobic amino acids, one of which contains a hexapeptide identical with the interfacial binding segment of the active site of pancreatic lipase and is similar to the same site of lingual lipase. The cloned cDNA allows the expression of active LCATase by transfected tissue culture cells.
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124
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Kaul RK, Hildebrand B, Roberts S, Jagadeeswaran P. Isolation and characterization of human blood-coagulation factor X cDNA. Gene 1986; 41:311-4. [PMID: 3011603 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides as probes, we have isolated factor X cDNA from human liver cDNA library. We sequenced the 1430-bp cDNA which spans the coding region of the mature factor X and contains the polyadenylation signal and poly(A) tail. The amino acid (aa) sequence is in agreement with the published aa sequence. The nucleotide (nt) sequence of cDNA confirmed that factor X is synthesized and secreted as a single-chain precursor, and then converted into dimeric form by proteolytic cleavage of an internal tripeptide. From the nt sequence, it was also predicted that like other secretory proteins, human factor X is synthesized with a leader sequence (prepro-protein). The 5'-coding region of factor X cDNA is 60 and 40% homologous to the corresponding regions of factor IX and prothrombin genes, respectively. This supports the hypothesis of gene evolution by gene duplication followed by divergence.
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125
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Crawford RJ, Tregear GW, Niall HD. The nucleotide sequences of baboon chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit genes have diverged from the human. Gene X 1986; 46:161-9. [PMID: 2433190 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The placental glycopeptide hormone chorionic gonadotropin (CG) is involved in establishing and maintaining pregnancy. The hormone consists of two different non-covalently associated subunits termed alpha and beta. In man there are seven closely linked genes coding for beta CG-like peptides, but only three of these appear capable of expression in the placenta. The organization of beta CG-like genes in man and baboon appears to be similar. We demonstrate here that the baboon genome contains multiple copies (at least five) of beta CG-related genes, and that these genes are closely linked in the genome. Nucleotide sequence data from several beta CG cDNA clones indicates that at least two of these beta CG-related genes are expressed in the baboon placenta. Analysis of beta CG sequences from baboons and human subjects demonstrates that these genes have diverged markedly between species. In contrast, these sequences are remarkably homogeneous within their respective genomes. Gene conversion events may be responsible for retaining the high degree of identity among the various beta CG gene family members. Knowledge of beta CG sequences from baboon may lead to development of a long-term antipregnancy vaccine. The ability of CG antibodies to interfere with the maintenance of pregnancy can now be investigated within a homologous system.
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126
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Chin WW, Gharib SD. Organization and expression of gonadotropin genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1986; 205:245-65. [PMID: 3098060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5209-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the question of how hormones regulate the biosynthesis of gonadotropins. In particular we have studied the effects of gonadal sex steroid hormones on the regulation of LH subunit gene expression to determine whether they may occur at the pre-translational level. Success in the molecular cloning of cDNAs in genes encoding the subunits of LH has allowed such studies. It is now known that the subunit genes are located in separate genes on separate chromosomes in man and mouse. These genes must be coordinately expressed in a tissue-specific fashion in gonadotropes to yield subunit mRNAs which are ultimately translated to form the protein backbones of the subunits. It is clear that the gonadal sex steroid hormones in both castration and castration-replacement experimental paradigms negatively regulate the subunit mRNAs in vivo in a rapid and effective manner. Also, it is interesting to note that alpha-subunit RNA is regulated to a lesser extent than the LH beta. This observation is reminiscent of those previously observed in the studies of the biosynthesis of TSH in which the subunit mRNA is less well controlled than the TSH beta mRNA. These studies were performed initially using thyrotropic tumor which lacked confounding gonadotropes. However, studies have also been performed in the pituitary gland of the hypothyroid mouse with similar results. Hence, it appears that the alpha subunit gene is also under regulation by hormones but to a lesser extent than the LH beta. These findings provide hope that future studies will allow us to understand further the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these genes by various hormonal influences.
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127
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Nagelberg SB, Burnside J, Maniatis A, Lippman SS, Weintraub BD. Pretranslational regulation of ectopic hCG alpha production in ChaGo lung cancer cells by sodium butyrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 133:972-80. [PMID: 2417603 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic production of hCG and its free alpha subunit by ChaGo lung cancer cells is stimulated by sodium butyrate. To investigate pretranslational regulation in this system, we examined the response of the hCG alpha and beta subunit mRNAs in ChaGo-K1 cells, a clone that produces free hCG alpha but no hCG or hCG beta in the basal state. When a Northern blot of total RNA from ChaGo cells was hybridized to a [32P]- labeled hCG alpha cDNA probe, a single band was detected that was identical in size (approximately 850 bases) to placental hCG alpha mRNA. RNA from butyrate-stimulated (5 mM, 24 h) ChaGo cells contained 7.7 times as much hCG alpha mRNA as RNA from control ChaGo cells. This increase appeared to be relatively selective since no difference in total polyA-containing mRNA levels was detected between butyrate-treated and control cells by [32P]oligo(dT) hybridization. In addition, no hCG beta mRNA was detected when Northern and dot blots were hybridized to an hCG beta cDNA probe. In a time course experiment, hCG alpha mRNA accumulation in butyrate-treated cells increased significantly by 8 h with a maximum increase of 6.1-fold at 24 h compared to control values. Major differences in immunoactive hCG alpha accumulation were not apparent, however, until after 24 h. These studies show that stimulation of ChaGo hCG alpha production by butyrate can be completely accounted for by pretranslational events and that failure to detect hCG or free hCG beta production by these cells is not due to poorly translatable RNA or post-translational protein degradation. Thus, exclusive ectopic production of only one of the hCG subunits is likely to be due to selective genomic expression.
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128
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Burnside J, Nagelberg SB, Lippman SS, Weintraub BD. Differential regulation of hCG alpha and beta subunit mRNAs in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells by 8-bromo-cAMP. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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129
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Hayashizaki Y, Miyai K, Kato K, Matsubara K. Molecular cloning of the human thyrotropin-beta subunit gene. FEBS Lett 1985; 188:394-400. [PMID: 3839756 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic DNA fragments that carried a gene for human thyrotropin-beta (hTSH beta) subunit were isolated. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene showed that the hTSH beta subunit precursor consists of 138 amino acid residues. There is an N-terminal sequence of 20 amino acids as a signal peptide, followed by 112 amino acids, whose sequence is in agreement with that known for the secretory form of hTSH beta subunit. This is followed by an additional stretch of 6 hydrophobic amino acids, which may be eliminated post-translationally. The coding region is separated by an intron of about 460 bp. Genomic Southern blot hybridization analysis suggested that the hTSH beta gene is a unique single copy gene.
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130
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Demonstration of a COOH-terminal extension on equine lutropin by means of a common acid-labile bond in equine lutropin and equine chorionic gonadotropin. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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131
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Goelz SE, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B. Purification of DNA from formaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded human tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 130:118-26. [PMID: 2992457 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)90390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to isolate DNA from preserved human tissues would provide numerous experimental opportunities. In this report it is shown that DNA can be extracted from tissues prepared for routine histopathological examination (i.e., fixed with formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin). Although the extracted DNA is not intact, it is double stranded, cleavable with restriction endonucleases, and suitable for a variety of standard techniques used in molecular biology.
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132
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Ehrlich PH, Moustafa ZA, Krichevsky A, Birken S, Armstrong EG, Canfield RE. Characterization and relative orientation of epitopes for monoclonal antibodies and antisera to human chorionic gonadotropin. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY : AJRIM 1985; 8:48-54. [PMID: 2411157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1985.tb00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed ten monoclonal antibodies and three polyclonal antisera directed against human chorionic gonadotropin by immunoassay in order to determine which pairs of antibodies are capable of binding simultaneously to hCG. A relative orientation of epitopes on the surface of hCG could be inferred from a matrix of data describing the abilities of particular antibody pairs to inhibit competitively or enhance the binding of each other. These results indicated that the binding site of each of the antibodies could be assigned to one of three different regions of the hCG molecule, and at least one antibody binding within each region exhibited a substantial preference for hCG relative to human luteinizing hormone. One of these regions is the COOH-terminal portion of the hCG beta subunit. A second region contains the binding site for the SB6 rabbit antiserum (which has been widely employed in clinical studies) as well as the binding sites of several monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies to this second region characteristically bind both the whole hormone and the free beta subunit. A third region contains the binding sites of a previously reported human antiserum and also several monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies characteristically react preferentially with the intact hormone relative to the free subunits. The information contained in the type of epitope map described here can be used as the rational basis for the design of two-site immunoradiometric assays for hCG and/or its subunits.
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133
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Expression of human choriogonadotropin in monkey cells using a single simian virus 40 vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:3644-8. [PMID: 2987938 PMCID: PMC397842 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have inserted the cDNAs coding for both polypeptide subunits, alpha and beta, of human choriogonadotropin (hCG) into a single simian virus 40 expression vector in such a way that they replace the viral VP2 and VP1 coding sequences, respectively. Monkey cells infected with this virus and the appropriate helper virus produce dimeric hCG. hCG produced in this system was shown to chromatograph identically to standard hCG preparations on gel filtration and to be biologically active in the mouse uterine weight assay.
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134
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Fung MR, Hay CW, MacGillivray RT. Characterization of an almost full-length cDNA coding for human blood coagulation factor X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:3591-5. [PMID: 2582420 PMCID: PMC397831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A human liver cDNA library was screened by colony hybridization with a bovine factor X cDNA probe. Three of the positive plasmids contained overlapping DNA that coded for most of human factor X mRNA. DNA sequence analysis of these three clones allowed the prediction of the complete amino acid sequence of plasma factor X. From these studies, we predict that human factor X is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain precursor in which the light and heavy chains of plasma factor X are linked by the tripeptide Arg-Lys-Arg. The cDNA sequence also predicts that human factor X is synthesized as a preproprotein having an amino-terminal leader peptide of at least 28 amino acid residues. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of human and bovine factor X shows high sequence identity around the calcium-binding regions and catalytic regions but low sequence identity around the nonfunctional regions.
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135
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Amino-terminal processing of mutant forms of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c. The specificities of methionine aminopeptidase and acetyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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136
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Goelz SE, Vogelstein B, Hamilton SR, Feinberg AP. Hypomethylation of DNA from benign and malignant human colon neoplasms. Science 1985; 228:187-90. [PMID: 2579435 DOI: 10.1126/science.2579435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The methylation state of DNA from human colon tissue displaying neoplastic growth was determined by means of restriction endonuclease analysis. When compared to DNA from adjacent normal tissue, DNA from both benign colon polyps and malignant carcinomas was substantially hypomethylated. With the use of probes for growth hormone, gamma-globin, alpha-chorionic gonadotropin, and gamma-crystallin, methylation changes were detected in all 23 neoplastic growths examined. Benign polyps were hypomethylated to a degree similar to that in malignant tissue. These results indicate that hypomethylation is a consistent biochemical characteristic of human colonic tumors and is an alteration in the DNA that precedes malignancy.
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137
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Jameson L, Chin WW, Hollenberg AN, Chang AS, Habener JF. The gene encoding the beta-subunit of rat luteinizing hormone. Analysis of gene structure and evolution of nucleotide sequence. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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138
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Brook JD, Shaw DJ, Meredith L, Bruns GA, Harper PS. Localisation of genetic markers and orientation of the linkage group on chromosome 19. Hum Genet 1984; 68:282-5. [PMID: 6595199 DOI: 10.1007/bf00292584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A panel of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids containing translocation derivatives of human chromosome 19 has been used to assign the markers peptidase D, complement component 3, lysosomal mannosidase, lysosomal DNAase, chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit, and a new polymorphic DNA sequence, to specific regions of chromosome 19. This has allowed the relative orientations of the genetic and physical maps to be established, and provides the framework for a search for the genes responsible for inherited disorders on chromosome 19, such as myotonic dystrophy and neurofibromatosis.
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139
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Talmadge K, Boorstein WR, Vamvakopoulos NC, Gething MJ, Fiddes JC. Only three of the seven human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit genes can be expressed in the placenta. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:8415-36. [PMID: 6209613 PMCID: PMC320381 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.22.8415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a placental hormone essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. While the alpha subunit of this hormone is encoded by a single gene, the beta subunit is encoded by a complex family of seven very similar genes or pseudogenes. Two approaches have been taken to establish which of these genes are functional. First, we have used two restriction enzyme site polymorphisms to correlate 15 independently isolated beta hCG cDNA clones with their corresponding genes. Second, we have used transient expression in COS cells to assay for correctly-initiated transcription from six of the seven beta hCG gene promoters. From these data, we conclude that, at most, only three of the seven beta hCG genes are expressed in the placenta. Comparison of the sequences of a functional and a non-functional beta hCG gene reveals no obvious differences, such as promoter changes, that could account for this differential expression.
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140
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Wong DT, Hartigan JA, Biswas DK. Mechanism of induction of human chorionic gonadotropin in lung tumor cells in culture. Increased levels of alpha-human chorionic gonadotropin-specific mRNA sequences and benzo(a)pyrene-induced hypomethylation. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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141
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Honey NK, Sakaguchi AY, Quinto C, MacDonald RJ, Bell GI, Craik C, Rutter WJ, Naylor SL. Chromosomal assignments of human genes for serine proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin B, and elastase. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1984; 10:369-76. [PMID: 6589790 DOI: 10.1007/bf01535632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The genes for the serine proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin B, and elastase were chromosomally assigned in man using cDNA probes that have been isolated from a rat pancreatic cDNA library. DNA from human X rodent somatic cell hybrids was cleaved with BamHI or EcoRI and analyzed by Southern filter hybridization methods for the segregation of the genes for trypsin-1 (TRY1), chymotrypsin B (CTRB), and elastase-1 (ELA1). TRY1 was assigned to human chromosome 7q22----qter, CTRB to chromosome 16, and ELA1 to chromosome 12. Although the three genes are members of the same gene family, they are dispersed over different chromosomes.
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142
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Julier C, Weil D, Couillin P, Côté JC, Nguyen VC, Foubert C, Boué A, Thirion JP, Kaplan JC, Junien C. The beta chorionic gonadotropin-beta luteinizing gene cluster maps to human chromosome 19. Hum Genet 1984; 67:174-7. [PMID: 6204923 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We used a cloned human cDNA probe homologous to the placenta chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (CGB) and to the pituitary luteinizing hormone beta subunit (LHB) and Southern blotting techniques to analyse DNA from a series of rodent X human somatic cell hybrids for the presence of specific gonadotropin beta subunit related sequences. Our results provide evidence for the assignment and linkage of the eight genes (or pseudogenes) coding for the beta subunit of these glycoprotein hormones to chromosome 19. Moreover, we observed a strict concordance between the permissivity of mouse X man hybrid cells to enteroviruses (which is linked to the presence of specific cell receptors encoded by human chromosome 19) and the presence of CGB and LHB related sequences, thus confirming the localization of the structural genes for the beta subunits on chromosome 19.
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143
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Leytus SP, Chung DW, Kisiel W, Kurachi K, Davie EW. Characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:3699-702. [PMID: 6587384 PMCID: PMC345286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A lambda gt11 cDNA library containing DNA inserts prepared from human liver mRNA has been screened with an antibody to human factor X, a plasma protein participating in the middle phase of the blood coagulation cascade. Ten positive clones were isolated from 2 X 10(6) phage and plaque purified. The cDNA in the phage containing the largest insert has been sequenced and shown to code for human factor X. This cDNA insert contained 1137 base pairs coding for a portion of the light chain of the molecule, a connecting region, the heavy chain, a stop codon, a short 3' noncoding region, and a poly(A) tail. The sequence of A-T-T-A-A-A, which functions as a potential recognition site for polyadenylylation or processing, was present in the 3' end of the coding sequence and preceded the stop codon of TGA by 1 base pair and the poly(A) tail by 14 base pairs. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA indicated that factor X is synthesized as a single-chain polypeptide containing the light and heavy chains connected by an Arg-Lys-Arg tripeptide. The single-chain molecule is then converted to the light and heavy chains by cleavage of two (or more) internal peptide bonds. In plasma, these two chains are linked together by a disulfide bond. The DNA sequence coding for the active site of human factor X showed a high degree of identity with prothrombin and factor IX, two other vitamin K-dependent serine proteases that participate in blood coagulation. These data along with the protein sequence data previously published for the light chain of human factor X establish the complete amino acid sequence for the mature protein present in plasma.
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144
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McLean JW, Elshourbagy NA, Chang DJ, Mahley RW, Taylor JM. Human apolipoprotein E mRNA. cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a new variant. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)82169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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145
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Kozak M. Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:857-72. [PMID: 6694911 PMCID: PMC318541 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.2.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2812] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Noncoding sequences have been tabulated for 211 messenger RNAs from higher eukaryotic cells. The 5'-proximal AUG triplet serves as the initiator codon in 95% of the mRNAs examined. The most conspicuous conserved feature is the presence of a purine (most often A) three nucleotides upstream from the AUG initiator codon; only 6 of the mRNAs in the survey have a pyrimidine in that position. There is a predominance of C in positions -1, -2, -4 and -5, just upstream from the initiator codon. The sequence CCAGCCAUG (G) thus emerges as a consensus sequence for eukaryotic initiation sites. The extent to which the ribosome binding site in a given mRNA matches the -1 to -5 consensus sequence varies: more than half of the mRNAs in the tabulation have 3 or 4 nucleotides in common with the CCACC consensus, but only ten mRNAs conform perfectly.
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146
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Talmadge K, Vamvakopoulos NC, Fiddes JC. Evolution of the genes for the beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone. Nature 1984; 307:37-40. [PMID: 6690982 DOI: 10.1038/307037a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the single gene for the human luteinizing hormone gene beta subunit with two of the seven genes for the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit suggest that the beta human chorionic gonadotropin genes have evolved from an ancestral beta luteinizing hormone gene by a series of selected changes with very little neutral drift. Moreover, the 24 amino acid carboxy-terminal extension of the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit appears to have arisen by a single base deletion that incorporated the 3'-untranslated region of the ancestral beta luteinizing hormone gene into the coding region.
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147
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Fiddes JC, Talmadge K. Structure, expression, and evolution of the genes for the human glycoprotein hormones. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1984; 40:43-78. [PMID: 6207567 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571140-1.50006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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148
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Kourides IA, Gurr JA, Wolf O. The regulation and organization of thyroid stimulating hormone genes. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1984; 40:79-120. [PMID: 6207569 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571140-1.50007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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149
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Canfield RE, Birken S, Ehrlich P, Armstrong G. Immunochemistry of human chorionic gonadotropin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1984; 176:199-215. [PMID: 6388258 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4811-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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150
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Talmadge K, Boorstein WR, Fiddes JC. The human genome contains seven genes for the beta-subunit of chorionic gonadotropin but only one gene for the beta-subunit of luteinizing hormone. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1983; 2:281-9. [PMID: 6319099 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1983.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have used restriction enzyme analysis to sample similarities and differences among eight cloned genes, isolated from two independent libraries, which hybridize to a cDNA for the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). We find that one of the cloned genes encodes the beta-subunit of the closely related hormone, human luteinizing hormone (hLH). Using differential hybridization of human DNA with beta hCG- and beta hLH-specific probes, we show that there are seven beta hCG genes but only a single beta hLH gene in the human genome. This single beta hLH gene is linked to at least three beta hCG genes. Our restriction analysis reveals that the seven beta hCG genes are extremely similar but not identical, and that there are no obvious structural rearrangements to indicate which, if any, are pseudogenes. These data also reveal that the beta hLH gene is far more homologous to the seven beta hCG genes than the beta hCG:beta hLH protein sequence homology of 82% might predict. We propose that the beta hCG gene arose by a duplication of an ancestral beta hLH gene and that, once the beta hCG function was established, the ancestral beta hCG gene itself duplicated and rearranged, creating the present organization of multiple beta hCG genes.
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