101
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Negrini TDC, Koo H, Arthur RA. Candida–Bacterial Biofilms and Host–Microbe Interactions in Oral Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1197:119-141. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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102
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Eidt G, Andrade CGD, Negrini TDC, Arthur RA. Role of Candida albicans on enamel demineralization and on acidogenic potential of Streptococcus mutans in vitro biofilms. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180593. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Eidt
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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103
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Barriuso J, Hogan DA, Keshavarz T, Martínez MJ. Role of quorum sensing and chemical communication in fungal biotechnology and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:627-638. [PMID: 29788231 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cells do not live in isolation in their environment, but rather they communicate with each other using chemical signals. This sophisticated mode of cell-to-cell signalling, known as quorum sensing, was first discovered in bacteria, and coordinates the behaviour of microbial population behaviour in a cell-density-dependent manner. More recently, these mechanisms have been described in eukaryotes, particularly in fungi, where they regulate processes such as pathogenesis, morphological differentiation, secondary metabolite production and biofilm formation. In this manuscript, we review the information available to date on these processes in yeast, dimorphic fungi and filamentous fungi. We analyse the diverse chemical 'languages' used by different groups of fungi, their possible cross-talk and interkingdom interactions with other organisms. We discuss the existence of these mechanisms in multicellular organisms, the ecophysiological role of QS in fungal colonisation and the potential applications of these mechanisms in biotechnology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barriuso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tajalli Keshavarz
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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104
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105
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Deveau A, Bonito G, Uehling J, Paoletti M, Becker M, Bindschedler S, Hacquard S, Hervé V, Labbé J, Lastovetsky OA, Mieszkin S, Millet LJ, Vajna B, Junier P, Bonfante P, Krom BP, Olsson S, van Elsas JD, Wick LY. Bacterial-fungal interactions: ecology, mechanisms and challenges. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:335-352. [PMID: 29471481 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and bacteria are found living together in a wide variety of environments. Their interactions are significant drivers of many ecosystem functions and are important for the health of plants and animals. A large number of fungal and bacterial families engage in complex interactions that lead to critical behavioural shifts of the microorganisms ranging from mutualism to antagonism. The importance of bacterial-fungal interactions (BFI) in environmental science, medicine and biotechnology has led to the emergence of a dynamic and multidisciplinary research field that combines highly diverse approaches including molecular biology, genomics, geochemistry, chemical and microbial ecology, biophysics and ecological modelling. In this review, we discuss recent advances that underscore the roles of BFI across relevant habitats and ecosystems. A particular focus is placed on the understanding of BFI within complex microbial communities and in regard of the metaorganism concept. We also discuss recent discoveries that clarify the (molecular) mechanisms involved in bacterial-fungal relationships, and the contribution of new technologies to decipher generic principles of BFI in terms of physical associations and molecular dialogues. Finally, we discuss future directions for research in order to stimulate synergy within the BFI research area and to resolve outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deveau
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jessie Uehling
- Biology Department, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA
| | - Mathieu Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095 CNRS et Université de Bordeaux, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Matthias Becker
- IGZ, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Hacquard
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessy Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Olga A Lastovetsky
- Graduate Field of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sophie Mieszkin
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Larry J Millet
- Joint Institute for Biological Science, University of Tennessee, and the Biosciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Balázs Vajna
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry, G. Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Olsson
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Microbial Ecology group, GELIFES, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Y Wick
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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106
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Abstract
The dynamic and polymicrobial oral microbiome is a direct precursor of diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis, two of the most prevalent microbially induced disorders worldwide. Distinct microenvironments at oral barriers harbour unique microbial communities, which are regulated through sophisticated signalling systems and by host and environmental factors. The collective function of microbial communities is a major driver of homeostasis or dysbiosis and ultimately health or disease. Despite different aetiologies, periodontitis and caries are each driven by a feedforward loop between the microbiota and host factors (inflammation and dietary sugars, respectively) that favours the emergence and persistence of dysbiosis. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge and emerging mechanisms governing oral polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis that have both enhanced our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and aided the design of innovative therapeutic approaches for oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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107
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Montelongo-Jauregui D, Lopez-Ribot JL. Candida Interactions with the Oral Bacterial Microbiota. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040122. [PMID: 30400279 PMCID: PMC6308928 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human oral cavity is normally colonized by a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, Archaea, viruses, and protozoa. Within the different oral microenvironments these organisms are often found as part of highly organized microbial communities termed biofilms, which display consortial behavior. Formation and maintenance of these biofilms are highly dependent on the direct interactions between the different members of the microbiota, as well as on the released factors that influence the surrounding microbial populations. These complex biofilm dynamics influence oral health and disease. In the latest years there has been an increased recognition of the important role that interkingdom interactions, in particular those between fungi and bacteria, play within the oral cavity. Candida spp., and in particular C. albicans, are among the most important fungi colonizing the oral cavity of humans and have been found to participate in these complex microbial oral biofilms. C. albicans has been reported to interact with individual members of the oral bacterial microbiota, leading to either synergistic or antagonistic relationships. In this review we describe some of the better characterized interactions between Candida spp. and oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infections Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infections Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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108
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM. Relationship between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in early childhood caries, evaluated by quantitative PCR. F1000Res 2018; 7:1645. [PMID: 30450201 PMCID: PMC6221075 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16275.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the synergistic relationship between
Candida albicans and
Streptococcus mutans in children with early childhood caries (ECC) experience. Methods: Dental plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were taken from 30 subjects aged 3-5 years old, half with (n=15, dmft > 4) and half without (n=15) ECC. The abundance of
C. albicans and
S. mutans and relative to total bacteria load were quantify by real-time PCR (qPCR). This method was also employed to investigate the mRNA expression of glycosyltransferase (
gtfB) gene in dental plaque. Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation were used to perform statistical analysis. Results: Within the ECC group, the quantity of both microorganisms were higher in the saliva than in dental plaque. The ratio of
C. albicans to total bacteria was higher in saliva than in plaque samples (p < 0.05). We observed the opposite for
S. mutans (p < 0.05). The different value of
C. albicans and
S. mutans in saliva was positively correlated, and negatively correlated in dental plaque. Transcription level of
S. mutans gtfB showed a positive correlation with
C. albicans concentration in dental plaque. Conclusion:C. albicans has a positive correlation with cariogenic traits of
S. mutans in ECC-related biofilm of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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109
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Preshaw PM, Henne K, Taylor JJ, Valentine RA, Conrads G. Age-related changes in immune function (immune senescence) in caries and periodontal diseases: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 44 Suppl 18:S153-S177. [PMID: 28266110 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review the evidence regarding immune senescence in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and dental caries. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases utilizing medical subject headings (MeSH terms) supplemented by screening of review articles and other relevant texts was undertaken. RESULTS Seventy-three articles were included (43 for periodontitis, 30 for caries). Study results were found to be generally heterogeneous. Regarding periodontitis, human studies suggest evidence for altered neutrophil function and increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 ) in older compared to younger subjects, and animal experiments suggest increased expression of genes that contribute to a pro-inflammatory state in older compared to younger animals. Regarding dental caries, research relating to changes in immune functioning and the impact of ageing is in its infancy. A small number of studies have reported components of innate and adaptive immunity that affect the composition of saliva and dental biofilms with possible impacts on caries progression. CONCLUSION There is evidence that immune functioning related to periodontitis and (less investigated) dental caries alters with increasing age. In both conditions, age-associated mechanistic changes in immune functioning are complex and incompletely understood and it is not clear how these relate to disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Preshaw
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - John J Taylor
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ruth A Valentine
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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110
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Xiao J, Grier A, Faustoferri RC, Alzoubi S, Gill AL, Feng C, Liu Y, Quivey RG, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Koo H, Gill SR. Association between Oral Candida and Bacteriome in Children with Severe ECC. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1468-1476. [PMID: 30049240 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518790941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal organism frequently detected in the oral cavity of children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Previous studies suggested the cariogenic potential of C. albicans, in vitro and in vivo, and further demonstrated its synergistic interactions with Streptococcus mutans. In combination, the 2 organisms are associated with higher caries severity in a rodent model. However, it remains unknown whether C. albicans influences the composition and diversity of the entire oral bacterial community to promote S-ECC onset. With 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing, this study analyzed the microbiota of saliva and supragingival plaque from 39 children (21 S-ECC and 18 caries-free [CF]) and 33 mothers (17 S-ECC and 16 CF). The results revealed that the presence of oral C. albicans is associated with a highly acidogenic and acid-tolerant bacterial community in S-ECC, with an increased abundance of plaque Streptococcus (particularly S. mutans) and certain Lactobacillus/Scardovia species and salivary/plaque Veillonella and Prevotella, as well as decreased levels of salivary/plaque Actinomyces. Concurrent with this microbial community assembly, the activity of glucosyltransferases (cariogenic virulence factors secreted by S. mutans) in plaque was significantly elevated when C. albicans was present. Moreover, the oral microbial community composition and diversity differed significantly by disease group (CF vs. S-ECC) and sample source (saliva vs. plaque). Children and mothers within the CF and S-ECC groups shared microbiota composition and diversity, suggesting a strong maternal influence on children's oral microbiota. Altogether, this study underscores the importance of C. albicans in association with the oral bacteriome in the context of S-ECC etiopathogenesis. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to examine how fungal-bacterial interactions modulate the onset and severity of S-ECC, potentially leading to novel anticaries treatments that address fungal contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiao
- 1 Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Grier
- 2 Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R C Faustoferri
- 1 Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Alzoubi
- 1 Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A L Gill
- 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C Feng
- 4 Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Y Liu
- 5 Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R G Quivey
- 1 Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,2 Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - H Koo
- 5 Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S R Gill
- 2 Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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111
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Early Childhood Caries: Epidemiology, Aetiology, and Prevention. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:1415873. [PMID: 29951094 PMCID: PMC5987323 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1415873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent diseases in children worldwide. ECC is driven by a dysbiotic state of oral microorganisms mainly caused by a sugar-rich diet. Additionally, poor oral hygiene or insufficient dental plaque removal leads to the rapid progression of ECC. ECC leads not only to dental destruction and pain with children, but also affects the quality of life of the caregivers. Children with extensive ECC are at high risk to develop caries with the permanent dentition or will have other problems with speaking and/or eating. To prevent ECC, several strategies should be taken into account. Children should brush their teeth with toothpastes containing gentle ingredients, such as mild surfactants and agents showing antiadherent properties regarding oral microorganisms. Parents/caregivers have to help their children with brushing the teeth. Furthermore, remineralizing and nontoxic agents should be included into the toothpaste formulation. Two promising biomimetic agents for children's oral care are amorphous calcium phosphate [Cax(PO4)yn H2O] and hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)].
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112
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Yang C, Scoffield J, Wu R, Deivanayagam C, Zou J, Wu H. Antigen I/II mediates interactions between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:283-291. [PMID: 29570954 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are frequently co-isolated from dental plaque of children with early childhood caries (ECC) and are only rarely found in children without ECC, suggesting that these species interact in a manner that contributes to the pathogenesis of ECC. Previous studies have demonstrated that glucans produced by S. mutans are crucial for promoting the formation of biofilm and cariogenicity with C. albicans; however, it is unclear how non-glucan S. mutans biofilm factors contribute to increased biofilm formation in the presence of C. albicans. In this study we examined the role of S. mutans antigen I/II in two-species biofilms with C. albicans, and determined that antigen I/II is important for the incorporation of C. albicans into the two-species biofilm and is also required for increased acid production. The interaction is independent of the proteins Als1 and Als3, which are known streptococcal receptors of C. albicans. Moreover, antigen I/II is required for the colonization of both S. mutans and C. albicans during co-infection of Drosophila melanogaster in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate that antigen I/II mediates the increase of C. albicans numbers and acid production in the two-species biofilm, representing new activities associated with this known S. mutans adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Scoffield
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C Deivanayagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Zou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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113
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Bacterial-derived exopolysaccharides enhance antifungal drug tolerance in a cross-kingdom oral biofilm. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1427-1442. [PMID: 29670217 PMCID: PMC5955968 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal-bacterial interactions generate unique biofilms that cause many infections in humans. Candida albicans interact with Streptococcus mutans in dental biofilms associated with severe childhood tooth-decay, a prevalent pediatric oral disease. Current modalities are ineffective and primarily based on antimicrobial monotherapies despite the polymicrobial nature of the infection. Here, we show that the combination of clinically used topical antifungal fluconazole with povidone iodine (PI) can completely suppress C. albicans carriage and mixed-biofilm formation without increasing bacterial killing activity in vivo. We unexpectedly found that the inclusion of PI enhanced fluconazole efficacy by potently disrupting the assembly of a protective bacterial exopolysaccharide (EPS) matrix through inhibition of α-glucan synthesis by S. mutans exoenzyme (GtfB) bound on the fungal surface. Further analyses revealed that the EPS produced in situ directly bind and sequester fluconazole, reducing uptake and intracellular transportation of the drug. Conversely, inhibition of GtfB activity by PI, enzymatic degradation of the α-glucan matrix or co-culturing with gtfB-defective S. mutans re-established antifungal susceptibility. Hence, topical antifungal has limitations in mixed oral biofilms due to enhanced C. albicans tolerance to fluconazole afforded by the shielding effect of bacterial-derived EPS. The data provide new insights for treatment of C. albicans in cross-kingdom biofilms, indicating that EPS inhibitors may be required for enhanced killing efficacy and optimal anti-biofilm activity.
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114
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Bowen WH, Burne RA, Wu H, Koo H. Oral Biofilms: Pathogens, Matrix, and Polymicrobial Interactions in Microenvironments. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:229-242. [PMID: 29097091 PMCID: PMC5834367 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial communities embedded within an extracellular matrix, forming a highly organized structure that causes many human infections. Dental caries (tooth decay) is a polymicrobial biofilm disease driven by the diet and microbiota-matrix interactions that occur on a solid surface. Sugars fuel the emergence of pathogens, the assembly of the matrix, and the acidification of the biofilm microenvironment, promoting ecological changes and concerted multispecies efforts that are conducive to acid damage of the mineralized tooth tissue. Here, we discuss recent advances in the role of the biofilm matrix and interactions between opportunistic pathogens and commensals in the pathogenesis of dental caries. In addition, we highlight the importance of matrix-producing organisms in fostering a pathogenic habitat where interspecies competition and synergies occur to drive the disease process, which could have implications to other infections associated with polymicrobial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Bowen
- Center for Oral Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, NY, USA; Deceased (15 November 2016)
| | - Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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115
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Yu XY, Fu F, Kong WN, Xuan QK, Wen DH, Chen XQ, He YM, He LH, Guo J, Zhou AP, Xi YH, Ni LJ, Yao YF, Wu WJ. Streptococcus agalactiae Inhibits Candida albicans Hyphal Development and Diminishes Host Vaginal Mucosal TH17 Response. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29527193 PMCID: PMC5829043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans often co-colonize the female genital tract, and under certain conditions induce mucosal inflammation. The role of the interaction between the two organisms in candidal vaginitis is not known. In this study, we found that co-infection with S. agalactiae significantly attenuated the hyphal development of C. albicans, and that EFG1-Hwp1 signal pathway of C. albicans was involved in this process. In a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), the fungal burden and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α showed a increase on co-infection with S. agalactiae, while the level of TH17 T cells and IL-17 in the cervicovaginal lavage fluid were significantly decreased. Our results indicate that S. agalactiae inhibits C. albicans hyphal development by downregulating the expression of EFG1-Hwp1. The interaction between S. agalactiae and C. albicans may attenuate host vaginal mucosal TH17 immunity and contribute to mucosal colonization by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Na Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Kun Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Hua Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ming He
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Hong Xi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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116
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Enax
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG; Johanneswerkstr. 34-36 33611 Bielefeld
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117
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Xiao J, Huang X, Alkhers N, Alzamil H, Alzoubi S, Wu TT, Castillo DA, Campbell F, Davis J, Herzog K, Billings R, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Hajishengallis E, Koo H. Candida albicans and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res 2017; 52:102-112. [PMID: 29262404 DOI: 10.1159/000481833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral Candida albicans has been detected in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and has demonstrated cariogenic traits in animal models of the disease. Conversely, other studies found no positive correlation between C. albicans and caries experience in children, while suggesting it may have protective effects as a commensal organism. Thus, this study aimed to examine whether oral C. albicans is associated with ECC. Seven electronic databases were searched. The data from eligible studies were extracted, and the risk of bias was evaluated. A fixed effects model (Mantel-Haenszel estimate) was used for meta-analysis, and the summary effect measure was calculated by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Fifteen cross-sectional studies were included for the qualitative assessment and 9 studies for meta-analysis. Twelve studies revealed higher oral C. albicans prevalence in ECC children than in caries-free children, while 2 studies indicated an equivalent prevalence. A pooled estimate, with OR = 6.51 and 95% CI = 4.94-8.57, indicated a significantly higher ECC experience in children with oral C. albicans than those without C. albicans (p < 0.01). The odds of experiencing ECC in children with C. albicans versus children without C. albicans were 5.26 for salivary, 6.69 for plaque, and 6.3 for oral swab samples. This systematic review indicates that children with oral C. albicans have >5 times higher odds of having ECC compared to those without C. albicans. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to determine whether C. albicans could be a risk factor for ECC, and whether it is dependent on different sample sources (saliva/plaque).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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118
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Wen ZT, Liao S, Bitoun JP, De A, Jorgensen A, Feng S, Xu X, Chain PSG, Caufield PW, Koo H, Li Y. Streptococcus mutans Displays Altered Stress Responses While Enhancing Biofilm Formation by Lactobacillus casei in Mixed-Species Consortium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:524. [PMID: 29326887 PMCID: PMC5742344 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Like Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli are commonly isolated from carious sites, although their exact role in caries development remains unclear. This study used mixed-species models to analyze biofilm formation by major groups of oral lactobacilli, including L. casei, L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus, L. salivarius ssp. salivarius, and L. gasseri. The results showed that lactobacilli did not form good biofilms when grown alone, although differences existed between different species. When grown together with S. mutans, biofilm formation by L. gasseri and L. rhamnosus was increased by 2-log (P < 0.001), while biofilms by L. fermentum reduced by >1-log (P < 0.001). L. casei enhanced biofilm formation by ~2-log when grown with S. mutans wild-type, but no such effects were observed with S. mutans deficient of glucosyltransferase GtfB and adhesin P1. Both S. mutans and L. casei in dual-species enhanced resistance to acid killing with increases of survival rate by >1-log (P < 0.001), but drastically reduced the survival rates following exposure to hydrogen peroxide (P < 0.001), as compared to the respective mono-species cultures. When analyzed by RNA-seq, more than 134 genes were identified in S. mutans in dual-species with L. casei as either up- or down-regulated when compared to those grown alone. The up-regulated genes include those for superoxide dismutase, NADH oxidase, and members of the mutanobactin biosynthesis cluster. Among the down-regulated genes were those for GtfB and alternative sigma factor SigX. These results further suggest that interactions between S. mutans and oral lactobacilli are species-specific and may have significant impact on cariogenic potential of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhang T Wen
- Center of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sumei Liao
- Center of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jacob P Bitoun
- Center of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpan De
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ashton Jorgensen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Shihai Feng
- Genome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Patrick S G Chain
- Genome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Page W Caufield
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yihong Li
- Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
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119
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Effect of a Lactobacillus Salivarius Probiotic on a Double-Species Streptococcus Mutans and Candida Albicans Caries Biofilm. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111242. [PMID: 29135948 PMCID: PMC5707714 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-cariogenic effects of Lactobacillus salivarius by reducing pathogenic species and biofilm mass in a double-species biofilm model. Coexistence of S. mutans with C. albicans can cause dental caries progression or recurrence of the disease in the future. Fifty-nine children with diagnosed early childhood caries (ECC) were recruited onto the study. The condition of the children's dentition was defined according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The participants were divided into children with initial enamel demineralization and children showing dentin damage. The study was performed on the S. mutans and C. albicans clinical strains, isolated from dental plaque of patients with ECC. The effect of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus salivarius on the ability of S. mutans and C. albicans to produce a double-species biofilm was investigated in an in vitro model. The biomass of the formed/non-degraded biofilm was analyzed on the basis of its crystal violet staining. The number of colonies of S. mutans and C. albicans (CFU/mL, colony forming units/mL) forming the biofilm was determined. Microorganism morphology in the biofilm was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In vitro analysis demonstrated that the presence of S. mutans increased the number of C. albicans colonies (CFU/mL); the double-species biofilm mass and hyphal forms produced in it by the yeast. L. salivarius inhibited the cariogenic biofilm formation of C. albicans and S. mutans. Under the influence of the probiotic; the biofilm mass and the number of S. mutans; C. albicans and S. mutans with C. albicans colonies in the biofilm was decreased. Moreover; it can be noted that after the addition of the probiotic; fungi did not form hyphae or germ tubes of pathogenic potential. These results suggest that L. salivarius can secrete intermediates capable of inhibiting the formation of cariogenic S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm; and may inhibit fungal morphological transformation and thereby reduce the pathogenicity of C. albicans; weakening its pathogenic potential. Further research is required to prove or disprove the long-term effects of the preparation and to achieve preventive methods.
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120
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Wagner-Döbler I. Biofilm transplantation in the deep sea. Mol Ecol 2017; 25:1905-7. [PMID: 27169388 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A gold rush is currently going on in microbial ecology, which is powered by the possibility to determine the full complexity of microbial communities through next-generation sequencing. Accordingly, enormous efforts are underway to describe microbiomes worldwide, in humans, animals, plants, soil, air and the ocean. While much can be learned from these studies, only experiments will finally unravel mechanisms. One of the key questions is how a microbial community is assembled from a pool of bacteria in the environment, and how it responds to change - be it the increase in CO2 concentration in the ocean, or antibiotic treatment of the gut microbiome. The study by Zhang et al. () in this issue is one of the very few that approaches this problem experimentally in the natural environment. The authors selected a habitat which is both extremely interesting and difficult to access. They studied the Thuwal Seep in the Red Sea at 850 m depth and used a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to place a steel frame carrying substrata for biofilm growth into the brine pool and into the adjacent normal bottom water (NBW). Biofilms were allowed to develop for 3 days, and then those that had been growing in the brine pool were transported to normal bottom water and stayed there for another 3 days, and vice versa. The 'switched' biofilms were then compared with their source communities by metagenome sequencing. Strikingly, both 'switched' biofilms were now dominated by the same two species. These species were able to cope with conditions in both source ecosystems, as shown by assembly of their genomes and detection of expression of key genes. The biofilms had adapted to environmental change, rather than to brine pools or NBW. The study shows both the resilience and adaptability of biofilm communities and has implications for microbial ecology in general and even for therapeutic approaches such as transplantation of faecal microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Helmholz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 39124, Braunschweig, Germany
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121
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In silico analyses of conservational, functional and phylogenetic distribution of the LuxI and LuxR homologs in Gram-positive bacteria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6969. [PMID: 28765541 PMCID: PMC5539150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
LuxI and LuxR are key factors that drive quorum sensing (QS) in bacteria through secretion and perception of the signaling molecules e.g. N-Acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). The role of these proteins is well established in Gram-negative bacteria for intercellular communication but remain under-explored in Gram-positive bacteria where QS peptides are majorly responsible for cell-to-cell communication. Therefore, in the present study, we explored conservation, potential function, topological arrangements and evolutionarily aspects of these proteins in Gram-positive bacteria. Putative LuxI/LuxR containing proteins were retrieved using the domain-based strategy from InterPro v62.0 meta-database. Conservational analyses via multiple sequence alignment and domain showed that these are well conserved in Gram-positive bacteria and possess relatedness with Gram-negative bacteria. Further, Gene ontology and ligand-based functional annotation explain their active involvement in signal transduction mechanism via QS signaling molecules. Moreover, Phylogenetic analyses (LuxI, LuxR, LuxI + LuxR and 16s rRNA) revealed horizontal gene transfer events with significant statistical support among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This in-silico study offers a detailed overview of potential LuxI/LuxR distribution in Gram-positive bacteria (mainly Firmicutes and Actinobacteria) and their functional role in QS. It would further help in understanding the extent of interspecies communications between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria through QS signaling molecules.
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122
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Kirchman PA, Van Zee N. Saccharomyces cerevisiae displays an increased growth rate and an extended replicative lifespan when grown under respiratory conditions in the presence of bacteria. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:806-810. [PMID: 28679065 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Individual cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have a limited replicative potential, referred to as the replicative lifespan. We have found that both the growth rate and average replicative lifespan of S. cerevisiae cells are greatly increased in the presence of a variety of bacteria. The growth and lifespan effects are not observable when yeast are allowed to ferment glucose but are only notable on solid media when yeast are forced to respire due to the lack of a fermentable carbon source. Growth near strains of Escherichia coli containing deletions of genes needed for the production of compounds used for quorum sensing or for the production of the siderophore enterobactin also still induced the lifespan extension in yeast. Furthermore, the bacterially induced increases in growth rate and lifespan occur even across gaps in the growth medium, indicating that the bacteria are influencing the yeast through the action of a volatile compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Kirchman
- a College of Science & Mathematics, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, 8350 N. Tamiami Trail, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA
| | - Nicholas Van Zee
- b Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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123
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Abstract
Candida species are the most common infectious fungal species in humans; out of the approximately 150 known species, Candida albicans is the leading pathogenic species, largely affecting immunocompromised individuals. Apart from its role as the primary etiology for various types of candidiasis, C. albicans is known to contribute to polymicrobial infections. Polymicrobial interactions, particularly between C. albicans and bacterial species, have gained recent interest in which polymicrobial biofilm virulence mechanisms have been studied including adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and development of antimicrobial resistance. These trans-kingdom interactions, either synergistic or antagonistic, may help modulate the virulence and pathogenicity of both Candida and bacteria while uniquely impacting the pathogen-host immune response. As antibiotic and antifungal resistance increases, there is a great need to explore the intermicrobial cross-talk with a focus on the treatment of Candida-associated polymicrobial infections. This article explores the current literature on the interactions between Candida and clinically important bacteria and evaluates these interactions in the context of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and disease management.
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124
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He J, Kim D, Zhou X, Ahn SJ, Burne RA, Richards VP, Koo H. RNA-Seq Reveals Enhanced Sugar Metabolism in Streptococcus mutans Co-cultured with Candida albicans within Mixed-Species Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642749 PMCID: PMC5462986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC), which can lead to rampant tooth-decay that is painful and costly to treat, is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases affecting children worldwide. Previous studies support that interactions between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are associated with the pathogenesis of ECC. The presence of Candida enhances S. mutans growth, fitness and accumulation within biofilms in vitro, although the molecular basis for these behaviors is undefined. Using an established co-cultivation biofilm model and RNA-Seq, we investigated how C. albicans influences the transcriptome of S. mutans. The presence of C. albicans dramatically altered gene expression in S. mutans in the dual-species biofilm, resulting in 393 genes differentially expressed, compared to mono-species biofilms of S. mutans. By Gene Ontology analysis, the majority of up-regulated genes were related to carbohydrate transport and metabolic/catabolic processes. KEGG pathway impact analysis showed elevated pyruvate and galactose metabolism, suggesting that co-cultivation with C. albicans influences carbohydrate utilization by S. mutans. Analysis of metabolites confirmed the increases in carbohydrate metabolism, with elevated amounts of formate in the culture medium of co-cultured biofilms. Moreover, co-cultivation with C. albicans altered transcription of S. mutans signal transduction (comC and ciaRH) genes associated with fitness and virulence. Interestingly, the expression of genes for mutacins (bacteriocins) and CRISPR were down-regulated. Collectively, the data provide a comprehensive insight into S. mutans transcriptomic changes induced by C. albicans, and offer novel insights into how bacterial–fungal interactions may enhance the severity of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China.,Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Sang-Joon Ahn
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, GainesvilleFL, United States
| | - Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, GainesvilleFL, United States
| | - Vincent P Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, ClemsonSC, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
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125
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Xu H, Sobue T, Bertolini M, Thompson A, Vickerman M, Nobile CJ, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. S. oralis activates the Efg1 filamentation pathway in C. albicans to promote cross-kingdom interactions and mucosal biofilms. Virulence 2017; 8:1602-1617. [PMID: 28481721 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1326438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Streptococcus oralis are ubiquitous oral commensal organisms. Under host-permissive conditions these organisms can form hypervirulent mucosal biofilms. C. albicans biofilm formation is controlled by 6 master transcriptional regulators: Bcr1, Brg1, Efg1, Tec1, Ndt80, and Rob1. The objective of this work was to test whether any of these regulators play a role in cross-kingdom interactions between C. albicans and S. oralis in oral mucosal biofilms, and identify downstream target gene(s) that promote these interactions. Organotypic mucosal constructs and a mouse model of oropharyngeal infection were used to analyze mucosal biofilm growth and fungal gene expression. By screening 6 C. albicans transcription regulator reporter strains we discovered that EFG1 was strongly activated by interaction with S. oralis in late biofilm growth stages. EFG1 gene expression was increased in polymicrobial biofilms on abiotic surfaces, mucosal constructs and tongue tissues of mice infected with both organisms. EFG1 was required for robust Candida-streptococcal biofilm growth in organotypic constructs and mouse oral tissues. S. oralis stimulated C. albicans ALS1 gene expression in an EFG1-dependent manner, and Als1 was identified as a downstream effector of the Efg1 pathway which promoted C. albicans-S. oralis coaggregation interactions in mixed biofilms. We conclude that S. oralis induces an increase in EFG1 expression in C. albicans in late biofilm stages. This in turn increases expression of ALS1, which promotes coaggregation interactions and mucosal biofilm growth. Our work provides novel insights on C. albicans genes which play a role in cross-kingdom interactions with S. oralis in mucosal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Xu
- a School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Takanori Sobue
- a School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- a School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Angela Thompson
- a School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut , Farmington , CT , USA
| | | | - Clarissa J Nobile
- c School of Natural Sciences, University of California , Merced, Merced , CA , USA
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126
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Hwang G, Liu Y, Kim D, Li Y, Krysan DJ, Koo H. Candida albicans mannans mediate Streptococcus mutans exoenzyme GtfB binding to modulate cross-kingdom biofilm development in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006407. [PMID: 28617874 PMCID: PMC5472321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is frequently detected with heavy infection by Streptococcus mutans in plaque-biofilms from children with early-childhood caries (ECC). This cross-kingdom biofilm contains an extensive matrix of extracellular α-glucans that is produced by an exoenzyme (GtfB) secreted by S. mutans. Here, we report that mannans located on the outer surface of C. albicans cell-wall mediates GtfB binding, enhancing glucan-matrix production and modulating bacterial-fungal association within biofilms formed in vivo. Using single-molecule atomic force microscopy, we determined that GtfB binds with remarkable affinity to mannans and to the C. albicans surface, forming a highly stable and strong bond (1-2 nN). However, GtfB binding properties to C. albicans was compromised in strains defective in O-mannan (pmt4ΔΔ) or N-mannan outer chain (och1ΔΔ). In particular, the binding strength of GtfB on och1ΔΔ strain was severely disrupted (>3-fold reduction vs. parental strain). In turn, the GtfB amount on the fungal surface was significantly reduced, and the ability of C. albicans mutant strains to develop mixed-species biofilms with S. mutans was impaired. This phenotype was independent of hyphae or established fungal-biofilm regulators (EFG1, BCR1). Notably, the mechanical stability of the defective biofilms was weakened, resulting in near complete biomass removal by shear forces. In addition, these in vitro findings were confirmed in vivo using a rodent biofilm model. Specifically, we observed that C. albicans och1ΔΔ was unable to form cross-kingdom biofilms on the tooth surface of rats co-infected with S. mutans. Likewise, co-infection with S. mutans defective in GtfB was also incapable of forming mixed-species biofilms. Taken together, the data support a mechanism whereby S. mutans-secreted GtfB binds to the mannan layer of C. albicans to promote extracellular matrix formation and their co-existence within biofilms. Enhanced understanding of GtfB-Candida interactions may provide new perspectives for devising effective therapies to disrupt this cross-kingdom relationship associated with an important childhood oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geelsu Hwang
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yong Li
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Damian J. Krysan
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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127
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M Weerasekera M, H Sissons C, Wong L, A Anderson S, R Holmes A, D Cannon R. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of bacteria from the saliva of twenty four different individuals form clusters that showed no relationship to the yeasts present. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:6-10. [PMID: 28577425 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the relationship between groups of bacteria identified by cluster analysis of the DGGE fingerprints and the amounts and diversity of yeast present. METHODS Bacterial and yeast populations in saliva samples from 24 adults were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the bacteria present and by yeast culture. RESULTS Eubacterial DGGE banding patterns showed considerable variation between individuals. Seventy one different amplicon bands were detected, the band number per saliva sample ranged from 21 to 39 (mean±SD=29.3±4.9). Cluster and principal component analysis of the bacterial DGGE patterns yielded three major clusters containing 20 of the samples. Seventeen of the 24 (71%) saliva samples were yeast positive with concentrations up to 103cfu/mL. Candida albicans was the predominant species in saliva samples although six other yeast species, including Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida rugosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were identified. The presence, concentration, and species of yeast in samples showed no clear relationship to the bacterial clusters. CONCLUSION Despite indications of in vitro bacteria-yeast interactions, there was a lack of association between the presence, identity and diversity of yeasts and the bacterial DGGE fingerprint clusters in saliva. This suggests significant ecological individual-specificity of these associations in highly complex in vivo oral biofilm systems under normal oral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula M Weerasekera
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences,University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.
| | - Chris H Sissons
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Wong
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sally A Anderson
- Dental Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ann R Holmes
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute and Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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128
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Tomé FM, Paula Ramos LD, Freire F, Pereira CA, de Oliveira ICB, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC, Oliveira LDD. Influence of sucrose on growth and sensitivity of Candida albicans alone and in combination with Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans to photodynamic therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1237-1243. [PMID: 28389898 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study has evaluated the effects of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) using erythrosine as photosensitizer and green light-emitting diode (LED) on biofilms of Candida albicans alone and in combination with Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. We have also evaluated the effect of sucrose on biofilm formation and bacterial growth and sensitivity to PDI. Biofilms were formed in suspension of 106 cells/ml on plates before being grown in broth culture with and without sucrose and incubated for 48 h. Next, the treatment was applied using erythrosine at a concentration of 400 μM for 5 min and green LED (532 ± 10 nm) for 3 min on biofilms alone and in combination. The plates were washed and sonicated to disperse the biofilms, and serial dilutions were carried and aliquots seeded in Sabouraud agar before incubation for 48 h. Next, the colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml; log10) were counted and analyzed statistically (ANOVA, Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Results show that S. mutans favors the growth of C. albicans in biofilms with sucrose, with treatment not being effective. However, when the biofilm was grown without sucrose, we found a reduction in biofilm formation and a significant decrease in the PDI treatment (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, both growth and sensitivity to PDI in biofilms of C. albicans are strongly influenced by bacterial combination, and the presence of sucrose affected directly the growth and sensitivity of the biofilm to PDI as sucrose is the substrate for construction of the exopolysaccharide matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Malagutti Tomé
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Lucas De Paula Ramos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Freire
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Aparecida Pereira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Christine Barbosa de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
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129
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Szafrański SP, Deng ZL, Tomasch J, Jarek M, Bhuju S, Rohde M, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I. Quorum sensing of Streptococcus mutans is activated by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and by the periodontal microbiome. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:238. [PMID: 28320314 PMCID: PMC5359896 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral cavity is inhabited by complex microbial communities forming biofilms that can cause caries and periodontitis. Cell-cell communication might play an important role in modulating the physiologies of individual species, but evidence so far is limited. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that a pathogen of the oral cavity, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. act.), triggers expression of the quorum sensing (QS) regulon of Streptococcus mutans, a well-studied model organism for cariogenic streptococci, in dual-species biofilms grown on artificial saliva. The gene for the synthesis of the QS signal XIP is essential for this interaction. Transcriptome sequencing of biofilms revealed that S. mutans up-regulated the complete QS regulon (transformasome and mutacins) in the presence of A. act. and down-regulated oxidative stress related genes. A.act. required the presence of S. mutans for growth. Fimbriae and toxins were its most highly expressed genes and up-regulation of anaerobic metabolism, chaperones and iron acquisition genes was observed in co-culture. Metatranscriptomes from periodontal pockets showed highly variable levels of S. mutans and low levels of A. act.. Transcripts of the alternative sigma-factor SigX, the key regulator of QS in S. mutans, were significantly enriched in periodontal pockets compared to single cultures (log2 4.159, FDR ≤0.001, and expression of mutacin related genes and transformasome components could be detected. CONCLUSION The data show that the complete QS regulon of S. mutans can be induced by an unrelated oral pathogen and S. mutans may be competent in oral biofilms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon P Szafrański
- Microbial Communication, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Present address: Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhi-Luo Deng
- Microbial Communication, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Tomasch
- Microbial Communication, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Jarek
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabin Bhuju
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helena Sztajer
- Microbial Communication, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Microbial Communication, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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130
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Nicotine Enhances Interspecies Relationship between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7953920. [PMID: 28280743 PMCID: PMC5322454 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7953920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are common microorganisms in the human oral cavity. The synergistic relationship between these two species has been deeply explored in many studies. In the present study, the effect of alkaloid nicotine on the interspecies between S. mutans and C. albicans is explored. We developed a dual-species biofilm model and studied biofilm biomass, biofilm structure, synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and expression of glucosyltransferases (Gtfs). Biofilm formation and bacterial and fungal cell numbers in dual-species biofilms increased in the presence of nicotine. More C. albicans cells were present in the dual-species biofilms in the nicotine-treated groups as determined by scanning electron microscopy. The synthesis of EPS was increased by 1 mg/ml of nicotine as detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The result of qRT-PCR showed gtfs expression was upregulated when 1 mg/ml of nicotine was used. We speculate that nicotine promoted the growth of S. mutans, and more S. mutans cells attracted more C. albicans cells due to the interaction between two species. Since S. mutans and C. albicans are putative pathogens for dental caries, the enhancement of the synergistic relationship by nicotine may contribute to caries development in smokers.
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131
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Kim D, Sengupta A, Niepa THR, Lee BH, Weljie A, Freitas-Blanco VS, Murata RM, Stebe KJ, Lee D, Koo H. Candida albicans stimulates Streptococcus mutans microcolony development via cross-kingdom biofilm-derived metabolites. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41332. [PMID: 28134351 PMCID: PMC5278416 DOI: 10.1038/srep41332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is frequently detected with heavy infection of Streptococcus mutans in plaque-biofilms from children affected with early-childhood caries, a prevalent and costly oral disease. The presence of C. albicans enhances S. mutans growth within biofilms, yet the chemical interactions associated with bacterial accumulation remain unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate how microbial products from this cross-kingdom association modulate S. mutans build-up in biofilms. Our data revealed that bacterial-fungal derived conditioned medium (BF-CM) significantly increased the growth of S. mutans and altered biofilm 3D-architecture in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in enlarged and densely packed bacterial cell-clusters (microcolonies). Intriguingly, BF-CM induced S. mutans gtfBC expression (responsible for Gtf exoenzymes production), enhancing Gtf activity essential for microcolony development. Using a recently developed nanoculture system, the data demonstrated simultaneous microcolony growth and gtfB activation in situ by BF-CM. Further metabolites/chromatographic analyses of BF-CM revealed elevated amounts of formate and the presence of Candida-derived farnesol, which is commonly known to exhibit antibacterial activity. Unexpectedly, at the levels detected (25-50 μM), farnesol enhanced S. mutans-biofilm cell growth, microcolony development, and Gtf activity akin to BF-CM bioactivity. Altogether, the data provide new insights on how extracellular microbial products from cross-kingdom interactions stimulate the accumulation of a bacterial pathogen within biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry &Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Systems Pharmacology &Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tagbo H R Niepa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Byung-Hoo Lee
- Department of Food Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Aalim Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology &Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ramiro M Murata
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen J Stebe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry &Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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132
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Szafrański SP, Winkel A, Stiesch M. The use of bacteriophages to biocontrol oral biofilms. J Biotechnol 2017; 250:29-44. [PMID: 28108235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infections induced by oral biofilms include caries, as well as periodontal, and peri-implant disease, and may influence quality of life, systemic health, and expenditure. As bacterial biofilms are highly resistant and resilient to conventional antibacterial therapy, it has been difficult to combat these infections. An innovative alternative to the biocontrol of oral biofilms could be to use bacteriophages or phages, the viruses of bacteria, which are specific, non-toxic, self-proliferating, and can penetrate into biofilms. Phages for Actinomyces naeslundii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus spp., Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp., and Veillonella spp. have been isolated and characterised. Recombinant phage enzymes (lysins) have been shown to lyse A. naeslundii and Streptococcus spp. However, only a tiny fraction of available phages and their lysins have been explored so far. The unique properties of phages and their lysins make them promising but challenging antimicrobials. The genetics and biology of phages have to be further explored in order to determine the most effective way of applying them. Studying the effect of phages and lysins on multispecies biofilms should pave the way for microbiota engineering and microbiota-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon P Szafrański
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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133
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Ecology of the Oral Microbiome: Beyond Bacteria. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:362-374. [PMID: 28089325 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although great strides have been made in understanding the complex bacterial community inhabiting the human oral cavity, for a variety of (mainly technical) reasons the ecological contributions of oral fungi, viruses, phages, and the candidate phyla radiation (CPR) group of ultrasmall bacteria have remained understudied. Several recent reports have illustrated the diversity and importance of these organisms in the oral cavity, while TM7x and Candida albicans have served as crucial paradigms for CPR species and oral fungi, respectively. A comprehensive understanding of the oral microbiota and its influence on host health and disease will require a holistic view that emphasizes interactions among different residents within the oral community, as well as their interaction with the host.
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134
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Mousa WK, Athar B, Merwin NJ, Magarvey NA. Antibiotics and specialized metabolites from the human microbiota. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1302-1331. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human microbiota associated with each body site produce specialized molecules to kill human pathogens. Advanced bioinformatics tools will help to discover unique microbiome chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa K. Mousa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences & Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Bilal Athar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences & Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Nishanth J. Merwin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences & Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Nathan A. Magarvey
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences & Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4K1
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135
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Gudelj I, Kinnersley M, Rashkov P, Schmidt K, Rosenzweig F. Stability of Cross-Feeding Polymorphisms in Microbial Communities. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005269. [PMID: 28036324 PMCID: PMC5201250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-feeding, a relationship wherein one organism consumes metabolites excreted by another, is a ubiquitous feature of natural and clinically-relevant microbial communities and could be a key factor promoting diversity in extreme and/or nutrient-poor environments. However, it remains unclear how readily cross-feeding interactions form, and therefore our ability to predict their emergence is limited. In this paper we developed a mathematical model parameterized using data from the biochemistry and ecology of an E. coli cross-feeding laboratory system. The model accurately captures short-term dynamics of the two competitors that have been observed empirically and we use it to systematically explore the stability of cross-feeding interactions for a range of environmental conditions. We find that our simple system can display complex dynamics including multi-stable behavior separated by a critical point. Therefore whether cross-feeding interactions form depends on the complex interplay between density and frequency of the competitors as well as on the concentration of resources in the environment. Moreover, we find that subtly different environmental conditions can lead to dramatically different results regarding the establishment of cross-feeding, which could explain the apparently unpredictable between-population differences in experimental outcomes. We argue that mathematical models are essential tools for disentangling the complexities of cross-feeding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gudelj
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Margie Kinnersley
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Peter Rashkov
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Schmidt
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Frank Rosenzweig
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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136
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Xiao J, Moon Y, Li L, Rustchenko E, Wakabayashi H, Zhao X, Feng C, Gill SR, McLaren S, Malmstrom H, Ren Y, Quivey R, Koo H, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT. Candida albicans Carriage in Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) and Maternal Relatedness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164242. [PMID: 27741258 PMCID: PMC5065202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida albicans has been detected together with Streptococcus mutans in high numbers in plaque-biofilm from children with early childhood caries (ECC). The goal of this study was to examine the C. albicans carriage in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and the maternal relatedness. Methods Subjects in this pilot cross-sectional study were recruited based on a convenient sample. DMFT(S)/dmft(s) caries and plaque scores were assessed during a comprehensive oral exam. Social-demographic and related background information was collected through a questionnaire. Saliva and plaque sample from all children and mother subjects were collected. C. albicans were isolated by BBL™ CHROMagar™ and also identified using germ tube test. S. mutans was isolated using Mitis Salivarius with Bacitracin selective medium and identified by colony morphology. Genetic relatedness was examined using restriction endonuclease analysis of the C. albicans genome using BssHII (REAG-B). Multilocus sequence typing was used to examine the clustering information of isolated C. albicans. Spot assay was performed to examine the C. albicans Caspofungin susceptibility between S-ECC children and their mothers. All statistical analyses (power analysis for sample size, Spearman’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses) were implemented with SAS 9.4 Results A total of 18 S-ECC child-mother pairs and 17 caries free child-mother pairs were enrolled in the study. Results indicated high C. albicans carriage rate in the oral cavity (saliva and plaque) of both S-ECC children and their mothers (>80%). Spearman’s correlation coefficient also indicated a significant correlation between salivary and plaque C. albicans and S. mutans carriage (p<0.01) and caries severity (p<0.05). The levels of C. albicans in the prepared saliva and plaque sample (1ml resuspension) of S-ECC children were 1.3 ± 4.5 x104 cfu/ml and 1.2 ± 3.5 x104 cfu/ml (~3-log higher vs. caries-free children). Among 18 child-mother pairs, >60% of them demonstrated identical C. albicans REAG-B pattern. C. albicans isolated from >65% of child-mother pairs demonstrated similar susceptibility to caspofungin in spot assay, while no caspofungin resistant strains were seen when compared with C. albicans wild-type strain SC5314. Interestingly, the regression analysis showed that factors such as antibiotic usage, birth weight, inhaler use, brushing frequency, and daycare attendance had no significant effect on the oral carriage of C. albicans in the S-ECC children. Conclusions Our results reveal that both the child with S-ECC and the mother were highly infected with C. albicans, while most of the strains were genetically related, suggesting that the mother might be a source for C. albicans acquisition in the oral cavity of children affected by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yonghwi Moon
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Dentistry, North Sichuan Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Elena Rustchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hironao Wakabayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- School of Dentistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Changyong Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Sean McLaren
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hans Malmstrom
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Yanfang Ren
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert Quivey
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health Divisions, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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137
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Qiu W, Ren B, Dai H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Li Y. Clotrimazole and econazole inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm and virulence in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 73:113-120. [PMID: 27764679 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of eight antifungal drugs on S. mutans growth, biofilm formation and virulence factors. METHODS The actions of antifungal drugs on S. mutans were determined by recovery plates and survival kinetic curves. Biofilms were observed by scanning electron microscopy and the viable cells were recovered on BHI plates, meanwhile biofilms were stained by BacLight live/dead kit to investigate the biofilm viability. Bacteria/extracellular polysaccharides staining assays were performed to determine the EPS production of S. mutans biofilms. Acidogenicity and acidurity of S. mutans were determined using pH drop and acid tolerance assays, and the expression of ldh gene was evaluated using qPCR. RESULTS We found that clotrimazole (CTR) and econazole (ECO) showed antibacterial activities on S. mutans UA159 and S. mutans clinical isolates at 12.5 and 25mg/L, respectively. CTR and ECO could also inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation and reduce the viability of preformed biofilm. CTR and ECO affected the live/dead ratio and the EPS/bacteria ratio of S. mutans biofilms. CTR and ECO also inhibited the pH drop, lactate acid production, and acid tolerance. The abilities of CTR and ECO to inhibit S. mutans ldh expression were also confirmed. CONCLUSIONS We found that two antifungal azoles, CTR and ECO, had the abilities to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans and more importantly, they could also inhibit the virulence factors of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanqin Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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138
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Weerasekera MM, Wijesinghe GK, Jayarathna TA, Gunasekara CP, Fernando N, Kottegoda N, Samaranayake LP. Culture media profoundly affect Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis growth, adhesion and biofilm development. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:697-702. [PMID: 27706381 PMCID: PMC5125054 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As there are sparse data on the impact of growth media on the phenomenon of biofilm
development for Candida we evaluated the efficacy of three culture
media on growth, adhesion and biofilm formation of two pathogenic yeasts,
Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The
planktonic phase yeast growth, either as monocultures or mixed cultures, in sabouraud
dextrose broth (SDB), yeast nitrogen base (YNB), and RPMI 1640 was compared, and
adhesion as well as biofilm formation were monitored using MTT and crystal violet
(CV) assays and scanning electron microscopy. Planktonic cells of C.
albicans, C. tropicalis and their 1:1 co-culture showed
maximal growth in SDB. C. albicans/C. tropicalis adhesion was
significantly facilitated in RPMI 1640 although the YNB elicited the maximum growth
for C. tropicalis. Similarly, the biofilm growth was uniformly
higher for both species in RPMI 1640, and C. tropicalis was the
slower biofilm former in all three media. Scanning electron microscopy images tended
to confirm the results of MTT and CV assay. Taken together, our data indicate that
researchers should pay heed to the choice of laboratory culture media when comparing
relative planktonic/biofilm growth of Candida. There is also a need
for standardisation of biofilm development media so as to facilitate cross
comparisons between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula M Weerasekera
- University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Nugegoda, Gangodawila, Sri Lanka.,University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Center for Advanced Material Research, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayan K Wijesinghe
- University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Nugegoda, Gangodawila, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini A Jayarathna
- University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Nugegoda, Gangodawila, Sri Lanka
| | - Chinthika P Gunasekara
- University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Nugegoda, Gangodawila, Sri Lanka
| | - Neluka Fernando
- University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Nugegoda, Gangodawila, Sri Lanka
| | - Nilwala Kottegoda
- University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.,Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanoscience and Technology Park, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka.,University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Center for Advanced Material Research, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Lakshman P Samaranayake
- University of Queensland, Department of Oral Microbiomics and Infection, Brisbane, Australia
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139
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Förster TM, Mogavero S, Dräger A, Graf K, Polke M, Jacobsen ID, Hube B. Enemies and brothers in arms: Candida albicans and gram-positive bacteria. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1709-1715. [PMID: 27552083 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an important human opportunistic fungal pathogen which is frequently found as part of the normal human microbiota. It is well accepted that the fungus interacts with other components of the resident microbiota and that this impacts the commensal or pathogenic outcome of C. albicans colonization. Different types of interactions, including synergism or antagonism, contribute to a complex balance between the multitude of different species. Mixed biofilms of C. albicans and streptococci are a well-studied example of a mutualistic interaction often potentiating the virulence of the individual members. In contrast, other bacteria like lactobacilli are known to antagonize C. albicans, and research has just started elucidating the mechanisms behind these interactions. This scenario is even more complicated by a third player, the host. This review focuses on interactions between C. albicans and gram-positive bacteria whose investigation will without doubt ultimately help understanding C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Förster
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Antonia Dräger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Graf
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Polke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
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140
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l-Arginine Modifies the Exopolysaccharide Matrix and Thwarts Streptococcus mutans Outgrowth within Mixed-Species Oral Biofilms. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2651-61. [PMID: 27161116 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00021-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED l-Arginine, a ubiquitous amino acid in human saliva, serves as a substrate for alkali production by arginolytic bacteria. Recently, exogenous l-arginine has been shown to enhance the alkalinogenic potential of oral biofilm and destabilize its microbial community, which might help control dental caries. However, l-arginine exposure may inflict additional changes in the biofilm milieu when bacteria are growing under cariogenic conditions. Here, we investigated how exogenous l-arginine modulates biofilm development using a mixed-species model containing both cariogenic (Streptococcus mutans) and arginolytic (Streptococcus gordonii) bacteria in the presence of sucrose. We observed that 1.5% (wt/vol) l-arginine (also a clinically effective concentration) exposure suppressed the outgrowth of S. mutans, favored S. gordonii dominance, and maintained Actinomyces naeslundii growth within biofilms (versus vehicle control). In parallel, topical l-arginine treatments substantially reduced the amounts of insoluble exopolysaccharides (EPS) by >3-fold, which significantly altered the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the biofilm. Intriguingly, l-arginine repressed S. mutans genes associated with insoluble EPS (gtfB) and bacteriocin (SMU.150) production, while spxB expression (H2O2 production) by S. gordonii increased sharply during biofilm development, which resulted in higher H2O2 levels in arginine-treated biofilms. These modifications resulted in a markedly defective EPS matrix and areas devoid of any bacterial clusters (microcolonies) on the apatitic surface, while the in situ pH values at the biofilm-apatite interface were nearly one unit higher in arginine-treated biofilms (versus the vehicle control). Our data reveal new biological properties of l-arginine that impact biofilm matrix assembly and the dynamic microbial interactions associated with pathogenic biofilm development, indicating the multiaction potency of this promising biofilm disruptor. IMPORTANCE Dental caries is one of the most prevalent and costly infectious diseases worldwide, caused by a biofilm formed on tooth surfaces. Novel strategies that compromise the ability of virulent species to assemble and maintain pathogenic biofilms could be an effective alternative to conventional antimicrobials that indiscriminately kill other oral species, including commensal bacteria. l-Arginine at 1.5% has been shown to be clinically effective in modulating cariogenic biofilms via alkali production by arginolytic bacteria. Using a mixed-species ecological model, we show new mechanisms by which l-arginine disrupts the process of biofilm matrix assembly and the dynamic microbial interactions that are associated with cariogenic biofilm development, without impacting the bacterial viability. These results may aid in the development of enhanced methods to control biofilms using l-arginine.
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141
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Liang W, Guan G, Dai Y, Cao C, Tao L, Du H, Nobile CJ, Zhong J, Huang G. Lactic acid bacteria differentially regulate filamentation in two heritable cell types of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:506-519. [PMID: 27479705 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms rarely exist as single species in natural environments. The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are common members of the microbiota of several human niches such as the mouth, gut and vagina. Lactic acid bacteria are known to suppress filamentation, a key virulence feature of C. albicans, through the production of lactic acid and other metabolites. Here we report that C. albicans cells switch between two heritable cell types, white and opaque, to undergo filamentation to adapt to diversified environments. We show that acidic pH conditions caused by LAB and low temperatures support opaque cell filamentation, while neutral pH conditions and high temperatures promote white cell filamentation. The cAMP signalling pathway and the Rfg1 transcription factor play major roles in regulating the responses to these conditions. This cell type-specific response of C. albicans to different environmental conditions reflects its elaborate regulatory control of phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guobo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengjun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Du
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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142
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Hickey WJ, Shetty AR, Massey RJ, Toso DB, Austin J. Three-dimensional bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy elucidate novel nanostructure in microbial biofilms. J Microsc 2016; 265:3-10. [PMID: 27519057 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms play key roles in environmental and biomedical processes, and understanding their activities requires comprehension of their nanoarchitectural characteristics. Electron microscopy (EM) is an essential tool for nanostructural analysis, but conventional EM methods are limited in that they either provide topographical information alone, or are suitable for imaging only relatively thin (<300 nm) sample volumes. For biofilm investigations, these are significant restrictions. Understanding structural relations between cells requires imaging of a sample volume sufficiently large to encompass multiple cells and the capture of both external and internal details of cell structure. An emerging EM technique with such capabilities is bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (BF-STEM) and in the present report BF-STEM was coupled with tomography to elucidate nanostructure in biofilms formed by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading soil bacterium, Delftia acidovorans Cs1-4. Dual-axis BF-STEM enabled high-resolution 3-D tomographic recontructions (6-10 nm) visualization of thick (1250 and 1500 nm) sections. The 3-D data revealed that novel extracellular structures, termed nanopods, were polymorphic and formed complex networks within cell clusters. BF-STEM tomography enabled visualization of conduits formed by nanopods that could enable intercellular movement of outer membrane vesicles, and thereby enable direct communication between cells. This report is the first to document application of dual-axis BF-STEM tomography to obtain high-resolution 3-D images of novel nanostructures in bacterial biofilms. Future work with dual-axis BF-STEM tomography combined with correlative light electron microscopy may provide deeper insights into physiological functions associated with nanopods as well as other nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Hickey
- O.N. Allen Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Department Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Ameesha R Shetty
- O.N. Allen Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Department Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Randall J Massey
- Electron Microscope Facility, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Daniel B Toso
- O.N. Allen Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Department Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Jotham Austin
- Department Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Advanced Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
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143
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Distinct gene expression profile of Xanthomonas retroflexus engaged in synergistic multispecies biofilm formation. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 11:300-303. [PMID: 27505346 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that bacteria often exist in naturally formed multispecies biofilms. Within these biofilms, interspecies interactions seem to have an important role in ecological processes. Little is known about the effects of interspecies interactions on gene expression in these multispecies biofilms. This study presents a comparative gene expression analysis of the Xanthomonas retroflexus transcriptome when grown in a single-species biofilm and in dual- and four-species consortia with Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Microbacterium oxydans and Paenibacillus amylolyticus. The results revealed complex interdependent interaction patterns in the multispecies biofilms. Many of the regulated functions are related to interactions with the external environment and suggest a high phenotypic plasticity in response to coexistence with other species. Furthermore, the changed expression of genes involved in aromatic and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis suggests nutrient cross feeding as a contributing factor for the observed synergistic biofilm production when these four species coexists in a biofilm.
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144
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Effect of Antimicrobial Denture Base Resin on Multi-Species Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071033. [PMID: 27367683 PMCID: PMC4964409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aims of the research were to study the antimicrobial effect of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) modified denture base resin on multi-species biofilms and the biocompatibility of this modified dental material. Candida albicans (C. albicans), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), as well as Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) were used for biofilm formation on denture base resin. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts, microbial viability staining, and 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) array were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of DMADDM. C. albicans staining and Real-time PCR were used to analyze the morphology and expression of virulence genes of C. albicans in biofilm. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) array and Real-time PCR were conducted to examine the results after biofilm co-cultured with epithelial cell. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining followed by histological evaluation were used to study the biocompatibility of this modified material. We found that DMADDM containing groups reduced both biomass and metabolic activity of the biofilm significantly. DMADDM can also inhibit the virulence of C. albicans by means of inhibiting the hyphal development and downregulation of two virulence related genes. DMADDM significantly reduced the cell damage caused by multi-species biofilm according to the LDH activity and reduced the expression of IL-18 gene of the cells simultaneously. The in vivo histological evaluation proved that the addition of DMADDM less than 6.6% in denture material did not increase the inflammatory response (p > 0.05). Therefore, we proposed that the novel denture base resin containing DMADDM may be considered as a new promising therapeutic system against problems caused by microbes on denture base such as denture stomatitis.
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145
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Arzmi MH, Alnuaimi AD, Dashper S, Cirillo N, Reynolds EC, McCullough M. Polymicrobial biofilm formation by Candida albicans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus mutans is Candida albicans strain and medium dependent. Med Mycol 2016; 54:856-64. [PMID: 27354487 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms comprise of extracellular polysaccharides and polymicrobial microorganisms. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of polymicrobial interactions of Candida albicans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus mutans on biofilm formation with the hypotheses that biofilm biomass and metabolic activity are both C. albicans strain and growth medium dependent. To study monospecific biofilms, C. albicans, A. naeslundii, and S. mutans were inoculated into artificial saliva medium (ASM) and RPMI-1640 in separate vials, whereas to study polymicrobial biofilm formation, the inoculum containing microorganisms was prepared in the same vial prior inoculation into a 96-well plate followed by 72 hours incubation. Finally, biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were measured using crystal violet and XTT assays, respectively. Our results showed variability of monospecies and polymicrobial biofilm biomass between C. albicans strains and growth medium. Based on cut-offs, out of 32, seven RPMI-grown biofilms had high biofilm biomass (HBB), whereas, in ASM-grown biofilms, 14 out of 32 were HBB. Of the 32 biofilms grown in RPMI-1640, 21 were high metabolic activity (HMA), whereas in ASM, there was no biofilm had HMA. Significant differences were observed between ASM and RPMI-grown biofilms with respect to metabolic activity (P <01). In conclusion, biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were both C. albicans strain and growth medium dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ali D Alnuaimi
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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146
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Ng HM, Kin LX, Dashper SG, Slakeski N, Butler CA, Reynolds EC. Bacterial interactions in pathogenic subgingival plaque. Microb Pathog 2016; 94:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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147
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Ribeiro SM, Felício MR, Boas EV, Gonçalves S, Costa FF, Samy RP, Santos NC, Franco OL. New frontiers for anti-biofilm drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 160:133-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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148
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Cavalcanti I, Del Bel Cury A, Jenkinson H, Nobbs A. Interactions betweenStreptococcus oralis,Actinomyces oris, andCandida albicansin the development of multispecies oral microbial biofilms on salivary pellicle. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:60-73. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I.M.G. Cavalcanti
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology; Piracicaba Dental School - University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - A.A. Del Bel Cury
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology; Piracicaba Dental School - University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - H.F. Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - A.H. Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
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149
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Barbosa JO, Rossoni RD, Vilela SFG, de Alvarenga JA, Velloso MDS, Prata MCDA, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Streptococcus mutans Can Modulate Biofilm Formation and Attenuate the Virulence of Candida albicans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150457. [PMID: 26934196 PMCID: PMC4774980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are found together in the oral biofilms on dental surfaces, but little is known about the ecological interactions between these species. Here, we studied the effects of S. mutans UA159 on the growth and pathogencity of C. albicans. Initially, the effects of S. mutans on the biofilm formation and morphogenesis of C. albicans were tested in vitro. Next, we investigate the influence of S. mutans on pathogenicity of C. albicans using in vivo host models, in which the experimental candidiasis was induced in G. mellonella larvae and analyzed by survival curves, C. albicans count in hemolymph, and quantification of hyphae in the host tissues. In all the tests, we evaluated the direct effects of S. mutans cells, as well as the indirect effects of the subproducts secreted by this microorganism using a bacterial culture filtrate. The in vitro analysis showed that S. mutans cells favored biofilm formation by C. albicans. However, a reduction in biofilm viable cells and inhibition of hyphal growth was observed when C. albicans was in contact with the S. mutans culture filtrate. In the in vivo study, injection of S. mutans cells or S. mutans culture filtrate into G. mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans increased the survival of these animals. Furthermore, a reduction in hyphal formation was observed in larval tissues when C. albicans was associated with S. mutans culture filtrate. These findings suggest that S. mutans can secrete subproducts capable to inhibit the biofilm formation, morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. albicans, attenuating the experimental candidiasis in G. mellonella model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júnia Oliveira Barbosa
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Janaína Araújo de Alvarenga
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisol dos Santos Velloso
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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150
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Feldman M, Ginsburg I, Al-Quntar A, Steinberg D. Thiazolidinedione-8 Alters Symbiotic Relationship in C. albicans-S. mutans Dual Species Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:140. [PMID: 26904013 PMCID: PMC4748032 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecule, thiazolidinedione-8 (S-8) was shown to impair biofilm formation of various microbial pathogens, including the fungus Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Previously, we have evaluated the specific molecular mode of S-8 action against C. albicans biofilm-associated pathogenicity. In this study we investigated the influence of S-8 on dual species, C. albicans-S. mutans biofilm. We show that in the presence of S-8 a reduction of the co-species biofilm formation occurred with a major effect on C. albicans. Biofilm biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were significantly reduced by S-8. Moreover, the agent caused oxidative stress associated with a strong induction of reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide uptake inhibition by a mixed biofilm. In addition, S-8 altered symbiotic relationship between these species by a complex mechanism. Streptococcal genes associated with quorum sensing (QS) (comDE and luxS), EPS production (gtfBCD and gbpB), as well as genes related to protection against oxidative stress (nox and sodA) were markedly upregulated by S-8. In contrast, fungal genes related to hyphae formation (hwp1), adhesion (als3), hydrophobicity (csh1), and oxidative stress response (sod1, sod2, and cat1) were downregulated in the presence of S-8. In addition, ywp1 gene associated with yeast form of C. albicans was induced by S-8, which is correlated with appearance of mostly yeast cells in S-8 treated dual species biofilms. We concluded that S-8 disturbs symbiotic balance between C. albicans and S. mutans in dual species biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abed Al-Quntar
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel; Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
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