101
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Song H, Chen X, Hao Y, Wang J, Xie Q, Wang X. Nanoengineering facilitating the target mission: targeted extracellular vesicles delivery systems design. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:431. [PMID: 36175866 PMCID: PMC9524104 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine has put forward the proposition of "precision targeting" for modern drug delivery systems. Inspired by techniques from biology, pharmaceutical sciences, and nanoengineering, numerous targeted drug delivery systems have been developed in recent decades. But the large-scale applications of these systems are limited due to unsatisfactory targeting efficiency, cytotoxicity, easy removability, and instability. As such, the natural endogenous cargo delivery vehicle-extracellular vesicles (EVs)-have sparked significant interest for its unique inherent targeting properties, biocompatibility, transmembrane ability, and circulatory stability. The membranes of EVs are enriched for receptors or ligands that interact with target cells, which endows them with inherent targeting mission. However, most of the natural therapeutic EVs face the fate of being cleared by macrophages, resulting in off-target. Therefore, the specificity of natural EVs delivery systems urgently needs to be further improved. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the inherent homing mechanisms of EVs and the effects of the donor cell source and administration route on targeting specificity. We then go over nanoengineering techniques that modify EVs for improving specific targeting, such as source cell alteration and modification of EVs surface. We also highlight the auxiliary strategies to enhance specificity by changing the external environment, such as magnetic and photothermal. Furthermore, contemporary issues such as the lack of a gold standard for assessing targeting efficiency are discussed. This review will provide new insights into the development of precision medicine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Song
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaohang Chen
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yujia Hao
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Qingpeng Xie
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China. .,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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102
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Kim HY, Kwon S, Um W, Shin S, Kim CH, Park JH, Kim BS. Functional Extracellular Vesicles for Regenerative Medicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106569. [PMID: 35322545 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The unique biological characteristics and promising clinical potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have galvanized EV applications for regenerative medicine. Recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication, naturally secreted EVs have the potential, as innate biotherapeutics, to promote tissue regeneration. Although EVs have emerged as novel therapeutic agents, challenges related to the clinical transition have led to further functionalization. In recent years, various engineering approaches such as preconditioning, drug loading, and surface modification have been developed to potentiate the therapeutic outcomes of EVs. Also, limitations of natural EVs have been addressed by the development of artificial EVs that offer advantages in terms of production yield and isolation methodologies. In this review, an updated overview of current techniques is provided for the functionalization of natural EVs and recent advances in artificial EVs, particularly in the scope of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunglee Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Um
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Shin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Institute of Engineering Research, BioMAX, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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103
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Dutta A, Paul S. Advancement in exosome-based cancer therapeutics: A new era in cancer treatment. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.939197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the modern era of rapid development and advancement in cancer therapeutics and management, there is a growing awareness in the application of exosomes as a potential tool to target cancer cells. Exosomes are cell-derived nano-vesicles that modulate intercellular communications and transport. Due to their ideal native structure and characteristics, exosomes have emerged as a promising nanocarrier for clinical use. Nevertheless, their medical application is coupled with some intrinsic restrictions which hinder their widespread use. In order to make exosomes more effective, they are engineered at the cellular level to develop designer exosomes. The focus of this review is to summarize the various exosome bio-engineering approaches aimed at the development of designer exosomes and their application in cancer treatment.
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104
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Tailored Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Tool for Tissue Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:7695078. [PMID: 35915850 PMCID: PMC9338735 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7695078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential part in multiple pathophysiological processes including tissue injury and regeneration because of their inherent characteristics of small size, low immunogenicity and toxicity, and capability of carrying a variety of bioactive molecules and mediating intercellular communication. Nevertheless, accumulating studies have shown that the application of EVs faces many challenges such as insufficient therapeutic efficacy, a lack of targeting capability, low yield, and rapid clearance from the body. It is known that EVs can be engineered, modified, and designed to encapsulate therapeutic cargos like proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and drugs to improve their therapeutic efficacy. Targeted peptides, antibodies, aptamers, magnetic nanoparticles, and proteins are introduced to modify various cell-derived EVs for increasing targeting ability. In addition, extracellular vesicle mimetics (EMs) and self-assembly EV-mimicking nanocomplex are applied to improve production and simplify EV purification process. The combination of EVs with biomaterials like hydrogel, and scaffolds dressing endows EVs with long-term therapeutic efficacy and synergistically enhanced regenerative outcome. Thus, we will summarize recent developments of EV modification strategies for more extraordinary regenerative effect in various tissue injury repair. Subsequently, opportunities and challenges of promoting the clinical application of engineered EVs will be discussed.
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105
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Toghiani R, Abolmaali SS, Najafi H, Tamaddon AM. Bioengineering exosomes for treatment of organ ischemia-reperfusion injury. Life Sci 2022; 302:120654. [PMID: 35597547 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of death worldwide. It arises from blood reflowing after tissue hypoxia induced by ischemia that causes severe damages due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the activation of inflammatory responses. Exosomes are the smallest members of the extracellular vesicles' family, which originate from nearly all eukaryotic cells. Exosomes have a great potential in the treatment of I/R injury either in native or modified forms. Native exosomes are secreted by different cell types, such as stem cells, and contain components such as specific miRNA molecules with tissue protective properties. On the other hand, exosome bioengineering has recently received increased attention in context of current advances in the purification, manipulation, biological characterization, and pharmacological applications. There are various pre-isolation and post-isolation manipulation approaches that can be utilized to increase the circulation half-life of exosomes or the availability of their bioactive cargos in the target site. In this review, the various therapeutic actions of native exosomes in different I/R injury will be discussed first. Exosome bioengineering approaches will then be explained, including pre- and post-isolation manipulation methods, applicability for delivery of bioactive agents to injured tissue, clinical translation issues, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Toghiani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Haniyeh Najafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Tamaddon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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106
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Zheng D, Ruan H, Chen W, Zhang Y, Cui W, Chen H, Shen H. Advances in extracellular vesicle functionalization strategies for tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater 2022; 25:500-526. [PMID: 37056271 PMCID: PMC10087114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scale vesicles derived by cell secretion with unique advantages such as promoting cell proliferation, anti-inflammation, promoting blood vessels and regulating cell differentiation, which benefit their wide applications in regenerative medicine. However, the in vivo therapeutic effect of EVs still greatly restricted by several obstacles, including the off-targetability, rapid blood clearance, and undesired release. To address these issues, biomedical engineering techniques are vastly explored. This review summarizes different strategies to enhance EV functions from the perspective of drug loading, modification, and combination of biomaterials, and emphatically introduces the latest developments of functionalized EV-loaded biomaterials in different diseases, including cardio-vascular system diseases, osteochondral disorders, wound healing, nerve injuries. Challenges and future directions of EVs are also discussed.
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107
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Liang Y, Iqbal Z, Wang J, Xu L, Xu X, Ouyang K, Zhang H, Lu J, Duan L, Xia J. Cell-derived extracellular vesicles for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery: engineering strategies for cargo packaging and loading. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4095-4106. [PMID: 35766814 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing technology has emerged as a potential therapeutic tool for treating incurable diseases. In particular, the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas systems and the design of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) have revolutionized genome editing applications. Unfortunately, compared with the rapid development of gene-editing tools, the progress in the development of delivery technologies is lagging behind and thus limiting the clinical application of genome editing. To overcome these limitations, researchers have investigated various delivery systems, including viral and non-viral vectors for delivering CRISPR/Cas and sgRNA complexes. As natural endogenous nanocarriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) present advantages of biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, stability, and high permeability, making them one of the most promising drug delivery vehicles. This review provides an overview of the fundamental mechanisms of EVs from the aspects of biogenesis, trafficking, cargo delivery, and function as nanotherapeutic agents. We also summarize the latest trends in EV-based CRISPR/Cas delivery systems and discuss the prospects for future development. In particular, we put our emphasis on the state-of-the-art engineering strategies to realize efficient cargo packaging and loading. Altogether, EVs hold promise in bridging genome editing in the laboratory and clinical applications of gene therapies by providing a safe, effective, and targeted delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Zoya Iqbal
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Limei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | - Kan Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.,EVLiXiR Biotech Inc., Nanjing 210032, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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108
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Lu B, Ku J, Flojo R, Olson C, Bengford D, Marriott G. Exosome- and extracellular vesicle-based approaches for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114465. [PMID: 35878794 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-generated extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being engineered as biologically-inspired vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to treat difficult-to-manage human diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Engineered EVs offer distinct advantages for targeted delivery of therapeutics compared to existing synthetic and semi-synthetic nanoscale systems, for example with regard to their biocompatibility, circulation lifetime, efficiencies in delivery of drugs and biologics to target cells, and clearance from the body. Here, we review literature related to the design and preparation of EVs as therapeutic carriers for targeted delivery and therapy of drugs and biologics with a focus on LSDs. First, we introduce the basic pathophysiology of LDSs and summarize current approaches to diagnose and treat LSDs. Second, we will provide specific details about EVs, including subtypes, biogenesis, biological properties and their potential to treat LSDs. Third, we review state-of-the-art approaches to engineer EVs for treatments of LSDs. Finally, we summarize explorative basic research and applied applications of engineered EVs for LSDs, and highlight current challenges, and new directions in developing EV-based therapies and their potential impact on clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Joy Ku
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Renceh Flojo
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Chris Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - David Bengford
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Gerard Marriott
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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109
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Su Y, Sun X, Liu X, Qu Q, Yang L, Chen Q, Liu F, Li Y, Wang Q, Huang B, Huang XH, Zhang XJ. hUC-EVs-ATO reduce the severity of acute GVHD by resetting inflammatory macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:99. [PMID: 35864538 PMCID: PMC9306027 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stromal cell-derived human umbilical cords (hUC-EVs) and arsenic trioxides (ATOs) have been demonstrated to treat acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) via immunomodulation. Apart from immunomodulation, hUC-EVs have a unique function of drug delivery, which has been proposed to enhance their efficacy. In this study, we first prepared ATO-loaded hUC-EVs (hUC-EVs-ATO) to investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanisms of hUC-EVs-ATO in a mouse model of aGVHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods An aGVHD model was established to observe the therapeutic effects of hUC-EVs-ATO on aGVHD. Target organs were harvested for histopathological analysis on day 14 after transplantation. The effects of hUC-EVs-ATO on alloreactive CD4+ were evaluated by flow cytometry in vivo and in vitro. Flow cytometry, RT-PCR, immunofluorescence colocalization analysis and Western blot (Wb) analysis were performed to examine macrophage polarization after hUC-EV-ATO treatment. The cytokines in serum were measured by a cytometric bead array (CBA). TEM, confocal microscopy and Wb were performed to observe the level of autophagy in macrophages. A graft-versus-lymphoma (GVL) mouse model was established to observe the role of hUC-EVs-ATO in the GVL effect. Results The clinical manifestations and histological scores of aGVHD in the hUC-EVs-ATO group were significantly reduced compared with those in the ATO and hUC-EVs groups. The mice receiving hUC-EVs-ATO lived longer than the control mice. Notably, hUC-EVs-ATO interfering with alloreactive CD4+ T cells differentiation were observed in aGVHD mice but not in an in vitro culture system. Additional studies showed that depletion of macrophages blocked the therapeutic effects of hUC-EVs-ATO on aGVHD. Mechanistically, hUC-EVs-ATO induced autophagic flux by inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity to repolarize M1 to M2 macrophages. Additionally, using a murine model of GVL effects, hUC-EVs-ATO were found not only to reduce the severity of aGVHD but also to preserve the GVL effects. Taken together, hUC-EVs-ATO may be promising candidates for aGVHD treatment. Conclusions hUC-EVs-ATO enhanced the alleviation of aGVHD severity in mice compared with ATO and hUC-EVs without weakening GVL activity. hUC-EVs-ATO promoted M1 to M2 polarization via the mTOR-autophagy pathway. hUC-EVs-ATO could be a potential therapeutic approach in aGVHD after allo-HSCT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13045-022-01315-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Sun
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Qu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqi Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yueying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Qianfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.
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110
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Wang D, Cao H, Hua W, Gao L, Yuan Y, Zhou X, Zeng Z. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Defect Repair. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070716. [PMID: 35877919 PMCID: PMC9315966 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The repair of critical bone defects is a hotspot of orthopedic research. With the development of bone tissue engineering (BTE), there is increasing evidence showing that the combined application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (MSC-EVs), especially exosomes, with hydrogels, scaffolds, and other bioactive materials has made great progress, exhibiting a good potential for bone regeneration. Recent studies have found that miRNAs, proteins, and other cargo loaded in EVs are key factors in promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In BTE, the expression profile of the intrinsic cargo of EVs can be changed by modifying the gene expression of MSCs to obtain EVs with enhanced osteogenic activity and ultimately enhance the osteoinductive ability of bone graft materials. However, the current research on MSC-EVs for repairing bone defects is still in its infancy, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, the effect of bioactive materials such as hydrogels and scaffolds combined with MSC-EVs in repairing bone defects is summarized, and the mechanism of MSC-EVs promoting bone defect repair by delivering active molecules such as internal miRNAs is further elucidated, which provides a theoretical basis and reference for the clinical application of MSC-EVs in repairing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Hong Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Weizhong Hua
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xuchang Zhou
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (H.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (D.W.); (W.H.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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111
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Aguirre RS, Kulkarni A, Becker MW, Lei X, Sarkar S, Ramanadham S, Phelps EA, Nakayasu ES, Sims EK, Mirmira RG. Extracellular vesicles in β cell biology: Role of lipids in vesicle biogenesis, cargo, and intercellular signaling. Mol Metab 2022; 63:101545. [PMID: 35817393 PMCID: PMC9294332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder whose pathogenesis involves an intricate interplay between β cells of the pancreatic islet, other islet cells, and cells of the immune system. Direct intercellular communication within the islet occurs via cell surface proteins and indirect intercellular communication has traditionally been seen as occurring via secreted proteins (e.g., endocrine hormones and cytokines). However, recent literature suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by β cells constitute an additional and biologically important mechanism for transmitting signals to within the islet. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the general mechanisms of EV formation, with a particular focus on how lipids and lipid signaling pathways influence their formation and cargo. We review the implications of EV release from β cells for T1D pathogenesis, how EVs and their cargo might be leveraged as biomarkers of this process, and how EVs might be engineered as a therapeutic candidate to counter T1D outcomes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Islet β cells have been viewed as initiators and propagators of the cellular circuit giving rise to autoimmunity in T1D. In this context, emerging literature suggests that EVs may represent a conduit for communication that holds more comprehensive messaging about the β cells from which they arise. As the field of EV biology advances, it opens the possibility that intervening with EV formation and cargo loading could be a novel disease-modifying approach in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew W. Becker
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology & The Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology & The Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Edward A. Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Emily K. Sims
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author. 900 E. 57th St., KCBD 8130, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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112
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Pandian SRK, Vijayakumar KK, Kunjiappan S, Babkiewicz E, Maszczyk P. Emerging role of exosomes in hematological malignancies. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00850-z. [PMID: 35798882 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms in the blood characterized by dysregulated hematopoiesis and classified as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. The occurrence and progression of hematological malignancies depend on transformed hematopoietic stem cells, which refract to chemotherapy and often cause relapse. In recent years, monoclonal antibody therapies are preferred for hematopoietic cancers, owing to their inherent mechanisms of action and improved outcomes. However, efficient drug delivery methods and the establishment of novel biomarkers are currently being investigated and warranted to improve the outcome of patients with hematological malignancies. For instance, non-viral-mediated, natural carriers have been suggested for latent intracellular drug delivery. In this purview, repurposing small vesicles (e.g., exosomes) is considered a latent approach for myeloma therapy. Exosomes (nano-vesicles) have many advantages in that they are secreted by various animals and plants and become sought after for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. The size of the cellular membrane of exosomes (30-150 nm) facilitates ligand binding and targeted delivery of the loaded molecules. Furthermore, exosomes can be modified to express specific target moiety on their cell membrane and can also be featured with desired biological activity, thereby potentially employed for various convoluted diseases, including hematological malignancies. To advance the current knowledge, this review is focused on the source, composition, function and surface engineering of exosomes pertaining to hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India.
| | - Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India
| | - Ewa Babkiewicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw at Biology & Chemistry Research Center, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Maszczyk
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw at Biology & Chemistry Research Center, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
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113
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Tang TT, Wang B, Lv LL, Dong Z, Liu BC. Extracellular vesicles for renal therapeutics: State of the art and future perspective. J Control Release 2022; 349:32-50. [PMID: 35779658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of kidney disease, the need for developing new therapeutics to manage this disease has never been greater. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural membranous nanoparticles present in virtually all organisms. Given their excellent delivery capacity in the body, EVs have emerged as a frontier technology for drug delivery and have the potential to usher in a new era of nanomedicine for kidney disease. This review is focused on why EVs are such compelling drug carriers and how to release their fullest potentiality in renal therapeutics. We discuss the unique features of EVs compared to artificial nanoparticles and outline the engineering technologies and steps in developing EV-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on the emerging approaches to target renal cells and prolong kidney retention. We also explore the applications of EVs as natural therapeutics or as drug carriers in the treatment of renal disorders and present our views on the critical challenges in manufacturing EVs as next-generation renal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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114
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Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Huang Z, Wang Q, Qing L, Li L, Xu S, Jia B. Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges of Exosomes in Oral Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2679-2705. [PMID: 35733418 PMCID: PMC9208818 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s365594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, with more than 300,000 cases diagnosed each year, of which oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90%, with a 5-year survival rate of only 40–60%, and poor prognosis. Exploring new strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer is key to improving the survival rate. Exosomes are nanoscale lipid bilayer membrane vesicles that are secreted by almost all cell types. During the development of oral cancer, exosomes can transport their contents (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc) to target cells and promote or inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of oral cancer cells by influencing the host immune response, drug-resistant metastasis, and tumour angiogenesis. Therefore, exosomes have great potential and advantages as biomarkers for oral cancer diagnosis, and as drug delivery vehicles or targets for oral cancer therapy. In this review, we first describe the biogenesis, biological functions, and isolation methods of exosomes, followed by their relationship with oral cancer. Here, we focused on the potential of exosomes as oral cancer biomarkers, drug carriers, and therapeutic targets. Finally, we provide an insightful discussion of the opportunities and challenges of exosome application in oral cancer diagnosis and treatment, intending to offer new ideas for the clinical management of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaimei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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115
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Chen H, Sun T, Jiang C. Extracellular vesicle-based macromolecule delivery systems in cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 348:572-589. [PMID: 35714733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Great attention has been paid to the impressive role the macromolecules played in cancer immunotherapy, however, the applications were largely limited by their poor circulation stability, low cellular uptake efficiency, and off-target effects. As an important messenger of intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit unique advantages in macromolecule delivery compared to traditional synthetic carriers, offering new possibilities for modern drug delivery. These naturally derived carriers can achieve stable, efficient, and selective delivery of macromolecules and improve the efficacy and potentiality of macromolecular drugs in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a brief overview of the unique features of EVs related to macromolecule delivery, the strategies and recent advances of using EVs as macromolecule delivery carriers in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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116
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Extracellular vesicles in mammalian reproduction: a review. ZYGOTE 2022; 30:440-463. [PMID: 35652626 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199422000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to be implicated in a complex universal mechanism of communication between different cell types. EVs are nanostructures of lipid nature that have an exosomal or ectosomal biogenesis, responsible for the intercellular transport of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, ions, among other molecules. The content of EVs can vary due to various factors such as hormonal stimuli, non-physiological conditions, metabolic state, etc. Once EVs reach their target cell, they can modulate processes such as gene expression, metabolism, response to external factors, and can even be associated with the delivery of molecules involved in epigenetic inheritance processes in germ cells. In mammalian reproduction, EVs have been shown to play an important role, either in vivo or in vitro, modulating a variety of processes in sperm, oocytes and embryos, and in their respective environments. Moreover, EVs represent a biodegradable, harmless and specific vehicle, which makes them attractive allies to consider when improving assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Therefore, the present review aims to describe the content of the main EVs involved in mammalian reproduction and how they can vary due to different factors, as well as to detail how EVs modulate, directly or indirectly, different molecular processes in gametes and embryos. In addition, we will highlight the mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. We will also propose new perspectives according to the characteristics of each particular EV to improve the different ARTs.
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117
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Psaraki A, Ntari L, Karakostas C, Korrou-Karava D, Roubelakis MG. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: The regenerative impact in liver diseases. Hepatology 2022; 75:1590-1603. [PMID: 34449901 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver dysfunctions are classified into acute and chronic diseases, which comprise a heterogeneous group of pathological features and a high mortality rate. Liver transplantation remains the gold-standard therapy for most liver diseases, with concomitant limitations related to donor organ shortage and lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. A concept in liver therapy intends to overcome these limitations based on the secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs; microvesicles and exosomes) by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). A significant number of studies have shown that factors released by MSCs could induce liver repair and ameliorate systemic inflammation through paracrine effects. It is well known that this paracrine action is based not only on the secretion of cytokines and growth factors but also on EVs, which regulate pathways associated with inflammation, hepatic fibrosis, integrin-linked protein kinase signaling, and apoptosis. Herein, we extensively discuss the differential effects of MSC-EVs on different liver diseases and on cellular and animal models and address the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic potential of EVs. In addition, we cover the crucial information regarding the type of molecules contained in MSC-EVs that can be effective in the context of liver diseases. In conclusion, outcomes on MSC-EV-mediated therapy are expected to lead to an innovative, cell-free, noninvasive, less immunogenic, and nontoxic alternative strategy for liver treatment and to provide important mechanistic information on the reparative function of liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Psaraki
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Lydia Ntari
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Christos Karakostas
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Despoina Korrou-Karava
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Maria G Roubelakis
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Centre of Basic ResearchBiomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of AthensAthensGreece
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118
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Lee BR, Lee TJ, Oh S, Li C, Song JHA, Marshall B, Zhi W, Kwon SH. Ascorbate peroxidase-mediated in situ labelling of proteins in secreted exosomes. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12239. [PMID: 35716063 PMCID: PMC9206227 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicle exosome mediates intercellular communication by transporting macromolecules such as proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNAs). Determining cargo contents with high accuracy will help decipher the biological processes that exosomes mediate in various contexts. Existing methods for probing exosome cargo molecules rely on a prior exosome isolation procedure. Here we report an in situ labelling approach for exosome cargo identification, which bypasses the exosome isolation steps. In this methodology, a variant of the engineered ascorbate peroxidase APEX, fused to an exosome cargo protein such as CD63, is expressed specifically in exosome‐generating vesicles in live cells or in secreted exosomes in the conditioned medium, to induce biotinylation of the proteins in the vicinity of the APEX variant for a short period of time. Mass spectrometry analysis of the proteins biotinylated by this approach in exosomes secreted by kidney proximal tubule‐derived cells reveals that oxidative stress can cause ribosomal proteins to accumulate in an exosome subpopulation that contains the CD63‐fused APEX variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Rho Lee
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jin-Hyuk A Song
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brendan Marshall
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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119
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Yang J, Zhang L. The roles and therapeutic approaches of MSC-derived exosomes in colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:959-967. [PMID: 35037237 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both men and women, accounting for 8% of all new cancer cases in both. CRC is typically diagnosed at advanced stages, which leads to a higher mortality rate. The 5-year survival rate for CRC is 64% in all cases and just 12% in metastatic cases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most recent approaches for therapeutic interventions in cancer. MSCs have multiple properties, including paracrine signaling, immunologic functions, and the ability to migrate to the targeted tissue. MSCs can produce and secrete exosomes in tumor microenvironments. These exosomes can transfer compounds across tumor cells, stromal cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Studies showed that modified MCS-derived exosomes have enhanced specificity, reduced immunogenicity, and better targeting capabilities in comparison to other frequently used delivery systems such as liposomes. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive view of the role of natural MSC-derived exosomes in CRC, as well as the most current and prospective advancements in MSC-derived exosome therapeutic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Anorectal, Shijiazhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Liman Zhang
- Anorectal, Shijiazhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
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120
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Ahn SH, Ryu SW, Choi H, You S, Park J, Choi C. Manufacturing Therapeutic Exosomes: from Bench to Industry. Mol Cells 2022; 45:284-290. [PMID: 35534190 PMCID: PMC9095511 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Process of manufacturing therapeutics exosome development for commercialization. The development of exosome treatment starts at the bench, and in order to be commercialized, it goes through the manufacturing, characterization, and formulation stages, production under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions for clinical use, and close consultation with regulatory authorities. Exosome, a type of nanoparticles also known as small extracellular vesicles are gaining attention as novel therapeutics for various diseases because of their ability to deliver genetic or bioactive molecules to recipient cells. Although many pharmaceutical companies are gradually developing exosome therapeutics, numerous hurdles remain regarding manufacture of clinical-grade exosomes for therapeutic use. In this mini-review, we will discuss the manufacturing challenges of therapeutic exosomes, including cell line development, upstream cell culture, and downstream purification process. In addition, developing proper formulations for exosome storage and, establishing good manufacturing practice facility for producing therapeutic exosomes remains as challenges for developing clinicalgrade exosomes. However, owing to the lack of consensus regarding the guidelines for manufacturing therapeutic exosomes, close communication between regulators and companies is required for the successful development of exosome therapeutics. This review shares the challenges and perspectives regarding the manufacture and quality control of clinical grade exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Ahn
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
| | | | - Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
| | | | - Jun Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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121
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Ghosh S, Ghosh S. Exosome: The “Off-the-Shelf” Cellular Nanocomponent as a Potential Pathogenic Agent, a Disease Biomarker, and Neurotherapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878058. [PMID: 35685643 PMCID: PMC9170956 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized “off-the-shelf” lipid vesicles released by almost all cell types and play a significant role in cell–cell communication. Exosomes have already been proven to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, miRNA, and noncoding RNA (ribonucleic acid). These vesicles can be selectively taken up by the neighboring cell and can regulate cellular functions. Herein, we have discussed three different roles of exosomes in neuroscience. First, we have discussed how exosomes play the role of a pathogenic agent as a part of cell–cell communication and transmit pathogens such as amyloid-beta (Aβ), further helping in the propagation of neurodegenerative and other neurological diseases. In the next section, the review talks about the role of exosomes in biomarker discovery in neurological disorders. Toward the end, we have reviewed how exosomes can be harnessed and engineered for therapeutic purposes in different brain diseases. This review is based on the current knowledge generated in this field and our comprehension of this domain.
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122
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Choi H, Kim MY, Kim DH, Yun H, Oh BK, Kim SB, Song IH, Park HS, Kim SE, Park C, Choi C. Quantitative Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics Study of GMP-Grade Exosomes Labeled with 89Zr Radioisotope in Mice and Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061118. [PMID: 35745690 PMCID: PMC9229812 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For the successful clinical advancement of exosome therapeutics, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profile of exogenous exosomes in various animal models must be determined. Compared with fluorescence or bioluminescence imaging, radionuclide imaging confers multiple advantages for the in vivo tracking of biomolecular therapeutics because of its excellent sensitivity for deep tissue imaging and potential for quantitative measurement. Herein, we assessed the quantitative biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of good manufacturing practice-grade therapeutic exosomes labeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr) after systemic intravenous administration in mice and rats. Quantitative biodistribution analysis by positron emission tomography/computed tomography and gamma counting in mice and rats revealed that the total 89Zr signals in the organs were lower in rats than in mice, suggesting a higher excretion rate of exosomes in rats. A prolonged 89Zr signal for up to 7 days in most organs indicated that substantial amounts of exosomes were taken up by the parenchymal cells in those organs, highlighting the therapeutic potential of exosomes for the intracellular delivery of therapeutics. Exosomes were mainly distributed in the liver and to a lesser extent in the spleen, while a moderately distributed in the kidney, lung, stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, brain, and heart. Exosomes were rapidly cleared from the blood circulation, with a rate greater than that of free 89Zr, indicating that exosomes might be rapidly taken up by cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Myung-Yoon Kim
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Dae-Hwan Kim
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Hanoul Yun
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Byung-Koo Oh
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
| | - Su-Bin Kim
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (I.-H.S.); (H.-S.P.); (S.-E.K.)
| | - In-Ho Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (I.-H.S.); (H.-S.P.); (S.-E.K.)
| | - Hyun-Soo Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (I.-H.S.); (H.-S.P.); (S.-E.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (I.-H.S.); (H.-S.P.); (S.-E.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology 145, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Cheolhyoung Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (C.C.); Tel.: +82-42-863-4450 (C.C.)
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (M.-Y.K.); (D.-H.K.); (H.Y.); (B.-K.O.)
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (C.C.); Tel.: +82-42-863-4450 (C.C.)
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Mai J, Wang K, Liu C, Xiong S, Xie Q. αvβ3-targeted sEVs for efficient intracellular delivery of proteins using MFG-E8. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:15. [PMID: 35597930 PMCID: PMC9123705 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanometer-sized membranous particles shed by many types of cells and can transfer a multitude of cargos between cells. Recent studies of sEVs have been focusing on their potential to be novel drug carriers due to natural composition and other promising characteristics. However, there are challenges in sEVs-based drug delivery, one of which is the inefficient loading of drugs into sEVs, especially for large biomolecules. RESULTS In this study, we proposed a membrane-associated protein, milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 protein (MFG-E8), to produce αvβ3-targeted sEVs with high delivery efficiency of interested protein. MFG-E8 is a secreted protein with NH2-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, containing an Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD) sequence that binds αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, and COOH terminal domains C1 and C2, which can bind to lipid membrane with strong affinity. Firstly, we transiently expressed MFG-E8 in HEK293F cells and found that this protein could be secreted and adhere to the cell membrane. The recombinant MFG-E8 is also found to locate at the outer membrane of sEVs. Then we generated engineered sEVs by expressing high levels of the EGFP fused to MFG-E8 in HEK293F cells and showed that MFG-E8 could increase the delivery efficiency of EGFP into sEVs. Further delivery of Gaussia luciferase (GL) by fusion expression with MFG-E8 in donor cells demonstrated that target proteins fused with MFG-E8 still kept their activity. Finally, we identified the sEVs' target to integrin αvβ3 by comparing the transfection efficiency with MFG-E8 loaded sEVs (MFG-E8-sEVs) in αvβ3 positive cells and αvβ3 negative cells. Analysis showed higher target protein could transfect into αvβ3 positive cells with MFG-E8-sEVs than with EGFP loaded sEVs (EGFP-sEVs), meaning the engineered sEVs with MFG-E8 not only could increase the delivery of target protein into sEVs, but also could target the αvβ3 positive cells. CONCLUSION This study suggests that recombinant MFG-E8 is an ideal protein to increasingly deliver the drug into sEVs and give sEVs the ability to target the αvβ3 positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Mai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chenxuexuan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Sheng Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiuling Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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124
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Somiya M, Kuroda S. Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles for Small Molecule-Regulated Cargo Loading and Cytoplasmic Delivery of Bioactive Proteins. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2495-2505. [PMID: 35594496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic delivery of functional proteins into target cells remains challenging for many biological agents to exert their therapeutic effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are expected to be a promising platform for protein delivery; however, efficient loading of proteins of interest (POIs) into EVs remains elusive. In this study, we utilized small compound-induced heterodimerization between FK506 binding protein (FKBP) and FKBP12-rapamycin-binding (FRB) domain to sort bioactive proteins into EVs using the FRB-FKBP system. When CD81, a typical EV marker protein, and POI were fused with FKBP and FRB, respectively, rapamycin induced the binding of these proteins through the FKBP-FRB interaction and recruited the POIs into EVs. The released EVs, displaying the virus-derived membrane fusion protein, delivered the POI cargo into recipient cells and their functionality in the recipient cells was confirmed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CD81 could be replaced with other EV-enriched proteins, such as CD63 or HIV Gag. Thus, the FRB-FKBP system enables the delivery of functional proteins and paves the way for EV-based protein delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Somiya
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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125
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Osteikoetxea X, Silva A, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Salmond N, Shatnyeva O, Stein J, Schick J, Wren S, Lindgren J, Firth M, Madsen A, Mayr LM, Overman R, Davies R, Dekker N. Engineered Cas9 extracellular vesicles as a novel gene editing tool. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12225. [PMID: 35585651 PMCID: PMC9117459 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown promise as biological delivery vehicles, but therapeutic applications require efficient cargo loading. Here, we developed new methods for CRISPR/Cas9 loading into EVs through reversible heterodimerization of Cas9‐fusions with EV sorting partners. Cas9‐loaded EVs were collected from engineered Expi293F cells using standard methodology, characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy and analysed for CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated functional gene editing in a Cre‐reporter cellular assay. Light‐induced dimerization using Cryptochrome 2 combined with CD9 or a Myristoylation‐Palmitoylation‐Palmitoylation lipid modification resulted in efficient loading with approximately 25 Cas9 molecules per EV and high functional delivery with 51% gene editing of the Cre reporter cassette in HEK293 and 25% in HepG2 cells, respectively. This approach was also effective for targeting knock‐down of the therapeutically relevant PCSK9 gene with 6% indel efficiency in HEK293. Cas9 transfer was detergent‐sensitive and associated with the EV fractions after size exclusion chromatography, indicative of EV‐mediated transfer. Considering the advantages of EVs over other delivery vectors we envision that this study will prove useful for a range of therapeutic applications, including CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK.,HCEMM-SU Extracellular Vesicles Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andreia Silva
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikki Salmond
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Olga Shatnyeva
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josia Stein
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Jan Schick
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Stephen Wren
- Global Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Julia Lindgren
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mike Firth
- Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexandra Madsen
- Genome Engineering, Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lorenz M Mayr
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ross Overman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Rick Davies
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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126
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Lee H, Bae K, Baek AR, Kwon EB, Kim YH, Nam SW, Lee GH, Chang Y. Glioblastoma-Derived Exosomes as Nanopharmaceutics for Improved Glioma Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051002. [PMID: 35631588 PMCID: PMC9145309 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cancer-derived exosomes has been studied in several cancer types, but the cancer-targeting efficacy of glioma-derived exosomes has not been investigated in depth for malignant glioblastoma (GBM) cells. In this study, exosomes were derived from U87MG human glioblastoma cells, and selumetinib, a new anticancer drug, was loaded into the exosomes. We observed the tropism of GBM-derived exosomes in vitro and in vivo. We found that the tropism of GBM-derived exosomes is in contrast to the behavior of non-exosome-enveloped drugs and non-GBM-specific exosomes in vitro and in vivo in an animal GBM model. We found that the tropism exhibited by GBM-derived exosomes can be utilized to shuttle selumetinib, with no specific targeting moiety, to GBM tumor sites. Therefore, our findings indicated that GBM-derived exosomes loaded with selumetinib had a specific antitumor effect on U87MG cells and were non-toxic to normal brain cells. These exosomes offer improved therapeutic prospects for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeji Lee
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.L.); (K.B.)
| | - Kanghye Bae
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.L.); (K.B.)
| | - Ah-Rum Baek
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41405, Korea;
| | - Eun-Bin Kwon
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea;
| | - Yeoun-Hee Kim
- R&D Center, Etnova Therapeutics Corp., 124, Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si 13207, Korea;
| | - Sung-Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Gang Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (H.L.); (K.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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127
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Liu S, Wu X, Chandra S, Lyon C, Ning B, jiang L, Fan J, Hu TY. Extracellular vesicles: Emerging tools as therapeutic agent carriers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3822-3842. [PMID: 36213541 PMCID: PMC9532556 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are present in all biological fluids of vertebrates, where they transfer DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites from donor to recipient cells in cell-to-cell communication. Some EV components can also indicate the type and biological status of their parent cells and serve as diagnostic targets for liquid biopsy. EVs can also natively carry or be modified to contain therapeutic agents (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and small molecules) by physical, chemical, or bioengineering strategies. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and stability, EVs are ideal nanocarriers for bioactive ingredients to induce signal transduction, immunoregulation, or other therapeutic effects, which can be targeted to specific cell types. Herein, we review EV classification, intercellular communication, isolation, and characterization strategies as they apply to EV therapeutics. This review focuses on recent advances in EV applications as therapeutic carriers from in vitro research towards in vivo animal models and early clinical applications, using representative examples in the fields of cancer chemotherapeutic drug, cancer vaccine, infectious disease vaccines, regenerative medicine and gene therapy. Finally, we discuss current challenges for EV therapeutics and their future development.
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128
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Wang T, Fu Y, Sun S, Huang C, Yi Y, Wang J, Deng Y, Wu M. Exosome-based drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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129
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Ju Y, Liao H, Richardson JJ, Guo J, Caruso F. Nanostructured particles assembled from natural building blocks for advanced therapies. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4287-4336. [PMID: 35471996 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00343g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Advanced treatments based on immune system manipulation, gene transcription and regulation, specific organ and cell targeting, and/or photon energy conversion have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies against a range of challenging diseases. Naturally derived macromolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols) have increasingly found use as fundamental building blocks for nanostructured particles as their advantageous properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, inherent bioactivity, and diverse chemical properties make them suitable for advanced therapeutic applications. This review provides a timely and comprehensive summary of the use of a broad range of natural building blocks in the rapidly developing field of advanced therapeutics with insights specific to nanostructured particles. We focus on an up-to-date overview of the assembly of nanostructured particles using natural building blocks and summarize their key scientific and preclinical milestones for advanced therapies, including adoptive cell therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, active targeted drug delivery, photoacoustic therapy and imaging, photothermal therapy, and combinational therapy. A cross-comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of different natural building blocks are highlighted to elucidate the key design principles for such bio-derived nanoparticles toward improving their performance and adoption. Current challenges and future research directions are also discussed, which will accelerate our understanding of designing, engineering, and applying nanostructured particles for advanced therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ju
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. .,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Haotian Liao
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China. .,Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Joseph J Richardson
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junling Guo
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China. .,Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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130
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Sanmartin MC, Borzone FR, Giorello MB, Yannarelli G, Chasseing NA. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Biological Carriers for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:882545. [PMID: 35497332 PMCID: PMC9046597 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.882545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020. Despite advances in targeted therapies, some pharmacological drawbacks associated with anticancer chemo and immunotherapeutic agents include high toxicities, low bioavailability, and drug resistance. In recent years, extracellular vesicles emerged as a new promising platform for drug delivery, with the advantage of their inherent biocompatibility and specific targeting compared to artificial nanocarriers, such as liposomes. Particularly, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells were proposed as a source of extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy because of their intrinsic properties: high in vitro self-renewal and proliferation, regenerative and immunomodulatory capacities, and secretion of extracellular vesicles that mediate most of their paracrine functions. Moreover, extracellular vesicles are static and safer in comparison with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, which can undergo genetic/epigenetic or phenotypic changes after their administration to patients. In this review, we summarize currently reported information regarding mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles, their proper isolation and purification techniques - from either naive or engineered mesenchymal stem/stromal cells - for their application in cancer therapy, as well as available downstream modification methods to improve their therapeutic properties. Additionally, we discuss the challenges associated with extracellular vesicles for cancer therapy, and we review some preclinical and clinical data available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Sanmartin
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Raúl Borzone
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Giorello
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Alejandra Chasseing
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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131
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Gao L, Xie Z, Zheng M. A general carbon dot-based platform for intracellular delivery of proteins. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2776-2781. [PMID: 35315855 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The shortcomings of proteins, such as poor stability in biological environments, the impermeability of the membrane and the susceptibility to enzymolysis, restrict their potential applications. Therefore, constructing universal nanocarriers for intracellular delivery of a variety of proteins remains a great challenge. In this work, gallic acid (GA) and L-lysine were used as starting materials to synthesize carbon dots (CDs). The CDs were used as carriers to interact with bovine serum albumin (BSA), enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and glucose oxidase (GOx) via supramolecular interaction to construct CDs-protein nanocomposites CDs-BSA, CDs-EGFP and CDs-GOx. Furthermore, CDs-EGFP and CDs-GOx can achieve intracellular protein delivery and maintain 89% of the biological activity of GOx. In this work, the latency of CDs is projected as a universal platform for effective intracellular delivery of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Gao
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | - Min Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
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132
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Polymeric coating on β-TCP scaffolds provides immobilization of small extracellular vesicles with surface-functionalization and ZEB1-Loading for bone defect repair in diabetes mellitus. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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133
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Zeng W, Wen Z, Chen H, Duan Y. Exosomes as Carriers for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Pharm Res 2022; 40:873-887. [PMID: 35352281 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by cells with a particle size of 30-150 nm in diameter. Exosomes can be used as natural drug carriers. The treatment of cancer with drug-loaded exosomes is an area of high interest. This review introduces the composition, function, isolation and characterization of exosomes, and briefly describes the selection of exosome donor cells and methods for drug loading. Through studies on therapies with drug-loaded exosomes in gastric cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer and other cancers, the advantages and disadvantages of drug-loaded exosomes have been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Zeng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengbo Wen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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134
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Garland KM, Sheehy TL, Wilson JT. Chemical and Biomolecular Strategies for STING Pathway Activation in Cancer Immunotherapy. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5977-6039. [PMID: 35107989 PMCID: PMC8994686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) cellular signaling pathway is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Activation of the intracellular STING protein triggers the production of a multifaceted array of immunostimulatory molecules, which, in the proper context, can drive dendritic cell maturation, antitumor macrophage polarization, T cell priming and activation, natural killer cell activation, vascular reprogramming, and/or cancer cell death, resulting in immune-mediated tumor elimination and generation of antitumor immune memory. Accordingly, there is a significant amount of ongoing preclinical and clinical research toward further understanding the role of the STING pathway in cancer immune surveillance as well as the development of modulators of the pathway as a strategy to stimulate antitumor immunity. Yet, the efficacy of STING pathway agonists is limited by many drug delivery and pharmacological challenges. Depending on the class of STING agonist and the desired administration route, these may include poor drug stability, immunocellular toxicity, immune-related adverse events, limited tumor or lymph node targeting and/or retention, low cellular uptake and intracellular delivery, and a complex dependence on the magnitude and kinetics of STING signaling. This review provides a concise summary of the STING pathway, highlighting recent biological developments, immunological consequences, and implications for drug delivery. This review also offers a critical analysis of an expanding arsenal of chemical strategies that are being employed to enhance the efficacy, safety, and/or clinical utility of STING pathway agonists and lastly draws attention to several opportunities for therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Garland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
| | - Taylor L Sheehy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235 United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232 United States
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135
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Choi H, Choi K, Kim DH, Oh BK, Yim H, Jo S, Choi C. Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Exosomes to the Brain: Advantages and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030672. [PMID: 35336049 PMCID: PMC8948948 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) is difficult because of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Therapeutic delivery across the tight junctions of the BBB can be achieved through various endogenous transportation mechanisms. Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) is one of the most widely investigated and used methods. Drugs can hijack RMT by expressing specific ligands that bind to receptors mediating transcytosis, such as the transferrin receptor (TfR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and insulin receptor (INSR). Cell-penetrating peptides and viral components originating from neurotropic viruses can also be utilized for the efficient BBB crossing of therapeutics. Exosomes, or small extracellular vesicles, have gained attention as natural nanoparticles for treating CNS diseases, owing to their potential for natural BBB crossing and broad surface engineering capability. RMT-mediated transport of exosomes expressing ligands such as LDLR-targeting apolipoprotein B has shown promising results. Although surface-modified exosomes possessing brain targetability have shown enhanced CNS delivery in preclinical studies, the successful development of clinically approved exosome therapeutics for CNS diseases requires the establishment of quantitative and qualitative methods for monitoring exosomal delivery to the brain parenchyma in vivo as well as elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the BBB crossing of surface-modified exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (K.C.); (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.O.); (H.Y.); (S.J.)
| | - Kyungsun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (K.C.); (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.O.); (H.Y.); (S.J.)
| | - Dae-Hwan Kim
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (K.C.); (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.O.); (H.Y.); (S.J.)
| | - Byung-Koo Oh
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (K.C.); (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.O.); (H.Y.); (S.J.)
| | - Hwayoung Yim
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (K.C.); (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.O.); (H.Y.); (S.J.)
| | - Soojin Jo
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (K.C.); (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.O.); (H.Y.); (S.J.)
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (K.C.); (D.-H.K.); (B.-K.O.); (H.Y.); (S.J.)
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-863-4450
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136
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Exosomes for Regulation of Immune Responses and Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enveloped nanosized (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin produced by almost all cell types and encompass a multitude of functioning biomolecules. Exosomes have been considered crucial players of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate the immune system by delivering a plethora of signals that can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, which have potential applications as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about the active biomolecular components of exosomes that contribute to exosomal function in modulating different immune cells and also how these immune cell-derived exosomes play critical roles in immune responses. We further discuss the translational potential of engineered exosomes as immunotherapeutic agents with their advantages over conventional nanocarriers for drug delivery and ongoing clinical trials.
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137
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Li F, Wu J, Li D, Hao L, Li Y, Yi D, Yeung KWK, Chen D, Lu WW, Pan H, Wong TM, Zhao X. Engineering stem cells to produce exosomes with enhanced bone regeneration effects: an alternative strategy for gene therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:135. [PMID: 35292020 PMCID: PMC8922796 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes derived from stem cells have been widely studied for promoting regeneration and reconstruction of multiple tissues as “cell-free” therapies. However, the applications of exosomes have been hindered by limited sources and insufficient therapeutic potency. Results In this study, a stem cell-mediated gene therapy strategy is developed in which mediator mesenchymal stem cells are genetically engineered by bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene to produce exosomes (MSC-BMP2-Exo) with enhanced bone regeneration potency. This effect is attributed to the synergistic effect of the content derived from MSCs and the up-regulated BMP2 gene expression. The MSC-BMP2-Exo also present homing ability to the injured site. The toxic effect of genetical transfection vehicles is borne by mediator MSCs, while the produced exosomes exhibit excellent biocompatibility. In addition, by plasmid tracking, it is interesting to find a portion of plasmid DNA can be encapsulated by exosomes and delivered to recipient cells. Conclusions In this strategy, engineered MSCs function as cellular factories, which effectively produce exosomes with designed and enhanced therapeutic effects. The accelerating effect in bone healing and the good biocompatibility suggest the potential clinical application of this strategy. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01347-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Li
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Daiye Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Liuzhi Hao
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kelvin W K Yeung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - William W Lu
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Haobo Pan
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tak Man Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Orthopaedic Trauma, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China. .,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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138
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Fan J, Pan J, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Huang L, Ma D, Chen Z, Wu G, Fan W. A peptide derived from the N-terminus of charged multivesicular body protein 6 (CHMP6) promotes the secretion of gene editing proteins via small extracellular vesicle production. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4702-4716. [PMID: 35188876 PMCID: PMC8973635 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising new therapeutic platform. However, the low cargo-loading efficiency limits their clinical translation. In this study, we developed a high-yield EV cargo-loading device and explored its ability to encapsulate gene editing proteins. A series of fusion protein-based systems were constructed and their cargo loading efficiencies were compared by a NanoGlo luciferase assay. A myristoylated (Myr) peptide tag cloned from the N-terminal region of charged multivesicular body protein 6 (CHMP6), termed Myr(CHMP6), outcompeted CD9, ARRDC1, and other short polypeptides as an active packaging device. As determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy, the overexpression of Myr(CHMP6) increased small EV (sEV) production in Lenti-X 293T cells without altering sEV morphology. The high passive packaging efficiency of Myr(CHMP6) was also elucidated for unmodified cargo loading. Western blotting revealed that Myr(CHMP6) facilitated the loading of Cre and Cas9 into sEVs without the generation of packaging device-cargo fusion proteins. Furthermore, Myr(CHMP6)-modified sEVs loaded with Cre or Cas9 promoted gene-editing in recipient cells, as observed using a fluorescence reporter system. Subsequent investigation demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of Myr(CHMP6) tag-induced cargo-loading. Mechanistically, N-myristoylation alone was necessary but not sufficient for the effective packaging of proteins into EVs. Thus, our results indicated that Myr(CHMP6) induces sEV production and may be effective in loading gene editing proteins into sEVs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Fan
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiajie Pan
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yixi Chen
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lihan Huang
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Ma
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guifu Wu
- Department of Cardiology The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Innovative Engineering and Technology Research Center for Assisted Circulation Guangdong Shenzhen P.R. China
| | - Wendong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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139
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Wang BZ, Luo L, Vunjak-Novakovic G. RNA and Protein Delivery by Cell-Secreted and Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101557. [PMID: 34706168 PMCID: PMC8891029 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are carriers of biological signals through export and delivery of RNAs and proteins. Of increasing interest is the use of EVs as a platform for delivery of biomolecules. Preclinical studies have effectively used EVs to treat a number of diseases. Uniquely, endogenous machinery within cells can be manipulated in order to produce desirable loading of cargo within secreted EVs. In order to inform the development of such approaches, an understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which cargo is sorted to EVs is required. Here, the current knowledge of cargo sorting within EVs is reviewed. Here is given an overview of recent bioengineering approaches that leverage these advances. Methods of externally manipulating EV cargo are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the current challenges of EVs as a drug delivery platform is offered. It is proposed that standardized bioengineering methods for therapeutic EV preparation will be required to create a well-defined clinical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Z. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Lori Luo
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, 622 West 168th Street VC12-234, 10032, U.S.A
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140
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Liu W, Huang Y, Li Z, Li L, Zhao Y, Li M. Multivalent Engineering of Exosomes with Activatable Aptamer Probes for Specific Regulation and Monitoring of Cell Targeting. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3840-3848. [PMID: 35179366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reconstituting and probing exosome-cell interactions is critical for elucidating exosome-related cell biology and advancing their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. We report here an exosomal engineering strategy to achieve controlled regulation of exosome-cell interactions with activatable sensing capability. The approach relies on membrane-protein directed, programmable DNA self-assembly to construct a DNA polymeric scaffold with multivalent display of structure-switchable aptamer sensing probes on exosome surfaces. The engineered exosomes exhibit enhanced cancer cell targeting ability compared to exosomes modified with monovalent aptamers. Furthermore, the anchored aptamer probes could be activated by specific membrane protein targeting, followed by structural switching to report an output fluorescence signal, thus allowing dynamic monitoring of exosome-cell interactions both in vitro and in vivo. We envision this will provide a complementary tool for specific regulation and monitoring of exosome-cell docking interactions and will advance the development of exosome-based biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhengping Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lele Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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141
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Cherbonneau F, Li G, Gokulnath P, Sahu P, Prunevieille A, Kitchen R, Benichou G, Larghero J, Domian I, Das S. TRACE-seq: A transgenic system for unbiased and non-invasive transcriptome profiling of living cells. iScience 2022; 25:103806. [PMID: 35198871 PMCID: PMC8844816 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic profiling of changes in gene expression in response to stressors in specific microenvironments without requiring cellular destruction remains challenging. Current methodologies that seek to interrogate gene expression at a molecular level require sampling of cellular transcriptome and therefore lysis of the cell, preventing serial analysis of cellular transcriptome. To address this area of unmet need, we have recently developed a technology allowing transcriptomic analysis over time without cellular destruction. Our method, TRACE-seq (TRanscriptomic Analysis Captured in Extracellular vesicles using sequencing), is characterized by a cell-type specific transgene expression. It provides data on the transcriptome inside extracellular vesicles that provides an accurate representation of stress-responsive cellular transcriptomic changes. Thus, the transcriptome of cells expressing TRACE can be followed over time without destroying the source cell, which is a powerful tool for many fields of fundamental and translational biology research. TRanscriptomic Analysis Captured in Extracellular vesicles using RNA-sequencing Excellent correlation of cellular and EV transcriptome using this method Accurate profiling of gene expression changes in response to stress signals
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Affiliation(s)
- François Cherbonneau
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, U976, CICBT CBT501, INSERM, Paris, France.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches 3(rd.) Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches 3(rd.) Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Priyanka Gokulnath
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches 3(rd.) Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Parul Sahu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches 3(rd.) Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aurore Prunevieille
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Human Immunology and Immunopathology, UMR976, INSERM, Paris, France.,Transplant Research Center, Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert Kitchen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches 3(rd.) Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gilles Benichou
- Transplant Research Center, Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jérôme Larghero
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, U976, CICBT CBT501, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Ibrahim Domian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches 3(rd.) Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Simches 3(rd.) Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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142
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Huang L, Rong Y, Tang X, Yi K, Qi P, Hou J, Liu W, He Y, Gao X, Yuan C, Wang F. Engineered exosomes as an in situ DC-primed vaccine to boost antitumor immunity in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:45. [PMID: 35148751 PMCID: PMC8831689 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are central for the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the tumor microenvironment. As such, many kinds of DC-targeted vaccines have been developed to improve cancer immunotherapy in numerous clinical trials. Targeted delivery of antigens and adjuvants to DCs in vivo represents an important approach for the development of DC vaccines. However, nonspecific activation of systemic DCs and the preparation of optimal immunodominant tumor antigens still represent major challenges. Methods We loaded the immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers human neutrophil elastase (ELANE) and Hiltonol (TLR3 agonist) into α-lactalbumin (α-LA)-engineered breast cancer-derived exosomes to form an in situ DC vaccine (HELA-Exos). HELA-Exos were identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoscale flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis. The targeting, killing, and immune activation effects of HELA-Exos were evaluated in vitro. The tumor suppressor and immune-activating effects of HELA-Exos were explored in immunocompetent mice and patient-derived organoids. Results HELA-Exos possessed a profound ability to specifically induce ICD in breast cancer cells. Adequate exposure to tumor antigens and Hiltonol following HELA-Exo-induced ICD of cancer cells activated type one conventional DCs (cDC1s) in situ and cross-primed tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell responses, leading to potent tumor inhibition in a poorly immunogenic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse xenograft model and patient-derived tumor organoids. Conclusions HELA-Exos exhibit potent antitumor activity in both a mouse model and human breast cancer organoids by promoting the activation of cDC1s in situ and thus improving the subsequent tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell responses. The strategy proposed here is promising for generating an in situ DC-primed vaccine and can be extended to various types of cancers. Graphic Abstract Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of HELA-Exos as an in situ DC-primed vaccine for breast cancer. (A) Allogenic breast cancer-derived exosomes isolated from MDA-MB-231 cells were genetically engineered to overexpress α-LA and simultaneously loaded with the ICD inducers ELANE and Hiltonol (TLR3 agonist) to generate HELA-Exos. (B) Mechanism by which HELA-Exos activate DCs in situ in a mouse xenograft model ofTNBC. HELA-Exos specifically homed to the TME and induced ICD in cancer cells, which resulted in the increased release of tumor antigens, Hiltonol, and DAMPs, as well as the uptake of dying tumor cells by cDC1s. The activated cDC1s then cross-primed tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell responses. (C) HELA-Exos activated DCs in situ in the breast cancer patient PBMC-autologous tumor organoid coculture system. Abbreviations: DCs: dendritic cells; α-LA: α-lactalbumin; HELA-Exos: Hiltonol-ELANE-α-LA-engineered exosomes; ICD: immunogenic cell death; ELANE: human neutrophil elastase; TLR3: Toll-like receptor 3; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; TME: tumor microenvironment; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; cDC1s: type 1 conventional dendritic cells; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-022-01515-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Wuchang District, China.,Center for Single-Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Rong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Wuchang District, China.,Center for Single-Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Wuchang District, China.,Center for Single-Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kezhen Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Wuchang District, China.,Center for Single-Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxuan Hou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihuang Liu
- Medical Research Center for Structural Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan He
- Medical Research Center for Structural Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Animal Experiment Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunhui Yuan
- Center for Single-Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Wuchang District, China. .,Center for Single-Cell Omics and Tumor Liquid Biopsy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. .,Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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143
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Zhang Y, Murakami K, Borra VJ, Ozen MO, Demirci U, Nakamura T, Esfandiari L. A Label-Free Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Detection of Clusters of Extracellular Vesicles Based on Their Unique Dielectric Properties. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020104. [PMID: 35200364 PMCID: PMC8869858 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained considerable attention as vital circulating biomarkers since their structure and composition resemble the originating cells. The investigation of EVs' biochemical and biophysical properties is of great importance to map them to their parental cells and to better understand their functionalities. In this study, a novel frequency-dependent impedance measurement system has been developed to characterize EVs based on their unique dielectric properties. The system is composed of an insulator-based dielectrophoretic (iDEP) device to entrap and immobilize a cluster of vesicles followed by utilizing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to measure their impedance at a wide frequency spectrum, aiming to analyze both their membrane and cytosolic charge-dependent contents. The EIS was initially utilized to detect nano-size vesicles with different biochemical compositions, including liposomes synthesized with different lipid compositions, as well as EVs and lipoproteins with similar biophysical properties but dissimilar biochemical properties. Moreover, EVs derived from the same parental cells but treated with different culture conditions were characterized to investigate the correlation of impedance changes with biochemical properties and functionality in terms of pro-inflammatory responses. The system also showed the ability to discriminate between EVs derived from different cellular origins as well as among size-sorted EVs harbored from the same cellular origin. This proof-of-concept approach is the first step towards utilizing EIS as a label-free, non-invasive, and rapid sensor for detection and characterization of pathogenic EVs and other nanovesicles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Murakami
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (K.M.); (V.J.B.); (T.N.)
| | - Vishnupriya J. Borra
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (K.M.); (V.J.B.); (T.N.)
| | - Mehmet Ozgun Ozen
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; (M.O.O.); (U.D.)
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; (M.O.O.); (U.D.)
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (K.M.); (V.J.B.); (T.N.)
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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144
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit hyper-inflammatory responses characterized by excessive activation of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, and a plethora of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Accumulating evidence also indicates that hyper-inflammation is a driving factor for severe progression of the disease, which has prompted the development of anti-inflammatory therapies for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Corticosteroids, IL-6R inhibitors, and JAK inhibitors have demonstrated promising results in treating patients with severe disease. In addition, diverse forms of exosomes that exert anti-inflammatory functions have been tested experimentally for the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we briefly describe the immunological mechanisms of the hyper-inflammatory responses in patients with severe COVID-19. We also summarize current anti-inflammatory therapies for the treatment of severe COVID-19 and novel exosome-based therapeutics that are in experimental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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145
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Lee SA, Yoo TH. Therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles for various kidney diseases: a brief review. BMB Rep 2022. [PMID: 34903318 PMCID: PMC8810552 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sul A Lee
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Tae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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146
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Myrzabekova M, Labeit S, Niyazova R, Akimniyazova A, Ivashchenko A. Identification of Bovine miRNAs with the Potential to Affect Human Gene Expression. Front Genet 2022; 12:705350. [PMID: 35087564 PMCID: PMC8787201 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.705350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and other products from large mammals have emerged during human evolution as an important source of nutrition. Recently, it has been recognized that exogenous miRNAs (mRNA inhibited RNA) contained in milk and other tissues of the mammalian body can enter the human body, which in turn have the ability to potentially regulate human metabolism by affecting gene expression. We studied for exogenous miRNAs from Bos taurus that are potentially contain miRNAs from milk and that could act postprandially as regulators of human gene expression. The interaction of 17,508 human genes with 1025 bta-miRNAs, including 245 raw milk miRNAs was studied. The milk bta-miR-151-5p, bta-miR-151-3p, bta-miRNA-320 each have 11 BSs (binding sites), and bta-miRNA-345-5p, bta-miRNA-614, bta-miRNA-1296b and bta-miRNA-149 has 12, 14, 15 and 26 BSs, respectively. The bta-miR-574-5p from cow’s milk had 209 human genes in mRNAs from one to 25 repeating BSs. We found 15 bta-miRNAs that have 100% complementarity to the mRNA of 13 human target genes. Another 12 miRNAs have BSs in the mRNA of 19 human genes with 98% complementarity. The bta-miR-11975, bta-miR-11976, and bta-miR-2885 BSs are located with the overlap of nucleotide sequences in the mRNA of human genes. Nucleotide sequences of BSs of these miRNAs in 5′UTR mRNA of human genes consisted of GCC repeats with a total length of 18 nucleotides (nt) in 18 genes, 21 nt in 11 genes, 24 nt in 14 genes, and 27–48 nt in nine genes. Nucleotide sequences of BSs of bta-miR-11975, bta-miR-11976, and bta-miR-2885 in CDS mRNA of human genes consisted of GCC repeats with a total length of 18 nt in 33 genes, 21 nt in 13 genes, 24 nt in nine genes, and 27–36 nt in 11 genes. These BSs encoded polyA or polyP peptides. In only one case, the polyR (SLC24A3 gene) was encoded. The possibility of regulating the expression of human genes by exogenous bovine miRNAs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moldir Myrzabekova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Myomedix GmbH, Neckargemuend, Germany
| | - Raigul Niyazova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigul Akimniyazova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anatoliy Ivashchenko
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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147
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St-Denis-Bissonnette F, Khoury R, Mediratta K, El-Sahli S, Wang L, Lavoie JR. Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:451. [PMID: 35053616 PMCID: PMC8773485 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and refractory subtype of breast cancer, often occurring in younger patients with poor clinical prognosis. Given the current lack of specific targets for effective intervention, the development of better treatment strategies remains an unmet medical need. Over the last decade, the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown tremendously, offering immense potential for clinical diagnosis/prognosis and therapeutic applications. While TNBC-EVs have been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis, chemoresistance and metastasis, they could be repurposed as potential biomarkers for TNBC diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, EVs from various cell types can be utilized as nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDS) for TNBC treatment. Remarkably, EVs generated from specific immune cell subsets have been shown to delay solid tumour growth and reduce tumour burden, suggesting a new immunotherapy approach for TNBC. Intrinsically, EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which holds great potential to treat the brain metastases diagnosed in one third of TNBC patients that remains a substantial clinical challenge. In this review, we present the most recent applications of EVs in TNBC as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers, nanoscale drug delivery systems and immunotherapeutic agents, as well as discuss the associated challenges and future directions of EVs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic St-Denis-Bissonnette
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (F.S.-D.-B.); (R.K.); (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Rachil Khoury
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (F.S.-D.-B.); (R.K.); (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Karan Mediratta
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (F.S.-D.-B.); (R.K.); (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sara El-Sahli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (F.S.-D.-B.); (R.K.); (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (F.S.-D.-B.); (R.K.); (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Jessie R. Lavoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (F.S.-D.-B.); (R.K.); (K.M.); (S.E.-S.)
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
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148
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Choi H, Yim H, Park C, Ahn SH, Ahn Y, Lee A, Yang H, Choi C. Targeted Delivery of Exosomes Armed with Anti-Cancer Therapeutics. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12010085. [PMID: 35054611 PMCID: PMC8782002 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes have gained great attention for their role as therapeutic vehicles for delivering various active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Exosomes “armed” with anti-cancer therapeutics possess great potential for an efficient intracellular delivery of anti-cancer APIs and enhanced targetability to tumor cells. Various technologies are being developed to efficiently incorporate anti-cancer APIs such as genetic materials (miRNA, siRNA, mRNA), chemotherapeutics, and proteins into exosomes and to induce targeted delivery to tumor burden by exosomal surface modification. Exosomes can incorporate the desired therapeutic molecules via direct exogenous methods (e.g., electroporation and sonication) or indirect methods by modifying cells to produce “armed” exosomes. The targeted delivery of “armed” exosomes to tumor burden could be accomplished either by “passive” targeting using the natural tropism of exosomes or by “active” targeting via the surface engineering of exosomal membranes. Although anti-cancer exosome therapeutics demonstrated promising results in preclinical studies, success in clinical trials requires thorough validation in terms of chemistry, manufacturing, and control techniques. While exosomes possess multiple advantages over synthetic nanoparticles, challenges remain in increasing the loading efficiency of anti-cancer agents into exosomes, as well as establishing quantitative and qualitative analytical methods for monitoring the delivery of in vivo administered exosomes and exosome-incorporated anti-cancer agents to the tumor parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (S.-H.A.); (Y.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Hwayoung Yim
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (S.-H.A.); (Y.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Cheolhyoung Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (S.-H.A.); (Y.A.); (A.L.)
| | - So-Hee Ahn
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (S.-H.A.); (Y.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Yura Ahn
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (S.-H.A.); (Y.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Areum Lee
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (S.-H.A.); (Y.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Heekyoung Yang
- In Vivo Pharmacology, 1ST Biotherapeutics Inc., Seongnam-si 13493, Korea;
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea; (H.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (S.-H.A.); (Y.A.); (A.L.)
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-863-4450
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149
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Wang S, Ou X, Yi M, Li J. Spontaneous desorption of protein from self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated gold nanoparticles induced by high temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2363-2370. [PMID: 35018922 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04000f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nonspecific binding of proteins with nanomaterials (NMs) is a dynamic reversible process including both protein adsorption and desorption parts, which is crucial for controlled release of protein drug loaded by nanocarriers. The nonspecific binding of proteins is susceptible to high temperature, whereas its underlying mechanism still remains elusive. Here, the binding behavior of human serum albumin (HSA) with an amino-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated gold (111) surface was investigated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. HSA binds to the SAM surface through salt bridges at 300 K. As the temperature increases to 350 K, HSA maintains its native structure, while the salt bridges largely diminish owing to the considerable lateral diffusion of HSA on the SAM. Moreover, the interfacial water located between HSA and the SAM gets increased and prevents the reformation of the salt bridges of HSA with the SAM, which reduces the binding affinity of HSA. And HSA eventually desorbs from the SAM. The depiction of thermally induced spontaneous protein desorption enriches our understanding of reversible binding behavior of protein with NMs, and may provide new insights into the controlled release of protein drugs delivered by using nanocarriers under the regulation of high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xinwen Ou
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Ming Yi
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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150
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Akbar A, Malekian F, Baghban N, Kodam SP, Ullah M. Methodologies to Isolate and Purify Clinical Grade Extracellular Vesicles for Medical Applications. Cells 2022; 11:186. [PMID: 35053301 PMCID: PMC8774122 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EV) in nano drug delivery has been demonstrated in many previous studies. In this study, we discuss the sources of extracellular vesicles, including plant, salivary and urinary sources which are easily available but less sought after compared with blood and tissue. Extensive research in the past decade has established that the breadth of EV applications is wide. However, the efforts on standardizing the isolation and purification methods have not brought us to a point that can match the potential of extracellular vesicles for clinical use. The standardization can open doors for many researchers and clinicians alike to experiment with the proposed clinical uses with lesser concerns regarding untraceable side effects. It can make it easier to identify the mechanism of therapeutic benefits and to track the mechanism of any unforeseen effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akbar
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Farzaneh Malekian
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Neda Baghban
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sai Priyanka Kodam
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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