101
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Oh SH, An DB, Kim TH, Lee JH. Wide-range stiffness gradient PVA/HA hydrogel to investigate stem cell differentiation behavior. Acta Biomater 2016; 35:23-31. [PMID: 26883774 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although stiffness-controllable substrates have been developed to investigate the effect of stiffness on cell behavior and function, the use of separate substrates with different degrees of stiffness, substrates with a narrow range stiffness gradient, toxicity of residues, different surface composition, complex fabrication procedures/devices, and low cell adhesion are still considered as hurdles of conventional techniques. In this study, a cylindrical polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel with a wide-range stiffness gradient (between ∼20kPa and ∼200kPa) and cell adhesiveness was prepared by a liquid nitrogen (LN2)-contacting gradual freezing-thawing method that does not use any additives or specific devices to produce the stiffness gradient hydrogel. From an in vitro cell culture using the stiffness gradient PVA/HA hydrogel, it was observed that human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have favorable stiffness ranges for induction of differentiation into specific cell types (∼20kPa for nerve cell, ∼40kPa for muscle cell, ∼80kPa for chondrocyte, and ∼190kPa for osteoblast). The PVA/HA hydrogel with a wide range of stiffness spectrum can be a useful tool for basic studies related with the stem cell differentiation, cell reprogramming, cell migration, and tissue regeneration in terms of substrate stiffness. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE It is postulated that the stiffness of the extracellular matrix influences cell behavior. To prove this concept, various techniques to prepare substrates with a stiffness gradient have been developed. However, the narrow ranges of stiffness gradient and complex fabrication procedures/devices are still remained as limitations. Herein, we develop a substrate (hydrogel) with a wide-range stiffness gradient using a gradual freezing-thawing method which does not need specific devices to produce a stiffness gradient hydrogel. From cell culture experiments using the hydrogel, it is observed that human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have favorable stiffness ranges for induction of differentiation into specific cell types (∼20kPa for nerve, ∼40kPa for muscle, ∼80kPa for cartilage, and ∼190kPa for bone in our hydrogel system).
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102
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Tong X, Jiang J, Zhu D, Yang F. Hydrogels with Dual Gradients of Mechanical and Biochemical Cues for Deciphering Cell-Niche Interactions. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:845-852. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danqing Zhu
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur
Drive, Edwards R105, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur
Drive, Edwards R105, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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103
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Gordon NK, Gordon R. The organelle of differentiation in embryos: the cell state splitter. Theor Biol Med Model 2016; 13:11. [PMID: 26965444 PMCID: PMC4785624 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-016-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell state splitter is a membraneless organelle at the apical end of each epithelial cell in a developing embryo. It consists of a microfilament ring and an intermediate filament ring subtending a microtubule mat. The microtubules and microfilament ring are in mechanical opposition as in a tensegrity structure. The cell state splitter is bistable, perturbations causing it to contract or expand radially. The intermediate filament ring provides metastability against small perturbations. Once this snap-through organelle is triggered, it initiates signal transduction to the nucleus, which changes gene expression in one of two readied manners, causing its cell to undergo a step of determination and subsequent differentiation. The cell state splitter also triggers the cell state splitters of adjacent cells to respond, resulting in a differentiation wave. Embryogenesis may be represented then as a bifurcating differentiation tree, each edge representing one cell type. In combination with the differentiation waves they propagate, cell state splitters explain the spatiotemporal course of differentiation in the developing embryo. This review is excerpted from and elaborates on "Embryogenesis Explained" (World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Gordon
- />Retired, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- />Embryogenesis Center, Gulf Specimen Aquarium & Marine Laboratory, 222 Clark Drive, Panacea, FL 32346 USA
- />C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth & Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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104
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Seale NM, Varghese S. Biomaterials for pluripotent stem cell engineering: From fate determination to vascularization. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3454-3463. [PMID: 27446588 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in material science and engineering may hold the key to overcoming reproducibility and scalability limitations currently hindering the clinical translation of stem cell therapies. Biomaterial assisted differentiation commitment of stem cells and modulation of their in vivo function could have significant impact in stem cell-centred regenerative medicine approaches and next gen technological platforms. Synthetic biomaterials are of particular interest as they provide a consistent, chemically defined, and tunable way of mimicking the physical and chemical properties of the natural tissue or cell environment. Combining emerging biomaterial and biofabrication advancements may finally give researchers the tools to modulate spatiotemporal complexity and engineer more hierarchically complex, physiologically relevant tissue mimics. In this review we highlight recent research advancements in biomaterial assisted pluripotent stem cell (PSC) expansion and three dimensional (3D) tissue formation strategies. Furthermore, since vascularization is a major challenge affecting the in vivo function of engineered tissues, we discuss recent developments in vascularization strategies and assess their ability to produce perfusable and functional vasculature that can be integrated with the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailah M Seale
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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105
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Lin NY, Distler A, Beyer C, Philipi-Schöbinger A, Breda S, Dees C, Stock M, Tomcik M, Niemeier A, Dell'Accio F, Gelse K, Mattson MP, Schett G, Distler JH. Inhibition of Notch1 promotes hedgehog signalling in a HES1-dependent manner in chondrocytes and exacerbates experimental osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:2037-2044. [PMID: 26851274 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Notch ligands and receptors have recently been shown to be differentially expressed in osteoarthritis (OA). We aim to further elucidate the functional role of Notch signalling in OA using Notch1 antisense transgenic (Notch1 AS) mice. METHODS Notch and hedgehog signalling were analysed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Notch-1 AS mice were employed as a model of impaired Notch signalling in vivo. Experimental OA was induced by destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM). The extent of cartilage destruction and osteophyte formation was analysed by safranin-O staining with subsequent assessment of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and Mankin scores and µCT scanning. Collagen X staining was used as a marker of chondrocyte hypertrophy. The role of hairy/enhancer of split 1 (Hes-1) was investigated with knockdown and overexpression experiments. RESULTS Notch signalling was activated in human and murine OA with increased expression of Jagged1, Notch-1, accumulation of the Notch intracellular domain 1 and increased transcription of Hes-1. Notch1 AS mice showed exacerbated OA with increases in OARSI scores, osteophyte formation, increased subchondral bone plate density, collagen X and osteocalcin expression and elevated levels of Epas1 and ADAM-TS5 mRNA. Inhibition of the Notch pathway induced activation of hedgehog signalling with induction of Gli-1 and Gli-2 and increased transcription of hedgehog target genes. The regulatory effects of Notch signalling on Gli-expression were mimicked by Hes-1. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of Notch signalling activates hedgehog signalling, enhances chondrocyte hypertrophy and exacerbates experimental OA including osteophyte formation. These data suggest that the activation of the Notch pathway may limit aberrant hedgehog signalling in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfiya Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Beyer
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ariella Philipi-Schöbinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvia Breda
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Division of Rheumatology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stock
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michal Tomcik
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Niemeier
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kolja Gelse
- Division of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hw Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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106
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Short-range cytokine gradients to mimic paracrine cell interactions in vitro. J Control Release 2016; 224:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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107
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Turner DA, Baillie‐Johnson P, Martinez Arias A. Organoids and the genetically encoded self-assembly of embryonic stem cells. Bioessays 2016; 38:181-91. [PMID: 26666846 PMCID: PMC4737349 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of early embryonic patterning and the timely allocation of specific cells to embryonic regions and fates as well as their development into tissues and organs, is a fundamental problem in Developmental Biology. The classical explanation for this process had been built around the notion of positional information. Accordingly the programmed appearance of sources of Morphogens at localized positions within a field of cells directs their differentiation. Recently, the development of organs and tissues from unpatterned and initially identical stem cells (adult and embryonic) has challenged the need for positional information and even the integrity of the embryo, for pattern formation. Here we review the emerging area of organoid biology from the perspective of Developmental Biology. We argue that the events underlying the development of these systems are not purely linked to self-organization, as often suggested, but rather to a process of genetically encoded self-assembly where genetic programs encode and control the emergence of biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Turner
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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108
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Ahn K, Kim SH, Lee GH, Lee S, Heo YS, Park JY. Features of Microsystems for Cultivation and Characterization of Stem Cells with the Aim of Regenerative Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6023132. [PMID: 26941802 PMCID: PMC4752999 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6023132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have infinite potential for regenerative therapy thanks to their advantageous ability which is differentiable to requisite cell types for recovery and self-renewal. The microsystem has been proved to be more helpful to stem cell studies compared to the traditional methods, relying on its advantageous feature of mimicking in vivo cellular environments as well as other profitable features such as minimum sample consumption for analysis and multiprocedures. A wide variety of microsystems were developed for stem cell studies; however, regenerative therapy-targeted applications of microtechnology should be more emphasized and gain more attractions since the regenerative therapy is one of ultimate goals of biologists and bioengineers. In this review, we introduce stem cell researches harnessing well-known microtechniques (microwell, micropattern, and microfluidic channel) in view point of physical principles and how these systems and principles have been implemented appropriately for characterizing stem cells and finding possible regenerative therapies. Biologists may gain information on the principles of microsystems to apply them to find solutions for their current challenges, and engineers may understand limitations of the conventional microsystems and find new chances for further developing practical microsystems. Through the well combination of engineers and biologists, the regenerative therapy-targeted stem cell researches harnessing microtechnology will find better suitable treatments for human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihoon Ahn
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hun Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungJin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seok Heo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Yull Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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109
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Abstract
The growth and patterning of anatomical structures from specific cellular fields in developing organisms relies on organizing centers that instruct surrounding cells to modify their behavior, namely migration, proliferation, and differentiation. We discuss here how organizers can form in adult organisms, a process of utmost interest for regenerative medicine. Animals like Hydra and planarians, which maintain their shape and fitness thanks to a highly dynamic homeostasis, offer a useful paradigm to study adult organizers in steady-state conditions. Beside the homeostatic context, these model systems also offer the possibility to study how organizers form de novo from somatic adult tissues. Both extracellular matrix remodeling and caspase activation play a key role in this transition, acting as promoters of organizer formation in the vicinity of the wound. Their respective roles and the crosstalk between them just start to be deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias C Vogg
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Wenger
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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110
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Wnt signaling regulates a broad variety of processes during embryonic development and disease. A hallmark of the Wnt signaling pathway is the formation of concentration gradients by Wnt proteins across responsive tissues, which determines cell fate in invertebrates and vertebrates. To fulfill its paracrine function, trafficking of the Wnt morphogen from an origin cell to a recipient cell must be tightly regulated. A variety of models have been proposed to explain the extracellular transport of these lipid-modified signaling proteins in the aqueous extracellular space; however, there is still considerable debate with regard to which mechanisms allow the precise distribution of ligand in order to generate a morphogenetic gradient within growing tissue. Recent evidence suggests that Wnt proteins are distributed along signaling filopodia during vertebrate and invertebrate embryogenesis. Cytoneme-mediated transport has profound impact on our understanding of how Wnt signaling propagates through tissues and allows the formation of a precise ligand distribution in the recipient tissue during embryonic growth. In this Commentary, we review extracellular trafficking mechanisms for Wnt proteins and discuss the growing evidence of cytoneme-based Wnt distribution in development and stem cell biology. We will also discuss their implication for Wnt signaling in the formation of the Wnt morphogenetic gradient during tissue patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Stanganello
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
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111
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Yang H, Gou X, Wang Y, Fahmy TM, Leung AYH, Lu J, Sun D. A dynamic model of chemoattractant-induced cell migration. Biophys J 2016; 108:1645-1651. [PMID: 25863056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration refers to a directional cell movement in response to chemoattractant stimulation. In this work, we developed a cell-migration model by mimicking in vivo migration using optically manipulated chemoattractant-loaded microsources. The model facilitates a quantitative characterization of the relationship among the protrusion force, cell motility, and chemoattractant gradient for the first time (to our knowledge). We verified the correctness of the model using migrating leukemia cancer Jurkat cells. The results show that one can achieve the ideal migrating capacity by choosing the appropriate chemoattractant gradient and concentration at the leading edge of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Gou
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anskar Y-H Leung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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112
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Novel biodegradable polymers for local growth factor delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:318-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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113
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114
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Bertens LMF, Kleijn J, Hille SC, Heiner M, Koutny M, Verbeek FJ. Modeling biological gradient formation: combining partial differential equations and Petri nets. NATURAL COMPUTING 2015; 15:665-675. [PMID: 27881934 PMCID: PMC5101295 DOI: 10.1007/s11047-015-9531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Both Petri nets and differential equations are important modeling tools for biological processes. In this paper we demonstrate how these two modeling techniques can be combined to describe biological gradient formation. Parameters derived from partial differential equation describing the process of gradient formation are incorporated in an abstract Petri net model. The quantitative aspects of the resulting model are validated through a case study of gradient formation in the fruit fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jetty Kleijn
- LIACS, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander C Hille
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Heiner
- Department of Computer Science, Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Maciej Koutny
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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115
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Kim S, Nam J, Yeo WS. A Method for Generation and Characterization of Orthogonal Three-Component Gradient Surfaces. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Jungchan Nam
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
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116
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Lagunas A, Martínez E, Samitier J. Surface-Bound Molecular Gradients for the High-Throughput Screening of Cell Responses. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:132. [PMID: 26380260 PMCID: PMC4553394 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical gradient surfaces are described as surfaces with a gradually varying composition along their length. Continuous chemical gradients have recently been proposed as an alternative to discrete microarrays for the high-throughput screening of the effects of ligand concentration in cells. Here, we review some of the most recent examples in which gradients have been used to evaluate the effect of a varying ligand concentration in cell adhesion, morphology, growth, and differentiation of cells, including some of our recent findings. They show the importance of the organization of ligands at the nanoscale, which is highlighted by abrupt changes in cell behavior at critical concentration thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lagunas
- Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid , Spain ; Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Elena Martínez
- Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid , Spain ; Biomimetic Systems for Cell Engineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , Barcelona , Spain ; Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Madrid , Spain ; Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) , Barcelona , Spain ; Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona , Spain
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117
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Caballero D, Voituriez R, Riveline D. Protrusion fluctuations direct cell motion. Biophys J 2015; 107:34-42. [PMID: 24988339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological phenomena involve directional cell migration. It is usually attributed to chemical gradients in vivo. Recently, other cues have been shown to guide cells in vitro, including stiffness/adhesion gradients or micropatterned adhesive motifs. However, the cellular mechanism leading to these biased migrations remains unknown, and, often, even the direction of motion is unpredictable. In this study, we show the key role of fluctuating protrusions on ratchet-like structures in driving NIH3T3 cell migration. We identified the concept of efficient protrusion and an associated direction index. Our analysis of the protrusion statistics facilitated the quantitative prediction of cell trajectories in all investigated conditions. We varied the external cues by changing the adhesive patterns. We also modified the internal cues using drug treatments, which modified the protrusion activity. Stochasticity affects the short- and long-term steps. We developed a theoretical model showing that an asymmetry in the protrusion fluctuations is sufficient for predicting all measures associated with the long-term motion, which can be described as a biased persistent random walk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Caballero
- Laboratory of Cell Physics, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires/Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7006, Strasbourg, France; Development and Stem Cells Program, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964),Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Raphaël Voituriez
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7600; Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 823, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Riveline
- Laboratory of Cell Physics, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires/Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7006, Strasbourg, France; Development and Stem Cells Program, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964),Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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118
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Lu J, Zou X, Zhao Z, Mu Z, Zhao Y, Gu Z. Cell orientation gradients on an inverse opal substrate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10091-10095. [PMID: 25942047 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The generation of cell gradients is critical for understanding many biological systems and realizing the unique functionality of many implanted biomaterials. However, most previous work can only control the gradient of cell density and this has no effect on the gradient of cell orientation, which has an important role in regulating the functions of many connecting tissues. Here, we report on a simple stretched inverse opal substrate for establishing desired cell orientation gradients. It was demonstrated that tendon fibroblasts on the stretched inverse opal gradient showed a corresponding alignment along with the elongation gradient of the substrate. This "random-to-aligned" cell gradient reproduces the insertion part of many connecting tissues, and thus, will have important applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Zou
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ze Zhao
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhongde Mu
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- ‡Laboratory of Environment and Biosafety Research Institute of Southeast University in Suzhou, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- †State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- ‡Laboratory of Environment and Biosafety Research Institute of Southeast University in Suzhou, Suzhou 215123, China
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Nityanandam A, Baldwin KK. Advances in reprogramming-based study of neurologic disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1265-83. [PMID: 25749371 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The technology to convert adult human non-neural cells into neural lineages, through induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), somatic cell nuclear transfer, and direct lineage reprogramming or transdifferentiation has progressed tremendously in recent years. Reprogramming-based approaches aimed at manipulating cellular identity have enormous potential for disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, cell therapy, and personalized medicine. Human iPSC (hiPSC)-based cellular disease models have provided proof of principle evidence of the validity of this system. However, several challenges remain before patient-specific neurons produced by reprogramming can provide reliable insights into disease mechanisms or be efficiently applied to drug discovery and transplantation therapy. This review will first discuss limitations of currently available reprogramming-based methods in faithfully and reproducibly recapitulating disease pathology. Specifically, we will address issues such as culture heterogeneity, interline and inter-individual variability, and limitations of two-dimensional differentiation paradigms. Second, we will assess recent progress and the future prospects of reprogramming-based neurologic disease modeling. This includes three-dimensional disease modeling, advances in reprogramming technology, prescreening of hiPSCs and creating isogenic disease models using gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Nityanandam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kristin K Baldwin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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120
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Rivera AL, Baskaran H. The Effect of Biomolecular Gradients on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis under Shear Stress. MICROMACHINES 2015; 6:330-346. [PMID: 34026281 PMCID: PMC8138782 DOI: 10.3390/mi6030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is viewed as a promising option for long-term repair of cartilage lesions, but current engineered cartilage constructs fail to match the mechanical properties of native tissue. The extracellular matrix of adult human articular cartilage contains highly organized collagen fibrils that enhance the mechanical properties of the tissue. Unlike articular cartilage, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) based tissue engineered cartilage constructs lack this oriented microstructure and therefore display much lower mechanical strength. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of biomolecular gradients and shear stress on MSCs undergoing chondrogenesis within a microfluidic device. Via poly(dimethyl siloxane) soft-lithography, microfluidic devices containing a gradient generator were created. Human MSCs were seeded within these chambers and exposed to flow-based transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) gradients. When the MSCs were both confluent and exposed to shear stress, the cells aligned along the flow direction. Exposure to TGF-β1 gradients led to chondrogenesis of MSCs, indicated by positive type II collagen staining. These results, together with a previous study that showed that aligned MSCs produce aligned collagen, suggest that oriented cartilage tissue structures with superior mechanical properties can be obtained by aligning MSCs along the flow direction and exposing MSCs to chondrogenic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Rivera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-216-368-1029; Fax: +1-216-368-3016
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121
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Wade RJ, Bassin EJ, Gramlich WM, Burdick JA. Nanofibrous hydrogels with spatially patterned biochemical signals to control cell behavior. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1356-62. [PMID: 25640972 PMCID: PMC4412590 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to spatially pattern biochemical signals into nanofibrous materials using thiol-ene reactions of thiolated molecules to presented norbornene groups is demonstrated. This approach is used to pattern three molecules independently within one scaffold, to pattern molecules through the depth of a scaffold, and to spatially control cell adhesion and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Wade
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Abstract
Activin/Nodal growth factors control a broad range of biological processes, including early cell fate decisions, organogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which the Activin/Nodal signalling pathway governs stem cell function in these different stages of development. We describe recent findings that associate Activin/Nodal signalling to pathological conditions, focusing on cancer stem cells in tumorigenesis and its potential as a target for therapies. Moreover, we will discuss future directions and questions that currently remain unanswered on the role of Activin/Nodal signalling in stem cell self-renewal, differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siim Pauklin
- Anne McLaren Laboratory For Regenerative Medicine, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Anne McLaren Laboratory For Regenerative Medicine, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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123
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Cosson S, Otte EA, Hezaveh H, Cooper-White JJ. Concise review: tailoring bioengineered scaffolds for stem cell applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:156-64. [PMID: 25575526 PMCID: PMC4303362 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for the clinical application of stem cells in tissue regeneration is clearly significant. However, this potential has remained largely unrealized owing to the persistent challenges in reproducibly, with tight quality criteria, and expanding and controlling the fate of stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Tissue engineering approaches that rely on reformatting traditional Food and Drug Administration-approved biomedical polymers from fixation devices to porous scaffolds have been shown to lack the complexity required for in vitro stem cell culture models or translation to in vivo applications with high efficacy. This realization has spurred the development of advanced mimetic biomaterials and scaffolds to increasingly enhance our ability to control the cellular microenvironment and, consequently, stem cell fate. New insights into the biology of stem cells are expected to eventuate from these advances in material science, in particular, from synthetic hydrogels that display physicochemical properties reminiscent of the natural cell microenvironment and that can be engineered to display or encode essential biological cues. Merging these advanced biomaterials with high-throughput methods to systematically, and in an unbiased manner, probe the role of scaffold biophysical and biochemical elements on stem cell fate will permit the identification of novel key stem cell behavioral effectors, allow improved in vitro replication of requisite in vivo niche functions, and, ultimately, have a profound impact on our understanding of stem cell biology and unlock their clinical potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Cosson
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Material Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; University of Queensland School of Chemical Engineering, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ellen A Otte
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Material Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; University of Queensland School of Chemical Engineering, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hadi Hezaveh
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Material Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; University of Queensland School of Chemical Engineering, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Material Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; University of Queensland School of Chemical Engineering, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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124
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Gao B, Konno T, Ishihara K. Building cell-containing multilayered phospholipid polymer hydrogels for controlling the diffusion of a bioactive reagent. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05299h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed multilayered phospholipid polymer hydrogels containing living cells and a specific bioactive reagent for the regulation of cell-fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Gao
- Department of Materials Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tomohiro Konno
- Department of Bioengineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
- Department of Bioengineering
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125
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Wettstein P, Priest C, Al-Bataineh SA, Short RD, Bryant PM, Bradley JW, Low SP, Parkinson L, Szili EJ. Surface protein gradients generated in sealed microchannels using spatially varying helium microplasma. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:014124. [PMID: 25759757 PMCID: PMC4336250 DOI: 10.1063/1.4913367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spatially varied surface treatment of a fluorescently labeled Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) protein, on the walls of a closed (sealed) microchannel is achieved via a well-defined gradient in plasma intensity. The microchips comprised a microchannel positioned in-between two microelectrodes (embedded in the chip) with a variable electrode separation along the length of the channel. The channel and electrodes were 50 μm and 100 μm wide, respectively, 50 μm deep, and adjacent to the channel for a length of 18 mm. The electrode separation distance was varied linearly from 50 μm at one end of the channel to a maximum distance of 150, 300, 500, or 1000 μm to generate a gradient in helium plasma intensity. Plasma ignition was achieved at a helium flow rate of 2.5 ml/min, 8.5 kVpk-pk, and 10 kHz. It is shown that the plasma intensity decreases with increasing electrode separation and is directly related to the residual amount of BSA left after the treatment. The plasma intensity and surface protein gradient, for the different electrode gradients studied, collapse onto master curves when plotted against electrode separation. This precise spatial control is expected to enable the surface protein gradient to be tuned for a range of applications, including high-throughput screening and cell-biomolecule-biomaterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Wettstein
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Craig Priest
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Sameer A Al-Bataineh
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Robert D Short
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Paul M Bryant
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University of Liverpool , Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
| | - James W Bradley
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University of Liverpool , Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Suet P Low
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Luke Parkinson
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Endre J Szili
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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126
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El-Magd MA, Allen S, McGonnell I, Mansour AA, Otto A, Patel K. Shh regulates chick Ebf1 gene expression in somite development. Gene 2015; 554:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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127
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Kong W, Celik V, Liao C, Hua Q, Lu T. Programming the group behaviors of bacterial communities with synthetic cellular communication. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-014-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Synthetic biology is a newly emerged research discipline that focuses on the engineering of novel cellular behaviors and functionalities through the creation of artificial gene circuits. One important class of synthetic circuits currently under active development concerns the programming of bacterial cellular communication and collective population-scale behaviors. Because of the ubiquity of cell-cell interactions within bacterial communities, having an ability of engineering these circuits is vital to programming robust cellular behaviors. Here, we highlight recent advances in communication-based synthetic gene circuits by first discussing natural communication systems and then surveying various functional engineered circuits, including those for population density control, temporal synchronization, spatial organization, and ecosystem formation. We conclude by summarizing recent advances, outlining existing challenges, and discussing potential applications and future opportunities.
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128
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Gou X, Yang H, Fahmy TM, Wang Y, Sun D. Direct measurement of cell protrusion force utilizing a robot-aided cell manipulation system with optical tweezers for cell migration control. Int J Rob Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0278364914546536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration refers to the directional cell movement in response to a chemoattractant gradient, a key process that occurs in a wide variety of biological phenomena. Cell protrusion force is generated by the actin polymerization of a cell, which drives the cell to move toward the stimulus as induced by the chemoattractant gradient. This paper presents a new methodology for the direct measurement of cell protrusion force utilizing a robot-aided optical tweezer system. The functionalized beads that are robotically trapped and placed near the cell serve as both cell migration stimulators and protrusion force probes. The force generated by the actin polymerization of the cell propels the bead to move away from the trapping center when the cell comes in contact with the bead. Such a deviation can be determined and used to calculate the trapping force, which is equal to the protrusion force at a balanced position. With the quantitative measurement of the protrusion, we find that the protrusion force of a live cell in response to a chemoattractant within the range of hundreds of piconewtons. We further probe the protrusion force distribution at the cell leading edge and find that the highest protrusion force appears at the cell migration direction. These measurements can help us characterize the mechanism of cell migration and lay a solid foundation for further proactive control of cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gou
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, China
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, China
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129
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Hara M, Nishi Y, Yamashita Y, Hirata R, Takahashi S, Nagamitsu SI, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Kojima M, Matsuishi T. Relation between circulating levels of GH, IGF-1, ghrelin and somatic growth in Rett syndrome. Brain Dev 2014; 36:794-800. [PMID: 24377437 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT) are caused by mutations in methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2), and individuals with RTT have somatic growth failure, growth arrest of brain, epilepsy, and intellectual disability (ID). Ghrelin is a peptide hormone which stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion from the pituitary gland. Ghrelin and GH regulate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) synthesis, and this GH/IGF-1 axis is an endocrine axis involved in energy and sleep homeostasis and plays crucial roles in somatic and brain growth. This study aimed to determine whether circulating ghrelin, GH and IGF-1 reflect somatic and brain growth in RTT patients. METHODS We examined anthropometric data and circulating ghrelin, GH, and IGF-1 in 22 female RTT patients with epilepsy and ID (RTT-Ep/ID) and 14 age-matched females with epilepsy and ID (non-RTT-Ep/ID). RESULTS Body mass index (BMI) and height/length were significantly lower in RTT-Ep/ID than in non-RTT-Ep/ID in patients less than 20 years old. Plasma ghrelin in RTT-Ep/ID patients showed a significant inverse correlation with weight but had no significant correlations with BMI or height. Head circumference in both groups showed a significant positive correlation with circulating ghrelin and a significant negative correlation with circulating IGF-1. The ratio of octanoyl-ghrelin to total-ghrelin (O/T-ratio) is used as an indicator to estimate the biological activity of ghrelin. Among pre-adolescents, O/T-ratios were significantly higher in the RTT-Ep/ID group than in the non-RTT-Ep/ID group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Timing of growth-spurts differed between the RTT-Ep/ID and non-RTT-Ep/ID groups, possibly due to a common (but yet unknown) mechanism of growth failure. Ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 axis function was aberrant in both the RTT-Ep/ID and non-RTT-Ep/ID groups. The initial clinical course of Rett syndrome affects the development of the sleep-wake cycle and locomotion in early infancy, both of which may be based on the dysfunction of the aminergic neurons modulated by ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 axis. Further study with a larger sample size should help clarify the precise mechanisms controlling the somatic growth and hormonal features in Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetsugu Hara
- Department of Neonatology, Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yushiro Yamashita
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Rumiko Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nagamitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Hyakunenkohen, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0864, Japan
| | - Toyojiro Matsuishi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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130
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Ongo G, Ricoult SG, Kennedy TE, Juncker D. Ordered, random, monotonic and non-monotonic digital nanodot gradients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106541. [PMID: 25192173 PMCID: PMC4156346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell navigation is directed by inhomogeneous distributions of extracellular cues. It is well known that noise plays a key role in biology and is present in naturally occurring gradients at the micro- and nanoscale, yet it has not been studied with gradients in vitro. Here, we introduce novel algorithms to produce ordered and random gradients of discrete nanodots--called digital nanodot gradients (DNGs)--according to monotonic and non-monotonic density functions. The algorithms generate continuous DNGs, with dot spacing changing in two dimensions along the gradient direction according to arbitrary mathematical functions, with densities ranging from 0.02% to 44.44%. The random gradient algorithm compensates for random nanodot overlap, and the randomness and spatial homogeneity of the DNGs were confirmed with Ripley's K function. An array of 100 DNGs, each 400×400 µm2, comprising a total of 57 million 200×200 nm2 dots was designed and patterned into silicon using electron-beam lithography, then patterned as fluorescently labeled IgGs on glass using lift-off nanocontact printing. DNGs will facilitate the study of the effects of noise and randomness at the micro- and nanoscales on cell migration and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Ongo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien G. Ricoult
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Juncker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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131
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Mosiewicz KA, Kolb L, van der Vlies AJ, Lutolf MP. Microscale patterning of hydrogel stiffness through light-triggered uncaging of thiols. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1640-1651. [PMID: 32481945 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell behavior is strongly influenced by physical and chemical cues originating from the extracellular matrix (ECM). In vivo, ECM signals are displayed in a spatiotemporally complex fashion, often composed as gradients and in concentration profiles that change in time. Most in vitro models to study the role of ECM signals in regulating cell behavior are limited in capturing this microenvironmental complexity, as they are static and homogeneous. In order to achieve a dynamic control of the physical properties of a hydrogel network, we here designed a chemical scheme to control poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel stiffness in space, time and intensity. Specifically, we combined caging chemistry and Michael-type addition to enable the light-triggered local control of hydrogel crosslinking density. Thiol moieties of one of the reactive PEG macromers undergoing crosslinking were equipped with caging groups to prevent their susceptibility to the counter-reactive vinyl sulfone groups on the termini of the complementary PEG macromers. Thus, the crosslinking density of the hydrogel network could be tuned by uncaging with light which directly translated into differential patterns of hydrogel stiffness. Using this approach, user-defined stiffness patterns in a range of soft tissue microenvironments (i.e. between 3-8 kPa) were obtained and shown to influence the migratory behavior of primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Stiffness gradients in the higher range (5.5-8 kPa) were able to elicit durotaxis towards the more densely crosslinked regions, whereas those in the lower range (3-5.5 kPa) showed no significant directional preference in hMSC migration. Our patterning tool should be useful for the manipulation of cell fate in various other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Mosiewicz
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Tang SC, Chen YC. Novel therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10825-10844. [PMID: 25152585 PMCID: PMC4138462 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has become the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the last two decades. Only 3%-15% of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer had 5 year survival rate. Drug resistance, high metastasis, poor prognosis and tumour relapse contributed to the malignancies and difficulties in treating pancreatic cancer. The current standard chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer is gemcitabine, however its efficacy is far from satisfactory, one of the reasons is due to the complex tumour microenvironment which decreases effective drug delivery to target cancer cell. Studies of the molecular pathology of pancreatic cancer have revealed that activation of KRAS, overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2, inactivation of p16INK4A and loss of p53 activities occurred in pancreatic cancer. Co-administration of gemcitabine and targeting the molecular pathological events happened in pancreatic cancer has brought an enhanced therapeutic effectiveness of gemcitabine. Therefore, studies looking for novel targets in hindering pancreatic tumour growth are emerging rapidly. In order to give a better understanding of the current findings and to seek the direction in future pancreatic cancer research; in this review we will focus on targets suppressing tumour metastatsis and progression, KRAS activated downstream effectors, the relationship of Notch signaling and Nodal/Activin signaling with pancreatic cancer cells, the current findings of non-coding RNAs in inhibiting pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, brief discussion in transcription remodeling by epigenetic modifiers (e.g., HDAC, BMI1, EZH2) and the plausible therapeutic applications of cancer stem cell and hyaluronan in tumour environment.
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133
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Yin H, Xiao X, Wen X, Zhou T. Mathematical analysis on a multidimensional model of morphogen transport with receptor synthesis. INT J BIOMATH 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352451450051x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In biological development, morphogens are locally produced and spread to other regions in organs, forming gradients that control the inter-related pattern and growth of developing organs. Mechanisms of morphogen transport were built and investigated by numerical simulations in [A. D. Lander, Q. Nie and F. Y. M. Wan, Do morphogen gradients arise by diffusion? Developmental Cell2 (2002) 785–796]. In that paper, model C, which considers endocytosis, exocytosis and receptor synthesis and degradation, is in a one-dimensional spatial region and couples a partial differential equation with ordinary differential equations. Here, this model is promoted to an arbitrary dimension bounded region. We prove existence, uniqueness and non-negativity of a global solution for this advanced model, of its steady-state solution and linear stability of steady state by operator semigroup, the Schauder theorem and local perturbation method. Our results improve previous results for this model in a one dimension region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yin
- School of Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Xiao
- School of Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wen
- School of Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Tianshou Zhou
- School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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134
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Wan FYM. Cell-Surface Bound Nonreceptors and Signaling Morphogen Gradients. STUDIES IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2014; 133:151-181. [PMID: 25232201 PMCID: PMC4163153 DOI: 10.1111/sapm.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of many developing tissues is orchestrated by gradients of signaling morphogens. Included among the molecular events that drive the formation of morphogen gradients are a variety of elaborate regulatory interactions. Such interactions are thought to make gradients robust, i.e. insensitive to change in the face of genetic or environmental perturbations. But just how this is accomplished is a major unanswered question. Recently extensive numerical simulations suggest that robustness of signaling gradients can be achieved through morphogen degradation mediated by cell surface bound non-signaling receptor molecules (or nonreceptors for short) such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). The present paper provides a mathematical validation of the results from the aforementioned numerical experiments. Extension of a basic extracellular model to include reversible binding with nonreceptors synthesized at a prescribed rate and mediated morphogen degradation shows that the signaling gradient diminishes with increasing concentration of cell-surface nonreceptors. Perturbation and asymptotic solutions obtained for i) low (receptor and nonreceptor) occupancy, and ii) high nonreceptor concntration permit more explicit delineation of the effects of nonreceptors on signaling gradients and facilitate the identification of scenarios in which the presence of nonreceptors may or may not be effective in promoting robustness.
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135
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Gebhardt R, Matz-Soja M. Liver zonation: Novel aspects of its regulation and its impact on homeostasis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8491-8504. [PMID: 25024605 PMCID: PMC4093700 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver zonation, the spatial separation of the immense spectrum of different metabolic pathways along the liver sinusoids, is fundamental for proper functioning of this organ. Recent progress in elucidating localization and interactions of different metabolic pathways by using “omics” techniques and novel approaches to couple them with refined spatial resolution and in characterizing novel master regulators of zonation by using transgenic mice has created the basis for a deeper understanding of core mechanisms of zonation and their impact on liver physiology, pathology and metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the fascinating technical achievements for investigating liver zonation and the elucidation of an emerging network of master regulators of zonation that keep the plethora of interrelated and sometimes opposing functions of the liver in balance with nutritional supply and specific requirements of the entire body. In addition, a brief overview is given on newly described zonated functions and novel details on how diverse the segmentation of metabolic zonation may be. From these facts and developments a few fundamental principles are inferred which seem to rule zonation of liver parenchyma. In addition, we identify important questions that still need to be answered as well as interesting fields of research such as the connection of zonation with circadian rhythm and gender dimorphism which need to be pushed further, in order to improve our understanding of metabolic zonation. Finally, an outlook is given on how disturbance of liver zonation and its regulation may impact on liver pathology and the development of metabolic diseases.
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136
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Kushner T, Simonyan A, Wan FYM. A New Approach to Feedback for Robust Signaling Gradients. STUDIES IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2014; 133:18-51. [PMID: 25214676 PMCID: PMC4157771 DOI: 10.1111/sapm.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of many developing tissues is orchestrated by gradients of morphogens through a variety of elaborate regulatory interactions. Such interactions are thought to make gradients robust, that is, resistant to changes induced by genetic or environmental perturbations; but just how this might be done is a major unanswered question. Recently extensive numerical simulations suggest that robustness of signaling gradients cannot be attained by negative feedback (of the Hill's function type) on signaling receptors but can be achieved through binding with nonsignaling receptors (or nonreceptors for short) such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans with the resulting complexes degrading after endocytosis. These were followed by a number of analytical and numerical studies in support of the aforementioned observations. However, evidence of feedback regulating signaling gradients has been reported in literature. The present paper undertakes a different approach to the role of feedback in robust signaling gradients. The overall goal of the project is to investigate the effectiveness of feedback mechanisms on ligand synthesis, receptor synthesis, nonreceptor synthesis, and other regulatory processes in the morphogen gradient system. As a first step, we embark herein a proof-of-concept examination of a new spatially uniform feedback process that is distinctly different from the conventional spatially nonuniform Hill function approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kushner
- ST. OLAF COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT IRVINE
| | - A Simonyan
- ST. OLAF COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT IRVINE
| | - F Y M Wan
- ST. OLAF COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT IRVINE
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137
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Yamamoto M, Rafii S, Rabbany SY. Scaffold biomaterials for nano-pathophysiology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:104-14. [PMID: 24075835 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review is intended to provide an overview of tissue engineering strategies using scaffold biomaterials to develop a vascularized tissue engineered construct for nano-pathophysiology. Two primary topics are discussed. The first is the biological or synthetic microenvironments that regulate cell behaviors in pathological conditions and tissue regeneration. Second is the use of scaffold biomaterials with angiogenic factors and/or cells to realize vascularized tissue engineered constructs for nano-pathophysiology. These topics are significantly overlapped in terms of three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of cells and blood vessels. Therefore, this review focuses on neovascularization of 3-D scaffold biomaterials induced by angiogenic factors and/or cells. The novel strategy of this approach in nano-pathophysiology is to utilize the vascularized tissue engineered construct as a tissue model to predict the distribution and subsequent therapeutic efficacy of a drug delivery system with different physicochemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamamoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Bioengineering Program, Hofstra University, 110 Weed Hall, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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138
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Li J, Duarte T, Kocabas A, Works M, McConnell SK, Hynes MA. Evidence for topographic guidance of dopaminergic axons by differential Netrin-1 expression in the striatum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 61:85-96. [PMID: 24867253 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two main subgroups of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons: the more medially located ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons, which have axons that innervate the ventral-lateral (VL) striatum, and the more laterally located substantia nigra (SN) DA neurons, which preferentially degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD) and have axons that project to the dorsal-medial (DM) striatum. DA axonal projections in the striatum are not discretely localized and they arborize widely, however they do not stray from one zone to the other so that VTA axons remain in the VL zone and SN axons in the DM zone. Here we provide evidence that Netrin-1 acts in a novel fashion to topographically pattern midbrain DA axons into these two striatal zones by means of a gradient of Netrin-1 in the striatum and by differential attraction of the axons to Netrin-1. Midbrain DA neurons are attracted to the striatum in culture and this attraction is blocked by an anti-DCC (Netrin receptor) antibody. Mechanistically, outgrowth of both VTA and SN DA axons is stimulated by Netrin-1, but the two populations of DA axons respond optimally to overlapping but distinct concentrations of Netrin-1, with SN axons preferring lower concentrations and VTA axons preferring higher concentrations. In vivo this differential preference is closely mirrored by differences in Netrin-1 expression in their respective striatal target fields. In vivo in mice lacking Netrin-1, DA axons that reach the striatum fail to segregate into two terminal zones and to fully innervate the striatum. Our results reveal novel actions for Netrin-1 and provide evidence for a mechanism through which DA axons can selectively innervate one of two terminal zones in the striatum but have free reign to arborize widely within a terminal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Arif Kocabas
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Melissa Works
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Susan K McConnell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mary A Hynes
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
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139
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Zhang Y, Ding Y, Chen YG, Tao Q. NEDD4L regulates convergent extension movements in Xenopus embryos via Disheveled-mediated non-canonical Wnt signaling. Dev Biol 2014; 392:15-25. [PMID: 24833518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the early vertebrate body plan formation, convergent extension (CE) of dorsal mesoderm and neurectoderm is coordinated by the evolutionarily conserved non-canonical Wnt/PCP signaling. Disheveled (Dvl), a key mediator of Wnt/PCP signaling, is essential for the medial-lateral polarity formation in the cells undergoing convergent extension movements. NEDD4L, a highly conserved HECT type E3 ligase, has been reported to regulate the stability of multiple substrates including Dvl2. Here we demonstrate that NEDD4L is required for the cellular polarity formation and convergent extension in the early Xenopus embryos. Depletion of NEDD4L in early Xenopus embryos results in the loss of mediolateral polarity of the convergent-extending mesoderm cells and the shortened body axis, resembling those defects caused by the disruption of non-canonical Wnt signaling. Depletion of xNEDD4L also blocks the elongation of the animal explants in response to endogenous mesoderm inducing signals and partially compromises the expression of Brachyury. Importantly, reducing Dvl2 expression can largely rescue the cellular polarity and convergent extension defects in NEDD4L-depleted embryos and explants. Together with the data that NEDD4L reduces Dvl2 protein expression in the frog embryos, our findings suggest that regulation of Dvl protein levels by NEDD4L is essential for convergent extension during early Xenopus embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qinghua Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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140
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Coulombe KLK, Bajpai VK, Andreadis ST, Murry CE. Heart regeneration with engineered myocardial tissue. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2014; 16:1-28. [PMID: 24819474 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071812-152344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and regenerative therapies that replace damaged myocardium could benefit millions of patients annually. The many cell types in the heart, including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and cardiac fibroblasts, communicate via intercellular signaling and modulate each other's function. Although much progress has been made in generating cells of the cardiovascular lineage from human pluripotent stem cells, a major challenge now is creating the tissue architecture to integrate a microvascular circulation and afferent arterioles into such an engineered tissue. Recent advances in cardiac and vascular tissue engineering will move us closer to the goal of generating functionally mature tissue. Using the biology of the myocardium as the foundation for designing engineered tissue and addressing the challenges to implantation and integration, we can bridge the gap from bench to bedside for a clinically tractable engineered cardiac tissue.
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141
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Benedetto A, Accetta G, Fujita Y, Charras G. Spatiotemporal control of gene expression using microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1336-1347. [PMID: 24531367 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate spatiotemporal regulation of genetic expression and cell microenvironment are both essential to epithelial morphogenesis during development, wound healing and cancer. In vivo, this is achieved through the interplay between intrinsic cellular properties and extrinsic signals. Amongst these, morphogen gradients induce specific concentration- and time-dependent gene expression changes that influence a target cell's fate. As systems biology attempts to understand the complex mechanisms underlying morphogenesis, the lack of experimental setup to recapitulate morphogen-induced patterning in vitro has become limiting. For this reason, we developed a versatile microfluidic-based platform to control the spatiotemporal delivery of chemical gradients to tissues grown in Petri dishes. Using this setup combined with a synthetic inducible gene expression system, we were able to restrict a target gene's expression within a confluent epithelium to bands of cells as narrow as four cell diameters with a one cell diameter accuracy. Applied to the targeted delivery of growth factor gradients to a confluent epithelium, this method further enabled the localized induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and associated morphogenetic changes. Our approach paves the way for replicating in vitro the morphogen gradients observed in vivo to determine the relative contributions of known intrinsic and extrinsic factors in differential tissue patterning, during development and cancer. It could also be readily used to spatiotemporally control cell differentiation in ES/iPS cell cultures for re-engineering of complex tissues. Finally, the reversibility of the microfluidic chip assembly allows for pre- and post-treatment sample manipulations and extends the range of patternable samples to animal explants.
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142
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Cosson S, Lutolf MP. Hydrogel microfluidics for the patterning of pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4462. [PMID: 24662945 PMCID: PMC3964519 DOI: 10.1038/srep04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular signaling is of utmost importance in governing many biological processes such as the patterning of the developing embryo where biomolecules regulate key cell-fate decisions. In vivo, these factors are presented in a spatiotemporally tightly controlled fashion. Although state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies allow precise biomolecule delivery in time and space, long-term (stem) cell culture at the micro-scale is often far from ideal due to medium evaporation, limited space for cell growth or shear stress. To overcome these challenges, we here introduce a concept based on hydrogel microfluidics for decoupling conventional, macro-scale cell culture from precise biomolecule delivery through a gel layer. We demonstrate the spatiotemporally controlled neuronal commitment of mouse embryonic stem cells via delivery of retinoic acid gradients. This technique should be useful for testing the effect of dose and timing of biomolecules, singly or in combination, on stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cosson
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering and Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M P Lutolf
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering and Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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143
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Khalil OS, Pisar M, Forrest CM, Vincenten MCJ, Darlington LG, Stone TW. Prenatal inhibition of the kynurenine pathway leads to structural changes in the hippocampus of adult rat offspring. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1558-71. [PMID: 24646396 PMCID: PMC4368408 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptors for N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) are involved in early brain development. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism includes the NMDA receptor agonist quinolinic acid and the antagonist kynurenic acid. We now report that prenatal inhibition of the pathway in rats with 3,4-dimethoxy-N-[4-(3-nitrophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulphonamide (Ro61-8048) produces marked changes in hippocampal neuron morphology, spine density and the immunocytochemical localisation of developmental proteins in the offspring at postnatal day 60. Golgi–Cox silver staining revealed decreased overall numbers and lengths of CA1 basal dendrites and secondary basal dendrites, together with fewer basal dendritic spines and less overall dendritic complexity in the basal arbour. Fewer dendrites and less complexity were also noted in the dentate gyrus granule cells. More neurons containing the nuclear marker NeuN and the developmental protein sonic hedgehog were detected in the CA1 region and dentate gyrus. Staining for doublecortin revealed fewer newly generated granule cells bearing extended dendritic processes. The number of neuron terminals staining for vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT)-1 and VGLUT-2 was increased by Ro61-8048, with no change in expression of vesicular GABA transporter or its co-localisation with vesicle-associated membrane protein-1. These data support the view that constitutive kynurenine metabolism normally plays a role in early embryonic brain development, and that interfering with it has profound consequences for neuronal structure and morphology, lasting into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omari S Khalil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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144
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Wang Z, Lee I, Jeon TJ, Kim SM. Micro-/nanofluidic device for tunable generation of a concentration gradient: application to Caenorhabditis elegans chemotaxis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2679-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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145
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Rapid Generation of Cell Gradients by Utilizing Solely Nanotopographic Interactions on a Bio-Inert Glass Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2915-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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146
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Yang G, Cao Y, Fan J, Liu H, Zhang F, Zhang P, Huang C, Jiang L, Wang S. Rapid Generation of Cell Gradients by Utilizing Solely Nanotopographic Interactions on a Bio-Inert Glass Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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147
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Berezhkovskii AM, Shvartsman SY. Kinetics of receptor occupancy during morphogen gradient formation. J Chem Phys 2014; 138:244105. [PMID: 23822225 DOI: 10.1063/1.4811654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, sheets of cells are patterned by concentration profiles of morphogens, molecules that act as dose-dependent regulators of gene expression and cell differentiation. Concentration profiles of morphogens can be formed by a source-sink mechanism, whereby an extracellular protein is secreted from a localized source, diffuses through the tissue and binds to cell surface receptors. A morphogen molecule bound to its receptor can either dissociate or be internalized by the cell. The effects of morphogens on cells depend on the occupancy of surface receptors, which in turn depends on morphogen concentration. In the simplest case, the local concentrations of the morphogen and morphogen-receptor complexes monotonically increase with time from zero to their steady-state values. Here, we derive analytical expressions for the time scales which characterize the formation of the steady-state concentrations of both the diffusible morphogen molecules and morphogen-receptor complexes at a given point in the patterned tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Berezhkovskii
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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148
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149
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Sustained Growth Factor Delivery in Tissue Engineering Applications. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 42:1528-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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150
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He Y, Xu X, Zhao S, Ma S, Sun L, Liu Z, Luo C. Maternal control of axial-paraxial mesoderm patterning via direct transcriptional repression in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2013; 386:96-110. [PMID: 24296303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Axial-paraxial mesoderm patterning is a special dorsal-ventral patterning event of establishing the vertebrate body plan. Though dorsal-ventral patterning has been extensively studied, the initiation of axial-paraxial mesoderm pattering remains largely unrevealed. In zebrafish, spt cell-autonomously regulates paraxial mesoderm specification and flh represses spt expression to promote axial mesoderm fate, but the expression domains of spt and flh initially overlap in the entire marginal zone of the embryo. Defining spt and flh territories is therefore a premise of axial-paraxial mesoderm patterning. In this study, we investigated why and how the initial expression of flh becomes repressed in the ventrolateral marginal cells during blastula stage. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments showed that a maternal transcription factor Vsx1 is essential for restricting flh expression within the dorsal margin and preserving spt expression and paraxial mesoderm specification in the ventrolateral margin of embryo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays in combination with core consensus sequence mutation analysis further revealed that Vsx1 can directly repress flh by binding to the proximal promoter at a specific site. Inhibiting maternal vsx1 translation resulted in confusion of axial and paraxial mesoderm markers expression and axial-paraxial mesoderm patterning. These results demonstrated that direct transcriptional repression of the decisive axial mesoderm gene by maternal ventralizing factor is a crucial regulatory mechanism of initiating axial-paraxial mesoderm patterning in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Luo
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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