101
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Galliano A, Kempf JY, Fougere M, Applebaum M, Wolfram LJ, Maibach H. Comparing touch senses of naïve and expert panels through treated hair swatches: which associated wordings correlate with hair physical properties? Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 39:653-663. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Galliano
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Centre Charles Zviak; Clichy France
| | - J. Y. Kempf
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Centre Charles Zviak; Clichy France
| | - M. Fougere
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Centre Charles Zviak; Saint-Ouen France
| | | | - L. J. Wolfram
- Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - H. Maibach
- University of California; San Francisco CA USA
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102
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Kuchel PW, Shishmarev D. Accelerating metabolism and transmembrane cation flux by distorting red blood cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao1016. [PMID: 29057326 PMCID: PMC5647125 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under static conditions, mammalian red blood cells (RBCs) require a continuous supply of energy, typically via glucose, to maintain their biconcave disc shape. Mechanical distortion, in a complementary way, should lead to increased energy demand that is manifest in accelerated glycolysis. The experimental challenge in observing this phenomenon was met by reversibly and reproducibly distorting the cells and noninvasively measuring glycolytic flux. This was done with a gel-distorting device that was coupled with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We measured [3-13C]l-lactate production from [1,6-13C]d-glucose in the RBCs suspended in gelatin gels, and up to 90% rate enhancements were recorded. Thus, for the first time, we present experiments that demonstrate the linkage of mechanical distortion to metabolic changes in whole mammalian cells. In seeking a mechanism for the linkage between shape and energy supply, we measured transmembrane cation flux with Cs+ (as a K+ congener) using 133Cs NMR spectroscopy, and the cation flux was increased up to fivefold. The postulated mechanism for these notable (in terms of whole-body energy consumption) responses is stimulation of Ca-adenosine triphosphatase by increased transmembrane flux of Ca2+ via the channel protein Piezo1 and increased glycolysis because its flux is adenosine triphosphate demand-regulated.
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103
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Chen Y, Ju L, Rushdi M, Ge C, Zhu C. Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3134-3155. [PMID: 28954860 PMCID: PMC5687017 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensing depicts the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues, which under some circumstances is mediated by the surface receptors. In this review, a four-step model is described for receptor-mediated mechanosensing. Platelet GPIb, T-cell receptor, and integrins are used as examples to illustrate the key concepts and players in this process. Mechanosensing describes the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues of its microenvironment, including not only all components of force, stress, and strain but also substrate rigidity, topology, and adhesiveness. This ability is crucial for the cell to respond to the surrounding mechanical cues and adapt to the changing environment. Examples of responses and adaptation include (de)activation, proliferation/apoptosis, and (de)differentiation. Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing is a multistep process that is initiated by binding of cell surface receptors to their ligands on the extracellular matrix or the surface of adjacent cells. Mechanical cues are presented by the ligand and received by the receptor at the binding interface; but their transmission over space and time and their conversion into biochemical signals may involve other domains and additional molecules. In this review, a four-step model is described for the receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing process. Platelet glycoprotein Ib, T-cell receptor, and integrins are used as examples to illustrate the key concepts and players in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Lining Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre and Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Muaz Rushdi
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Chenghao Ge
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 .,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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104
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Solé-Magdalena A, Martínez-Alonso M, Coronado CA, Junquera LM, Cobo J, Vega JA. Molecular basis of dental sensitivity: The odontoblasts are multisensory cells and express multifunctional ion channels. Ann Anat 2017; 215:20-29. [PMID: 28954208 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts are the dental pulp cells responsible for the formation of dentin. In addition, accumulating data strongly suggest that they can also function as sensory cells that mediate the early steps of mechanical, thermic, and chemical dental sensitivity. This assumption is based on the expression of different families of ion channels involved in various modalities of sensitivity and the release of putative neurotransmitters in response to odontoblast stimulation which are able to act on pulp sensory nerve fibers. This review updates the current knowledge on the expression of transient-potential receptor ion channels and acid-sensing ion channels in odontoblasts, nerve fibers innervating them and trigeminal sensory neurons, as well as in pulp cells. Moreover, the innervation of the odontoblasts and the interrelationship been odontoblasts and nerve fibers mediated by neurotransmitters was also revisited. These data might provide the basis for novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of dentin sensibility and/or dental pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solé-Magdalena
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Martínez-Alonso
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - C A Coronado
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - L M Junquera
- Departamento de Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Cobo
- Departamento de Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J A Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Universidad de Oviedo, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile.
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105
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lü JT, Brandbyge M, Berndt R. Mechanochemistry Induced Using Force Exerted by a Functionalized Microscope Tip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices; Department of Electronics; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices; Department of Electronics; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Lü
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Mads Brandbyge
- DTU-Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik; Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel; 24098 Kiel Germany
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106
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Mechanochemistry Induced Using Force Exerted by a Functionalized Microscope Tip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11769-11773. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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107
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Abstract
Neurons allocated to sense organs respond rapidly to mechanical signals dictating behavioral responses at the organism level. The receptors that transduce these signals, and underlie these senses, are mechanically gated channels. Research on mechanosensation over the past decade, employing in many cases Drosophila as a model, has focused in typifying these receptors and in exploring the different ways, depending on context, in which these mechanosensors are modulated. In this review, we discuss first what we have learned from Drosophila on these mechanisms and we describe the different mechanosensory organs present in the Drosophila larvae and adult. Secondly, we focus on the progress obtained by studying the fly on the characterization of the mechanosensory crosstalk underlying complex behaviors like motor coordination. Finally, turning to a cellular level, we summarize what is known on the mechanical properties and sensing capabilities of neural cells and how they may affect neural physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Karkali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martin-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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108
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Stretch-activated TRPV2 channels: Role in mediating cardiopathies. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 130:273-280. [PMID: 28546113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 2, TRPV2, is a calcium-permeable cation channel belonging to the TRPV channel family. Although this channel has been first characterized as a noxious heat sensor, its mechanosensor property recently gained importance in various physiological functions. TRPV2 has been described as a stretch-mediated channel and a regulator of calcium homeostasis in several cell types and has been shown to be involved in the stretch-dependent responses in cardiomyocytes. Hence, several studies in the last years support the idea that TRPV2 play a key role in the function and structure of the heart, being involved in the cardiac compensatory mechanisms in response to pathologic or exercise-induced stress. We present here an overview of the current literature and concepts of TRPV2 channels involvement (i) in the mechanical coupling mechanisms in heart and (ii) in the mechanisms that lead to cardiomyopathies. All these studies lead us to think that TRPV2 may also be an important cardiac drug target based on its major physiological roles in heart.
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109
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Wang T, Zhang N, Dai J, Li Z, Bai W, Bai R. Novel Reversible Mechanochromic Elastomer with High Sensitivity: Bond Scission and Bending-Induced Multicolor Switching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11874-11881. [PMID: 28290662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the rational designed mechanochromic polymer (MCP) materials have evoked major interest and experienced significant progress recently, it is still a great challenge to develop a facile and effective strategy for preparation of reversible broad-spectrum MCPs with a combination of wide-range color switch ability and high sensitivity, which thus make it possible to mimic gorgeous color change as in nature. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel rhodamine-based mechanochromic elastomer. Our results demonstrated that the elastomer exhibited very promising and unique properties. Three primary fluorescence colors were presented during continuous uniaxial extension and relaxing process, and reversible broad-spectrum fluorescence color change could be achieved consequently. The fluorescence quantum yield of the opened zwitterion of this new mechanophore was as high as 0.67. In addition, the elastomer showed very high sensitivity to stress with a detectable activation strain of ∼0.24, which was much smaller than those reported in the previous literature reports. Meantime, the easy-to-obtain material, facile preparation, and good mechanical property also made it suitable for potential practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zili Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruke Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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110
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Alonso-González P, Cabo R, San José I, Gago A, Suazo IC, García-Suárez O, Cobo J, Vega JA. Human Digital Meissner Corpuscles Display Immunoreactivity for the Multifunctional Ion Channels Trpc6 and Trpv4. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1022-1031. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Cabo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOs; Universidad de Oviedo; Spain
| | - Isabel San José
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología; Universidad de Valladolid; Spain
| | - Angel Gago
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOs; Universidad de Oviedo; Spain
| | - Iván C. Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOs; Universidad de Oviedo; Spain
| | - Juan Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas; Universidad de Oviedo; Spain
- Instituto Asturiano de Odontología; Oviedo Spain
| | - José A. Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Grupo SINPOs; Universidad de Oviedo; Spain
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111
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Xiong B, Huang Z, Zou H, Qiao C, He Y, Yeung ES. Single Plasmonic Nanosprings for Visualizing Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Activated Localized Mechanical Force Transduction in Live Cells. ACS NANO 2017; 11:541-548. [PMID: 28038314 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force signaling in cells has been regarded as the biological foundation of various important physiological functions. To understand the nature of these biological and physiological processes, imaging and determining the mechanical signal transduction dynamics in live cells are required. Herein, we proposed a strategy to determine mechanical force as well as its changes with single-particle dark-field spectral microscopy by using a single plasmonic nanospring as a mechanical sensor, which can transfer force-induced molecular extension/compression into spectral responses. With this robust plasmonic nanospring, we achieved the visualization of activation of localized mechanical force transduction in single live cells triggered by reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) stimulation. The successful demonstration of a biochemical ROS signal to mechanical signal conversion suggested this strategy is promising for studying mechanical force signaling and regulation in live biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University , Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenrong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University , Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University , Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University , Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Edward S Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University , Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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112
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Gordon MB, Wang S, Knappe GA, Wagner NJ, Epps TH, Kloxin CJ. Force-induced cleavage of a labile bond for enhanced mechanochemical crosslinking. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a promising approach towards designing force-responsive polymers. A thiocarbonylthio group exhibits amplified mechanochemical activity, triggering healing via crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B. Gordon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Lafayette College
- Easton
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Grant A. Knappe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Norman J. Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Christopher J. Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
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113
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Distinct roles of ASIC3 and TRPV1 receptors in electroacupuncture-induced segmental and systemic analgesia. Front Med 2016; 10:465-472. [PMID: 27896621 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of different afferent fibers on electroacupuncture (EA)-induced analgesia. However, contributions of functional receptors expressed on afferent fibers to the EA analgesia remain unclear. This study investigates the roles of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors in EA-induced segmental and systemic analgesia. Effects of EA at acupoint ST36 with different intensities on the C-fiber reflex and mechanical and thermal pain thresholds were measured among the ASIC3-/-, TRPV1-/-, and C57BL/6 mice. Compared with C57BL/6 mice, the ipsilateral inhibition of EA with 0.8 C-fiber threshold (0.8Tc) intensity on C-fiber reflex was markedly reduced in ASIC3-/- mice, whereas the bilateral inhibition of 1.0 and 2.0Tc EA was significantly decreased in TRPV1-/- mice. The segmental increase in pain thresholds induced by 0.3 mA EA was significantly reduced in ASIC3-/- mice, whereas the systemic enhancement of 1.0 mA EA was markedly decreased in TRPV1-/- mice. Thus, segmental analgesia of EA with lower intensity is partially mediated by ASIC3 receptor on Aβ-fiber, whereas systemic analgesia induced by EA with higher intensity is more likely induced by TRPV1 receptor on Aδ- and C-fibers.
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114
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Bainbridge C, Rodriguez A, Schuler A, Cisneros M, Vidal-Gadea AG. Magnetic orientation in C. elegans relies on the integrity of the villi of the AFD magnetosensory neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 110:76-82. [PMID: 27940210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic field of the earth provides many organisms with sufficient information to successfully navigate through their environments. While evidence suggests the widespread use of this sensory modality across many taxa, it remains an understudied sensory modality. We have recently showed that the nematode C. elegans orients to earth-strength magnetic fields using the first pair of described magnetosensory neurons, AFDs. The AFD cells are a pair of ciliated sensory neurons crowned by fifty villi known to be implicated in temperature sensation. We investigated the potential importance of these subcellular structures for the performance of magnetic orientation. We show that ciliary integrity and villi number are essential for magnetic orientation. Mutants with impairments AFD cilia or villi structure failed to orient to magnetic fields. Similarly, C. elegans larvae possessing immature AFD neurons with fewer villi were also unable to orient to magnetic fields. Larvae of every stage however retained the ability to orient to thermal gradients. To our knowledge, this is the first behavioral separation of magnetic and thermal orientation in C. elegans. We conclude that magnetic orientation relies on the function of both cilia and villi in the AFD neurons. The role of villi in multiple sensory transduction pathways involved in the sensory transduction of vectorial stimuli further supports the likely role of the villi of the AFD neurons as the site for magnetic field transduction. The genetic and behavioral tractability of C. elegans make it a promising system for uncovering potentially conserved molecular mechanisms by which animals across taxa detect and orient to magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chance Bainbridge
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Anjelica Rodriguez
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Schuler
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Michael Cisneros
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Andrés G Vidal-Gadea
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA. http://biology.illinoisstate.edu/avidal
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115
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Calvino C, Neumann L, Weder C, Schrettl S. Approaches to polymeric mechanochromic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Laura Neumann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
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116
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Abstract
Mechanotransduction is one of the processes by which cells sense and convert mechanical stimuli into biological signals. Experimental data from various species have revealed crucial roles for mechanotransduction in organ development and a plethora of physiological activities. Piezo proteins have recently been identified as the long-sought-after mechanically activated cation channels in eukaryotes. The architecture of mouse Piezo1 (mPiezo1) channel determined by cryoelectron microscopic single-particle analysis at medium resolution yielded important insights into the mechanical force sensing mechanism. mPiezo1 is found to form a trimeric propeller-like structure with the extracellular domains resembling three distal blades and a central cap. The transmembrane region consists of a central pore module that likely determines the ion-conducting properties of mPiezo1, and three peripheral wings formed by arrays of paired transmembrane helices. Compared with the central pore module, the three distal blades display considerably larger flexibility. In the intracellular region, three long beam-like domains (∼80Å in length) support the whole transmembrane region and connect the mobile peripheral regions to the central pore module. This unique design suggests that the trimeric mPiezo1 may mechanistically function in similar principles as how propellers sense and transduce force to control the ion conductivity. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the structure and proposes possible gating mechanisms of mPiezo1.
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117
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Zhu H, Chen L, Yang Y, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Li W, Miao L, Zhang Y, Ou G. The glial actin cytoskeleton regulates neuronal ciliogenesis. Cell Res 2016; 27:448-451. [PMID: 27834345 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lianwan Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianliang Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Long Miao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangshuo Ou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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118
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Abbate F, Madrigrano M, Scopitteri T, Levanti M, Cobo J, Germanà A, Vega J, Laurà R. Acid-sensing ion channel immunoreactivities in the cephalic neuromasts of adult zebrafish. Ann Anat 2016; 207:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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119
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Lavalle P, Boulmedais F, Schaaf P, Jierry L. Soft-Mechanochemistry: Mechanochemistry Inspired by Nature. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7265-7276. [PMID: 27396617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells and bacteria use mechanotransduction processes to transform a mechanical force into a chemical/biochemical response. The area of chemistry where chemical reactions are induced by mechanical forces is called mechanochemistry. Over the last few years, chemists developed force-induced reactions affecting covalent bonds in molecules under tension which requires high energy input and/or high intensity forces. In contrast, in nature, mechanotransduction processes take place with forces of much weaker intensity and much less demanding energy. They are mainly based on protein conformational changes or changes in supramacromolecular architectures. Mechanochemistry based on such low-energy-demanding processes and which does not affect chemical bonds can be called soft-mechanochemistry. In this feature article, we first discuss some examples of soft-mechanochemistry processes encountered in nature, in particular, cryptic sites, allowing us to define more precisely the concepts underlying soft-mechanochemistry. A series of examples, developed over the past few years, of chemomechanoresponsive systems based on soft-mechanochemistry principles are given. We describe, in particular, cryptic site surfaces, enzymatically active films whose activity can be modulated by stretching and films where stretching induces changes in their fluorescence properties. Finally, we give our view of the future of soft-mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lavalle
- Unité INSERM U1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), and Fédération des Matériaux et Nanoscience d'Alsace (FMNA), Université de Strasbourg , 8 rue Saint Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fouzia Boulmedais
- Institut Charles Sadron, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Unité INSERM U1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), and Fédération des Matériaux et Nanoscience d'Alsace (FMNA), Université de Strasbourg , 8 rue Saint Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Charles Sadron, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute of Advanced Study , 5 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Institut Charles Sadron, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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120
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Force-induced tautomerization in a single molecule. Nat Chem 2016; 8:935-40. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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121
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Tay A, Schweizer FE, Di Carlo D. Micro- and nano-technologies to probe the mechano-biology of the brain. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1962-1977. [PMID: 27161943 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00349d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical forces have been demonstrated to influence a plethora of neuronal functions across scales including gene expression, mechano-sensitive ion channels, neurite outgrowth and folding of the cortices in the brain. However, the detailed roles biomechanical forces may play in brain development and disorders has seen limited study, partly due to a lack of effective methods to probe the mechano-biology of the brain. Current techniques to apply biomechanical forces on neurons often suffer from low throughput and poor spatiotemporal resolution. On the other hand, newly developed micro- and nano-technologies can overcome these aforementioned limitations and offer advantages such as lower cost and possibility of non-invasive control of neuronal circuits. This review compares the range of conventional, micro- and nano-technological techniques that have been developed and how they have been or can be used to understand the effect of biomechanical forces on neuronal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583 Singapore
| | - Felix E Schweizer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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122
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Liang X, Madrid J, Howard J. The microtubule-based cytoskeleton is a component of a mechanical signaling pathway in fly campaniform receptors. Biophys J 2016; 107:2767-2774. [PMID: 25517144 PMCID: PMC4269791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In mechanoreceptors, mechanical stimulation by external forces leads to the rapid opening of transduction channels followed by an electrical response. Despite intensive studies in various model systems, the molecular pathway by which forces are transmitted to the transduction channels remains elusive. In fly campaniform mechanoreceptors, the mechanotransduction channels are gated by compressive forces conveyed via two rows of microtubules that are hypothesized to be mechanically reinforced by an intervening electron-dense material (EDM). In this study, we tested this hypothesis by studying a mutant fly in which the EDM was nearly absent, whereas the other ultrastructural elements in the mechanosensitive organelle were still present at 50% (or greater) of normal levels. We found that the mechanosensory response in this mutant was reduced by 90% and the sensitivity by at least 80%. To test whether loss of the EDM could lead to such a reduction in response, we performed a mechanical analysis and estimated that the loss of the EDM is expected to greatly decrease the overall rigidity, leading to a marked reduction in the gating force conveyed to the channel. We argue that this reduction in force, rather than the reduction in the number of transduction channels, is primarily responsible for the nearly complete loss of mechanosensory response observed in the mutant fly. Based on these experiments and analysis, we conclude that the microtubule-based cytoskeleton (i.e., microtubules and EDM) is an essential component of the mechanical signaling pathway in fly campaniform mechanoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liang
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johnson Madrid
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathon Howard
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany; Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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123
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Hiemer B, Ziebart J, Jonitz-Heincke A, Grunert PC, Su Y, Hansmann D, Bader R. Magnetically induced electrostimulation of human osteoblasts results in enhanced cell viability and osteogenic differentiation. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:57-64. [PMID: 27220915 PMCID: PMC4899037 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of electromagnetic fields to support the bone-healing processes is a therapeutic approach for patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The ASNIS-III s-series screw is a bone stimulation system providing electromagnetic stimulation; however, its influence on human osteoblasts (hOBs) has not been extensively investigated. Therefore, in the present study, the impact of this system on the viability and differentiation of hOBs was examined. We used the ASNIS-III s screw system in terms of a specific experimental test set-up. The ASNIS-III s screw system was used for the application of electromagnetic fields (EMF, 3 mT, 20 Hz) and electromagnetic fields combined with an additional alternating electric field (EMF + EF) (3 mT, 20 Hz, 700 mV). The stimulation of primary hOBs was conducted 3 times per day for 45 min over a period of 72 h. Unstimulated cells served as the controls. Subsequently, the viability, the gene expression of differentiation markers and pro-collagen type 1 synthesis of the stimulated osteoblasts and corresponding controls were investigated. The application of both EMF and EMF + EF using the ASNIS-III s screw system revealed a positive influence on bone cell viability and moderately increased the synthesis of pro-collagen type 1 compared to the unstimulated controls. Stimulation with EMF resulted in a slightly enhanced gene expression of type 1 collagen and osteocalcin; however, stimulation with EMF + EF resulted in a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (1.4-fold) and osteocalcin (1.6-fold) levels, and a notable increase in the levels of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2; 1.54-fold). Our findings demonstrate that stimulation with electromagnetic fields and an additional alternating electric field has a positive influence on hOBs as regards cell viability and the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hiemer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Josefin Ziebart
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Jonitz-Heincke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Philip Christian Grunert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yukun Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Doris Hansmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Bader
- Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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124
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Svechtarova MI, Buzzacchera I, Toebes BJ, Lauko J, Anton N, Wilson CJ. Sensor Devices Inspired by the Five Senses: A Review. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B. Jelle Toebes
- NovioSense BV; Transistorweg 5 6534 AT Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jan Lauko
- NovioSense BV; Transistorweg 5 6534 AT Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Nicoleta Anton
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Grigore T.; Popa, Str. Universitatii nr. 16 700115 Iasi Romania
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125
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Chun KY, Son YJ, Han CS. Highly Sensitive and Patchable Pressure Sensors Mimicking Ion-Channel-Engaged Sensory Organs. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4550-4558. [PMID: 27054270 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological ion channels have led to much inspiration because of their unique and exquisite operational functions in living cells. Specifically, their extreme and dynamic sensing abilities can be realized by the combination of receptors and nanopores coupled together to construct an ion channel system. In the current study, we demonstrated that artificial ion channel pressure sensors inspired by nature for detecting pressure are highly sensitive and patchable. Our ion channel pressure sensors basically consisted of receptors and nanopore membranes, enabling dynamic current responses to external forces for multiple applications. The ion channel pressure sensors had a sensitivity of ∼5.6 kPa(-1) and a response time of ∼12 ms at a frequency of 1 Hz. The power consumption was recorded as less than a few μW. Moreover, a reliability test showed stability over 10 000 loading-unloading cycles. Additionally, linear regression was performed in terms of temperature, which showed no significant variations, and there were no significant current variations with humidity. The patchable ion channel pressure sensors were then used to detect blood pressure/pulse in humans, and different signals were clearly observed for each person. Additionally, modified ion channel pressure sensors detected complex motions including pressing and folding in a high-pressure range (10-20 kPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Yong Chun
- Development Group for Creative Research Engineers of Convergence Mechanical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University , Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Son
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University , Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Han
- Development Group for Creative Research Engineers of Convergence Mechanical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University , Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University , Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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126
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Tang ZH, Chen JR, Zheng J, Shi HS, Ding J, Qian XD, Zhang C, Chen JL, Wang CC, Li L, Chen JZ, Yin SK, Huang TS, Chen P, Guan MX, Wang JF. Genetic Correction of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From a Deaf Patient With MYO7A Mutation Results in Morphologic and Functional Recovery of the Derived Hair Cell-Like Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:561-71. [PMID: 27013738 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genetic correction of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) induced from somatic cells of patients with sensorineural hearing loss (caused by hereditary factors) is a promising method for its treatment. The correction of gene mutations in iPSCs could restore the normal function of cells and provide a rich source of cells for transplantation. In the present study, iPSCs were generated from a deaf patient with compound heterozygous MYO7A mutations (c.1184G>A and c.4118C>T; P-iPSCs), the asymptomatic father of the patient (MYO7A c.1184G>A mutation; CF-iPSCs), and a normal donor (MYO7A(WT/WT); C-iPSCs). One of MYO7A mutation sites (c.4118C>T) in the P-iPSCs was corrected using CRISPR/Cas9. The corrected iPSCs (CP-iPSCs) retained cell pluripotency and normal karyotypes. Hair cell-like cells induced from CP-iPSCs showed restored organization of stereocilia-like protrusions; moreover, the electrophysiological function of these cells was similar to that of cells induced from C-iPSCs and CF-iPSCs. These results might facilitate the development of iPSC-based gene therapy for genetic disorders. SIGNIFICANCE Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from a deaf patient with compound heterozygous MYO7A mutations (c.1184G>A and c.4118C>T). One of the MYO7A mutation sites (c.4118C>T) in the iPSCs was corrected using CRISPR/Cas9. The genetic correction of MYO7A mutation resulted in morphologic and functional recovery of hair cell-like cells derived from iPSCs. These findings confirm the hypothesis that MYO7A plays an important role in the assembly of stereocilia into stereociliary bundles. Thus, the present study might provide further insight into the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies against monogenic disease through the genetic repair of patient-specific iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hua Tang
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Institute of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Song Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ding
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dan Qian
- The Affiliated Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ling Chen
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Cui Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Zhen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Wenling People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Kai Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao-Sheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Departments of Cell Biology and Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Institute of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Fu Wang
- Institute of Cell and Development, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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127
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Colombo E, Feyen P, Antognazza MR, Lanzani G, Benfenati F. Nanoparticles: A Challenging Vehicle for Neural Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:105. [PMID: 27047327 PMCID: PMC4803724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurostimulation represents a powerful and well-established tool for the treatment of several diseases affecting the central nervous system. Although, effective in reducing the symptoms or the progression of brain disorders, the poor accessibility of the deepest areas of the brain currently hampers the possibility of a more specific and controlled therapeutic stimulation, depending on invasive surgical approaches and long-term stability, and biocompatibility issues. The massive research of the last decades on nanomaterials and nanoscale devices favored the development of new tools to address the limitations of the available neurostimulation approaches. This mini-review focuses on the employment of nanoparticles for the modulation of the electrophysiological activity of neuronal networks and the related transduction mechanisms underlying the nanostructure-neuron interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Colombo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova, Italy
| | - Paul Feyen
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilan, Italy; Department of Physics, Politecnico di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Università di GenovaGenova, Italy
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128
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Monteiro CB, Midão L, Rebelo S, Reguenga C, Lima D, Monteiro FA. Zinc finger transcription factor Casz1 expression is regulated by homeodomain transcription factor Prrxl1 in embryonic spinal dorsal horn late-born excitatory interneurons. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1449-59. [PMID: 26913565 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Casz1 is required for proper assembly of vertebrate vasculature and heart morphogenesis as well as for temporal control of Drosophila neuroblasts and mouse retina progenitors in the generation of different cell types. Although Casz1 function in the mammalian nervous system remains largely unexplored, Casz1 is expressed in several regions of this system. Here we provide a detailed spatiotemporal characterization of Casz1 expression along mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal spinal cord development by immunochemistry. In the DRG, Casz1 is broadly expressed in sensory neurons since they are born until perinatal age. In the dorsal spinal cord, Casz1 displays a more dynamic pattern being first expressed in dorsal interneuron 1 (dI1) progenitors and their derived neurons and then in a large subset of embryonic dorsal late-born excitatory (dILB) neurons that narrows gradually to become restricted perinatally to the inner portion. Strikingly, expression analyses using Prrxl1-knockout mice revealed that Prrxl1, a key transcription factor in the differentiation of dILB neurons, is a positive regulator of Casz1 expression in the embryonic dorsal spinal cord but not in the DRG. By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation in the dorsal spinal cord, we identified two Prrxl1-bound regions within Casz1 introns, suggesting that Prrxl1 directly regulates Casz1 transcription. Our work reveals that Casz1 lies downstream of Prrxl1 in the differentiation pathway of a large subset of dILB neurons and provides a framework for further studies of Casz1 in assembly of the DRG-spinal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- César B Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Midão
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Reguenga
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Deolinda Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe A Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.,Pain Research Group, I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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129
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Biological basis of distraction osteogenesis – A review. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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130
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Erazo C. C, Ríos V. M, Troncoso O. E, Quezada R. G. DISTRACCIÓN ÓSEA DEL TERCIO MEDIO FACIAL EN MALFORMACIONES CRÁNEO-MAXILOFACIALES. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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131
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Garcia-Amorós J, Bassaganyas S, Velasco D. Exploring optical mechanotransduction in fluorescent liquid crystal elastomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5108-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06610g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbazole-based liquid single elastomers: optical mechanotransduction under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Garcia-Amorós
- Grup de Materials Orgànics
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB)
- Departament de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Barcelona
| | - Sergi Bassaganyas
- Grup de Materials Orgànics
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB)
- Departament de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Barcelona
| | - Dolores Velasco
- Grup de Materials Orgànics
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB)
- Departament de Química Orgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Barcelona
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132
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Murphy TP, Luu DD, DeSimone JA, O'Brien TC, Lally CJ, Lindblad JJ, Webster SM. A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster. J Vis Exp 2015:e53537. [PMID: 26780205 DOI: 10.3791/53537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Murphy
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross; School of Medicine, Georgetown University
| | - Dan D Luu
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross
| | - Jessica A DeSimone
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross; Department of Biochemistry, Giesel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
| | - Thomas C O'Brien
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross; School of Medicine, Tufts University
| | | | - Jillian J Lindblad
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross; Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Medical School
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133
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Ankyrin Repeats Convey Force to Gate the NOMPC Mechanotransduction Channel. Cell 2015; 162:1391-403. [PMID: 26359990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How metazoan mechanotransduction channels sense mechanical stimuli is not well understood. The NOMPC channel in the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, a mechanotransduction channel for Drosophila touch sensation and hearing, contains 29 Ankyrin repeats (ARs) that associate with microtubules. These ARs have been postulated to act as a tether that conveys force to the channel. Here, we report that these N-terminal ARs form a cytoplasmic domain essential for NOMPC mechanogating in vitro, mechanosensitivity of touch receptor neurons in vivo, and touch-induced behaviors of Drosophila larvae. Duplicating the ARs elongates the filaments that tether NOMPC to microtubules in mechanosensory neurons. Moreover, microtubule association is required for NOMPC mechanogating. Importantly, transferring the NOMPC ARs to mechanoinsensitive voltage-gated potassium channels confers mechanosensitivity to the chimeric channels. These experiments strongly support a tether mechanism of mechanogating for the NOMPC channel, providing insights into the basis of mechanosensitivity of mechanotransduction channels.
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134
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Plattner H. Signalling in ciliates: long- and short-range signals and molecular determinants for cellular dynamics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:60-107. [PMID: 26487631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In ciliates, unicellular representatives of the bikont branch of evolution, inter- and intracellular signalling pathways have been analysed mainly in Paramecium tetraurelia, Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Tetrahymena thermophila and in part also in Euplotes raikovi. Electrophysiology of ciliary activity in Paramecium spp. is a most successful example. Established signalling mechanisms include plasmalemmal ion channels, recently established intracellular Ca2+ -release channels, as well as signalling by cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ . Ca2+ -binding proteins (calmodulin, centrin) and Ca2+ -activated enzymes (kinases, phosphatases) are involved. Many organelles are endowed with specific molecules cooperating in signalling for intracellular transport and targeted delivery. Among them are recently specified soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), monomeric GTPases, H+ -ATPase/pump, actin, etc. Little specification is available for some key signal transducers including mechanosensitive Ca2+ -channels, exocyst complexes and Ca2+ -sensor proteins for vesicle-vesicle/membrane interactions. The existence of heterotrimeric G-proteins and of G-protein-coupled receptors is still under considerable debate. Serine/threonine kinases dominate by far over tyrosine kinases (some predicted by phosphoproteomic analyses). Besides short-range signalling, long-range signalling also exists, e.g. as firmly installed microtubular transport rails within epigenetically determined patterns, thus facilitating targeted vesicle delivery. By envisaging widely different phenomena of signalling and subcellular dynamics, it will be shown (i) that important pathways of signalling and cellular dynamics are established already in ciliates, (ii) that some mechanisms diverge from higher eukaryotes and (iii) that considerable uncertainties still exist about some essential aspects of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, PO Box M625, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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135
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Chen JV, Kao LR, Jana SC, Sivan-Loukianova E, Mendonça S, Cabrera OA, Singh P, Cabernard C, Eberl DF, Bettencourt-Dias M, Megraw TL. Rootletin organizes the ciliary rootlet to achieve neuron sensory function in Drosophila. J Cell Biol 2015; 211:435-53. [PMID: 26483560 PMCID: PMC4621839 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Rootletin organizes rootlets in sensory neurons, where it transmits multiple sensory inputs and maintains basal body cohesion, yet it is not required for cilium stability. Cilia are essential for cell signaling and sensory perception. In many cell types, a cytoskeletal structure called the ciliary rootlet links the cilium to the cell body. Previous studies indicated that rootlets support the long-term stability of some cilia. Here we report that Drosophila melanogaster Rootletin (Root), the sole orthologue of the mammalian paralogs Rootletin and C-Nap1, assembles into rootlets of diverse lengths among sensory neuron subtypes. Root mutant neurons lack rootlets and have dramatically impaired sensory function, resulting in behavior defects associated with mechanosensation and chemosensation. Root is required for cohesion of basal bodies, but the cilium structure appears normal in Root mutant neurons. We show, however, that normal rootlet assembly requires centrioles. The N terminus of Root contains a conserved domain and is essential for Root function in vivo. Ectopically expressed Root resides at the base of mother centrioles in spermatocytes and localizes asymmetrically to mother centrosomes in neuroblasts, both requiring Bld10, a basal body protein with varied functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyan V Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Ling-Rong Kao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Swadhin C Jana
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Oscar A Cabrera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel F Eberl
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
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136
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Marel AK, Zorn M, Klingner C, Wedlich-Söldner R, Frey E, Rädler JO. Flow and diffusion in channel-guided cell migration. Biophys J 2015; 107:1054-1064. [PMID: 25185541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective migration of mechanically coupled cell layers is a notable feature of wound healing, embryonic development, and cancer progression. In confluent epithelial sheets, the dynamics have been found to be highly heterogeneous, exhibiting spontaneous formation of swirls, long-range correlations, and glass-like dynamic arrest as a function of cell density. In contrast, the flow-like properties of one-sided cell-sheet expansion in confining geometries are not well understood. Here, we studied the short- and long-term flow of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells as they moved through microchannels. Using single-cell tracking and particle image velocimetry (PIV), we found that a defined averaged stationary cell current emerged that exhibited a velocity gradient in the direction of migration and a plug-flow-like profile across the advancing sheet. The observed flow velocity can be decomposed into a constant term of directed cell migration and a diffusion-like contribution that increases with density gradient. The diffusive component is consistent with the cell-density profile and front propagation speed predicted by the Fisher-Kolmogorov equation. To connect diffusion-mediated transport to underlying cellular motility, we studied single-cell trajectories and occurrence of vorticity. We discovered that the directed large-scale cell flow altered fluctuations in cellular motion at short length scales: vorticity maps showed a reduced frequency of swirl formation in channel flow compared with resting sheets of equal cell density. Furthermore, under flow, single-cell trajectories showed persistent long-range, random-walk behavior superimposed on drift, whereas cells in resting tissue did not show significant displacements with respect to neighboring cells. Our work thus suggests that active cell migration manifests itself in an underlying, spatially uniform drift as well as in randomized bursts of short-range correlated motion that lead to a diffusion-mediated transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kristina Marel
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany; Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany; Nanosystems Initiative Munich, München, Germany
| | - Matthias Zorn
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany; Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
| | | | | | - Erwin Frey
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany; Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany; Arnold Sommerfeld Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany; Nanosystems Initiative Munich, München, Germany
| | - Joachim O Rädler
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany; Center for NanoScience, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany; Nanosystems Initiative Munich, München, Germany.
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137
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Abstract
When one brings "polymeric materials" and "mechanical action" into the same conversation, the topic of this discussion might naturally focus on everyday circumstances such as failure of fibers, fatigue of composites, abrasion of coatings, etc. This intuitive viewpoint reflects the historic consensus in both academia and industry that mechanically induced chemical changes are destructive, leading to polymer degradation that limits materials lifetime on both macroscopic and molecular levels. In the 1930s, Staudinger observed mechanical degradation of polymers, and Melville later discovered that polymer chain scission caused the degradation. Inspired by these historical observations, we sought to redirect the destructive mechanical energy to a productive form that enables mechanoresponsive functions. In this Account, we provide a personal perspective on the origin, barriers, developments, and key advancements of polymer mechanochemistry. We revisit the seminal events that offered molecular-level insights into the mechanochemical behavior of polymers and influenced our thinking. We also highlight the milestones achieved by our group along with the contributions from key comrades at the frontier of this field. We present a workflow for the design, evaluation, and development of new "mechanophores", a term that has come to mean a molecular unit that chemically responds in a selective manner to a mechanical perturbation. We discuss the significance of computation in identifying pairs of points on the mechanophore that promote stretch-induced activation. Attaching polymer chains to the mechanophore at the most sensitive pair and locating the mechanophore near the center of a linear polymer are thought to maximize the efficiency of mechanical-to-chemical energy transduction. We also emphasize the importance of control experiments to validate mechanochemical transformations, both in solution and in the solid state, to differentiate "mechanical" from "thermal" activation. This Account offers our first-hand perspective of the change-in-thinking in polymer mechanochemistry from "destructive" to "productive" and looks at future advances that will stimulate this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chikkannagari Nagamani
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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138
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Innate Immunity and Biomaterials at the Nexus: Friends or Foes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:342304. [PMID: 26247017 PMCID: PMC4515263 DOI: 10.1155/2015/342304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial implants are an established part of medical practice, encompassing a broad range of devices that widely differ in function and structural composition. However, one common property amongst biomaterials is the induction of the foreign body response: an acute sterile inflammatory reaction which overlaps with tissue vascularisation and remodelling and ultimately fibrotic encapsulation of the biomaterial to prevent further interaction with host tissue. Severity and clinical manifestation of the biomaterial-induced foreign body response are different for each biomaterial, with cases of incompatibility often associated with loss of function. However, unravelling the mechanisms that progress to the formation of the fibrotic capsule highlights the tightly intertwined nature of immunological responses to a seemingly noncanonical “antigen.” In this review, we detail the pathways associated with the foreign body response and describe possible mechanisms of immune involvement that can be targeted. We also discuss methods of modulating the immune response by altering the physiochemical surface properties of the biomaterial prior to implantation. Developments in these areas are reliant on reproducible and effective animal models and may allow a “combined” immunomodulatory approach of adapting surface properties of biomaterials, as well as treating key immune pathways to ultimately reduce the negative consequences of biomaterial implantation.
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139
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Establishment of a novel in vitro test setup for electric and magnetic stimulation of human osteoblasts. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:805-17. [PMID: 24782061 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When large defects occur, bone regeneration can be supported by bone grafting and biophysical stimuli like electric and magnetic stimulation (EMS). Clinically established EMS modes are external coils and surgical implants like an electroinductive screw system, which combines a magnetic and electric field, e.g., for the treatment of avascular bone necrosis or pseudarthrosis. For optimization of this implant system, an in vitro test setup was designed to investigate effects of EMS on human osteoblasts on different 3D scaffolds (based on calcium phosphate and collagen). Prior to the cell experiments, numerical simulations of the setup, as well as experimental validation, via measurements of the electric parameters induced by EMS were conducted. Human osteoblasts (3 × 10(5) cells) were seeded onto the scaffolds and cultivated. After 24 h, screw implants (Stryker ASNIS III s-series) were centered in the scaffolds, and EMS was applied (3 × 45 min per day at 20 Hz) for 3 days. Cell viability and collagen type 1 (Col1) synthesis were determined subsequently. Numerical simulation and validation showed an adequate distribution of the electric field within the scaffolds. Experimental measurements of the electric potential revealed only minimal deviation from the simulation. Cell response to stimulation varied with scaffold material and mode of stimulation. EMS-stimulated cells exhibited a significant decrease of metabolic activity in particular on collagen scaffolds. In contrast, the Col1/metabolic activity ratio was significantly increased on collagen and non-sintered calcium phosphate scaffolds after 3 days. Exclusive magnetic stimulation showed similar but nonsignificant tendencies in metabolic activity and Col1 synthesis. The cell tests demonstrate that the new test setup is a valuable tool for in vitro testing and parameter optimization of the clinically used electroinductive screw system. It combines magnetic and electric stimulation, allowing in vitro investigations of its influence on human osteoblasts.
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140
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Schüler A, Schmitz G, Reft A, Özbek S, Thurm U, Bornberg-Bauer E. The Rise and Fall of TRP-N, an Ancient Family of Mechanogated Ion Channels, in Metazoa. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:1713-27. [PMID: 26100409 PMCID: PMC4494053 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanoreception, the sensing of mechanical forces, is an ancient means of orientation and communication and tightly linked to the evolution of motile animals. In flies, the transient-receptor-potential N protein (TRP-N) was found to be a cilia-associated mechanoreceptor. TRP-N belongs to a large and diverse family of ion channels. Its unusually long N-terminal repeat of 28 ankyrin domains presumably acts as the gating spring by which mechanical energy induces channel gating. We analyzed the evolutionary origins and possible diversification of TRP-N. Using a custom-made set of highly discriminative sequence profiles we scanned a representative set of metazoan genomes and subsequently corrected several gene models. We find that, contrary to other ion channel families, TRP-N is remarkably conserved in its domain arrangements and copy number (1) in all Bilateria except for amniotes, even in the wake of several whole-genome duplications. TRP-N is absent in Porifera but present in Ctenophora and Placozoa. Exceptional multiplications of TRP-N occurred in Cnidaria, independently along the Hydra and the Nematostella lineage. Molecular signals of subfunctionalization can be attributed to different mechanisms of activation of the gating spring. In Hydra this is further supported by in situ hybridization and immune staining, suggesting that at least three paralogs adapted to nematocyte discharge, which is key for predation and defense. We propose that these new candidate proteins help explain the sensory complexity of Cnidaria which has been previously observed but so far has lacked a molecular underpinning. Also, the ancient appearance of TRP-N supports a common origin of important components of the nervous systems in Ctenophores, Cnidaria, and Bilateria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schüler
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Gregor Schmitz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Abigail Reft
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Germany HEIKA-Heidelberg Karlsruhe Research Partnership, Heidelberg University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Heidelberg and Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Thurm
- Institute for Neurobiology and Behavioural Biology, University of Muenster, Germany
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141
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Shaikh S, Cox CD, Nomura T, Martinac B. Energetics of gating MscS by membrane tension in azolectin liposomes and giant spheroplasts. Channels (Austin) 2015; 8:321-6. [PMID: 24758942 DOI: 10.4161/chan.28366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels are molecular sensors that detect and transduce signals across prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes arising from external mechanical stimuli or osmotic gradients. They play an integral role in mechanosensory responses including touch, hearing, and proprioception by opening or closing in order to facilitate or prevent the flow of ions and organic osmolytes. In this study we use a linear force model of MS channel gating to determine the gating membrane tension (γ) and the gating area change (ΔA) associated with the energetics of MscS channel gating in giant spheroplasts and azolectin liposomes. Analysis of Boltzmann distribution functions describing the dependence of MscS channel gating on membrane tension indicated that the gating area change (ΔA) was the same for MscS channels recorded in both preparations. The comparison of the membrane tension (γ) gating the channel, however, showed a significant difference between the MscS channel activities in these two preparations.
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142
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Affiliation(s)
- P Garcia-Huerta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Rivas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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143
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Battle AR, Ridone P, Bavi N, Nakayama Y, Nikolaev YA, Martinac B. Lipid-protein interactions: Lessons learned from stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1744-56. [PMID: 25922225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are essential for normal function and regulation of cells, forming a physical barrier between extracellular and intracellular space and cellular compartments. These physical barriers are subject to mechanical stresses. As a consequence, nature has developed proteins that are able to transpose mechanical stimuli into meaningful intracellular signals. These proteins, termed Mechanosensitive (MS) proteins provide a variety of roles in response to these stimuli. In prokaryotes these proteins form transmembrane spanning channels that function as osmotically activated nanovalves to prevent cell lysis by hypoosmotic shock. In eukaryotes, the function of MS proteins is more diverse and includes physiological processes such as touch, pain and hearing. The transmembrane portion of these channels is influenced by the physical properties such as charge, shape, thickness and stiffness of the lipid bilayer surrounding it, as well as the bilayer pressure profile. In this review we provide an overview of the progress to date on advances in our understanding of the intimate biophysical and chemical interactions between the lipid bilayer and mechanosensitive membrane channels, focusing on current progress in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. These advances are of importance due to the increasing evidence of the role the MS channels play in disease, such as xerocytosis, muscular dystrophy and cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, insights gained from lipid-protein interactions of MS channels are likely relevant not only to this class of membrane proteins, but other bilayer embedded proteins as well. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Battle
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - P Ridone
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - N Bavi
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Y Nakayama
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Y A Nikolaev
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - B Martinac
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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144
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A short splice form of Xin-actin binding repeat containing 2 (XIRP2) lacking the Xin repeats is required for maintenance of stereocilia morphology and hearing function. J Neurosci 2015; 35:1999-2014. [PMID: 25653358 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3449-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-third of known deafness genes encode proteins located in the hair bundle, the sensory hair cell's mechanoreceptive organelle. In previous studies, we used mass spectrometry to characterize the hair bundle's proteome, resulting in the discovery of novel bundle proteins. One such protein is Xin-actin binding repeat containing 2 (XIRP2), an actin-cross-linking protein previously reported to be specifically expressed in striated muscle. Because mutations in other actin-cross-linkers result in hearing loss, we investigated the role of XIRP2 in hearing function. In the inner ear, XIRP2 is specifically expressed in hair cells, colocalizing with actin-rich structures in bundles, the underlying cuticular plate, and the circumferential actin belt. Analysis using peptide mass spectrometry revealed that the bundle harbors a previously uncharacterized XIRP2 splice variant, suggesting XIRP2's role in the hair cell differs significantly from that reported in myocytes. To determine the role of XIRP2 in hearing, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology to induce targeted mutations into the mouse Xirp2 gene, resulting in the elimination of XIRP2 protein expression in the inner ear. Functional analysis of hearing in the resulting Xirp2-null mice revealed high-frequency hearing loss, and ultrastructural scanning electron microscopy analyses of hair cells demonstrated stereocilia degeneration in these mice. We thus conclude that XIRP2 is required for long-term maintenance of hair cell stereocilia, and that its dysfunction causes hearing loss in the mouse.
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145
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Ricoult SG, Kennedy TE, Juncker D. Substrate-bound protein gradients to study haptotaxis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:40. [PMID: 25870855 PMCID: PMC4378366 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells navigate in response to inhomogeneous distributions of extracellular guidance cues. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying migration in response to gradients of chemical cues have been investigated for over a century. Following the introduction of micropipettes and more recently microfluidics for gradient generation, much attention and effort was devoted to study cellular chemotaxis, which is defined as guidance by gradients of chemical cues in solution. Haptotaxis, directional migration in response to gradients of substrate-bound cues, has received comparatively less attention; however, it is increasingly clear that in vivo many physiologically relevant guidance proteins - including many secreted cues - are bound to cellular surfaces or incorporated into extracellular matrix and likely function via a haptotactic mechanism. Here, we review the history of haptotaxis. We examine the importance of the reference surface, the surface in contact with the cell that is not covered by the cue, which forms a gradient opposing the gradient of the protein cue and must be considered in experimental designs and interpretation of results. We review and compare microfluidics, contact printing, light patterning, and 3D fabrication to pattern substrate-bound protein gradients in vitro. The range of methods to create substrate-bound gradients discussed herein makes possible systematic analyses of haptotactic mechanisms. Furthermore, understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying cell motility will inform bioengineering approaches to program cell navigation and recover lost function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien G. Ricoult
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Juncker
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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146
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Garcia-Amorós J, Velasco D. Optical mechanotransduction with carbazole-based luminescent liquid single-crystal elastomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:755-61. [PMID: 25704537 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbazole-based liquid single-crystal elastomers (LSCEs) are valuable fluorescent flexible materials to perform optical mechanotransduction under ambient conditions. Indeed, the covalent incorporation of carbazole derivatives into nematic LSCEs allows to tune their luminescence on demand under mechanical control in a quick and reversible fashion. Specifically, the fluorescence intensity for these materials can be switched back and forth in less than a second. Moreover, such a process can be performed several times without detecting any sign of fatigue in the system. In addition, these materials show excellent resistance to aging; 2 years after their preparation they exhibit the very same mechanofluorescent behavior as when freshly prepared. In fact, the here reported fluorescent systems are highly sensitive; the application of a force of 70 mN decreases the fluorescence in the elastomeric material by 7%. Thus, mechanical forces are attractive external stimuli to modulate the fluorescence of nematic elastomers rapidly and reversibly enabling thereby mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Garcia-Amorós
- Grup de Materials Orgànics, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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147
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148
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Haehnel AP, Sagara Y, Simon YC, Weder C. Mechanochemistry in Polymers with Supramolecular Mechanophores. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:345-75. [PMID: 26054388 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field of materials science. Inspired by nature, many scientists have looked at different ways to introduce weak bonds into polymeric materials to impart them with function and in particular mechano-responsiveness. In the following sections, the incorporation of some of the weakest bonds, i.e. non-covalent bonds, into polymeric solids is being surveyed. This review covers sequentially π-π interactions, H-bonding and metal-ligand coordination bonds and tries to highlight some of the advantages and limitations of such systems, while providing some key perspective of what may come next in this tantalizing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Haehnel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoan C Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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149
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Honoré E, Martins JR, Penton D, Patel A, Demolombe S. The Piezo Mechanosensitive Ion Channels: May the Force Be with You! Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 169:25-41. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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150
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Köpf MH. Collective cell migration induced by mechanical stress and substrate adhesiveness. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:012712. [PMID: 25679647 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.012712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress normal to the boundary of a tissue sheet can arise in both constrained as well as unconstrained epithelial layers through pushing and pulling of surrounding tissue and substrate adhesiveness, respectively. A continuum model is used to investigate how such stress influences the epithelial dynamics. Four types of spreading and motility can be identified: a uniformly stretched stationary state, uniform sheet migration, active stress compensation by polarization close to the boundary, and a wormlike progression by deformation waves. Analytical and numerical solutions are presented along with bifurcation diagrams using normal stress and active force as control parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Köpf
- Département de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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