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Hogan NC, Cloutier AM, Hunter IW. Jet injection of a monoclonal antibody: A preliminary study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:7336-40. [PMID: 26737986 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7320086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a major group of biotherapeutics. The high concentration and volume of drug administered together with a shift to administration via the subcutaneous route have generated interest in alternative delivery technologies. The feasibility of using a novel, highly controllable jet injection technology to deliver a mAb is presented. The effect of delivery parameters on protein structure were evaluated and compared with delivery using a conventional needle and syringe. Injection of mAb into a rat model showed that jet injection using the device resulted in more rapid absorption and longer duration of exposure.
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102
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Kothur K, Wienholt L, Brilot F, Dale RC. CSF cytokines/chemokines as biomarkers in neuroinflammatory CNS disorders: A systematic review. Cytokine 2016; 77:227-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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103
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Zhu Y, Zou L, Liu YC. T follicular helper cells, T follicular regulatory cells and autoimmunity. Int Immunol 2015; 28:173-9. [PMID: 26714592 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are recognized as a distinct T-cell subset, which provides help for germinal center (GC) formation, B-cell development and affinity maturation, and immunoglobulin class switching, as an indispensable part of adaptive immunity. Tfh cell differentiation depends on various factors including cell-surface molecule interactions, extracellular cytokines and multiple transcription factors, with B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) being the master regulator. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are also located in the GC and share phenotypic characteristics with Tfh cells and regulatory T cells, but function as negative regulators of GC responses. Dysregulation of either Tfh or Tfr cells is linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. This review covers the basic Tfh and Tfr biology including their differentiation and function, and their close relationship with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Le Zou
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Dr., La Jolla, CA 92130, USA
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104
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Yi JS, Russo MA, Weinhold KJ, Guptill JT. Adaptive immune response to therapy in hmgcr autoantibody myopathy. Muscle Nerve 2015; 53:313-7. [PMID: 26492512 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated the response to immunosuppression in a case of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR)-autoantibody myopathy. METHODS T- and B-cell subsets were determined by flow cytometry pre- and posttherapy. RESULTS Baseline immune profiling demonstrated strikingly elevated T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells and plasmablasts. Immunosuppression resulted in clinical improvement and decreased Tfh cells, plasmablasts, and autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS Immune profiling in HMGCR-autoantibody myopathy suggests a B-cell-mediated disease. Tfh cells and plasmablasts may be therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Yi
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa A Russo
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3403, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Kent J Weinhold
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Guptill
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC Box 3403, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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Higher numbers of memory B-cells and Th2-cytokine skewing in high responders to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 34:2281-9. [PMID: 26721327 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, differences in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific memory B-cell responses between low and high responders to hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), based on levels of antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs), were determined. In addition, HBsAg specific T-cell responses between high (anti-HBs level >20,000 IU/L) and low (anti-HBs level <1500 IU/L) responders were compared. Numbers of HBsAg-specific B-cells, plasma immunoglobulin G (Ig) levels, and T-cell cytokine concentrations were measured in low and high responders directly before and one month after the second booster vaccination. In advance, an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Spot (ELISpot) Assay was optimized for the determination of HBsAg-specific B-cell responses. The number of HBsAg-specific B-cells was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the high responder group compared to the low responder group after a booster vaccination with HepB. In addition, the plasma IgG levels and numbers of HBsAg-specific B-cells were significantly correlated (RS=0.66, p<0.01). The HBsAg-specific Th1 cell response showed the same values in the low and high responder group and did not change by the booster vaccination with HepB. However, a significant correlation (RS=0.6975, p=0.007) between the IL-13 levels and the plasma IgG levels post-booster was found. Subsequently, the IL-13 level in the high-responder group post-booster was significantly higher compared to the low-responder group. Since activation of the B-cell response after vaccination is induced by Th2 cells and IL-13 is produced by these cells, we conclude that the difference in HBsAg-specific Th2 cells is involved in determining the differences in anti-HBs level and memory B-cell numbers between low and high responders.
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106
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New insights into CD4(+) T cell abnormalities in systemic sclerosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 28:31-6. [PMID: 26724976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that is characterized by vasculopathy and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which causes fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and eventually leads to multiorgan dysfunction. Studies have shown that CD4(+) T cell activation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of scleroderma because activated T cells can release various cytokines, resulting in inflammation, microvascular damage and fibrosis. T helper cell 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cell activities are a hallmark SSc, as Th17-type cytokines can induce both inflammation and fibrosis. More recently, several studies have reported new T cell subsets, including Th9 and Th22 cells, along with their respective cytokines in the peripheral blood, serum and skin lesions of individuals with SSc. Herein, we review recent data on various CD4(+) T helper cell subsets in SSc, and discuss potential roles of these cells in promoting inflammation and fibrosis.
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107
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Carman CV, Martinelli R. T Lymphocyte-Endothelial Interactions: Emerging Understanding of Trafficking and Antigen-Specific Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:603. [PMID: 26635815 PMCID: PMC4657048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunity requires regulated trafficking of T cells in and out of diverse tissues in order to orchestrate lymphocyte development, immune surveillance, responses, and memory. The endothelium serves as a unique barrier, as well as a sentinel, between the blood and the tissues, and as such it plays an essential locally tuned role in regulating T cell migration and information exchange. While it is well established that chemoattractants and adhesion molecules are major determinants of T cell trafficking, emerging studies have now enumerated a large number of molecular players as well as a range of discrete cellular remodeling activities (e.g., transmigratory cups and invadosome-like protrusions) that participate in directed migration and pathfinding by T cells. In addition to providing trafficking cues, intimate cell-cell interaction between lymphocytes and endothelial cells provide instruction to T cells that influence their activation and differentiation states. Perhaps the most intriguing and underappreciated of these "sentinel" roles is the ability of the endothelium to act as a non-hematopoietic "semiprofessional" antigen-presenting cell. Close contacts between circulating T cells and antigen-presenting endothelium may play unique non-redundant roles in shaping adaptive immune responses within the periphery. A better understanding of the mechanisms directing T cell trafficking and the antigen-presenting role of the endothelium may not only increase our knowledge of the adaptive immune response but also empower the utility of emerging immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Liu J, Zhou Y, Yu Q, Zhao Z, Wang H, Luo X, Chen Y, Zhu Z, Chen G, Wu M, Qiu L. Higher Frequency of CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+PD1+ T Follicular Helper Cells in Patients With Infectious Mononucleosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2061. [PMID: 26559315 PMCID: PMC4912309 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are recognized as a distinct CD4helper T cell subset, and mainly dysregulated in the autoimmune disease, whether it plays a role in the infectious mononucleosis (IM) diseases is unknown. In this study, we found that the CD4CXCR5 Tfh cells were not significantly changed, but the CD4CXCR5ICOS and CD4CXCR5ICOSPD1 Tfh subsets were significantly increased in the IM patients, and all these cells were significantly changed after antiviral therapy. Second, only the numbers of CD4CXCR5ICOSPD1 Tfh cells correlated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load, negatively correlated with the numbers of naive B cells and amount of IL-21, and positively correlated with the numbers of plasma cells, memory B cells, and atypical lymphocytes. Third, the frequency of CD4CXCR5ICOSPD1 Tfh subset was significantly higher in lymphadenectasis or hepatosplenomegaly patients, and associated with the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). All together, our findings discovered this CD4CXCR5ICOSPD1 Tfh cell subset might play an important role in the pathogenesis of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Liu
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory (JL, YZ, QY, ZZ, HW, ZZ, MW, LQ); Department of Pediatrics (XL, GC); and Department of Rheumatology (YC), Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Frans G, Moens L, Schrijvers R, Wuyts G, Bouckaert B, Schaballie H, Dupont L, Bossuyt X, Corveleyn A, Meyts I. PID in Disguise: Molecular Diagnosis of IRAK-4 Deficiency in an Adult Previously Misdiagnosed With Autosomal Dominant Hyper IgE Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:739-44. [PMID: 26472314 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) deficiency is a rare cause of recurrent pyogenic infections with limited inflammatory responses. We describe an adult female patient with severe lung disease who was phenotypically diagnosed as suffering from autosomal dominant Hyper IgE syndrome (AD HIES) because of recurrent skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus, recurrent pneumonia and elevated serum IgE levels. In contrast to findings in AD HIES patients, no abnormalities were found in the Th17 and circulating follicular helper T cell subsets. A panel-based sequencing approach led to the identification of a homozygous IRAK4 stop mutation (c.877C > T, p.Gln293*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Frans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Wuyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bouckaert
- Department of Respiratory Disease, AZ Delta Roeselare, Wilgenstraat 2, 8800, Roeselare, Belgium
| | - Heidi Schaballie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Childhood Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Dupont
- Department of Respiratory Disease, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anniek Corveleyn
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Childhood Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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110
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Wang XQ, Ke X, Shen Y, Kang HY, Gu Z, Hu GH, Hong SL. Changes in circulating follicular helper T-cells in Chinese patients with allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2015; 136:199-204. [PMID: 26472169 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2015.1093169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Changes of circulating Follicular helper T (cTfh) cells existed in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients, and the severity of disease was associated with a more severe change of cTfh milieu. These results imply that cTfh cells may play a crucial role in the pathology of AR in Chinese patients. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in cTfh cells in Chinese AR patients. METHODS Fifty-two patients were studied (32 in the AR group and 20 in the control group) for this research. The cTfh cell frequency and mRNA levels of transcription factor Bcl-6, B lymphocyte induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP-1), and related cytokine IL-21 (IL-21 protein was also measured) were analyzed. Clinical severity was evaluated by total serum IgE levels, visual analog scale scores (VAS), and rhino-conjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaires (RQLQ). RESULTS The frequency of cTfh cells were elevated in AR groups vs healthy controls (p < 0.05). Levels of IL-21 mRNA, Bcl-6 mRNA and the level of IL-21 protein were also significantly higher in the AR groups (p < 0.05), whereas BLIMP-1 mRNA was decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, positive correlations were identified between the frequency of cTfh cells and indicators of clinical severity (p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Wang
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Xia Ke
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Yang Shen
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Hou-Yong Kang
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Zheng Gu
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Guo-hua Hu
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Su-Ling Hong
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
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111
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Chowdhury A, Del Rio Estrada PM, Del Rio PME, Tharp GK, Trible RP, Amara RR, Chahroudi A, Reyes-Teran G, Bosinger SE, Silvestri G. Decreased T Follicular Regulatory Cell/T Follicular Helper Cell (TFH) in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques May Contribute to Accumulation of TFH in Chronic Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:3237-47. [PMID: 26297764 PMCID: PMC4575868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (TFH) are critical for the development and maintenance of germinal center (GC) and humoral immune responses. During chronic HIV/SIV infection, TFH accumulate, possibly as a result of Ag persistence. The HIV/SIV-associated TFH expansion may also reflect lack of regulation by suppressive follicular regulatory CD4(+) T cells (TFR). TFR are natural regulatory T cells (TREG) that migrate into the follicle and, similar to TFH, upregulate CXCR5, Bcl-6, and PD1. In this study, we identified TFR as CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)CXCR5(+)PD1(hi)Bcl-6(+) within lymph nodes of rhesus macaques (RM) and confirmed their localization within the GC by immunohistochemistry. RNA sequencing showed that TFR exhibit a distinct transcriptional profile with shared features of both TFH and TREG, including intermediate expression of FOXP3, Bcl-6, PRDM1, IL-10, and IL-21. In healthy, SIV-uninfected RM, we observed a negative correlation between frequencies of TFR and both TFH and GC B cells, as well as levels of CD4(+) T cell proliferation. Post SIV infection, the TFR/TFH ratio was reduced with no change in the frequency of TREG or TFR within the total CD4(+) T cell pool. Finally, we examined whether higher levels of direct virus infection of TFR were responsible for their relative depletion post SIV infection. We found that TFH, TFR, and TREG sorted from SIV-infected RM harbor comparable levels of cell-associated viral DNA. Our data suggest that TFR may contribute to the regulation and proliferation of TFH and GC B cells in vivo and that a decreased TFR/TFH ratio in chronic SIV infection may lead to unchecked expansion of both TFH and GC B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chowdhury
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329
| | - Perla Mariana Del Rio Estrada
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329; Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosio Villegas," Tlapan, Sección XVI, 14080 City of Mexico Federal District, Mexico; and
| | - Perla Maria Estrada Del Rio
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329; Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosio Villegas," Tlapan, Sección XVI, 14080 City of Mexico Federal District, Mexico; and
| | - Greg K Tharp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329
| | - Ronald P Trible
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329
| | - Rama R Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosio Villegas," Tlapan, Sección XVI, 14080 City of Mexico Federal District, Mexico; and
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30329;
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112
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Obeng-Adjei N, Portugal S, Tran TM, Yazew TB, Skinner J, Li S, Jain A, Felgner PL, Doumbo OK, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Traore B, Crompton PD. Circulating Th1-Cell-type Tfh Cells that Exhibit Impaired B Cell Help Are Preferentially Activated during Acute Malaria in Children. Cell Rep 2015; 13:425-39. [PMID: 26440897 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria-specific antibody responses are short lived in children, leaving them susceptible to repeated bouts of febrile malaria. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this apparent immune deficiency are poorly understood. Recently, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have been shown to play a critical role in generating long-lived antibody responses. We show that Malian children have resting PD-1(+)CXCR5(+)CD4(+) Tfh cells in circulation that resemble germinal center Tfh cells phenotypically and functionally. Within this population, PD-1(+)CXCR5(+)CXCR3(-) Tfh cells are superior to Th1-polarized PD-1(+)CXCR5(+)CXCR3(+) Tfh cells in helping B cells. Longitudinally, we observed that malaria drives Th1 cytokine responses, and accordingly, the less-functional Th1-polarized Tfh subset was preferentially activated and its activation did not correlate with antibody responses. These data provide insights into the Tfh cell biology underlying suboptimal antibody responses to malaria in children and suggest that vaccine strategies that promote CXCR3(-) Tfh cell responses may improve malaria vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamekye Obeng-Adjei
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Tuan M Tran
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Takele B Yazew
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Shanping Li
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako BP E.1805, Mali
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako BP E.1805, Mali
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako BP E.1805, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako BP E.1805, Mali
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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113
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Zhang YN, Song J, Wang H, Wang H, Zeng M, Zhai GT, Ma J, Li ZY, Liao B, Wang BF, Zhen Z, Wang N, Cao PP, Lin P, Ning Q, Liu Z. Nasal IL-4(+)CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T follicular helper cell counts correlate with local IgE production in eosinophilic nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:462-73. [PMID: 26329514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locally produced IgE contributes to the initiation and development of eosinophilic inflammation in eosinophilic nasal polyps independent of systemic atopy. However, whether CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T follicular helper (TFH) cells are involved in local IgE production at mucosal sites remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the presence, phenotype, and function of CXCR5(+)CD4(+) TFH cells in eosinophilic nasal polyp tissues compared with noneosinophilic nasal polyp and control normal nasal tissues. METHODS TFH cell-surface phenotypes and subsets and B-cell subsets in nasal tissues and peripheral blood were studied by means of flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the tissue location of TFH cells. Sorted nasal TFH cells and CXCR5(-) T cells were cultured with autologous naive B cells purified from blood. RESULTS Nasal TFH cells expressed inducible costimulator, programmed cell death protein 1, and the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) at an intermediate level when compared with bona fide TFH cells in tonsils and circulating TFH cells. Although counts of total TFH cells and IL-21(+), IFN-γ(+), and IL-17(+) TFH cells were increased in both eosinophilic and noneosinophilic nasal polyp tissues compared with those in normal nasal tissues, IL-4(+) TFH cell counts were only increased in eosinophilic polyp tissues. IL-4 and IL-21 were involved in polyp TFH cell-induced IgE production from naive B cells, and nasal IL-4(+) TFH cell counts correlated highly with local IgE levels in vivo. IL-4(+)Bcl-6(+)CD4(+) TFH cells were identified in ectopic lymphoid structures in eosinophilic nasal polyps. TFH cells also positively correlated with germinal center B cells and plasma cells in nasal tissues. CONCLUSION Nasal IL-4(+) TFH cells might be involved in local IgE production in eosinophilic nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Na Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guan-Ting Zhai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Feng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping-Ping Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Ishigaki K, Shoda H, Kochi Y, Yasui T, Kadono Y, Tanaka S, Fujio K, Yamamoto K. Quantitative and qualitative characterization of expanded CD4+ T cell clones in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12937. [PMID: 26245356 PMCID: PMC4542667 DOI: 10.1038/srep12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune destructive arthritis associated with CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity. Although expanded CD4+ T cell clones (ECs) has already been confirmed, the detailed characteristics of ECs have not been elucidated in RA. Using combination of a single-cell analysis and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in TCR repertoire analysis, we here revealed the detailed nature of ECs by examining peripheral blood (PB) from 5 RA patients and synovium from 1 RA patient. When we intensively investigated the single-cell transcriptome of the most expanded clones in memory CD4+ T cells (memory-mECs) in RA-PB, senescence-related transcripts were up-regulated, indicating circulating ECs were constantly stimulated. Tracking of the transcriptome shift within the same memory-mECs between PB and the synovium revealed the augmentations in senescence-related gene expression and the up-regulation of synovium-homing chemokine receptors in the synovium. Our in-depth characterization of ECs in RA successfully demonstrated the presence of the specific immunological selection pressure, which determines the phenotype of ECs. Moreover, transcriptome tracking added novel aspects to the underlying sequential immune processes. Our approach may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Ishigaki
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Kochi
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yasui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuho Kadono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Godefroy E, Zhong H, Pham P, Friedman D, Yazdanbakhsh K. TIGIT-positive circulating follicular helper T cells display robust B-cell help functions: potential role in sickle cell alloimmunization. Haematologica 2015; 100:1415-25. [PMID: 26250578 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.132738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells are the main CD4(+) T cells specialized in supporting B-cell responses, but their role in driving transfusion-associated alloimmunization is not fully characterized. Reports of T follicular helper subsets displaying various markers and functional activities underscore the need for better characterization/identification of markers with defined functions. Here we show that a previously unidentified subset of human circulating T follicular helper cells expressing TIGIT, the T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory domains, exhibit strong B-cell help functions. Compared to the subset lacking the receptor, T follicular helper cells expressing this receptor up-regulated co-stimulatory molecules and produced higher levels of interleukins (IL-21 and IL-4) critical for promoting B-cell activation/differentiation. Furthermore, this subset was more efficient at inducing the differentiation of B cells into plasmablasts and promoting immunoglobulin G production. Blocking antibodies abrogated the B-cell help properties of receptor-expressing T follicular helper cells, consistent with the key role of this molecule in T follicular helper-associated responses. Importantly, in chronically transfused patients with sickle cell anemia, we identified functional differences of this subset between alloimmunized and non-alloimmunized patients. Altogether, these studies suggest that expression of the T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyro-sine-based inhibitory domains not only represents a novel circulating T follicular helper biomarker, but is also functional and promotes strong B-cell help and ensuing immunoglobulin G production. These findings open the way to defining new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in modulating humoral responses in alloimmunization, and possibly vaccination, autoimmunity and immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Zhong
- Laboratory of Complement Biology, New York Blood Center, NY, USA
| | - Petra Pham
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, New York Blood Center, NY, USA
| | - David Friedman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cells in Human Neuroautoimmune Diseases and Their Animal Models. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:638968. [PMID: 26300592 PMCID: PMC4537760 DOI: 10.1155/2015/638968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cells play a fundamental role in humoral immunity deriving from their ability to provide help for germinal center (GC) formation, B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory cells, and antibody production in secondary lymphoid tissues. TFH cells can be identified by a combination of markers, including the chemokine receptor CXCR5, costimulatory molecules ICOS and PD-1, transcription repressor Bcl-6, and cytokine IL-21. It is difficult and impossible to get access to secondary lymphoid tissues in humans, so studies are usually performed with human peripheral blood samples as circulating counterparts of tissue TFH cells. A balance of TFH cell generation and function is critical for protective antibody response, whereas overactivation of TFH cells or overexpression of TFH-associated molecules may result in autoimmune diseases. Emerging data have shown that TFH cells and TFH-associated molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of neuroautoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO)/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and myasthenia gravis (MG). This review summarizes the features of TFH cells, including their development, function, and roles as well as TFH-associated molecules in neuroautoimmune diseases and their animal models.
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117
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Lv TT, Yin ZJ, Wang XB. Elevated circulating Th17 and follicular helper CD4(+) T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. APMIS 2015; 123:659-66. [PMID: 25912557 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It remains not fully elucidated the potential functions of Th17 cells and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and secreting cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their association with disease activity. In this study, the frequencies of Th17 and Tfh cells were determined by flow cytometry, and the levels of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, and IL-22 were measured by ELISA in RA patients with different disease activities. The dynamic changes of cell subsets were also detected in response to disease-modify antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) therapy. The percentages of CD3(+) CD4(+) IL-17A(+) (Th17) cells and CD3(+) CD4(+) CXCR5(+) ICOS(high) (Tfh) cells, as well as the concentrations of IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22 were significantly elevated in RA patients than those in healthy individuals. Furthermore, Tfh cells, IL-21, and IL-22 in the serum was positively correlated with the values of disease activity score. Concentrations of IL-21 and IL-22 in the serum were remarkably reduced following the DMARDs therapies. Our data suggested that Th17 cells, Tfh cells as well as the secreting cytokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of RA. The frequency of circulating Tfh cells and the productions of IL-21 and IL-22 were associated with the disease activity of RA patients, and might be potential therapeutic targets for treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Lv
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhen-Jie Yin
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin-Bo Wang
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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118
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Fan X, Jin T, Zhao S, Liu C, Han J, Jiang X, Jiang Y. Circulating CCR7+ICOS+ Memory T Follicular Helper Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134523. [PMID: 26231034 PMCID: PMC4521720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study is aimed at examining the potential roles of circulating memory T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods The numbers of different subsets of circulating memory Tfh cells in 25 patients with relapsed MS before and after treatment as well as 14 healthy controls (HC) were examined by flow cytometry. The levels of plasma IL-21 in all patients and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-21 in some MS patients and controls with non-inflammatory neuronal diseases (NND) were measured by ELISA. Results In comparison with that in the HC, the numbers of circulating CD3+CD4+CXCR5+CD45RA-, ICOS+, CCR7+ and CCR7+ICOS+ memory Tfh cells and the levels of plasma IL-21 significantly increased in MS patients, but significantly decreased in the patients with complete remission (CR). The levels of CSF IL-21 were significantly higher in the MS patients than that in the NND patients. The numbers of CCR7+ICOS+ memory Tfh cells were positively correlated with the EDSS scores, the levels of plasma and CSF IL-21, IgG, MBP-Ab or MOG-Ab. Conclusions Our findings indicated that circulating memory Tfh cells, especially CCR7+ICOS+ memory Tfh cells, may be associated with the relapse of MS and may serve as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Fan
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songchen Zhao
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinmei Jiang
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (XJ)
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (XJ)
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Abstract
Foxp3(+) Tregs are central regulators of immune tolerance. As dysregulated Treg responses contribute to disease pathogenesis, novel approaches to target the immunomodulatory functions of Tregs are currently under investigation. mTORC1 and mTORC2 are therapeutic targets of interest. Recent studies revealed that mTOR signaling impacts conventional T-cell homeostasis, activation and differentiation. Moreover, mTOR controls the differentiation and functions of Tregs, suggesting that its activity could be targeted to modulate Treg responses. Here, we summarize how Tregs suppress immune responses, their roles in disease development and methods used to alter their functions therapeutically. We also discuss the diverse effects exerted by mTOR inhibition on the development, homeostasis, and functions of conventional T cells and Tregs. We conclude with a discussion of how modulation of mTOR activity in Tregs may be therapeutically beneficial or detrimental in different disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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120
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Ballesteros-Tato A. Beyond regulatory T cells: the potential role for IL-2 to deplete T-follicular helper cells and treat autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1207-20. [PMID: 25496335 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose IL-2 administration suppresses unwanted immune responses in mice and humans, thus evidencing the potential of IL-2 to treat autoimmune disorders. Increased Tregs activity is one of the potential mechanisms by which low-dose IL-2 immunotherapy induces immunosuppression. In addition, recent data indicate that IL-2 may contribute to prevent unwanted self-reactive responses by preventing the developing of T-follicular helper cells, a CD4(+) T-cell subset that expands in autoimmune disease patients and promotes long-term effector B-cell responses. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of low-dose IL-2 administration, focusing on the role of this cytokine in promoting Treg-mediated suppression and preventing self-reactive T-follicular helper cell responses.
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121
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Janssens K, Slaets H, Hellings N. Immunomodulatory properties of the IL-6 cytokine family in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:52-60. [PMID: 26100315 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family plays a crucial role in regulating the immune response in MS. All members of the IL-6 family share the common signal-transducing receptor protein, glycoprotein 130. Although the intracellular signaling of these cytokines seems to be largely overlapping, they have diverse and contrasting effects on the immune response. This review focuses on the effects of the family members IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and IL-11 on immune cell subsets and how these effects relate to the pathogenesis of MS. Finally, we propose possible avenues to modulate these family members for future MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Janssens
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Helena Slaets
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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122
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Aiba Y, Yamazaki K, Nishida N, Kawashima M, Hitomi Y, Nakamura H, Komori A, Fuyuno Y, Takahashi A, Kawaguchi T, Takazoe M, Suzuki Y, Motoya S, Matsui T, Esaki M, Matsumoto T, Kubo M, Tokunaga K, Nakamura M. Disease susceptibility genes shared by primary biliary cirrhosis and Crohn's disease in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:525-31. [PMID: 26084578 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified TNFSF15 as the most significant susceptibility gene at non-HLA loci for both primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and Crohn's diseases (CD) in the Japanese population. The aim of this study is to identify further disease susceptibility genes shared by PBC and CD. We selected 15 and 33 genetic variants that were significantly associated with PBC and CD, respectively, based on previously reported genome-wide association studies of the Japanese population. Next, an association study was independently performed for these genetic variants in CD (1312 CD patients and 3331 healthy controls) and PBC (1279 PBC patients and 1015 healthy controls) cohorts. Two CD susceptibility genes, ICOSLG rs2838519 and IL12B rs6556412, were also nominally associated with susceptibility to PBC (P=3.85 × 10(-2) and P=8.40 × 10(-3), respectively). Three PBC susceptibility genes, CXCR5 rs6421571, STAT4 rs7574865 and NFKB1 rs230534, were nominally associated with susceptibility to CD (P=2.82 × 10(-2), P=3.88 × 10(-2) and P=2.04 × 10(-2), respectively). The effect of ICOSLG and CXCR5 variants were concordant but the effect of STAT4, NFKB1 and IL12B variants were discordant for PBC and CD. TNFSF15 and ICOSLG-CXCR5 might constitute a shared pathogenic pathway in the development of PBC and CD in the Japanese population, whereas IL12B-STAT4-NFKB1 might constitute an opposite pathogenic pathway, reflecting the different balance between Th1 and Th17 in the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Aiba
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamazaki
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Science, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nao Nishida
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Minae Kawashima
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hitomi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan.,Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuta Fuyuno
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Science, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Takazoe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Motoya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo Kosei Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsui
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Science, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Esaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Science, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan.,Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Headquarters of PBC Research in the National Hospital Organization Study Group for Liver Disease in Japan (NHOSLJ) and gp210 working in Research Program of Intractable Hepatoboliary Disease Study Group supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
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123
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Guitart J. Rethinking primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma: shifting the focus to the cause of the infiltrate. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:600-3. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Guitart
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Feinberg Medical School; Northwestern University; Chicago IL USA
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Dhaeze T, Stinissen P, Liston A, Hellings N. Humoral autoimmunity: a failure of regulatory T cells? Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:735-41. [PMID: 25913138 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential in maintaining tolerance to self. Several lines of evidence indicate that Tregs are functionally impaired in a variety of autoimmune diseases, leading to inefficient regulation of autoimmune T cells. Recent findings also suggest that Tregs are essential in controlling autoreactive B cells. The recently identified follicular regulatory T cell subset (TFR) is thought to regulate the production of autoantibodies in the germinal center (GC) response. Here we provide an update on the role of Tregs in controlling the GC response, and whether defective control over B cell tolerance contributes to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Dhaeze
- Hasselt University, Biomedisch Onderzoeksinstituut and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Hasselt University, Biomedisch Onderzoeksinstituut and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Hasselt University, Biomedisch Onderzoeksinstituut and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Karimi S, Chattopadhyay S, Chakraborty NG. Manipulation of regulatory T cells and antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte-based tumour immunotherapy. Immunology 2015; 144:186-96. [PMID: 25243729 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most potent killing machinery in our immune system is the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). Since the possibility for self-destruction by these cells is high, many regulatory activities exist to prevent autoimmune destruction by these cells. A tumour (cancer) grows from the cells of the body and is tolerated by the body's immune system. Yet, it has been possible to generate tumour-associated antigen (TAA) -specific CTL that are also self-antigen specific in vivo, to achieve a degree of therapeutic efficacy. Tumour-associated antigen-specific T-cell tolerance through pathways of self-tolerance generation represents a significant challenge to successful immunotherapy. CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) T cells, referred to as T regulatory (Treg) cells, are selected in the thymus as controllers of the anti-self repertoire. These cells are referred to as natural T regulatory (nTreg) cells. According to the new consensus (Nature Immunology 2013; 14:307-308) these cells are to be termed as (tTreg). There is another class of CD4(+) Treg cells also involved in regulatory function in the periphery, also phenotypically CD4(+) CD25(±) , classified as induced Treg (iTreg) cells. These cells are to be termed as peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells. In vitro-induced Treg cells with suppressor function should be termed as iTreg. These different Treg cells differ in their requirements for activation and in their mode of action. The current challenges are to determine the degree of specificity of these Treg cells in recognizing the same TAA as the CTL population and to circumvent their regulatory constraints so as to achieve robust CTL responses against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Karimi
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Mastelic Gavillet B, Eberhardt CS, Auderset F, Castellino F, Seubert A, Tregoning JS, Lambert PH, de Gregorio E, Del Giudice G, Siegrist CA. MF59 Mediates Its B Cell Adjuvanticity by Promoting T Follicular Helper Cells and Thus Germinal Center Responses in Adult and Early Life. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4836-45. [PMID: 25870238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The early life influenza disease burden calls for more effective vaccines to protect this vulnerable population. Influenza vaccines including the MF59 oil-in-water adjuvant induce higher, broader, and more persistent Ab responses in adults and particularly in young, through yet undefined mechanisms. In this study, we show that MF59 enhances adult murine IgG responses to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) by promoting a potent T follicular helper cells (TFH) response, which directly controls the magnitude of the germinal center (GC) B cell response. Remarkably, this enhancement of TFH and GC B cells is already fully functional in 3-wk-old infant mice, which were fully protected by HA/MF59 but not HA/PBS immunization against intranasal challenge with the homologous H1N1 (A/California/7/2009) strain. In 1-wk-old neonatal mice, MF59 recruits and activates APCs, efficiently induces CD4(+) effector T cells and primes for enhanced infant responses but induces few fully functional TFH cells, which are mostly follicular regulatory T cells, and poor GC and anti-HA responses. The B cell adjuvanticity of MF59 appears to be mediated by the potent induction of TFH cells which directly controls GC responses both in adult and early life, calling for studies assessing its capacity to enhance the efficacy of influenza immunization in young infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatris Mastelic Gavillet
- Department of Pathology-Immunology, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Christiane S Eberhardt
- Department of Pathology-Immunology, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- Department of Pathology-Immunology, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Anja Seubert
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, 53100 Siena, Italy; and
| | - John S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Department of Pathology-Immunology, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Department of Pathology-Immunology, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a critical role as providers of B-cell help and dysfunction in Tfh/B-cell interactions can lead to autoimmunity or immunodeficiency. These observations have generated a great deal of interest in understanding how these cells are affected during HIV infection and how their functional changes might affect antibody responses. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection affects both Tfh-cell frequency and function and suggest that Tfh-cell perturbations might contribute to the relative inefficiency of HIV-infected individuals to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). SUMMARY The present review will highlight these recent findings addressing the role of Tfh cells in HIV infection as well as the impact HIV infection has on Tfh and circulating memory Tfh (cTfh) cell frequency and function.
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Shiratori S, Kosugi-Kanaya M, Shigematsu A, Kobayashi H, Yamamoto S, Kobayashi N, Iwasaki H, Mori A, Kunieda Y, Yutaka T, Kurosawa M, Kakinoki Y, Endo T, Kondo T, Hashino S, Teshima T. Ultra-high level of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor at diagnosis predicts poor outcome for angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:2592-7. [PMID: 25563559 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.1001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and displays an aggressive clinical course with poor outcome. To identify prognostic factors for AITL, we retrospectively analyzed 36 patients with AITL. The median age was 74 years with 83% of the patients having advanced stage. Eighty-three percent received CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone)-like chemotherapies, resulting in an overall response rate of 63%. With a median follow-up of 9 years, the estimated overall survival at 5 years was 33.3%. Median serum level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) was 5615 U/mL at diagnosis, and over 10 000 U/mL of sIL-2R was identified as a significant poor prognostic factor, independent of the International Prognostic Index, Prognostic Index for peripheral T-cell lymphoma and Prognostic index for AITL (hazard ratio [HR], 4.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-13.11; log-rank, p < 0.01). Our study shows that an ultra-high level of serum sIL-2R at diagnosis is a significant poor prognostic biomarker for AITL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souichi Shiratori
- a Department of Hematology , Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan.,b Department of Internal Medicine , Hakodate Municipal Hospital , Hakodate , Japan
| | - Mizuha Kosugi-Kanaya
- a Department of Hematology , Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Akio Shigematsu
- a Department of Hematology , Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hajime Kobayashi
- c Fourth Department of Internal Medicine , Obihiro Kosei Hospital , Obihiro , Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- d Department of Hematology , Sapporo City General Hospital , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- e Department of Hematology , Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwasaki
- f Department of Internal Medicine , Sapporo Kosei General Hospital , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Akio Mori
- g Department of Internal Medicine , Aiiku Hospital , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kunieda
- h Department of Internal Medicine , Wakkanai City Hospital , Wakkanai , Japan
| | - Tsutsumi Yutaka
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Hakodate Municipal Hospital , Hakodate , Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Kurosawa
- i Department of Hematology , National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kakinoki
- j Department of Hematology , Asahikawa City Hospital , Asahikawa , Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Endo
- a Department of Hematology , Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- a Department of Hematology , Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
| | | | - Takanori Teshima
- a Department of Hematology , Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan
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Jia Y, Zeng Z, Li Y, Li Z, Jin L, Zhang Z, Wang L, Wang FS. Impaired function of CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells associated with hepatocellular carcinoma progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117458. [PMID: 25689070 PMCID: PMC4331507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a new subset of immune cells, have been demonstrated to be involved in the development and prognosis of tumors. However, their functional role in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is relatively unknown, and the detailed mechanisms in HCC development remain to be described. Methods A total of 85 HCC patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 25 HBV-relative liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, and 20 healthy controls (HC) were randomly enrolled. Flow cytometric analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and relative function (i.e., cytokine secretion, B cell maturation) assays were used to analyze the properties of CXCR5+CD4+ T cells. In addition, the relationship between the frequency of CXCR5+CD4+ T cells and overall survival rates or disease-free survival rates was also analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results The frequency of circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells was significantly decreased in HCC patients compared with HBV-relative liver cirrhosis (LC) patients and healthy controls, and the decrease in circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells correlated with disease progression. The proportion of infiltrated CXCR5+CD4+ T cells was significantly decreased in tumor regions compared with nontumor regions. Furthermore, compared with healthy controls, the function of circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells in HCC was impaired, with reduced IL-21 secretion and dysfunction in promoting B cell maturation. Importantly, follow-up data indicated that a decreased frequency of circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells was also associated with reduced disease-free survival time in HCC patients. Conclusions Impairment of CD4+ T follicular helper cells may influence the development of HBV-associated HCC. Decreased CD4+ T follicular helper cells may represent a potential prognostic marker and serve as a novel therapeutic target for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Jia
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, 302 Military Hospital of China-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jin
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (FW); (LF)
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, 302 Military Hospital of China-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (FW); (LF)
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Phetsouphanh C, Xu Y, Zaunders J. CD4 T Cells Mediate Both Positive and Negative Regulation of the Immune Response to HIV Infection: Complex Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 5:681. [PMID: 25610441 PMCID: PMC4285174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in chronic activation of cells in lymphoid tissue, including T cells, B-cells, and myeloid lineage cells. The resulting characteristic hyperplasia is an amalgam of proliferating host immune cells in the adaptive response, increased concentrations of innate response mediators due to viral and bacterial products, and homeostatic responses to inflammation. While it is generally thought that CD4 T cells are greatly depleted, in fact, two types of CD4 T cells appear to be increased, namely, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). These cells have opposing roles, but may both be important in the pathogenic process. Whether Tregs are failing in their role to limit lymphocyte activation is unclear, but there is no doubt now that Tfh are associated with B-cell hyperplasia and increased germinal center activity. Antiretroviral therapy may reduce the lymphocyte activation, but not completely, and therefore, there is a need for interventions that selectively enhance normal CD4 function without exacerbating Tfh, B-cell, or Treg dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, Kirby Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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131
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Abstract
Blood-circulating CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells and T follicular helper (TFH) cells, which participate in germinal center (GC) reactions within secondary lymphoid organs, are specialized in providing help to B cells. This chapter describes ways to isolate TFH-like cells out of peripheral blood or tonsils and to quantify their B cell helper function. This comprises different co-culture approaches of TFH-like cells and B cells and the evaluation of their capacity to induce immunoglobulin secretion and plasma cell differentiation. In addition, B cell helper function of CD4 T cells can be estimated indirectly by quantifying the expression of B cell helper cytokines and co-stimulatory and TFH-associated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Chevalier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Freiburg Medical School, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg, 79106, Germany,
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CTLA-4 controls follicular helper T-cell differentiation by regulating the strength of CD28 engagement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:524-9. [PMID: 25548162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414576112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential regulator of T-cell responses, and its absence precipitates lethal T-cell hyperactivity. However, whether CTLA-4 acts simply to veto the activation of certain clones or plays a more nuanced role in shaping the quality of T-cell responses is not clear. Here we report that T cells in CTLA-4-deficient mice show spontaneous T-follicular helper (T(FH)) differentiation in vivo, and this is accompanied by the appearance of large germinal centers (GCs). Remarkably, short-term blockade with anti-CTLA-4 antibody in wild-type mice is sufficient to elicit T(FH) generation and GC development. The latter occurs in a CD28-dependent manner, consistent with the known role of CTLA-4 in regulating the CD28 pathway. CTLA-4 can act by down-regulating CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), thereby altering the level of CD28 engagement. To mimic reduced CD28 ligation, we used mice heterozygous for CD28, revealing that the magnitude of CD28 engagement is tightly linked to the propensity for T(FH) differentiation. In contrast, other parameters of T-cell activation, including CD62L down-regulation and Ki67 expression, were relatively insensitive to altered CD28 level. Altered T(FH) generation as a result of graded reduction in CD28 was associated with decreased numbers of GC B cells and a reduction in overall GC size. These data support a model in which CTLA-4 control of immunity goes beyond vetoing T-cell priming and encompasses the regulation of T(FH) differentiation by graded control of CD28 engagement.
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Zhang X, Liu S, Chang T, Xu J, Zhang C, Tian F, Sun Y, Song C, Yi W, Lin H, Li Z, Yang K. Intrathymic Tfh/B Cells Interaction Leads to Ectopic GCs Formation and Anti-AChR Antibody Production: Central Role in Triggering MG Occurrence. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:120-131. [PMID: 25407929 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is a typical acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-mediated autoimmune disease in which thymus frequently presents follicular hyperplasia or thymoma. It is now widely accepted that the thymus is probably the site of AChR autosensitization and autoantibody production. However, the exact mechanism that triggers intrathymic AChR antibody production is still unknown. T follicular helper cells, recently identified responsible for B cell maturation and antibody production in the secondary lymphoid organs, were involved in many autoimmune diseases. Newly studies found T follicular helper (Tfh) cells increased in the peripheral blood of myasthenia gravis (MG). Whether it appears in the thymus of MG and its role in the intrathymic B cells help and autoantibody production is unclear. Therefore, this study aims to determine in more detail whether Tfh/B cell interaction exist in MG thymus and to address its role in the ectopic germinal centers (GCs) formation and AChR antibody production. We observed the frequency of Tfh cells and its associated transcription factor Bcl-6, key cytokine IL-21 enhanced both in the thymocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of MG patients. In parallel, we also showed increased B cells and autoantibody titers in MG peripheral blood and thymus. Confocal microscope results demonstrated Tfh and B cells co-localized within the ectopic GCs in MG thymus, suggesting putative existence of Tfh/B cells interaction. In vitro studies further showed dynamic behavior of Tfh/B cells interaction and Tfh cells induced autoantibody secretion might through its effector cytokine IL-21. Altogether, our data demonstrated that intrathymic Tfh/B cells interaction played a key role in thymic ectopic GCs formation and anti-AChR antibody production, which might trigger MG occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of CPLA, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Chang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuanjie Sun
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Li YJ, Zhang F, Qi Y, Chang GQ, Fu Y, Su L, Shen Y, Sun N, Borazanci A, Yang C, Shi FD, Yan Y. Association of circulating follicular helper T cells with disease course of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:239-46. [PMID: 25468778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been shown to be involved in many autoimmune diseases, the association of Tfh cells with the disease activity of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) remains unclear. In this study, the CD4(+)CXCR5(+)PD-1(+) Tfh cell population in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from NMOSD patients, age- and gender-matched healthy controls, and multiple sclerosis patients was compared by flow cytometry. The serum levels of IL-21, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α and IL-10 were analyzed by ELISA assays. We found that in NMOSD, the Tfh cell frequency is higher than that of healthy subjects and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. There are more Tfh cells in the relapsing stage than the remitting stage of NMOSD, thus demonstrating the close association of the Tfh cell population with disease activity. Methylprednisolone, which is used to control disease relapses, significantly decreased the proportion of Tfh cells in NMOSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Li
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chang
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Aimee Borazanci
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Chunsheng Yang
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
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Parodi C, Badano MN, Galassi N, Coraglia A, Baré P, Malbrán A, Bracco MMDED. Follicular helper T lymphocytes in health and disease. World J Hematol 2014; 3:118-127. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v3.i4.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A correct antibody response requires the participation of both B and T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells. In this review we address the role of follicular helper T lymphocytes (TFH) in this reaction. We shall focus on the regulation of their development and function in health and disease. TFH can be characterized on the basis of their phenotype and the pattern of secretion of cytokines. This fact is useful to study their participation in the generation of antibody deficiency in primary immunodeficiency diseases such as common variable immunodeficiency, X-linked hyper IgM syndrome or X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Increased numbers of TFH have been demonstrated in several autoimmune diseases and are thought to play a role in the development of autoantibodies. In chronic viral infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B or C virus, increased circulating TFH have been observed, but their role in the protective immune response to these agents is under discussion. Likewise, an important role of TFH in the control of some experimental protozoan infections has been proposed, and it will be important to assess their relevance in order to design effective vaccination strategies.
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Kumar NP, Sridhar R, Hanna LE, Banurekha VV, Nutman TB, Babu S. Decreased frequencies of circulating CD4⁺ T follicular helper cells associated with diminished plasma IL-21 in active pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111098. [PMID: 25343703 PMCID: PMC4208798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating T follicular helper (Tfh) cells represent a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells and are important in immunity to infections. Although they have been shown to play a role in experimental models of tuberculosis infection, their role in human tuberculosis remains unexplored. Aims/Methodology To determine the distribution of circulating Tfh cells in human TB, we measured the frequencies of Tfh cells exvivo and following TB - antigen or polyclonal stimulation in pulmonary TB (PTB; n = 30) and latent TB (LTB; n = 20) individuals, using the markers CXCR5, PD-1 and ICOS. Results We found that both exvivo and TB - antigen induced frequencies of Tfh cell subsets was significantly lower in PTB compared to LTB individuals. Similarly, antigen induced frequencies of Tfh cells expressing IL-21 was also significantly lower in PTB individuals and this was reflected in diminished circulating levels of IL-21 and IFNγ. This was not accompanied by diminished frequencies of activated or memory B cell subsets. Finally, the diminution in frequency of Tfh cells in PTB individuals was dependent on IL-10, CTLA-4 and PD-L1 invitro. Conclusions Thus, PTB is characterized by adiminution in the frequency of Tfh cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health–International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Luke E. Hanna
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health–International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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137
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Global transcriptome analysis and enhancer landscape of human primary T follicular helper and T effector lymphocytes. Blood 2014; 124:3719-29. [PMID: 25331115 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-582700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subset of CD4(+) T helper cells that migrate into germinal centers and promote B-cell maturation into memory B and plasma cells. Tfh cells are necessary for promotion of protective humoral immunity following pathogen challenge, but when aberrantly regulated, drive pathogenic antibody formation in autoimmunity and undergo neoplastic transformation in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and other primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Limited information is available on the expression and regulation of genes in human Tfh cells. Using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based strategy, we obtained primary Tfh and non-Tfh T effector cells from tonsils and prepared genome-wide maps of active, intermediate, and poised enhancers determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing, with parallel transcriptome analyses determined by RNA sequencing. Tfh cell enhancers were enriched near genes highly expressed in lymphoid cells or involved in lymphoid cell function, with many mapping to sites previously associated with autoimmune disease in genome-wide association studies. A group of active enhancers unique to Tfh cells associated with differentially expressed genes was identified. Fragments from these regions directed expression in reporter gene assays. These data provide a significant resource for studies of T lymphocyte development and differentiation and normal and perturbed Tfh cell function.
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Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate adjuvantly induces imbalanced humoral immunity in ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice ascribing to T follicular helper cells hyperfunction. Toxicology 2014; 324:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Winstead CJ. Follicular helper T cell-mediated mucosal barrier maintenance. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:39-47. [PMID: 25149860 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The basic functions of the immune system are protection from pathogens and maintenance of tolerance to self. The maintenance of commensal microbiota at mucosal surfaces adds a layer of complexity to these basic functions. Recent reports suggest follicular helper T cells (Tfh), a CD4(+) T cell subset specialized to provide help to B cells undergoing isotype switching and affinity maturation in germinal centers (GC), interact with the microbiota and are essential to maintenance of mucosal barriers. Complicating the issue is ongoing controversy in the field regarding origin of the Tfh subset and its distinction from other effector CD4 T cell phenotypes (Th1/Th17/Treg). This review focuses on the differentiation, phenotypic plasticity, and function of CD4 T cells, with an emphasis on commensal-specific GC responses in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Winstead
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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140
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Moens L, Tangye SG. Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Plasma Cell Generation: IL-21 Takes Center Stage. Front Immunol 2014; 5:65. [PMID: 24600453 PMCID: PMC3927127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During our life, we are surrounded by continuous threats from a diverse range of invading pathogens. Our immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms to efficiently deal with these threats so as to prevent them from causing disease. Terminal differentiation of mature B cells into plasma cells (PC) – the antibody (Ab) secreting cells of the immune system – is critical for the generation of protective and long-lived humoral immune responses. Indeed, efficient production of antigen (Ag)-specific Ab by activated B cells underlies the success of most currently available vaccines. The mature B-cell pool is composed of several subsets, distinguished from one according to size, surface marker expression, location, and Ag exposure, and they all have the capacity to differentiate into PCs. For a B-cell to acquire the capacity to produce Abs, it must undergo an extensive differentiation process driven by changes in gene expression. Two broad categories of Ags exist that cause B-cell activation and differentiation: T cell dependent (TD) or T cell independent (TI). In addition to the B-cell subset and nature of the Ag, it is important to consider the cytokine environment that can also influence how B-cell differentiation is achieved. Thus, while many cytokines can induce Ab-secretion by B cells after activation with mimics of TD and TI stimuli in vitro, they can have different efficacies and specificities, and can often preferentially induce production of one particular Ig isotype over another. Here, we will provide an overview of in vitro studies (mouse and human origin) that evaluated the role of different cytokines in inducing the differentiation of distinct B-cell subsets to the PC lineage. We will place particular emphasis on IL-21, which has emerged as the most potent inducer of terminal B-cell differentiation in humans. We will also focus on the role of IL-21 and defects in B-cell function and how these contribute to human immunopathologies such as primary immunodeficiencies and B-cell mediated autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Moens
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia ; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunomodulation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michelle Linterman
- Babraham Institute, Lymphocyte Signalling and Development ISP, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUK
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